Verfügbarkeit: Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language

Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language: AVR architecture and programming

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Smith, Warwick A. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Aachen Elektor [2021]
Schriftenreihe:	Elektor books
Schlagworte:	Mikrocontroller AVR C > Programmiersprache Assembler Mikrocontroller Microchip Atmel ATmega Microcontroller Programming
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	In-Depth
Beschreibung:	376 Seiten Illustrationen 23.5 cm x 17 cm
ISBN:	9783895764790 3895764795

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804183141291655168
adam_text	INTRODUCTION 17 BROAD OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK...................................................................................... 18 ABOUT THE TARGETED AVR MICROCONTROLLERS ................................................................. 18 PRIMARY PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE ................................................................................. 19 WHY LEARN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE? ............................................................................ ...19 THE MANY REASONS FOR LEARNING ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ............................................ 19 C PROGRAMMING ............................................................................................................. 21 INTENDED AUDIENCE ........................................................................................................ 21 PREREQUISITES ................................................................................................................. 21 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS ........................................................... 22 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................... 22 A DIP PACKAGED ATTINY ........................................................................................ 23 AN ELECTRONIC BREADBOARD.................................................................................... 23 PROGRAMMER/DEBUGGER ........................................................................................ 23 ATMEL-ICE BASIC KIT ........................................................................................ 24 ATMEL-ICE FULL KIT ........................................................................................... 24 AVR DRAGON .................................................................................................... 25 AVRISP MKLL ................................................................................................... 25 HOBBYIST USB PROGRAMMERS.......................................................................... 25 POWER SUPPLY ....................................................................................................... 26 JUMPER LINKS AND WIRES ...................................................................................... 27 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ....................................................................................... 28 OPTIONAL TEST EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................... 28 MICROCHIP, ATMEL, MICROCHIP STUDIO AND ATMEL STUDIO ............................................ 28 ACCOMPANYING RESOURCES.......................................................................................... 29 LET S GET STARTED .............................................................. 29 CHAPTER 1 YY OVERVIEW OF ATTINY MICROCONTROLLERS 31 1.1 ATTINY MICROCONTROLLERS ...................................................................................... 32 1.1.1 8-PIN DEVICES ................................................................................................... 33 1.1.1.1 ATTINYL3 AND ATTINYL3A .......................................................................... 33 1.1.1.2 ATTINY25, ATTINY45 AND ATTINY85 ............................................................ 33 1.1.2 14-PIN ATTINY24, ATTINY44 AND ATTINY84 ......................................................... 34 3 1.1.3 20-PIN DEVICES ................................................................................................. 34 1.1.3.1 ATTINY26 ................................................................................................... 34 1.1.3.2 ATTINY261, ATTINY461 AND ATTINY861 ....................................................... 35 1.1.3.3 ATTINY2313 AND ATTINY4313 ..................................................................... 35 1.1.4 28-PIN DEVICES ................................................................................................. 36 1.1.4.1 ATTINY48 AND ATTINY88 ............................................................................. 36 1.1.4.2 ATTINY28L AND ATTINY28V ......................................................................... 36 1.2 WHICH ATTINY TO USE ............................................................................................... 36 1.3 COMPARISON OF ATTINY DEVICES .............................................................................. 37 1.4 SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 2 * HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SETUP 39 2.1 INSTALL MICROCHIP STUDIO ......................................................................................... 40 2.1.1 DOWNLOAD PAGE AND SOFTWARE VERSION ............................................................ 40 2.1.2 NEWEST SOFTWARE VERSION ................................................................................. 40 2.1.3 START THE INSTALLATION ......................................................................................... 40 2.1.4 INSTALLATION STEPS .............................................................................................. 40 2.2 8-PIN ATTINY MICROCONTROLLER LED CIRCUIT ............................................................ 41 2.2.1 CIRCUIT POWER SUPPLY ........................................................................................ 44 2.2.2 DECOUPLING CAPACITOR ....................................................................................... 45 2.3 A FIRST ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM ................................................................... 45 2.3.1 START A NEW AVR ASSEMBLER PROJECT IN MICROCHIP STUDIO ............................... 45 2.3.2 LED BLINK ASSEMBLY CODE .............................................................................. 47 2.3.3 BUILD THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 48 2.3.4 FIX ANY BUILD ERRORS ......................................................................................... 49 2.3.5 LOAD THE PROGRAM TO THE AVR MICROCONTROLLER ................................................. 49 2.3.6 FAULT FINDING ..................................................................................................... 50 2.4 A FIRST C PROGRAM................................................................................................... 50 2.4.1 START A NEW GCC C EXECUTABLE PROJECT IN MICROCHIP STUDIO .......................... 50 2.4.2 LED BLINK C CODE ............................................................................................ 51 2.4.3 BUILD THE PROJECT ............................................................................................... 53 2.4.4 FIX ANY BUILD ERRORS ......................................................................................... 53 2.4.5 LOAD THE PROGRAM TO THE AVR MICROCONTROLLER ................................................. 53 2.4.6 FAULT FINDING ..................................................................................................... 53 2.5 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 54 4 CHAPTER 3 YY BASICS OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 55 3.1 MNEMONICS.............................................................................................................. 