In the midst of civilized Europe: the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust
"From an award-winning historian, the first full depiction of the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that followed the Russian Revolution and how they laid the groundwork for the Holocaust. Includes illustrations and maps"--
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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New York
Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company
2021
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| Edition: | First edition 2021 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "From an award-winning historian, the first full depiction of the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that followed the Russian Revolution and how they laid the groundwork for the Holocaust. Includes illustrations and maps"-- |
| Physical Description: | x, 466 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781250116253 9781250812124 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a In the midst of civilized Europe |b the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |c Jeffrey Veidlinger |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a Pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| 250 | |a First edition 2021 | ||
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| 505 | 8 | |a War and revolution, March 1881--December 1918. The last years of the Russian empire ; The revolutions of 1917 ; The central rada of Ukraine ; From the Hetmanate to the directory -- The Ukrainian People's Republic, December 1918--March 1919. The Ovruch pogrom ; The Zhytomyr pogrom ; The Proskuriv pogrom ; The second Zhytomyr pogrom -- Power vacuum, March 1919--August 1919. The entente ; Warlords ; Months and days ; Poland and Ukraine on the world stage -- The Triumph of Bolshevism, August 1919--March 1921. The volunteer army ; The Tetiiv pogrom ; The Polish-Soviet war -- Aftermath, 1921--1941. Refugees ; The Schwarzbard trial ; The interwar in Ukraine ; The onset of the Holocaust | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "From an award-winning historian, the first full depiction of the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that followed the Russian Revolution and how they laid the groundwork for the Holocaust. Includes illustrations and maps"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Antisemitism / Poland / History / 20th century | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804183134402510849 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Introduction: “Will a Slaughter of Jews Be Next European Horror?” 1 A Note on Sources, Numbers, Dates, and Place-Names 19 PART I: WAR AND REVOLUTION, MARCH 1881 -DECEMBER 1918 1. The Last Years of the Russian Empire 29 2. The Revolutions of 1917 43 3. The Central Rada of Ukraine 58 4. From the Hetmanate to the Directory 73 PART II: THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC, DECEMBER 1918-MARCH 1919 5. The Ovruch Pogrom 93 6. The Zhytomyr Pogrom 105 7. The Proskuriv Pogrom 133 8. The Second Zhytomyr Pogrom 155
x CONTENTS PART III: POWER VACUUM, MARCH I 91 9-AUGUST 1919 9.The Entente 167 10. Warlords 188 11. Months and Days 217 12. Poland and Ukraine on the World Stage 233 PART IV: THE TRIUMPH OF BOLSHEVISM, AUGUST 1919-MARCH 1921 13. The Volunteer Army 247 14. The Tetiiv Pogrom 275 15. The Polish-Soviet War 288 PART V: AFTERMATH, 1921-1941 16. Refugees 307 17. The Schwarzbard Trial 331 18. The Interwar in Ukraine 343 19. The Onset of the Holocaust 355 Notes Acknowledgments Index 377 446 449
INDEX Entries in italics refer to maps and illustrations. Adams, Arthur, 176 African Americans, 187 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 321 agriculture collectivization of, 346-48, 353 Jewish settlements, 348-51,349,351 Ahdut settlement, 349 Akselbandt, Moyshe, 145 Akselbandt, Muka, 145 Aleksandriia, 196,198 Alekseev, Ivan (“Nebutev”), 137-38,140 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 29-30,43 Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, 30, 34,43 Alldeutsche Blätter, 323 Alliance for the Regeneration of Russia, 256 All-Ukrainian National Congress, 47 All-Union State Political Administration (OGPU), 345-46 American Jewish Agricultural Corporation (Agro-Joint), 348, 350 American Jewish Chronicle, 81 American Jewish Committee, 181,241, 336 American Jewish Congress, 309 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 23-24,220-21, 241, 267, 309-10, 314-16, 318, 323, 348-49 American Jews, 309-10 American Legation, 87 American Relief Administration, 309-11 “Among Refugees” (Bergelson), 321 anarchists, 15,170, 332 Andriivsy, Opanas, 126 Andrushivka, 157 An-sky, S., 37-39 anti-Hetmanate insurgency, 114 anti-immigrant sentiment, 314, 317 antisemitism, 104,183,236, 375-76 conspiracy theories, 32, 36, 247-50 Germany and, 323-25 Jewish refugees and, 313, 323-25 Nazis and, 10 Polish-Soviet War and, 289 Romania and, 317 Soviet Union and, 197-98, 343 U.S. and, 181 warlords and, 191 Whites and, 248,272-74,278
450 INDEX Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 53, 175-76,190-91,198 Apostolove railway station, 136 Appel, Ottokar, 118 Arabs, 327 Archangelsk, 212 Argentina, 8-9, 319 Armenian genocide, 235,340 Armenians, 16, 39 armistice of 1918, 2, 82 Army of South Russia. See Volunteer Army of South Russia) Artynov, Grigorii, 127 Asch, Sholem, 334 Astafev, Serhy, 119 Aufbau movement, 322 Auf gut Deutsch, 324 Auschwitz, 5 Austria, 11,38-39,42,77,290, 313,315 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-66, 69-71, 71 Austria-Hungary, 4,4,16, 36,41,41, 82 Avrom ha-Malach, 258 Azhorsky, Kiva-Khayim, 118-19 Azov-Don Bank, 111 Babel, Isaac, 35,171,198, 296-99 Babyn Yar massacre, 373 Bakhmach station, 67,293 Balagur, Khayke, 148 Bal-Khaloymes. See Schwarzbard, Sholem Balta, 4, 332 Baltics, 39, 41, 360 Baltok, Beri, 284 Baltrušaitis, Jurgis, 22 Bandera, Stepan, 354, 356-57, 362 Barak, Solomon, 133 Baran, Boris, 147 Baran, Khaim, 147 Baron Ginsburg (steamer), 210 Baryshevka station, 67 Batashova, Genia, 373 Batchinsky, Julian, 243 Baudry, Albert, 341 Bavaria, 63, 82, 325, 326 Begun killings, 223 Beilis, Mendi, 36,44 Bek, Anton, 128-29 Belarus, 24, 31,181, 288,299-300, 352, 360 Belarusian People’s Republic, 71,299 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, 90, 290, 302-3 Belgian consulate (Kyiv), 270, 272 Belogolovsky, Borukh, 295 Belogortsev, Vladimir, 261-62 Ben-Gurion, David, 328 Berdychiv, 4, 41,71, 90, 96,108,110, 162,197,280,285,290, 312, 370 pogrom of 1919,102,114-15, 240 Bergelson, Dovid, 321 Berger, Srul Ber, 226 Berki, 120 Berliand, Isaac, 260,263-65,267 Berlin, 290 Jews refugees and, 8,315,319-22, 324, 343