56 3.2 AVR INSTRUCTION SET ................................................................................................ 56 3.3 OPCODES AND OPERANDS ......................................................................................... 58 3.4 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE COMMENTS........................................................................... 58 3.5 LED BLINK PROGRAM OPERATION .............................................................................. 59 3.6 USING THE DEBUGGER AND SIMULATOR ...................................................................... 61 3.6.1 USING THE AVR SIMULATOR AND DEBUGGER ......................................................... 62 3.6.2 USING A PHYSICAL AVR MICROCONTROLLER AND DEBUGGER ..................................... 64 3.6.3 PUTTING AN AVR BACK INTO ISP MODE ............................................................... 67 3.7 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER 4 * BINARY NUMBERS AND MEMORY 69 4.1 BITS AND BYTES ........................................................................................................ 70 4.1.1 COUNTING IN BINARY ........................................................................................... 70 4.1.2 BYTES AND NIBBLES ............................................................................................ 73 4.2 WEIGHTED NUMBER SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 73 4.2.1 WEIGHTED DECIMAL NUMBERS ............................................................................ 73 4.2.2 WEIGHTED BINARY NUMBERS............................................................................... 75 4.3 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS........................................................................................... 76 4.3.1 COUNTING IN HEXADECIMAL ................................................................................. 76 4.3.2 USING HEXADECIMAL TO REPRESENT BINARY ........................................................ 76 4.4 CALCULATING NUMBER SIZES ..................................................................................... 79 4.4.1 CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF A BINARY NUMBER ..................................... 79 4.4.2 CALCULATING MEMORY SIZE ................................................................................. 79 4.4.3 CONVERTING BETWEEN BYTES AND KILOBYTES ....................................................... 81 4.5 NUMBERS IN ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS .......................................................................... 81 4.6 NUMBERS IN C PROGRAMS........................................................................................ 82 4.6 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 5 YY AVR REGISTERS AND MEMORY MAP 85 5.1 AVR REGISTERS ......................................................................................................... 86 5.1.1 GENERAL PURPOSE WORKING REGISTERS .............................................................. 86 5.1.2 I/O REGISTERS .................................................................................................... 86 5.2 USING GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS ........................................................................ 86 5.2.1 ADDING TWO REGISTERS ...................................................................................... 87 5 5.2.2 INCREMENTING A REGISTER ................................................................................. 90 5.3 AVR MEMORY MAP.................................................................................................... 91 5.3.1 PROGRAM MEMORY.............................................................................................. 92 5.3.2 DATA MEMORY.................................................................................................... 93 5.3.3 EEPROM.......................................................................................................... 94 5.4 ACCESSING SRAM IN ASSEMBLER PROGRAMS ........................................................... 94 5.4.1 SRAM STORE AND LOAD EXAMPLE ...................................................................... 95 5.4.2 STORE AND LOAD EXAMPLE IN THE SIMULATOR ....................................................... 96 5.4.3 SRAM START ADDRESSES ..................................................................................... 97 5.5 SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. 98 CHAPTER 6 YY AVR INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE 99 6.1 CLOCK PULSES AND PROGRAM COUNTER ......................................... 100 6.1.1 CLOCK PULSES ................................................................................................... 100 6.1.2 CLOCK PULSE PERIOD AND FREQUENCY ............................................................... 101 6.1.2.1 ATTINYL3(A) DEFAULT CLOCK FREQUENCY ................................................... 101 6.1.2.2 ATTINY25/45/85 DEFAULT CLOCK FREQUENCY .............................................. 101 6.1.2.3 RC OSCILLATOR ACCURACY .......................................................................... 102 6.1.2.4 CLOCK SOURCES AND IMPROVING ACCURACY ............................................... 102 6.1.2.5 CALCULATING CLOCK PERIOD FROM FREQUENCY ............................................ 102 6.1.2.6 CALCULATING CLOCK FREQUENCY FROM PERIOD ............................................ 103 6.1.3 THE PROGRAM COUNTER ..................................................................................... 103 6.2 MICROCONTROLLER BUSES .......................................................................................... 105 6.3 HARVARD AND VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURES ......................................................... 106 6.4 FETCHING AND EXECUTING INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................. 107 6.5 STATUS REGISTER ...................................................................................................... 109 6.5.1 ZERO FLAG ........................................................................................................ 109 6.5.2 NEGATIVE FLAG .................................................................................................. ILL 6.6 STACK AND STACK POINTER ....................................................................................... 112 6.6.1 HOW THE STACK WORKS ..................................................................................... 113 6.6.2 ACCESSING THE STACK WITH PUSH AND POP ..................................................... 114 6.6.3 CALLING A SUBROUTINE ....................................................................................... 117 6.7 LED BLINK PROGRAM FULLY EXPLAINED ................................................................... 121 6.8 AVR INSTRUCTION ENCODING .................................................................................... 124 6.9 ADDRESSING MODES................................................................................................ 129 6.9.1 REGISTER DIRECT ADDRESSING .......................................................................... 130 6 6.9.2 I/O DIRECT ADDRESSING 131 6.9.3 OTHER ADDRESSING MODES 132 6.10 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 135 7.1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS 136 7.1.1 L S COMPLIMENT NUMBERS 136 7.1.2 2 S COMPLIMENT NUMBERS 136 7.2 ADDITION 139 7.2.1 ADD - ADD WITHOUT CARRY 139 7.2.2 ADC - ADD WITH CARRY 140 7.3 SUBTRACTION 142 7.4 LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 143 7.4.1 LOGICAL AND 143 7.4.2 LOGICAL OR 145 7.4.3 LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE OR 147 7.5 OTHER ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 148 7.6 SUMMARY 148 CHAPTER 8 YY PROGRAMMING AVR I/O PORTS 149 8.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACCESSING I/O REGISTERS 150 8.1.1 READING AND WRITING I/O REGISTERS WITH IN AND OUT 150 8.1.1.1 THE IN INSTRUCTION 150 8.1.1.2 THE OUT INSTRUCTION 151 8.1.2 I/O REGISTER BIT MANIPULATION AND TESTING 152 8.1.3 ACCESSING I/O REGISTERS AS DATA SPACE 152 8.2 I/O PORTS 153 8.2.1 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS OUTPUTS IN ASSEMBLER 154 8.2.1.1 FIVE LED 8-PIN ATTINY CIRCUIT 154 8.2.1.2 USING DEBUGWIRE OR ISP/SPI TO PROGRAM AN ATTINY AVR 154 PROGRAM-ONLY PROGRAMMERS 155 PERIPHERAL HARDWARE DEVICES INTERFERING WITH PROGRAMMING 155 PUTTING THE AVR INTO DEBUGWIRE MODE 156 8.2.1.3 BUILD THE 5 LED ATTINY CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD 156 8.2.1.4 ASSEMBLY CODE FOR THE 5 LED COUNT CIRCUIT 157 8.2.1.5 SELECT THE DEBUGGER OR SIMULATOR 157 7 8.2.1.6 WHAT THE LED COUNT ASSEMBLER CODE DOES ........................................ 157 8.2.1.7 BUILD AND RUN THE PROGRAM ................................................................... 158 8.2.1.8 HOW THE LED COUNT ASSEMBLER PROGRAM WORKS .................................. 158 8.2.1.9 USING A BREAKPOINT IN THE DEBUGGER ..................................................... 161 8.2.2 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS OUTPUTS IN C ............................................................ 162 8.2.2.1 LED COUNT C CODE ................................................................................ 162 8.2.2.2 HOW THE LED COUNT C CODE WORKS ...................................................... 163 8.2.2.3 RUNNING THE LED COUNT C CODE ........................................................... 163 8.2.2.4 LED COUNT C CODE DISASSEMBLY .......................................................... 163 8.2.3 LIMITING A COUNT VALUE ................................................................................... 171 8.2.4 THREE WAYS TO TOGGLE AN LED WITH AN AVR ................................................. 173 8.2.4.1 TOGGLING AN LED BY VALUE .................................................................... 173 8.2.4.2 TOGGLING AN LED BY EXCLUSIVE OR ....................................................... 173 8.2.4.3 TOGGLING AN LED WITH THE PINB REGISTER ............................................. 175 8.2.5 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS INPUTS ....................................................................... 177 8.3 SUMMARY.............................................................................................................. 182 CHAPTER 9 YY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 183 9.1 INSTRUCTIONS AND LABELS ....................................................................................... 184 9.2 THE PREPROCESSOR AND INCLUDE FILES .................................................................. 185 9.3 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES ........................................................................................... 187 9.3.1 SPECIFYING CODE AND DATA LOCATIONS ............................................................ 188 9.3.1.1 ORG ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE ...................................................................... 188 9.3.1.2 CSEG CODE SEGMENT DIRECTIVE ............................................................ 189 9.3.1.3 DSEG DATA SEGMENT AND BYTE DIRECTIVES ......................................... 190 9.3.1.4 ESEG EEPROM SEGMENT DIRECTIVE ..................................................... 191 9.3.2 RESERVING MEMORY ......................................................................................... 192 9.3.2.1 BYTE ...................................................................................................... 192 9.3.2.2 DB - DEFINE CONSTANT BYTE ................................................................... 192 MODIFIED HARVARD ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................... 192 EXAMPLE CODE USING THE DB ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE ....................................... 192 CSEG DIRECTIVE AND FIRST RJMP INSTRUCTION ................................................ 192 USAGE OF THE DB ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE .......................................................... 193 DATA FORMATS AND NULL TERMINATING STRINGS ................................................. 193 LOCATION OF DB DATA IN PROGRAM MEMORY AND ALIGNMENT ............................ 194 16-BIT ADDRESS POINTER REGISTERS ................................................................. 194 8 LOADING THE Z REGISTER ................................................................................. 195 READING BYTES FROM PROGRAM MEMORY........................................................ 195 RUNNING THE EXAMPLE CODE ......................................................................... 196 9.3.2.3 DW - DEFINE CONSTANT WORD ................................................................. 199 9.3.2.4 DD - DEFINE CONSTANT DOUBLE-WORD ..................................................... 199 9.3.2.5 DQ - DEFINE CONSTANT QUAD-WORD ........................................................ 199 9.3.3 DEFINING NAMES FOR REGISTERS WITH DEF....................................................... 200 9.3.4 EQUATING NAMES TO EXPRESSIONS USING EQU AND SET ................................. 200 9.3.5 CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY .................................................................................... 201 9.4 OTHER ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ELEMENTS ................................................................. 203 9.5 FURTHER READING .................................................................................................... 204 9.6 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 204 CHAPTER 10 YY AVR TIMING, TIMERS AND INTERRUPTS 205 10.1 INSTRUCTION TIMING .............................................................................................. 206 10.1.1 AVR CPU VERSIONS ...................................................................................... 206 10.1.2 INSTRUCTION TIMING EXAMPLES ....................................................................... 206 10.1.2.1 THE NOP INSTRUCTION ............................................................................ 206 10.1.2.2 16-BIT AND 32-BIT INSTRUCTION TIMING .................................................... 208 10.1.2.3 TIMING OF BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................. 208 THE SIMULATOR CYCLE COUNTER AND STOP WATCH ............................................ 210 SIMULATOR CYCLE COUNTER BUG ....................................................................... 211 10.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TIME DELAY ...................................................................... 213 10.2.1 CALCULATING A SOFTWARE DELAY SUBROUTINE TIME DELAY ................................ 213 10.2.1.1 DELAY SUBROUTINE CYCLE COUNTER MEASUREMENT ................................. 214 10.2.1.2 DELAY SUBROUTINE MATHEMATICAL FORMULA ........................................... 215 10.2.2 A BETTER SOFTWARE DELAY SUBROUTINE ........................................................... 226 10.2.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ......................................................................... 227 10.2.2.2 32-BIT SUBTRACTION WITH 8-BIT REGISTERS ............................................... 227 10.2.2.3 TIMING OF THE CODE .............................................................................. 229 10.2.2.4 TESTING THE CODE IN MICROCHIP STUDIO ................................................. 230 10.2.3 A CHANGEABLE SOFTWARE TIME DELAY SUBROUTINE ......................................... 231 10.2.3.1 SPLITTING AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROJECT INTO FILES ............................ 234 10.2.3.2 HOW THE WAIT_MS SUBROUTINE WORKS ................................................... 235 10.2.3.3 LIMITS OF THE WAIT_MS SUBROUTINE ....................................................... 237 SIMPLIFYING THE FORMULA .............................................................................. 238 9 CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM DELAY TIME OF THE SUBROUTINE ............................ 238 POSING VALUE LIMITS IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ................................................ 