Ukrainian nationalists in, 321-22 uprisings of 1918, 81 Zionist rally of 1918, 87 Berlin, Yisroel, 265 Bershtin, David, 364-65 Bessarabia, 4, 22,41, 71, 316-17, 330 pogrom of 1903, 30 Bezymensky, Noyekh, 109-10 Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, 22, 321 Białystok, 360 pogrom of 1906,21-22 Bikov, Nokhem, 283 BilaTserkva, 4,41,71, 88, 90,169, 257, 280-82,287, 363, 368-69 Białystok, 290 Biskupsky, Vassili, 169, 322 Bitsenko, Anastasia, 62-53 black-earth zone, 14, 66, 70 Black Hundreds, 32-33, 35-36, 57,222 Black Sea, 11,41, 71,127,168-69, 169,174,176 Blekhman, Liusia, 364, 372 Bliumkin, Yakov, 78 Blobel, Paul, 365, 368 blood libel, 30-31, 36 Blum, Léon, 335 Bobr, Fyodor, 123-24 Boer War, 260 Bogen, Boris, 310-11 Bogoyavlensky, Metropolitan Vladimir, 69 Bohatskyi, Pavlo, 162 Bolshevik, 197 Bolsheviks, 20. See also Jews, linked with Bolshevism; Red Army;
INDEX Russian Revolution; Soviet Union; White Armies; and specific locations; and political entities Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-72, 62, 71 calendar changes and, 25 campaign vs. antisemitism and 197-98 Central Executive Committee, 79 civil war and, 15,46, 64, 67-69, 78-79,97-98,102,104,106-11, 114-15,125-27,136-44,147, 150,152,155-58,162-63,168-69, 176-77,181-82, 188,190-93, 215-16,219,240,247,256,257, 263,268-70, 276-79,287 extrajudicial executions by, 164 internationalism and, 42 Jewish refugees and, 18 Nazi animosity vs., 9 Nicholas II executed by, 80 Peace of Riga and, 303 Polish-Soviet War and, 288-303 political enemies and, 10 private property and, 10 seizure of power by, 53-58 triumph vs. Polish Republic, 17-18 triumph vs. White Volunteer Army, 17-18 Ukraine controlled by, in 1920,23 UPR and 75, 95-99,104 uprisings of 1905 and, 31-32 Versailles Treaty and, 234 voluntary associations closed by, 309 WWI and, 16 Boremel, 353, 362 Boreslavsky, Vasily, 207 Borshchahivka pogrom of 1919,25,204 Borysław, 361 Bratislava, 290, 318 Braudo, Iosif, 21 Braverman, Duvid, 160 Braverman, Rivka, 160 Bredov, Nikolai, 268 Bregman, Avram, 109-10 Bregman, Lev, 205 Bremen uprisings of 1918, 81 Brest-Litovsk, 4,41, 90,169,257,290, 315 Treaty of, 61-72, 62, 71, 74, 324 Britain, 36, 59,127,240,315 Brest-Litovsk and, 65 Odesa and, 170-71 4SI Paris peace talks of 1919,178-79, 182-83,185 Whites and, 64-65,168,249,253,256 Zhytomyr pogrom and, 180 British Commission of Inquiry, 327 British Mandate in Palestine, 8-9,326,327 British Secret Service, 171 Brody, 38,41 Brukhis, Mendel, 147 Brukhis,
Wolf, 147 Brusilovsky, Duvid, 109-10 Brussels Sugar Convention, 73 Brusyliv, 258 Bublick, Gedalia, 330 Buczacz, Nazi invasion of 1941, 361 Budapest, 5, 8,167,290, 302, 332 Budyonny, Semyon, 294,296-98,297 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw, 299-302 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 51, 82,103 Bulgaria, 39 Bund. See General Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, 32-33, 197 Bunin, Ivan, 174,177 Burakovsky, Semen, 272 Butenko, Boris, 78 Cahan, Abe, 319-20 Canada, 319 Canadian Jewish Congress, 242 Cantor, Bernard, 309 Center for Jewish History, 22 Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, 22 Central Committee for Relief of Pogrom Victims (CCRPV), 19-20, 261,264,271,274,309, 321 Central Powers, 36, 51 armistice of 1918, 82 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-71, 62, 76 Central Rada, 47-59, 59, 69, 71, 74-76, 81, 83, 88, 97,105-6,178, 335, 337, 341 Brest-Litovsk and, 66, 69-72, 74 Central Rada Universals, 180 First, 48, 51-52 Second, 51-52 Third, 54 Fourth, 56-57 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, 23
452 INDEX Chagall, Marc, 313, 320 White Crucifixion, 313 Chaykovsky, Ilya, 279,281-82 Chechen soldiers, 276 Cheka (Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution), 79-80,98,157-58,163-64,177, 192,195,201,206-7,254-55, 269-70,296,337,341,344-45, 367,367 Chelm, 71,290 Cherkasy, 4,41,71,169,254,256,257, 290, 312, 332 pogrom of 1919,191-96,194 Chernihiv, 4,41, 90,169,255,257, 290 Chernihiv Province, 4,11,41,61,90,293 Chernobyl, 4,41,90,204-5,209,211,370 Chernyakhiv, 4 pogrom of 1919, 204 children mass murder of, by Nazis, 369 orphanages and, 310-11, 313-15, 314,320 Chişinău, Moldova. See Kishinev Choj niki pogrom of 1920, 300 Revolutionary Tribunal, 300 Chomówna, Janina, 84 Christian Church, 219-21 Christian theological anti-Judaism, 9 Christ-killers trope, 251,251 Chudniv, 34 civil war (1918-21), 15, 78-80, 89-90, 90, 307, 332. See also Bolsheviks; Volunteer Army of South Russia; White Armies; and specific individuals; locations; and military units Clemenceau, Georges, 179,183, 185-86,233,240 Clinton, Bill, 11 Cohen, Israel, 84-87 Cohn, Oskar, 87 Coİogne uprisings of 1918, 81 Commissariat of Enlightenment, 197 Commissariat of National Affairs, 197 Commission for the Struggle Against Antisemitism and Pogroms, 67 Commission for the Struggle Against Banditry, 287 Committee for Relief of Pogrom Victims, Legal Bureau, 116, 128-30,158-59 Committee for the Assistance of Poor Russians in Berlin, 318-19 Committee for the Resettlement of Jews on the Land, 348—49 Committee for the Struggle Against Antisemitism, 197 Committee of Jewish Delegations, 242 Committee on New States,
186 Committee to Aid Victims of the Counter-Revolution, 20 Communist International, 324 Communist Party, 157,197. See also Bolsheviks amnesty of 1920 and, 231 Central Committee, 191 Communist Party of Ukraine, 346 Compiègne armistice of 1918, 82 Constantinople, 277, 313,315 Coolidge, Calvin, 330 Cossacks, 50-51,67,108-9,112-15,121, 123-24,135-36,141,146,148,150, 152-53,252-53,255-56,263-66, 271-72,276-77,294,298,366. See also Don Cossacks; Free Cossacks; Haidamaks; Terek Cossacks Courland Province, 39 Crimea, 41,71,169,257,277-78, 348 Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, 90 Crimean Tatars, 16 Czechoslovakia, 290,315, 318, 347 Częstochowa pogrom of 1919,237 Czernin, Ottokar, 61, 63, 65-66 Daniels, Josephus, 186 Danish Red Cross, 341 Davar, 333 Day of Sorrow (New York), 241^42 Dayter, Khaim, 147 Dearborn Independent, 329 Denikin, Anton, 248-56,257,260,268, 270,275-78, 344, 363, 369 Dentei, Jakub, 358 Derevensky, Ivan, 263,265,267 Derevoed, Ludwig, 144 Der Kampf, 321 Der morgen zhurnal, 100,241 Der tog, 60-61 Deutsche Bank, 74
INDEX Deutscher, Isaac, 32 Deutschlands Erneuerung, 323 Devenishski, Ayzik Meyer (A. Vayter), 1 82 Di fraye arbayter shtimme, 338 Directory, 88-90, 89,90,95-99, 102-10,126-30,137,155,158-62, 168,175-80,188-89,212,215, 240,243,257,321,337 Dmitriuk, Ovruch city commissar, 97 Dmowski, Roman, 183,234,236-37 Dnipro River, 11,136,192,196, 205, 209-11,257,268,290, 294 Dnister River, 41,257,275, 316 Dobromil, 362 Dobry, Abraham, 73-75, 78 Doginsky, Simon, 278, 282 Dolot, Miron, 346 Don Basin, 64, 71,168, 253,257 Don Cossacks, 252, 268,270, 271 Donskoy, Boris, 78 Dorfman, Polya, 121 Dotsenko, Oleksandr, 341 Dov-Ber of Mezritsh, 258 Dresel, Ellis Loring, 82 Dreyfus, Alfred, 241 Dubnitsky, Dmytri, 230-31 Dubnow, Simon, 321, 335 dvorniks (groundskeepers), 119,131 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 79 Eastern Galicia, 16, 88, 238-41, 288, 321, 330 Nazi occupation of, 356-57, 361 Paris peace talks and, 179-81 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogroms of 1918, 86-87 Polish Republic and, 241,256, 334, 351-52, 375 Soviet occupation of 1939,241, 352-54 Eastern Jewish Historical Archive in Berlin, 22, 23, 321, 335 Editorial Committee to Collect and Publish Material About the Pogrom in Ukraine, 20-22 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 88,126,253, 268-69, 308, 320-21 Eichhorn, Hermann von, 74, 78, 82 Eighth Podilian regiment, 140-41 Einbinder family, 148 453 Einsatzkommando, 358, 360-61, 365, 371, 373 Einstein, Albert, 323-24 Eisner, Kurt, 81, 324 Ekaterinodar ( later Krasnodar), 49 Elaine, Arkansas, race riots, 187 Eliasberg, Efim, 111-12,126 Elizavetgrad ( later Kropyvnytskyi), 29, 41, 71, 90,169,191,256,257,290 pogrom of 1881,4, 29-30
Emergency Quota Act (US, 1921), 329 Endecja movement, 183 Endres, Fritz, 323 Entente Powers, 64, 90,127,167-78, 169,170 Epshteyn, Nukhem, 124 Evreiskaia nedelia, 61 Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution. See Cheka Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Anti-Jewish Pogroms, 239 Ezhenedel’nik VChK, 79 Ezhov, Nikolai, 345 famine of 1921-22, 307-8, 311, 348 of 1932, 347-48 fascism, 10, 64, 330, 352, 356 Fastiv, 4 Nazi occupation of, 365, 370 pogrom of 1919, 257-68,257,258, 259,272 Fayner, Zelman, 129 Federation of Ukrainian Jews, 6, 310-11 Fefer, Srul, 120 Feldman, Comrade, 231 Feldman, Eliezer-Dovid, 265 Feldman, Hinde, 283 Feldman, Khana, 122 Feldman, Moti, 224 Feldman, Moyshe, 122, 228-29 Feldman, Perets, 265 Feldman, Simon, 352-53, 362 Feldman, Veniamin, 93-94 Felix Warburg Colony, 315 Felshtin, 364-65 Nazi massacre of 1941, 364-65 pogrom of 1919,150 Feshchenko-Chopivsky, M., 201-2, 337
454 INDEX Fifty-third Novograd-Volynsk Regiment, 163 Filtser, Shlem-Avrum Lieberov, 119 Finkel, Smel, 153 Finland, 72 Fleming, Ian, 171 Flory, Georges, 340 flu pandemic, 172 Ford, Henry, 9,181, 329 “Fourteen Points” (Wilson), 83 France, 36,41-42, 64-65,127,168-74, 175-76,249, 256,240-41 Jewish refugees and, 313,315,318 Paris peace talks and, 179,185 WWI and, 332 France, Anatole, 241 Frank, Anne, 5 Franko, Ivan, 12-13 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 36,233 Fraydorf settlement, 349 Fraylebn settlement, 349 Free Cossacks, 50-51,68, 70-71, 75, 88,114,199,205-6,212,215 Freedman, Scholem, 97 Freink, Dovid, 223 Freink, Khayim-Leyb, 223 Freink, Ovsey, 223 French Foreign Legion, 332 French Republican Guard, 233 French Revolution, 88, 340 Frenkel, Lvov, 122 Frenkel, Meyer, 121-22 Freud, Sigmund, 131 Friedlaender, Israel, 308-9 Gaetsky, Hirsh, 117 Galicia, 11,12-13, 37, 83,102,137, 173,247,257,273,296 Brest-Litovsk and, 66, 69, 71 Jewish refugees and, 39,168,314—17, 319 Lviv pogrom of 1918 and, 86-87,237 Nazi invasion of 1941, 361-62, 374 Red Army in, of 1920,297 Ukraine claims, in 1918, 88 WW I and, 37-39,41 Galician soldiers, 125,155,161-62, 258-59,268 Gallipoli, Battle of, 59 Galperin, L, 264 Gankin, Shmuil, 271 General Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia (Bund), 32-33, 74,197 Gergel, Nokhem, 20,22,24,248,321,335 German First Mounted Division, 356 German First Panzer Division, 365 German Foreign Office, 87 German Mennonites, 198 German Reich Security Main Office, 356, 358 German Socialists, 323 German Wehrmacht, 361, 368 Germany, Nazi death camps and, 9-10, 374
gassings in Ukraine and, 373 Hitler’s rise and, 22,352 invasion and massacres in Poland and Ukraine, 18, 352, 355-75 Jewish refugees and, 318-26 Operational Situation reports and, 361-62,365, 371, 373 previous pogroms and, 10-11 propaganda on Judeo-Bolshevism and, 372 security police and, 360-61, 373 Soviet nonaggression pact and, 352 Germany, pre-Nazi, 9,22,42,90, 233, 257,347 armistice of 1918 and, 82 end of WW I and, 169,189 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 313,315, 318-2 6,169 occupation of Ukraine by, 70-71, 74-78, 82-83,97,105-6, 111, 176,199,212,216,218-19,225, 228,249 pogroms of 1923 and, 326 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 Ukrainian refugees in, 321-22 uprisings of 1918 in, 81-82 Versailles Treaty and, 233-34 WW I and, 36,41 Gershgorin, Riva, 146 Gershgorin, Sofia, 146 Gershgorin, Sonia, 146 Gestapo, 5 Gibson, Hugh, 186-87,238 Gilinsky, Abram, 108,157 Giterman, Isaac, 116,128-29 Gitman family, 33 Gladky, Nikolai, 107,108,114