240 NUMBER SIZE LIMITS IN THE ASSEMBLER PROGRAM ........................................... 243 SOLUTION TO FLAGGING OUT OF RANGE UPPER VALUES ........................................ 246 FLAGGING OUT OF RANGE HIGH AND LOW VALUES .............................................. 247 10.2.4 PASSING A VALUE TO A SUBROUTINE ............................................................... 251 10.2.4.1 SIMPLEST WAY TO PASS A VALUE ............................................................ 251 10.2.4.2 IMPROVED WAY TO PASS A VALUE ........................................................... 253 10.3 CALLING AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE FROM C CODE ............................................... 261 10.3.1 PASSING A VALUE TO AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE FROM C .................................. 261 10.3.1.1 TESTING THE WAIT_MS_C PROJECT CODE ................................................... 263 10.3.1.2 HOW THE WAIT_MS_C PROJECT CODE WORKS ............................................ 264 10.3.2 RETURNING A VALUE FROM AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE IN C ................................ 266 10.4 POLLED TIMER DELAY .............................................................................................. 268 10.4.1 TIMER/COUNTERO REGISTERS ............................................................................ 268 10.4.1.1 TIMER/COUNTERO REGISTER ADDRESSES ................................................... 269 10.4.1.2 USING COUNTER/TIMERO AS A TIMER ....................................................... 270 10.4.2 POLLED TIMER ASSEMBLY PROGRAM .................................................................. 271 10.4.2.1 THE IFNDEF DIRECTIVE ......................................................................... 271 10.4.2.2 LEFT SHIFT OPERATOR ............................................................................... 272 10.4.2.3 REGISTER WRITE OR READ-MODIFY-WRITE .................................................. 273 10.4.2.4 INITIALIZING TIMER 0 ................................................................................ 273 10.4.2.5 POLLING TIMER 0 ..................................................................................... 275 10.4.2.6 RUNNING THE CODE IN THE SIMULATOR ..................................................... 276 10.4.3 POLLED TIMER C PROGRAM ............................................................................... 276 10.5 TIMER INTERRUPT DELAY .......................................................................................... 277 10.5.1 HOW INTERRUPTS WORK ..................................................................................... 278 10.5.2 THE INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE ........................................................................... 278 10.5.3 ASSEMBLY PROGRAM TIMER INTERRUPT .............................................................. 279 10.5.3.1 ATTINYL3(A) TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT ..................................................... 279 THE INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE ............................................................................ 280 MAIN PROGRAM CODE ...................................................................................... 282 INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE CODE .................................................................... 282 RUNNING THE TIMER INTERRUPT CODE ............................................................... 283 10.5.3.2 ATTINY25/45/85 TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT ............................................... 283 10.5.3.3 UNIVERSAL TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT ........................................................ 285 10 10.5.4 C PROGRAM TIMER INTERRUPT ........................................................................... 286 10.6 SUMMARY........................................................................................................... 288 CHAPTER 11 * THE AVR INSTRUCTION SET 289 11.1 AVR INSTRUCTION SET OVERVIEW AND CATEGORIES ............................................... 290 11.2 A GUIDED TOUR THROUGH THE ATTINY AVR INSTRUCTION SET ................................. 290 11.2.1 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 290 11.2.1.1 ADD AND SUBTRACT INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................. 290 ADDITION INSTRUCTIONS ..................................................................................... 290 SUBTRACTION INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................... 293 11.2.1.2 LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................. 294 LOGICAL AND .................................................................................................. 294 LOGICAL OR .................................................................................................... 294 LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE OR ................................................................................... 294 11.2.1.3 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT INSTRUCTIONS ............................................... 294 11.2.1.4 SIGN CHANGE INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................... 294 11.2.1.5 BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................. 295 11.2.1.6 REGISTER SET, CLEAR AND TEST INSTRUCTIONS ........................................... 296 11.2.2 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS ...................................................................................... 297 11.2.2.1 JUMP INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................ 297 11.2.2.2 SUBROUTINE CALL INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 299 11.2.2.3 RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE AND INTERRUPT INSTRUCTIONS ............................. 300 11.2.2.4 COMPARE INSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................... 300 11.2.2.5 SKIP INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................. 301 11.2.2.6 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................. 302 BRANCH IF BIT IN SREG SET OR CLEARED .......................................................... 302 BRANCH IF EQUAL OR NOT EQUAL - SREG Z FLAG ............................................. 303 BRANCH IF CARRY SET OR CLEARED - SREG C FLAG .......................................... 303 BRANCH IF SAME OR HIGHER, OR LOWER - SREG C FLAG .................................. 303 BRANCH IF MINUS OR PLUS - SREG N FLAG ...................................................... 304 BRANCH IF GREATER OR EQUAL, OR LESS THAN SIGNED - SREG S FLAG ............. 304 BRANCH IF HALF CARRY FLAG SET OR CLEARED - SREG H FLAG .......................... 304 BRANCH IF T BIT SET OR CLEARED - SREG T FLAG ............................................ 304 BRANCH IF OVERFLOW FLAG SET OR CLEARED - SREG V FLAG ............................ 304 BRANCH IF INTERRUPT ENABLED OR DISABLED - SREG I FLAG ............................. 304 11.2.3 BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS ......................................................................... 305 11 11.2.3.1 BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................. 305 11.2.3.2 SHIFT, ROTATE AND SWAP INSTRUCTIONS .................................................... 305 LOGICAL SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................. 305 ROTATE THROUGH CARRY INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 305 LOGICAL SHIFT AND ROTATE CODE EXAMPLE ...................................................... 305 LED CHASER LOGICAL SHIFT CODE EXAMPLE ..................................................... 306 ARITHMETIC SHIFT AND SWAP INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................ 310 11.2.3.3 STATUS REGISTER BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS ................................... 310 SET OR CLEAR SREG BIT .................................................................................. 