INDEX Glinka, Mikhail A Life for the Tsar, 44 Glossman, Ovruch, 100 Goebbels, Joseph, 366 Gogol, Yona, 68 Gokhman, Makhlya, 301 Goldberg, Isaac, 218,228-29 Goldelman, Solomon, 81 Goldenberg, Chaya, 280, 282-83 Goldfeld, Blyuma, 160 Goldfeld, Zhytomyr city councilman, 111-12 Goldman, Emma, 6-7,181 Goldman, Nahum, 87 Gomel pogrom of 1903, 31 Gorbunov, Timofei, 120 Gorlovsky, Zelman, 115-16 Gorodetsky, Meyer, 205 Gorodetsky, Shloyme, 277 Got fun nekome (Asch), 334 Gozman, Hannah, 221-23,226-28 Grabar, Stepan, 363, 364 grain industry, 12, 35, 74,133,218 Granovetter, Mark, 131 Grant, Madison, 329 Great Powers, 7, 185-86,233, 240-41 Grebenka station, 67 Grechany, 141 Greenberg, Khaya, 153, 341 Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 321 Gregorian calendar, 25, 64 Grigoriev, Nikifor, 169,173-76,189-93, 195-99,215,247,257, 332, 350 Grimm Brothers, 102 Grinboym, Zhytomyr dentist, 109 Grine (Tsarskoe Selo), 206 Grishin-Almazov, Aleksei, 169,173 Grodno, 41,41,290 Grodzisk, 39 Grosman, Shleym, 287 Grossman, Meir, 241 Gurevich, Buzia, 193 Gutnik, Sergei, 78 Habsburgs, 65, 81, 83 Ha-Doar, 333 Häfner, August, 368, 369 Haidamaks, 51, 66-68,141, 360 Haidamaks (Shevchenko), 12 Hamburg uprisings of 1918, 81 455 Headlam-Morley, James Wycliffe, 182-83,233 Heim, Georg, 325 Herut settlement, 349 Hetmanate, 51, 62-66, 69-72, 71, 74, 76-78, 83, 88-89, 95,104-6,114, 169,175, 205,208,212, 220, 322 Heydrich, Reinhard, 356 Hillerson, Arnold, 21-22, 97-99, 103-4,148,151 Himmler, Heinrich, 366-67 History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 66 History of Ukraine-Rus (Hrushevsky), 47-48 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 6,10, 322, 325-26,
352, 356, 366-67 Hlukhiv pogrom of 1918, 67, 94 Hodgson, John Ernest, 250,254 Hohenzollerns, 65, 81, 322 Holocaust, 1-2, 5-6, 9-10,29, 82,285, 355-56, 366-67, 374 Holocaust Memorial Center (Farmington Hills, Michigan), 6 Hoover, Herbert, 309, 347-48 Horbuliv, 199-200 pogrom of 1919, 204 Hornostaipil, 4, 38,205 pogrom of 1919,209-10 Horodyshche, 191 pogrom, 301-2 Horowitz, Donald L., 132 Hoshiv murders, 99-100 House, Colonel, 184 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 47, 69 Hulyaipole, 4,198 Hungarian Soviet Republic, 167,179, 240,254 Hungary, 90,169,257,290 Jewish refugees and, 8-9,315,317-19 Nazi invasion of, 5 Iaşi, 317 Internationalist Marxists, 321 International Jew, The (Ford), 9 “In the City of Slaughter” (Bialik), 321 Italy, 179 Ivano-Frankivsk, 290 Ivantsky, S.I., 112,115 Izvestiia, 79,157,196
456 INDEX Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 335-36 Jacobovitz, Charles, 270-72 Jaffa, May Day 1921 violence, 327-28 Jarosław, 38 Jaurès, Jean, 339 Jedwabne pogrom of 1941, 360-61 “Jew in the Thorns, The” (Grimm), 102 Jewish Bund of Ovruch, 97 Jewish Committee to Aid Victims of War, 19-20,40,100 Jewish Communist Party, 327 Jewish Daily Forward, 319-20 Jewish Daily News, 330 Jewish Public Committee, 23, 24, 301, 309, 310 Jewish refugees, 8-9,18,20,23-24, 39-40,184, 307-8, 311-17,315, 321-30, 352 eastern European, 322-26 Jewish revolutionaries, as “non-Jewish Jews,” 32 Jewish self-defense brigades, 31, 33-35, 59-60, 60, 68, 84-85, 96,171, 221,280, 321,327 Jewish socialists, 20, 31, 58 Jewish Territorial Organization, 242 Jewish Theological Seminary, 308-9 Jews, linked with Bolshevism (JudeoBolshevism), 8-10,16-17, 80-81, 107-8,114,126,132,150,152, 158,162,168,185,189-93,216, 219-20,230,247,249-52,269-70, 272-74,307,311-12,324-37, 341-42,354,356,366-67,372,374 Joffe, Adolph, 62-63, 302-3, 324 Joffe, Efraim, 280, 283-85 Joffe, Ilya, 136-39 Joffe, Shifre, 284 Johnson-Reed Act (U.S., 1924), 330 Joint Foreign Committee of British Jews, 180 Julian calendar, 25, 64 Kachurovsky, Klimenty, 148 Kaganovich, Lazar, 346-47 Kahane, David, 358-60 Kalinkavichy, 98,288 Kalisz, 153 Kamenev, Lev, 62-63,190-91, 250 Kamyanets-Podilskyi, 4,41,71, 90, 134.153.169.177.179.188.256, 257,290, 303 Kannegisser, Leonid, 79 Kaplan, Fanny, 79,171 Kaplan, L., 220 Kaplan, Moti, 227 Karetnik, Semen, 199 Karl I, Emperor of Austro-Hungary, 82 Károlyi, Mihály, 167 Kashuk, Shrnul, 125 Katerynoslav, 4,11,41, 71, 90,191-92, 196,
253,257,290 Katerynoslav Province, 4, 71,90 Katznelson, Beri, 328 Kaunas, 290 pogrom of 1941, 360 Kazak, Boris, 365 Kazak (steamer), 210 Kerensky, Alexander, 44—46, 51, 53, 64, 207,250,261 Kharkiv, 4,41, 54-55, 66, 69, 71, 90, 169.179.253.256, 302 Nazi gassing of 1941 and, 373 Kharkiv Province, 4,41, 41, 90 Khasis, Duvid, 158 Kherson, 4,41,71, 90,169,176,242, 254,257 Kherson Province, 4, 71,90,136 Khilevich, Oleksandr, 230-31 Khmelnytskyi, Bohdan, 26 Khmelnytskyi. See Proskuriv Kholodnaya, Vera, 171 Khomsky, Aleksander, 153-54 Khonkivtsi, 363-64 Khurbn Proskurov (memorial book), 2,3 Kibrik, Shlem, 145-46 Kielce pogrom of 1918,237 Kiel mutiny of 1918, 81 Kieper, Wolf, 367,367 Kievlianin, 273 Kigali, Rwanda, 11 Kigsman, Nuty, 291 Kipnis, Itsik, 217-31 Kishinev ( later Chişinău, Moldova), 26, 41,41,316-17 pogrom of 1903, 30-31,33, 321 Kitsis, Khana, 148 Kiverchuk, Yuri, 135-36,140,142, 144,149,151-53 Kligman, Raphael Moyshe-Meyerovich, 261-62
INDEX Klymkova, Anastaja, 357 Kogan, Mosche, 367,367 Kogan, Yosef, 265 Kogan family, 14 Kolbuszowa pogrom of 1919,237 Kolesnik, Hryhoriy, 363 Komarów, 299 Konovalets, Yevhen, 322 Kopelev, Lev, 346-47 Koralnik, Abram, 241 Korchenyuk, Ekaterina, 120 Korosten, 4,40, 41,71, 90, 96-97, 99, 155-56,203 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 Korostyshiv, 4,156,200-201 Nazi invasion of 1941, 365, 370-71 Kosenko, “Commissar of the Insurgents,” 220-21,223-30 Koshevichi pogrom of 1920, 300 Kotelnya, 157 Kovenko, Mykhailo, 68,130 Kovno Province, 39 Kovsky, Dr., 301-2 Kowalsky, J.M., 314-15 Kozak, Idel-Gersh, 365 Kozový, Leyb, 146-47 Kozyr-Zirka, Oleksii, 97-104 Kraków, 41,71,84,90,169,257,290,354 Krasin, Leonid, 324 Krasnaia, Evie, 286 Krasnaia, Freyda, 286 Krasnaia, Toybe, 286 Krasnodar. See Ekaterinodar Krasnopolsky, Nunia, 195 Krasny, Pinkhos, 168 Krasny Kavalerist, 298 Kraus, Anton, 257-59,268 Krauze, Zofia, 290 Krayzman, Bunem, 204 Kremenchuk, 4,196,253, 256 Kropyvnytskyi. _See _ Elizavetgrad Krushevan, Pavel, 36 Kryve Ozero, 4 pogrom of 1919,277 Krzystyniak, Franciszek, 288-90 Kuban Cossacks, 252 Kuban Province, 41,71, 90 Kulbak, Moyshe, 321 Kun, Béla, 167,240, 254, 317 Kuprash, Ivan, 230 Kuravskyi, Overko, 279-81, 283,285 457 Kursk, 4, 71, 90,169,257,290 Kursk Province, 4, 71, 90 Kyiv, 4,12,20-21,26,41,41,43-44,54, 58,67,67,69, 88,105,192,203, 205,210-11,213,240-41,259-60, 266,274,285,291, 308, 322,343 Beilis case and, 36,44 Brest-Litovsk and, 71 Cheka and, 255, 269-70,287 Circus meeting of 1918 and, 75 Directory and, 96-97,126,135 Nazi massacres of 1941, 363, 372-74 Ovruch pogrom and,
102-3 Polish-Soviet War and, 288,290-91, 290, 291 pogrom of 1881, 29 pogrom of 1919,270-74 pogrom of 1920,290-94,292,293 prison uprising of 1918,114 Red Army and, 66-70,155,198,275, 295 White armies and, 247, 250, 253, 256-57,257,268-73 WWI and, 38 Zhytomyr pogrom and, 107,126 Kyiv Jewish Community, 291 Kyiv Province, 4,11,14,21, 40-41,41, 71,90 Nazi massacres of 1941, 364, 374 warlord pogroms and, 190-91 Lag Ba-omer festival, 202 La Guardia, Fiorello, 186 Lansing, Robert, 87, 235-36, 309-10 Larousse Encyclopedia, 331 Latsis, Martyn, 269-70 League of British Jews, 181 League of Nations, 186,234, 241 Le Bon, Gustave, 130-31 Lederman, Volf, 276,287 Left SRs. See Socialist Revolutionaries, Left SRs Leibovich, Semen, 59-60 Lemberg. See Lviv, 26 Lender, M., 224 Lenin, Vladimir, 31, 53-55, 79, 90,167, 171,190-91,196 Lepecki, Miecyzslaw, 289 Lestschinsky, Jacob, 10,20,22,24, 321 Lev, Moyshe, 284, 286 Lev, Sonia, 278,282
458 INDEX Lida, 290 pogrom of 1919,182, 237 Lifshitz, Yakov, 255 Linz, Austria, 64 Lipets, Dovid, 197 Literary Digest, 6, 8 Lithuania, 22, 39 Brest-Litovsk and, 71,72 Jewish refugees and, 315 Nazi invasion of 1941 and, 360 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 Lithuanian Activist Front, 360 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, 169,257 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, 90 Litvakov, Moyshe, 61 Litvinov, Maxim, 324 Liubynsky, Mykolą, 69 Livshitz, Yakov, 163-64 Lloyd George, David, 179,183,185, 233,240 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince Andrei, 64, 171-74 Łódź, 290 Łomża, Nazi invasion of 1941, 360 London Jewish Chronicle, 243 Lubny, 94 Ludendorff, Erich, 322, 326 Lukhtan, Marko, 217-18,220-21, 225, 230, 232 Lukhtan, Maxim, 218, 227 Lukhtan, Timukh, 217, 220 Luxemburg, Rosa, 47, 324 Lviv (later_Lwów), 4,12,16,26, 38, 41, 41, 49, 71, 90,169,179,240, 257,290, 296, 335, 353-54 Nazi killings of 1941,356-60,359,362 pogrom of 1918, 83-88,180,187, 236-37, 358 Lviv, University of, 47 Lwów. See Lviv Lyashchenko, Fedir, 363, 369 Lyubarsky, Nakhman, 124-25 Makaron, Avrum, 123 Makhno, Nestor, 169,198-99,257 Malakhovka orphanage, 313 Malone, Cecil L’Estrange, 256 Malyn, 4,201 Marants, Abram, 141 Marants, Yankl, 139 Margolin, Arnold, 43-44,46-47,46, 55, 58, 90,102-3,168,172-73, 178-79,188-89,242-43, 319, 327, 335-36, 342, 347,349 Mariupol, 4,41,71,90,169,257 Markman, Aba, 265 Marshall, Louis, 181,186,234-35, 309-10, 336 Martos, Borys, 177-78, 337 Marxists, 12, 31,44 Matusiv, 191 May-Mayevsky, Vladimir, 253 Mazyr, 41, 288, 300 pogrom of 1920, 300 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 325-26 Melamed, Avrom Leyb,
227 Melamed, Isaac, 119 Melamed, Jacob, 219-21,223-26 Melitopol, 4, 41, 71, 90,169,257 Melting Pot, The (Zangwill), 242 Meltser, Samuil, 271-72 memoir literature, 2, 3,17 Mennonites, 16 Messer, Liebe, 314 Mestechkin, Aron, 265 Military Revolutionary Committees, 53 107,109,137-41,156-57 Minsk, 90,290 Brest-Litovsk and, 71,71 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogrom of 1919,237 Minsk Province, 4, 41, 90 Miracle on the Vistula, 296 Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von, 78 Mogilev Province, 31,41, 90 Mogulevich, Ber Borkhov, 210-11 Montefiore, Claude, 180 Months and Days (Kipnis), 217 Morfessi, Yuri, 172 Morgenthau, Henry, 235-39 Moscow, 49 Jewish refugees and, 312-13,315 terror attacks of 1918, 78, 79 Motzkin, Leo, 242, 335 Munich, 322, 325 Beer Hall Putsch, 326 uprisings of 1918, 81 Muravsky, Aba, 204 Mykolaiv, 4,41,71, 90,169,176,254, 257, 312 Mykytyn, peasant, 284,286
INDEX Narbut, Hryhoriy, 59 Narodychi, 99 Nation, 7 national minority rights, 14,16, 32, 184-86,234 Nazi Party, 10, 323, 325-26. See also Germany, Nazi Neishtat, Dovid, 265 Neman River, 290 Nesteruk, Grigorii, 120 Netherlands, 315, 319 New Economic Policy (NEP), 312 New York, 22 demonstrations of 1919,241—42 New York Free Synagogue, 309 New York State Senate, 329 New York Times, 6, 7, 234, 241, 342 Nicholaevkis (gold coins), 207,262 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 43—44,47, 207, 322 execution of, 80 Nikolaidi, A.O., 265-67 Nister, Der, 321 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 345 Nogen, Etel, 204 Nogen, Shlomo, 204 Northern Caucasus, 252-53 Northern Group, 114 Novhorod-Siverskyi, 67 Novikov, Konstantin, 112,114-15, 117 Novocherkassk Province, 41,71, 90 Novofastovskaya, Teme, 282 Nudel, Shama, 117 Nuremberg Rally of 1937, 326 Obukhiv, 212 October Manifesto of 1905, 34-35 Odesa, 4, 35,41, 41, 59, 60, 69, 71, 90, 169,174-79,175,190,242,254, 257, 285, 308,315, 322, 347 blockade of 1919, 249 Cheka and, 255 French and, 168-74,169,170, 332 pogrom of 1905, 6, 35 Odesa Stories (Babel), 35 OGPU (All-Union State Political Administration), 345-46 Ogyshevsky, Samuil, 295 Oksman, Sruel, 143 459 Orel, 71,71,169,257,290 Orel Province, 41,41, 71, 90 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 322, 352, 354, 356 Orlando, Vittorio, 179,183 Orthodox Church, 12,25,32,64,69,158 Ostkevich-Rudnytskyi, Chief, 135,139 Ostrovsky, Borukh, 291 Ottoman Empire, 36,235, 340 Overman, Lee, 328-29 Ovruch, 4,21,41, 71,90,156,169, 217, 226, 228-30,257, 290 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 pogrom of