310 STORE OR LOAD SREG T BIT TO/FROM REGISTER ................................................. 310 SET OR CLEAR CARRY FLAG - SREG C BIT ......................................................... 311 SET OR CLEAR NEGATIVE FLAG - SREG N BIT ................................................... 311 SET OR CLEAR ZERO FLAG - SREG Z BIT ........................................................... 311 SET OR CLEAR GLOBAL INTERRUPT FLAG BIT - SREG I BIT .................................... 311 SET OR CLEAR SIGN FLAG - SREG S BIT ........................................................... 312 SET OR CLEAR TWO S COMPLIMENT OVERFLOW FLAG - SREG V BIT ...................... 312 SET OR CLEAR T BIT IN SREG - SREG T BIT .................................................... 312 SET AND CLEAR HALF CARRY FLAG - SREG H BIT ............................................... 312 11.2.4 DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................ 312 11.2.4.1 MOVE/COPY INSTRUCTIONS ....................................................................... 312 11.2.4.2 LOAD IMMEDIATE INSTRUCTION ................................................................. 313 11.2.4.3 LOAD INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................... 313 11.2.4.4 STORE INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................... 314 11.2.4.5 LOAD INDIRECT WITH DISPLACEMENT ......................................................... 315 11.2.4.6 STORE INDIRECT WITH DISPLACEMENT ......................................................... 315 11.2.4.7 LOAD DIRECT FROM SRAM ....................................................................... 315 11.2.4.8 STORE DIRECT TO SRAM .......................................................................... 316 11.2.4.9 LOAD PROGRAM MEMORY INSTRUCTIONS .................................................... 316 11.2.4.10 STORE PROGRAM MEMORY...................................................................... 316 11.2.4.11 PORT IN AND OUT INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................ 316 11.2.4.12 PUSH AND POP INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................. 317 11.2.5 MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................. 317 11.3 ENTIRE AVR INSTRUCTION SET ............................................................................... 318 11.3.1 NUMBER OF AVR INSTRUCTIONS ....................................................................... 318 11.3.1.1 TOTAL NUMBER OF AVR INSTRUCTIONS ....................................................... 318 11.3.1.2 NUMBER OF ATTINY AVR INSTRUCTIONS ..................................................... 318 12 11.3.1.3 DISCREPANCIES IN DOCUMENTATION ...................................................... 318 11.3.2 OTHER AVR INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................ 319 11.3.2.1 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................ 319 11.3.2.2 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................. 319 11.3.2.3 DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................... 320 11.3.3 PUTTING INSTRUCTIONS INTO PERSPECTIVE ........................................................... 321 11.3.3.1 THE FULL AVR INSTRUCTION SET ............................................................... 321 11.3.3.2 THE PLAIN AVR CPU ............................................................................. 321 11.3.3.3 REDUCED AVRRC CORE .......................................................................... 321 11.3.3.4 AVRE AND AVRXT CORES ....................................................................... 321 11.3.3.5 AVRE+ CPU......................................................................................... 322 11.3.3.6 AVRXM CPU ......................................................................................... 322 CHAPTER 12 * SOFTWARE TOOLS AND SETTINGS 323 12.1 AVR ASSEMBLER PROGRAMS................................................................................ 324 12.1.1 THE AVRASM2 ASSEMBLER .......................................................................... 324 12.1.1.1 BUILDING A PROJECT WITH AVRASM2 ...................................................... 324 12.1.1.2 AVRASM2 ON THE COMMAND LINE ...................................................... 326 12.1.1.3 AVRASM2 OPTIONS IN MICROCHIP STUDIO .............................................. 327 12.1.1.4 LIST FILE OPTIONS .................................................................................. 328 12.1.2 THE AVR-AS ASSEMBLER ............................................................................... 329 12.1.3 THE AVRA ASSEMBLER ................................................................................... 329 12.2 THE GNU C TOOLCHAIN ......................................................................................... 329 12.3 WHERE TO FROM HERE? .......................................................................................... 330 12.3.1 OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED .................................................................................... 330 12.3.2 WHAT WAS NOT COVERED ................................................................................ 332 12.3.3 OTHER AVR MICROCONTROLLERS ......................................................................... 332 12.3.4 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE RESOURCES .................................................................. 332 APPENDIX A * EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP 333 A. L HOBBY USB PROGRAMMER CAPABILITIES ............................................................... 334 A. 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOBBY PROGRAMMERS AND THE ATMEL-ICE ................... 334 A.L. 2 PROGRAMMING INTERFACES ................................................................................ 335 A. 1.3 USING HOBBY USB PROGRAMMERS WITH THIS BOOK .......................................... 335 A.2 OVERVIEW OF EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP ......................................................... 336 A.3 EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP ............................................................................... 336 13 A. 3.1 INSTALL A DRIVER ................................................................................................ 336 A. 3.1.1 USBASP DRIVER ....................................................................................... 336 A.3.1.2 USBTINYISP DRIVER ................................................................................. 339 A.3. 1.3 ARDUINO UNO SKETCH ............................................................................... 341 A.3.2 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL AVRDUDE ....................................................................... 342 A.3.3 BUILD AN AVR CIRCUIT AND CONNECT A PROGRAMMER ........................................ 343 A. 3.3.1 CONNECTING A USBASP ........................................................................... 344 10-PIN MALE HEADER ...................................................................................... 344 10-PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR ON RIBBON CABLE ................................................ 344 6-PIN ADAPTER (ISP/SPI) ................................................................................ 345 A.3.3. 2 CONNECTING A USBTINYISP ..................................................................... 345 6-PIN MALE HEADER ........................................................................................ 345 6-PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR ON RIBBON CABLE .................................................. 345 A.3.3. 3 CONNECTING AN ARDUINO UNO ARDUINOISP .............................................. 345 A. 3.4 PROGRAMMING PARAMETERS .............................................................................. 346 A.3.4.1 DOCUMENTATION FOR AVRDUDE ................................................................... 346 A.3.4.2 PARAMETERS FOR AVRDUDE EXPLAINED ....................................................... 