1918-19, 93-104,103, 130,150,180,219,240 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 183-85,184, 234-37 Pale of Settlement, 11, 36, 39-42, 41 abolished, 44 Palestine, 7, 8-9,173,181, 318-19, 326-28, 348, 350 Jaffa riot of 1921, 327-28 Palienko, Oleksandr, 114-17,124,126, 128-30,132 Panevėžys, 39 Paris, 8,17,22, 277,315 Petliura in, 302-3 Schwarzbard trial for Petliura assassination in, 331-42 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 2, 178-86,184, 335, 351 Pasmanik, Daniil, 7 Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 329 Pazdernik, Georgy, 120-21 Peker, Moyshe, 277,283,287 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), 345 Peremyshlyany pogrom of 1941, 361 Perevalov, Vassili, 279,287 Petliura, Symon, 48-51, SO, 55, 66, 68, 70-71, 76, 88, 97, 103, 105, 108-9, 111, 114,125-27,135-37, 158,161-62,167-68,173,175, 177-79,188-89,200,207-9,215, 238-43,247-48,253,256-57, 259, 261, 272,273,275,279, 349 assassination of, 331-44,339, 359 Denikin and Whites vs., 256 exile of, 302-3, 331-32
460 INDEX Petliura, Symon (conťd) Nazi massacres of 1941 and, 359-60, 363-64, 366, 369 Polish-Soviet War and, 288 Petliura, Lessia, 331 Petliura, Olga, 331, 338,339 “Petliura Days,” 359 Petliurites, 103,344,346 Petrograd (later St. Petersburg), 48, 51, 78,312-13,315 Petrograd Soviet, 44, 53-55,107 Petrov, V., 195 Petrushki, 227 Pietrykaü, 301-2 Piłsudski, Józef, 83-84,237, 288, 292-93,296,299, 351 Pińsk, 41,71,290, 303 pogrom of 1919, 181-82,236-37 Plotkin, Moyshe, 148 Plyuty, 211-12 Poale Tsiyon, 81 Pobeda settlement, 349 Podilia Province, 4,11,21,41,41, 71, 90,128,133-34,188 Nazi massacres of 1941, 364, 374 pogrom of 1919,17 pogroms, 4, 7, 8. See also specific locations Bolsheviks and, 197 collectivization and, 346 derivation of term, 29 documentation of, 6-8,18-24,23, 321 early, of 1881-82,29-30 early, of 1903-6, 30-35, 44, 94 Entente Powers and, 168 Holocaust as precursor of, 9-11,18, 361, 364-65, 374, 374-76 hopes for end of, in 1917,46-47 impact of, on children, 310-11, 313-15,314 international attention to, 241—43 Jewish refugees and, 5, 7-9,236, 307-10, 319, 321-22 map of major, 4 military actions by soldiers and, 10,16 Nazi invasion of 1941 as, 355-74 number of victims of, 4-5,24-25 Petliura condemns, 239 psychology of crowds and, 130-32 public, ritualized nature of, 15-16 Schwarzbard trial and, 331—41 Soviet narrative on, 343—47 warlords and, 17,190-92 Whites and, 17-18,248 Pöhner, Ernst, 325 Pohrebyshche, 285-86 Poland (Polish Republic, 1918-39), 4,11,12,14,16-18,41—42,41, 61, 83-84, 90,97, 99,102,167, 169,179-88,240-41,257,290, 351-52, 375. See also Polish-
Soviet War; and specific locations Brest-Litovsk and, 71,72 Jewish minority rights and, 18, 7, 181-88 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 313-19,315 Nazi-Soviet invasion of 1939 and, 352 Nazi killings of 1941 and, 9-10, 360, 374 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogroms and, 6, 7, 8, 84—88, 181-83, 182,186,235-38,240,242 Soviet occupation of 1939, 352-54 Versailles Treaty and, 234,240 Poletika, Nikolai, 38 Polish Army, 15-16, 84-86,169, 169,181,257,289-95,290-93, 298-301 Polish Cavalry, 170 Polish Home Army, 296 Polish Legionnaires, 41 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 11, 41,238,288 Polish Minorities Treaty, 234,236 Polish nationalists, 83-85 Polish refugees, 303, 351 Polish-Soviet War (1919-21), 288-303, 290 Polish Third Army, 289-91 Polozov, Dr. Serhy, 148-49 Poltava, 4,41,71, 90,169,253-54, 347 Nazi gassings of 1941 and, 373 Poltava Province, 4,11,90 Poltavets-Ostrianytsia, Ivan, 75, 322 Pomerants family, 33 Popak, Stodot, 225 Posnania, 289,293 Potapovichi murders of 1918, 99 Potievke, 264 Prague, 290, 318 Pravda, 54,81-82,197
INDEX Presayzen, Zalman, 148 Pressman, Moyshe, 123 Pressman, Shlem, 119 Pressman, Zhenya, 123 Prešov, 290 Princip, Gavrilo, 233 Proskuriv (later Khmelnytskyi), 21,23, 25-26, 38, 71, 90,133,134,167, 169,175,197 City Council, 134,136-39,141-42, 151-52 Directory and, 157 Nazi invasion of 1941, 364, 369-72 orphanage of 1922, 310 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogrom of 1919,1-4,4,23,26, 95, 133-54,149,151,178,180,240, 243, 341 Red Army and, 177-78 U.S. aid to refugees in, 309-10 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 36,250, 328 Pryluky, 4,204 Prypiat River, 11,205 Przanowski, Henryk, 341 Psakhis, Genia, 120 Rabinovich, G.I., 267-68 Rabinovich, Moyshe, 277 Rabinovich, Pinkhos, 214 Rabinovich, Sholem (Sholem Aleichem), 13 Radek, Karl, 63, 65, 324 Radomyshl, 4, 155, 258, 347 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 370-71 pogroms of 1918-19,199-204, 337 Rafes, Moyshe, 74-75 Rakovsky, Christian, 90, 269-70 rape, 4,21,100,123,148,248,260, 263-64,277, 301 Rathenau, Walther, 319 Ratner, Moti, 225,227-28 Ratner, Yokheved, 225 Rechtman, Avrom, 2, 38 Red Army, 15,17, 54, 66-71, 80,90, 90,97,108,128,155,157,169, 172,174-76,175,179,189,192, 196-98, 201,203-7,211-15, 229-30,251,253,257-63,259, 268,275,277-85 occupation of Poland of 1939 and, 352 461 Polish-Soviet War and, 288-90,290, 295-96, 302 WWII, 296-98, 337, 343, 346, 363-64 Red Cavalry, 18,294-99,297 Redesha, Stepan, 364 Red Guards, 56, 57 Red Terror, 108,254,269-70, 346, 353 Reibel, Shlomo, 161 Reilly, Sidney, 171 Relief Committee for Victims of Pogrom, 20 Renek, salesman, 202 Reuss, Dr. Josef Maria, 369 Revutsky, Avrom, 52, 89,102,132, 168,173, 321
Riga, Peace of, 290, 303, 307, 324 right-wing movements, 314, 326, 352 Rivne, 4,41,71, 90,126,130,163, 169,257,290,295, 303 Nazi invasion of 1941, 361 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 348 Rogers, James Grafton, 347 Roman Catholic Church, 12, 351 Romania, 7-9,41,41, 30, 71, 90,169, 173,186,242,257,290 general strike of 1922, 317 Jewish refugees and, 313,315, 316-18, 330 Romanov, Grand Duke Kiril, 322 Rosen, Joseph A., 348 Rosenberg, Alfred, 324-26, 356 Rosenthal, Eliezer David, 22 Rosenwald, Julius, 348 Roslavlsky Detachment, 67 Ross, Colin, 71 Rotenberg family, 14 Roth, Joseph, 319 Rotmistrovsky, Getzel, 194-95 Rotmistrovsky, Shmer, 195 Rotmistrovsky, Sruel, 195 Roysh, S., 23 Rubenstein, Rabbi, 237 Rubinshteyn, Shmuel, 248,255,272 Rudenko, Supreme Appellate Tribunal official, 231 Russia, Bolshevik. See Bolsheviks; civil war; Polish-Soviet War; Red Army; Soviet Union; and specific civil war locations and units