346 A.3.4.3 PARAMETERS FOR A USBASP ..................................................................... 349 A.3.4.4 PARAMETERS FOR A USBTINYISP ............................................................... 350 A.3.4.5 PARAMETERS FOR AN ARDUINOISP .............................................................. 350 A.3.5 MICROCHIP STUDIO EXTERNAL TOOL SETUP ........................................................... 350 A.3.5.1 OPEN AN ASSEMBLY OR C PROJECT ............................................................ 351 A.3.5. 2 ADD AN EXTERNAL TOOL IN MICROCHIP STUDIO ............................................. 351 USBASP......................................................................................................... 352 USBTINYISP ................................................................................................... 352 ARDUINOISP (ARDUINO UNO WITH ARDUINOISP SKETCH LOADED) ......................... 352 A.3.5. 3 ADD A TOOLBAR BUTTON FOR THE EXTERNAL TOOL ........................................... 353 A. 3.6 TESTING THE PROGRAMMER ................................................................................ 355 A. 3.7 PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS .......................................................... 355 APPENDIX B ALTERNATE CIRCUITS AND PROGRAMS 357 B. L 8-PIN PDIP ATTINYL3/25/45/85 .............................................................................. 358 B. 2 14-PIN PDIP ATTINY24/44/84 ................................................................................. 359 B.3 20-PIN PDIP ATTINY26/261/461/861 AND ATTINY2313/4313 ................................. 360 B.4 28-PIN PDIP ATTINY48/88 ...................................................................................... 361 B.5 ALTERNATE PROGRAMS .............................................................................................. 362 14 B.5.1 ALTERNATE LED BLINK ASSEMBLY PROGRAM ....................................................... 363 B. 5.2 ALTERNATE LED BLINK C PROGRAM .................................................................... 363 APPENDIX C YY THE ASCII TABLE 365 C. L PRINTABLE CHARACTERS ........................................................................................... 365 C. 2 ASCII TABLE........................................................................................................... 365 INDEX 367 15
adam_txt	INTRODUCTION 17 BROAD OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK. 18 ABOUT THE TARGETED AVR MICROCONTROLLERS . 18 PRIMARY PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE . 19 WHY LEARN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE? . .19 THE MANY REASONS FOR LEARNING ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE . 19 C PROGRAMMING . 21 INTENDED AUDIENCE . 21 PREREQUISITES . 21 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS . 22 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS . 22 A DIP PACKAGED ATTINY . 23 AN ELECTRONIC BREADBOARD. 23 PROGRAMMER/DEBUGGER . 23 ATMEL-ICE BASIC KIT . 24 ATMEL-ICE FULL KIT . 24 AVR DRAGON . 25 AVRISP MKLL . 25 HOBBYIST USB PROGRAMMERS. 25 POWER SUPPLY . 26 JUMPER LINKS AND WIRES . 27 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS . 28 OPTIONAL TEST EQUIPMENT . 28 MICROCHIP, ATMEL, MICROCHIP STUDIO AND ATMEL STUDIO . 28 ACCOMPANYING RESOURCES. 29 LET ' S GET STARTED . 29 CHAPTER 1 YY OVERVIEW OF ATTINY MICROCONTROLLERS 31 1.1 ATTINY MICROCONTROLLERS . 32 1.1.1 8-PIN DEVICES . 33 1.1.1.1 ATTINYL3 AND ATTINYL3A . 33 1.1.1.2 ATTINY25, ATTINY45 AND ATTINY85 . 33 1.1.2 14-PIN ATTINY24, ATTINY44 AND ATTINY84 . 34 3 1.1.3 20-PIN DEVICES . 34 1.1.3.1 ATTINY26 . 34 1.1.3.2 ATTINY261, ATTINY461 AND ATTINY861 . 35 1.1.3.3 ATTINY2313 AND ATTINY4313 . 35 1.1.4 28-PIN DEVICES . 36 1.1.4.1 ATTINY48 AND ATTINY88 . 36 1.1.4.2 ATTINY28L AND ATTINY28V . 36 1.2 WHICH ATTINY TO USE . 36 1.3 COMPARISON OF ATTINY DEVICES . 37 1.4 SUMMARY. 38 CHAPTER 2 * HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE SETUP 39 2.1 INSTALL MICROCHIP STUDIO . 40 2.1.1 DOWNLOAD PAGE AND SOFTWARE VERSION . 40 2.1.2 NEWEST SOFTWARE VERSION . 40 2.1.3 START THE INSTALLATION . 40 2.1.4 INSTALLATION STEPS . 40 2.2 8-PIN ATTINY MICROCONTROLLER LED CIRCUIT . 41 2.2.1 CIRCUIT POWER SUPPLY . 44 2.2.2 DECOUPLING CAPACITOR . 45 2.3 A FIRST ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM . 45 2.3.1 START A NEW AVR ASSEMBLER PROJECT IN MICROCHIP STUDIO . 45 2.3.2 LED BLINK ASSEMBLY CODE . 47 2.3.3 BUILD THE PROJECT . 48 2.3.4 FIX ANY BUILD ERRORS . 49 2.3.5 LOAD THE PROGRAM TO THE AVR MICROCONTROLLER . 49 2.3.6 FAULT FINDING . 50 2.4 A FIRST C PROGRAM. 50 2.4.1 START A NEW GCC C EXECUTABLE PROJECT IN MICROCHIP STUDIO . 50 2.4.2 LED BLINK C CODE . 51 2.4.3 BUILD THE PROJECT . 53 2.4.4 FIX ANY BUILD ERRORS . 53 2.4.5 LOAD THE PROGRAM TO THE AVR MICROCONTROLLER . 53 2.4.6 FAULT FINDING . 53 2.5 SUMMARY . 54 4 CHAPTER 3 YY BASICS OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 55 3.1 MNEMONICS. 56 3.2 AVR INSTRUCTION SET . 56 3.3 OPCODES AND OPERANDS . 58 3.4 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE COMMENTS. 58 3.5 LED BLINK PROGRAM OPERATION . 59 3.6 USING THE DEBUGGER AND SIMULATOR . 61 3.6.1 USING THE AVR SIMULATOR AND DEBUGGER . 62 3.6.2 USING A PHYSICAL AVR MICROCONTROLLER AND DEBUGGER . 64 3.6.3 PUTTING AN AVR BACK INTO ISP MODE . 67 3.7 SUMMARY . 67 CHAPTER 4 * BINARY NUMBERS AND MEMORY 69 4.1 BITS AND BYTES . 70 4.1.1 COUNTING IN BINARY . 70 4.1.2 BYTES AND NIBBLES . 73 4.2 WEIGHTED NUMBER SYSTEMS . 73 4.2.1 WEIGHTED DECIMAL NUMBERS . 73 4.2.2 WEIGHTED BINARY NUMBERS. 75 4.3 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS. 76 4.3.1 COUNTING IN HEXADECIMAL . 76 4.3.2 USING HEXADECIMAL TO REPRESENT BINARY . 76 4.4 CALCULATING NUMBER SIZES . 79 4.4.1 CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF A BINARY NUMBER . 79 4.4.2 CALCULATING MEMORY SIZE . 79 4.4.3 CONVERTING BETWEEN BYTES AND KILOBYTES . 81 4.5 NUMBERS IN ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS . 81 4.6 NUMBERS IN C PROGRAMS. 82 4.6 SUMMARY . 83 CHAPTER 5 YY AVR REGISTERS AND MEMORY MAP 85 5.1 AVR REGISTERS . 86 5.1.1 GENERAL PURPOSE WORKING REGISTERS . 86 5.1.2 I/O REGISTERS . 86 5.2 USING GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS . 86 5.2.1 ADDING TWO REGISTERS . 87 5 5.2.2 INCREMENTING A REGISTER . 90 5.3 AVR MEMORY MAP. 91 5.3.1 PROGRAM MEMORY. 92 5.3.2 DATA MEMORY. 93 5.3.3 EEPROM. 94 5.4 ACCESSING SRAM IN ASSEMBLER PROGRAMS . 94 5.4.1 SRAM STORE AND LOAD EXAMPLE . 95 5.4.2 STORE AND LOAD EXAMPLE IN THE SIMULATOR . 96 5.4.3 SRAM START ADDRESSES . 97 5.5 SUMMARY. 98 CHAPTER 6 YY AVR INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE 99 6.1 CLOCK PULSES AND PROGRAM COUNTER . 100 6.1.1 CLOCK PULSES . 100 6.1.2 CLOCK PULSE PERIOD AND FREQUENCY . 101 6.1.2.1 ATTINYL3(A) DEFAULT CLOCK FREQUENCY . 101 6.1.2.2 ATTINY25/45/85 DEFAULT CLOCK FREQUENCY . 101 6.1.2.3 RC OSCILLATOR ACCURACY . 102 6.1.2.4 CLOCK SOURCES AND IMPROVING ACCURACY . 102 6.1.2.5 CALCULATING CLOCK PERIOD FROM FREQUENCY . 102 6.1.2.6 CALCULATING CLOCK FREQUENCY FROM PERIOD . 103 6.1.3 THE PROGRAM COUNTER . 103 6.2 MICROCONTROLLER BUSES . 105 6.3 HARVARD AND VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURES . 106 6.4 FETCHING AND EXECUTING INSTRUCTIONS . 107 6.5 STATUS REGISTER . 109 6.5.1 ZERO FLAG . 109 6.5.2 NEGATIVE FLAG . ILL 6.6 STACK AND STACK POINTER . 112 6.6.1 HOW THE STACK WORKS . 113 6.6.2 ACCESSING THE STACK WITH PUSH AND POP . 114 6.6.3 CALLING A SUBROUTINE . 117 6.7 LED BLINK PROGRAM FULLY EXPLAINED . 121 6.8 AVR INSTRUCTION ENCODING . 124 6.9 ADDRESSING MODES. 129 6.9.1 REGISTER DIRECT ADDRESSING . 130 6 6.9.2 I/O DIRECT ADDRESSING 131 6.9.3 OTHER ADDRESSING MODES 132 6.10 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 135 7.1 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS 136 7.1.1 L ' S COMPLIMENT NUMBERS 136 7.1.2 2 ' S COMPLIMENT NUMBERS 136 7.2 ADDITION 139 7.2.1 ADD - ADD WITHOUT CARRY 139 7.2.2 ADC - ADD WITH CARRY 140 7.3 SUBTRACTION 142 7.4 LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 143 7.4.1 LOGICAL AND 143 7.4.2 LOGICAL OR 145 7.4.3 LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE OR 147 7.5 OTHER ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS 148 7.6 SUMMARY 148 CHAPTER 8 YY PROGRAMMING AVR I/O PORTS 149 8.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR ACCESSING I/O REGISTERS 150 8.1.1 READING AND WRITING I/O REGISTERS WITH IN AND OUT 150 8.1.1.1 THE IN INSTRUCTION 150 8.1.1.2 THE OUT INSTRUCTION 151 8.1.2 I/O REGISTER BIT MANIPULATION AND TESTING 152 8.1.3 ACCESSING I/O REGISTERS AS DATA SPACE 152 8.2 I/O PORTS 153 8.2.1 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS OUTPUTS IN ASSEMBLER 154 8.2.1.1 FIVE LED 8-PIN ATTINY CIRCUIT 154 8.2.1.2 USING DEBUGWIRE OR ISP/SPI TO PROGRAM AN ATTINY AVR 154 PROGRAM-ONLY PROGRAMMERS 155 PERIPHERAL HARDWARE DEVICES INTERFERING WITH PROGRAMMING 155 PUTTING THE AVR INTO DEBUGWIRE MODE 156 8.2.1.3 BUILD THE 5 LED ATTINY CIRCUIT ON BREADBOARD 156 8.2.1.4 ASSEMBLY CODE FOR THE 5 LED COUNT CIRCUIT 157 8.2.1.5 SELECT THE DEBUGGER OR SIMULATOR 157 7 8.2.1.6 WHAT THE LED COUNT ASSEMBLER CODE DOES . 157 8.2.1.7 BUILD AND RUN THE PROGRAM . 158 8.2.1.8 HOW THE LED COUNT ASSEMBLER PROGRAM WORKS . 158 8.2.1.9 USING A BREAKPOINT IN THE DEBUGGER . 161 8.2.2 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS OUTPUTS IN C . 162 8.2.2.1 LED COUNT C CODE . 162 8.2.2.2 HOW THE LED COUNT C CODE WORKS . 163 8.2.2.3 RUNNING THE LED COUNT C CODE . 163 8.2.2.4 LED COUNT C CODE DISASSEMBLY . 163 8.2.3 LIMITING A COUNT VALUE . 171 8.2.4 THREE WAYS TO TOGGLE AN LED WITH AN AVR . 173 8.2.4.1 TOGGLING AN LED BY VALUE . 173 8.2.4.2 TOGGLING AN LED BY EXCLUSIVE OR . 173 8.2.4.3 TOGGLING AN LED WITH THE PINB REGISTER . 175 8.2.5 CONFIGURING I/O PINS AS INPUTS . 177 8.3 SUMMARY. 182 CHAPTER 9 YY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ELEMENTS 183 9.1 INSTRUCTIONS AND LABELS . 184 9.2 THE PREPROCESSOR AND INCLUDE FILES . 185 9.3 ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES . 187 9.3.1 SPECIFYING CODE AND DATA LOCATIONS . 188 9.3.1.1 ORG ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE . 188 9.3.1.2 CSEG CODE SEGMENT DIRECTIVE . 189 9.3.1.3 DSEG DATA SEGMENT AND BYTE DIRECTIVES . 190 9.3.1.4 ESEG EEPROM SEGMENT DIRECTIVE . 191 9.3.2 RESERVING MEMORY . 192 9.3.2.1 BYTE . 192 9.3.2.2 DB - DEFINE CONSTANT BYTE . 192 MODIFIED HARVARD ARCHITECTURE . 192 EXAMPLE CODE USING THE DB ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE . 192 CSEG DIRECTIVE AND FIRST RJMP INSTRUCTION . 192 USAGE OF THE DB ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVE . 193 DATA FORMATS AND NULL TERMINATING STRINGS . 193 LOCATION OF DB DATA IN PROGRAM MEMORY AND ALIGNMENT . 194 16-BIT ADDRESS POINTER REGISTERS . 194 8 LOADING THE Z REGISTER . 195 READING BYTES FROM PROGRAM MEMORY. 195 RUNNING THE EXAMPLE CODE . 196 9.3.2.3 DW - DEFINE CONSTANT WORD . 199 9.3.2.4 DD - DEFINE CONSTANT DOUBLE-WORD . 199 9.3.2.5 DQ - DEFINE CONSTANT QUAD-WORD . 199 9.3.3 DEFINING NAMES FOR REGISTERS WITH DEF. 200 9.3.4 EQUATING NAMES TO EXPRESSIONS USING EQU AND SET . 200 9.3.5 CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY . 201 9.4 OTHER ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ELEMENTS . 203 9.5 FURTHER READING . 204 9.6 SUMMARY . 204 CHAPTER 10 YY AVR TIMING, TIMERS AND INTERRUPTS 205 10.1 INSTRUCTION TIMING . 206 10.1.1 AVR CPU VERSIONS . 206 10.1.2 INSTRUCTION TIMING EXAMPLES . 206 10.1.2.1 THE NOP INSTRUCTION . 206 10.1.2.2 16-BIT AND 32-BIT INSTRUCTION TIMING . 208 10.1.2.3 TIMING OF BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS . 208 THE SIMULATOR CYCLE COUNTER AND STOP WATCH . 210 SIMULATOR CYCLE COUNTER BUG . 211 10.2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TIME DELAY . 213 10.2.1 CALCULATING A SOFTWARE DELAY SUBROUTINE TIME DELAY . 213 10.2.1.1 DELAY SUBROUTINE CYCLE COUNTER MEASUREMENT . 214 10.2.1.2 DELAY SUBROUTINE MATHEMATICAL FORMULA . 215 10.2.2 A BETTER SOFTWARE DELAY SUBROUTINE . 226 10.2.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION . 227 10.2.2.2 32-BIT SUBTRACTION WITH 8-BIT REGISTERS . 227 10.2.2.3 TIMING OF THE CODE . 229 10.2.2.4 TESTING THE CODE IN MICROCHIP STUDIO . 230 10.2.3 A CHANGEABLE SOFTWARE TIME DELAY SUBROUTINE . 231 10.2.3.1 SPLITTING AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROJECT INTO FILES . 234 10.2.3.2 HOW THE WAIT_MS SUBROUTINE WORKS . 235 10.2.3.3 LIMITS OF THE WAIT_MS SUBROUTINE . 237 SIMPLIFYING THE FORMULA . 238 9 CALCULATING THE MAXIMUM DELAY TIME OF THE SUBROUTINE . 238 POSING VALUE LIMITS IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE . 240 NUMBER SIZE LIMITS IN THE ASSEMBLER PROGRAM . 243 SOLUTION TO FLAGGING OUT OF RANGE UPPER VALUES . 246 FLAGGING OUT OF RANGE HIGH AND LOW VALUES . 247 10.2.4 PASSING A VALUE TO A SUBROUTINE . 251 10.2.4.1 SIMPLEST WAY TO PASS A VALUE . 251 10.2.4.2 IMPROVED WAY TO PASS A VALUE . 253 10.3 CALLING AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE FROM C CODE . 261 10.3.1 PASSING A VALUE TO AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE FROM C . 261 10.3.1.1 TESTING THE WAIT_MS_C PROJECT CODE . 263 10.3.1.2 HOW THE WAIT_MS_C PROJECT CODE WORKS . 264 10.3.2 RETURNING A VALUE FROM AN ASSEMBLY SUBROUTINE IN C . 266 10.4 POLLED TIMER DELAY . 268 10.4.1 TIMER/COUNTERO REGISTERS . 268 10.4.1.1 TIMER/COUNTERO REGISTER ADDRESSES . 269 10.4.1.2 USING COUNTER/TIMERO AS A TIMER . 270 10.4.2 POLLED TIMER ASSEMBLY PROGRAM . 271 10.4.2.1 THE IFNDEF DIRECTIVE . 271 10.4.2.2 LEFT SHIFT OPERATOR . 272 10.4.2.3 REGISTER WRITE OR READ-MODIFY-WRITE . 273 10.4.2.4 INITIALIZING TIMER 0 . 273 10.4.2.5 POLLING TIMER 0 . 275 10.4.2.6 RUNNING THE CODE IN THE SIMULATOR . 276 10.4.3 POLLED TIMER C PROGRAM . 276 10.5 TIMER INTERRUPT DELAY . 277 10.5.1 HOW INTERRUPTS WORK . 278 10.5.2 THE INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE . 278 10.5.3 ASSEMBLY PROGRAM TIMER INTERRUPT . 279 10.5.3.1 ATTINYL3(A) TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT . 279 THE INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE . 280 MAIN PROGRAM CODE . 282 INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE CODE . 282 RUNNING THE TIMER INTERRUPT CODE . 283 10.5.3.2 ATTINY25/45/85 TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT . 283 10.5.3.3 UNIVERSAL TIMER INTERRUPT PROJECT . 285 10 10.5.4 C PROGRAM TIMER INTERRUPT . 286 10.6 SUMMARY. 288 CHAPTER 11 * THE AVR INSTRUCTION SET 289 11.1 AVR INSTRUCTION SET OVERVIEW AND CATEGORIES . 290 11.2 A GUIDED TOUR THROUGH THE ATTINY AVR INSTRUCTION SET . 290 11.2.1 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS . 290 11.2.1.1 ADD AND SUBTRACT INSTRUCTIONS . 290 ADDITION INSTRUCTIONS . 290 SUBTRACTION INSTRUCTIONS . 293 11.2.1.2 LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS . 294 LOGICAL AND . 294 LOGICAL OR . 294 LOGICAL EXCLUSIVE OR . 294 11.2.1.3 INCREMENT AND DECREMENT INSTRUCTIONS . 294 11.2.1.4 SIGN CHANGE INSTRUCTIONS . 294 11.2.1.5 BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS . 295 11.2.1.6 REGISTER SET, CLEAR AND TEST INSTRUCTIONS . 296 11.2.2 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS . 297 11.2.2.1 JUMP INSTRUCTIONS . 297 11.2.2.2 SUBROUTINE CALL INSTRUCTIONS . 299 11.2.2.3 RETURN FROM SUBROUTINE AND INTERRUPT INSTRUCTIONS . 300 11.2.2.4 COMPARE INSTRUCTIONS . 300 11.2.2.5 SKIP INSTRUCTIONS . 301 11.2.2.6 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS . 302 BRANCH IF BIT IN SREG SET OR CLEARED . 302 BRANCH IF EQUAL OR NOT EQUAL - SREG Z FLAG . 303 BRANCH IF CARRY SET OR CLEARED - SREG C FLAG . 303 BRANCH IF SAME OR HIGHER, OR LOWER - SREG C FLAG . 303 BRANCH IF MINUS OR PLUS - SREG N FLAG . 304 BRANCH IF GREATER OR EQUAL, OR LESS THAN SIGNED - SREG S FLAG . 304 BRANCH IF HALF CARRY FLAG SET OR CLEARED - SREG H FLAG . 304 BRANCH IF T BIT SET OR CLEARED - SREG T FLAG . 304 BRANCH IF OVERFLOW FLAG SET OR CLEARED - SREG V FLAG . 304 BRANCH IF INTERRUPT ENABLED OR DISABLED - SREG I FLAG . 304 11.2.3 BIT AND BIT-TEST INSTRUCTIONS . 305 11 11.2.3.1 BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS . 305 11.2.3.2 SHIFT, ROTATE AND SWAP INSTRUCTIONS . 305 LOGICAL SHIFT INSTRUCTIONS . 305 ROTATE THROUGH CARRY INSTRUCTIONS . 305 LOGICAL SHIFT AND ROTATE CODE EXAMPLE . 305 LED CHASER LOGICAL SHIFT CODE EXAMPLE . 306 ARITHMETIC SHIFT AND SWAP INSTRUCTIONS . 