462 INDEX Russian Constituent Assembly, 43,46, 53-58 Russian Eighth Corps, 249 Russian Empire (tsarist), 11-12,15-16, 19-21, 36. See also tsarists, former breakup of, 61,249 Hetmanate merger with, 51 pogroms of 1881-82,29-30 pogroms of 1903-6, 30-36 Ukraine and Pale of Settlement in, 41 WI and, 36-41,44, 50-53 Russian Foreign Trading Bank, 73 Russian imperial army, 4, 36-41,44, 50-53, 96 Russian language, 59, 61 Russian Provisional government of 1917,44,47-48,51-53 Russian Red Cross, 6,20,193,204, 211, 218,220-21,223,260, 267, 341 Russian refugees, 179, 330, 322 Russian Revolution, 16, 43-57 elections of 1917 and, 43—46,45 Jews blamed for, 249-50 of 1905,211 of 1917 (February), 43-47 of 1917 (October), 25,53-58, 79,107 UPR separates from, 58-61 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 290, 302 Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, 71, 90,169,257 Russo-Japanese War (1904), 1,31-32, 175, 249, 327 Ruthenians, 12 Rwandan genocide, 11 Sadnikov, Timofei, 264 Sahatyuk, Oleksandr, 281 Sakharov, Viktor, 63 Sambor, Nazi invasion of 1941, 362 Samuel, Herbert, 326-27 Sarny, deportations of Jews and, 40 scarlet fever, 40, 308,310 Schapiro, Leonard, 197,255 Schechtman, Joseph, 59 Schiff, Jacob, 31 Schwartz, Rosa, 269 Schwarzbard, Anna, 338 Schwarzbard, Sholem, 331—43,333, 339, 359 Schwarzbard Defense Committee, 335, 338 Seff, Joseph, 6 Segal, Pesia, 117 Semenova, Supreme Appellate Tribunal official, 231 Semosenko, Ivan, 135-36,140-42, 144-45,148-54 Senegal, 169 Serbia, 36, 41,41 Seredyna-Buda attacks of 1918, 67 Sery, Aron, 276-77 Shamis, Yosef, 156 Shandruk, Pavlo, 94 Shapiro,
Gershon, 346 Shapiro, Hirsh, 301 Shapiro, Lazar, 145 Shapoval, Mykolą, 335 Shapoval, Mykyta, 334 Shats, Mariam, 161 Shats, Shakhno, 160 Shenderov, Abram, 193 Shenderov, David, 193 Shenkman, Lev, 134-37,139—41, 144-45 Shevchenko, Taras, 12 Shiller, A.E., 68 Shishman family, 14 Shklovskaya, Shifra, 210 Shlak, Motel, 265 Shoah Foundation, 221, 352-53, 364-65 Sholem Aleichem, 13 Shpigel, Yosef, 143 Shpilberg, la. A., 109 Shtif, Nokhem, 20,22,248, 321 Shulhyn, Oleksandr, 335, 341-42 Shulkhin, Yulii, 115 Shumskaya, Kharitina, 120 Shvarts, Leyzer, 287 Shvarts, Manya, 298 Shvartsman, Borukh, 291 Shvartsman family, 33 Shvartz, Isaak, 255 Siberia, 44,169,346 Siegel, Isaac, 186 Sighetu Martnadéi ghetto, 5 Simons, George, 328 Singer, Israel Joshua, 293-95, 319 Sixth Grodno Regiment, 101
INDEX Skachko, Anatolii, 190,191 Skokovsky, Mikhail, 159,161,289 Skoropadskyi, Hetman Pavlo, 75-78, 77, 83, 97,103,175,189,207, 322 Skvyra, 4,204 Ślepak, Elye-Yitskhok, 120 Sliosberg, Henry, 335 Slovechno, 17,219,287 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 pogrom of 1919,217-31,224 Smidin, 301 Smila, 191,256,264 social envy theory, 9 Socialist Revolutionaries (SR), 31, 33, 55,211-12 Left SRs, 56, 62-63, 78,107, 111, 115,137-38,150 socialist Zionists, 20, 81, 89 Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population, 301 Society for the Resettlement of Jews on the Land, 348-49 Sokolnikov, Grigori, 62 Sokolovsky, Aleksandra (Marysia), 204 Sokolovsky, Lesyk, 199-200 Sokolovsky, Mitko, 199-204 Sokolovsky, Vassili, 199,204 Sokolovsky brothers, 169,190,199-204, 212,215,257,258,261,350 Sokolow, Nahum, 242 Sonderkommando 4a, 365, 368, 370-73 Sorin, Yosif, 255 Soviet Commissariat of National Affairs, Jewish Section, 24-25 Soviet Information Bureau, 173 Soviet Second Regiment, 192,196 Soviet secret police, 345-46, 357, 367, 376 Soviet Union, 8,22, 302, 312,315, 375-76. See also Bolsheviks; Russian Revolution census of 1926, 308 five-year plans and, 346 Jewish opportunities in, 311-13 Nazi invasion of, 9-10, 355-56 Nazi nonaggression pact and, 352 pogrom policy and, 343-47 Poland invaded by, in 1939, 352-54 Spartacist uprising of 1919, 324 Spartacus Communist battalion, 192, 196 463 Special Commission for the Investigation of Bolshevik Crimes, 254 Spicer, Edward, 353, 358 Stakhovsky, Aleksandr, 123-24 Stalin, Joseph, 54, 346, 347, 354 Stambulchik, Moshke, 143 Stavinsky, Proskuriv
councilman, 142-44,151 Steklov (Nakhamkes), 250 Stetsko, Yaroslav, 357, 362 St. Petersburg, 44,49. See also Petrograd Strauss, Nathan, 186 Struk, Ilya, 169,204-11,207,208,212, 215,257,271, 350 sugar industry, 12,14,44, 53, 73-74, 78,128,133,218 Sukov, Sergei, 363 Surazh pogrom of 1918, 78 Sverdlov, Yakov, 79-80 Swaan, Abram de, 150 Sydorenko, Hryhory, 179 Symon Petliura League, 335 synagogue burnings, 5,18,282-84, 361-62 Talaat Pasha, assassination of, 340 Taurida Province, 71, 90 Tayberg, factory owner, 109-10 Tchernichovsky, Shaul, 321 Tehlirian, Soghomon, 340 Teitelbaum, A., 271 Tel Hai, Palestine, 327 Telizhyntsi, 281 Tenenboym, Khaim, 147-48 Terek Cossacks, 252,259-61,263 Tereshko, Arya, 229 Ternivka, Ukraine, 4 Ternopil, 290,297, 357 Terpylo, Andriy, 363 Terpylo, Saveliy, 363 terror attacks of 1918, 78-80 Teteriv River, 34 Tetiiv, 18,275-87 ethnically cleansed, 308 pogrom of 1919,275-77 pogrom of 1920,280-87 Thiel, Fritz August, 76 Third Haidamak Regiment, 135-36 Thousanders, 346