310 11.2.3.3 STATUS REGISTER BIT SET AND CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS . 310 SET OR CLEAR SREG BIT . 310 STORE OR LOAD SREG T BIT TO/FROM REGISTER . 310 SET OR CLEAR CARRY FLAG - SREG C BIT . 311 SET OR CLEAR NEGATIVE FLAG - SREG N BIT . 311 SET OR CLEAR ZERO FLAG - SREG Z BIT . 311 SET OR CLEAR GLOBAL INTERRUPT FLAG BIT - SREG I BIT . 311 SET OR CLEAR SIGN FLAG - SREG S BIT . 312 SET OR CLEAR TWO ' S COMPLIMENT OVERFLOW FLAG - SREG V BIT . 312 SET OR CLEAR T BIT IN SREG - SREG T BIT . 312 SET AND CLEAR HALF CARRY FLAG - SREG H BIT . 312 11.2.4 DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS . 312 11.2.4.1 MOVE/COPY INSTRUCTIONS . 312 11.2.4.2 LOAD IMMEDIATE INSTRUCTION . 313 11.2.4.3 LOAD INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS . 313 11.2.4.4 STORE INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS . 314 11.2.4.5 LOAD INDIRECT WITH DISPLACEMENT . 315 11.2.4.6 STORE INDIRECT WITH DISPLACEMENT . 315 11.2.4.7 LOAD DIRECT FROM SRAM . 315 11.2.4.8 STORE DIRECT TO SRAM . 316 11.2.4.9 LOAD PROGRAM MEMORY INSTRUCTIONS . 316 11.2.4.10 STORE PROGRAM MEMORY. 316 11.2.4.11 PORT IN AND OUT INSTRUCTIONS . 316 11.2.4.12 PUSH AND POP INSTRUCTIONS . 317 11.2.5 MCU CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS . 317 11.3 ENTIRE AVR INSTRUCTION SET . 318 11.3.1 NUMBER OF AVR INSTRUCTIONS . 318 11.3.1.1 TOTAL NUMBER OF AVR INSTRUCTIONS . 318 11.3.1.2 NUMBER OF ATTINY AVR INSTRUCTIONS . 318 12 11.3.1.3 DISCREPANCIES IN DOCUMENTATION . 318 11.3.2 OTHER AVR INSTRUCTIONS . 319 11.3.2.1 ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS . 319 11.3.2.2 BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS . 319 11.3.2.3 DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS . 320 11.3.3 PUTTING INSTRUCTIONS INTO PERSPECTIVE . 321 11.3.3.1 THE FULL AVR INSTRUCTION SET . 321 11.3.3.2 THE PLAIN AVR CPU . 321 11.3.3.3 REDUCED AVRRC CORE . 321 11.3.3.4 AVRE AND AVRXT CORES . 321 11.3.3.5 AVRE+ CPU. 322 11.3.3.6 AVRXM CPU . 322 CHAPTER 12 * SOFTWARE TOOLS AND SETTINGS 323 12.1 AVR ASSEMBLER PROGRAMS. 324 12.1.1 THE AVRASM2 ASSEMBLER . 324 12.1.1.1 BUILDING A PROJECT WITH AVRASM2 . 324 12.1.1.2 AVRASM2 ON THE COMMAND LINE . 326 12.1.1.3 AVRASM2 OPTIONS IN MICROCHIP STUDIO . 327 12.1.1.4 LIST FILE OPTIONS . 328 12.1.2 THE AVR-AS ASSEMBLER . 329 12.1.3 THE AVRA ASSEMBLER . 329 12.2 THE GNU C TOOLCHAIN . 329 12.3 WHERE TO FROM HERE? . 330 12.3.1 OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED . 330 12.3.2 WHAT WAS NOT COVERED . 332 12.3.3 OTHER AVR MICROCONTROLLERS . 332 12.3.4 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE RESOURCES . 332 APPENDIX A * EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP 333 A. L HOBBY USB PROGRAMMER CAPABILITIES . 334 A. 1.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOBBY PROGRAMMERS AND THE ATMEL-ICE . 334 A.L. 2 PROGRAMMING INTERFACES . 335 A. 1.3 USING HOBBY USB PROGRAMMERS WITH THIS BOOK . 335 A.2 OVERVIEW OF EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP . 336 A.3 EXTERNAL PROGRAMMER SETUP . 336 13 A. 3.1 INSTALL A DRIVER . 336 A. 3.1.1 USBASP DRIVER . 336 A.3.1.2 USBTINYISP DRIVER . 339 A.3. 1.3 ARDUINO UNO SKETCH . 341 A.3.2 DOWNLOAD AND INSTALL AVRDUDE . 342 A.3.3 BUILD AN AVR CIRCUIT AND CONNECT A PROGRAMMER . 343 A. 3.3.1 CONNECTING A USBASP . 344 10-PIN MALE HEADER . 344 10-PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR ON RIBBON CABLE . 344 6-PIN ADAPTER (ISP/SPI) . 345 A.3.3. 2 CONNECTING A USBTINYISP . 345 6-PIN MALE HEADER . 345 6-PIN FEMALE CONNECTOR ON RIBBON CABLE . 345 A.3.3. 3 CONNECTING AN ARDUINO UNO ARDUINOISP . 345 A. 3.4 PROGRAMMING PARAMETERS . 346 A.3.4.1 DOCUMENTATION FOR AVRDUDE . 346 A.3.4.2 PARAMETERS FOR AVRDUDE EXPLAINED . 346 A.3.4.3 PARAMETERS FOR A USBASP . 349 A.3.4.4 PARAMETERS FOR A USBTINYISP . 350 A.3.4.5 PARAMETERS FOR AN ARDUINOISP . 350 A.3.5 MICROCHIP STUDIO EXTERNAL TOOL SETUP . 350 A.3.5.1 OPEN AN ASSEMBLY OR C PROJECT . 351 A.3.5. 2 ADD AN EXTERNAL TOOL IN MICROCHIP STUDIO . 351 USBASP. 352 USBTINYISP . 352 ARDUINOISP (ARDUINO UNO WITH ARDUINOISP SKETCH LOADED) . 352 A.3.5. 3 ADD A TOOLBAR BUTTON FOR THE EXTERNAL TOOL . 353 A. 3.6 TESTING THE PROGRAMMER . 355 A. 3.7 PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS . 355 APPENDIX B ALTERNATE CIRCUITS AND PROGRAMS 357 B. L 8-PIN PDIP ATTINYL3/25/45/85 . 358 B. 2 14-PIN PDIP ATTINY24/44/84 . 359 B.3 20-PIN PDIP ATTINY26/261/461/861 AND ATTINY2313/4313 . 360 B.4 28-PIN PDIP ATTINY48/88 . 361 B.5 ALTERNATE PROGRAMS . 362 14 B.5.1 ALTERNATE LED BLINK ASSEMBLY PROGRAM . 363 B. 5.2 ALTERNATE LED BLINK C PROGRAM . 363 APPENDIX C YY THE ASCII TABLE 365 C. L PRINTABLE CHARACTERS . 365 C. 2 ASCII TABLE. 365 INDEX 367 15
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Smith, Warwick A.
author_GND	(DE-588)1022275852
author_facet	Smith, Warwick A.
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discipline_str_mv	Informatik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV047666293
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T18:54:08Z
indexdate	2024-07-10T09:18:43Z
institution	BVB
institution_GND	(DE-588)1065539746
isbn	9783895764790 3895764795
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033051026
oclc_num	1298287530
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owner	DE-29T DE-M347 DE-83
owner_facet	DE-29T DE-M347 DE-83
physical	376 Seiten Illustrationen 23.5 cm x 17 cm
publishDate	2021
publishDateSearch	2021
publishDateSort	2021
publisher	Elektor
record_format	marc
series2	Elektor books
spelling	Smith, Warwick A. Verfasser (DE-588)1022275852 aut Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming Warwick A. Smith Aachen Elektor [2021] 376 Seiten Illustrationen 23.5 cm x 17 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elektor books In-Depth Mikrocontroller AVR (DE-588)4540630-3 gnd rswk-swf C Programmiersprache (DE-588)4113195-2 gnd rswk-swf Assembler (DE-588)4003255-3 gnd rswk-swf Mikrocontroller (DE-588)4127438-6 gnd rswk-swf Microchip Atmel ATmega Microcontroller Programming Mikrocontroller (DE-588)4127438-6 s DE-604 Mikrocontroller AVR (DE-588)4540630-3 s Assembler (DE-588)4003255-3 s C Programmiersprache (DE-588)4113195-2 s Elektor Verlag GmbH (DE-588)1065539746 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-89576-480-6 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033051026&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20211218 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb
spellingShingle	Smith, Warwick A. Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming Mikrocontroller AVR (DE-588)4540630-3 gnd C Programmiersprache (DE-588)4113195-2 gnd Assembler (DE-588)4003255-3 gnd Mikrocontroller (DE-588)4127438-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4540630-3 (DE-588)4113195-2 (DE-588)4003255-3 (DE-588)4127438-6
title	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming
title_auth	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming
title_exact_search	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming
title_exact_search_txtP	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming
title_full	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming Warwick A. Smith
title_fullStr	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming Warwick A. Smith
title_full_unstemmed	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language AVR architecture and programming Warwick A. Smith
title_short	Explore ATtiny microcontrollers using C and Assembly language
title_sort	explore attiny microcontrollers using c and assembly language avr architecture and programming
title_sub	AVR architecture and programming
topic	Mikrocontroller AVR (DE-588)4540630-3 gnd C Programmiersprache (DE-588)4113195-2 gnd Assembler (DE-588)4003255-3 gnd Mikrocontroller (DE-588)4127438-6 gnd
topic_facet	Mikrocontroller AVR C Programmiersprache Assembler Mikrocontroller
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033051026&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT smithwarwicka exploreattinymicrocontrollersusingcandassemblylanguageavrarchitectureandprogramming AT elektorverlaggmbh exploreattinymicrocontrollersusingcandassemblylanguageavrarchitectureandprogramming

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