464 INDEX Times of London, 29,49,269 Torres, Henri, 340 Toybenshlak, Moyshe, 129 Trotsky, Isaac, 193-94 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein), 46, 51, 53, 55-56, 62-63, 65-66, 69, 71-72, 81,171, 181,191,196-97,208, 211, 218, 250-52,251,252, 273, 294, 311, З 24 Troyaniv pogrom of 1905, 34 Trumpeldor, Joseph, 59, 327 Trypillya, 211-14 Tryzub, 303, 334, 349 Tsap, Velvi, 285-86 tsarists, former, 31-37,48, 64, 68, 78, 247-50,272,274, 299, 363-64 Tsaritsyn ( later Stalingrad), battle of 1919,253 Tsherikover, Шуе, 20,22, 321, 335, 338, 341 Tsifrinovich, Ilya, 21 Tsybulevsky, Avrum, 161 Tsybulevsky, Borukh-Pinkhas, 161 Tsybulevsky, Riva, 161 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 295-96 Turkey, 315. See also Ottoman Empire Turks, 39 Twentieth Soviet Regiment of the Ukrainian Front, 209 Twersky, Avrom Yehoshua Heschl, 202-3 Twersky, Mordechai, 202 typhus, 40, 96,188,267, 308, 310, 315, 322 Udovychenko, Oleksandr, 208-9 Ukraine. See also Ukrainian People’s Republic; Ukrainian Soviet Republic; and specific individuals; locations; national entities; and wars autonomy and, 42-44,48 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 65-67,72,74 gilded age of, 127-28,127 Nazi invasion of 1941, 9-10, 355-76 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and, 11 statehood and, 2,16,41,47-53, 356-57 statehood and, under Nazis, 357, 362, 375-76 Soviet occupation of Poland of 1939 and, 352-54 WWI and, 36-37 Ukrainian Cheka, 79,255 Ukrainian diaspora, 303, 334-36, 349-50 Ukrainian insurgency of 1648,340 Ukrainian language, 12,47-48 Ukrainian militia, 357-61 Ukrainian National Committee in the United States, 180 Ukrainian National Cossack Society,
322 Ukrainian nationalists, 47-48, 51-52, 170,240, 321-22, 334, 352, 362 Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR), 14-15,17,41,47, 54, 57-61, 59, 66-68,88-90,90,95,169, 172-73,177-78,188, 212, 238-43,249,256-57,257, 307, 344. See also Central Rada; Directory; and specific individuals; and locations Brest-Litovsk and, 65-67, 69-70 cabinet decree on pogroms, 239 Hetmanate and, 76 Law on National Autonomy (1918), 58-61, 77,178-81, 185, 338 Ukrainian Soviet Republic vs., 55, 56-57, 69,167 Zhytomyr pogrom of 1919,156 Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR) Army, 105-9,110-14,125,135, 137-38,141,144,188-89,248, 290, 322, 363-64 Order No. 131,239-40 pogroms of 1918-19 and, 95-96 Ukrainian police and auxiliary police, 358-73 Ukrainian Red Cross, 153 Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 48—49 Ukrainian Soviet Republic (USR), 55, 57,69, 90, 90,167,169 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 290, 302, 307-8,315, 374-76 Ukrainian-wide congress of soviets of December 1917, 54 Ukrainskaia, Marusya, 195 Ukrainskaya zbizn, 49 Ukrains’kyi kozak, 322 Uman, 4,41,71,90,169, 256,295,311
INDEX Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Victor von, 202 Union of Jewish Warriors, 68 Union of the Russian People, 32 United Jewish Socialist Workers’ Party, 45,61 United Russia, 15 United States, 180-81, 235 aid organizations and, 308-9 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 318-19, 326, 328-30 Paris peace talks and, 178,186-87 race riots and, 187 WWII and, 358-59 U.S. Commission on Polish Pogroms (1919), 235-39 U.S. Congress, 83,186, 328-30 U.S. Special Mission in Germany, 82 U.S. State Department, 309-10, 329 Unterman, Isaac, 317 Upper Galilee, 327 uprisings of 1905,31, 34-35 uprisings of 1918, 76 Uritsky, Moisei, 79 Vasserman, Simkha, 138,141 Vaynshteyn, Sheyndl, 203 Vaynshteyn, Shrnul, 109 Vaysband, Avrum-Ber, 226-27 Vaysman family, 33 Vayter, A. (Ayzik Meyer Devenishski), 182 Verkhola, Trofim, 141-44,151-53 Verpa killings, 223 Versailles Treaty (1919), 233-36, 235,239. See also Paris Peace Conference Vienna, 8, 39,290, 302, 322, 332 Villain, Raoul, 339 Vilnius, 22, 33, 39, 303 pogrom of 1919, 182,187,237 Vinaver, Maksim, 335 Vincent, Edgar, 296 Vinnytsia, 4,41, 71, 90,127-28,127, 130,133,135,157,169,257,290, 363 Vinokur, Moisei, 120,128 Vistula River, 290,296 Vityaz (armored train), 259-60 Volhynian Revolutionary Tribunal, 231 Volhynia Province, 4,11,21, 32,41,41, 465 71, 90, 93,108-9,168,298-99, 352, 375 mass arrests of 1918, 78 Nazi massacres of 1941, 361-62, 364, 374 pogrom of 1919,17,105-6 Volkis, Avrum-Gdal, 160 Volkis, Mikhlya, 159 Völkischer Beobachter, 323, 325 Voloshin, Mordukh, 205 Voloshin, Proskuriv Councilman, 138 Volunteer Army of South Russia, 64, 90,169, 247-57,257,259-78.
See also White armies Volynchuk, Aneliya, 120 Voronezh, 71, 71,169,257 Voronezh Province, 41,41,71, 90 Voronitsyn, Ivan, 163,289,295 Vozny, Konstantine, 105-11,114,119, 125,128-29,155-56,158,163-64 Vrangelevka, 158 Vykidanets, Ivan, 106,110-12,115 Vynnychenko, Grigorii, 278-82 Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 47—49, 51-52,55, 57,61, 88,127,188, 336 Waffen SS, 368 Walters, H.J., 329 Warburg, Felix, 348—49 warlords, 15,17,167,169,173, 189-216, 248,257, 321, 350, 363 Warsaw, 8,18, 39,41,41, 90,169, 184, 220,257,275,288,296,299,3 15 Lviv pogrom of 1918 and, 87 pogrom in, 187 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 uprising of 1944, 296 Wells, H.G., 2 West Ukrainian People’s Republic, 83-84, 88, 90,169,179,240,256 White armies, 15,17-18, 64-65, 71, 80, 83, 90, 90,167-72,179,188-89, 198,211, 234,239-40,247-78, 289,299,363. See also Cossacks; Volunteer Army of South Russia; warlords; and specific individuals; locations; and military units White Guard (Bulgakov), 51,103 White Terror, 248, 317
466 Wiesel, Elie, 5 Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 81-82 Wilson, Woodrow, 8, 81, 83-84, 178-79,183-85,233,235-36, 240 Wolf, Lucien, 181,234-35 World Jewish Congress, 87 World War I, 2, 7,14-16,19-20, 36-41,49, 51-52, 74, 82,105, 168-69,175, 220,247, 249, 332. See also Paris Peace Conference; Versailles Treaty Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-72, 62, 71 World War II, 1-2,10, 321, 352. See also Germany, Nazi; Holocaust World Zionist Organization, Special Commissioner’s report on Lviv pogrom, 84-85 Yagoda, Genrikh, 346-47 Yahad in Unum, 368 Yanksii, chief judge, 231 Yanova Rudnya, 93 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, 39 Yaponchik, Mishka, 170-71 Yarmolintsky, 139 Yatsenko, Ivan, 369 Yeivin, Yehoshua Heshel, 333 Yiddish culture, 12, 35, 38, 343 Yiddish language, 11,32, 37, 59, 59 Yiddish press, 19,180 Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO), 22-23 Yidndorf settlement, 349 Yuravichy, 302 Yurovsky, Yakov, 80 Yushchinsky, Andrei, 36 Yustingrad pogrom of 1919, 25, 214-15 Zabolotsky, Yakov, 265 Zabolottya, 363-64 Zaks, Roza, 221-22, 227-28 Zalaegerszeg, 318 Zalevsky, Fedor, 265 Zamd, Elia-Aron, 117 Zangwill, Israel, 242 INDEX Zaydman, Yakov, 147 Zbrucz River, 11, 303,314 Zeitlin, Comrade, 346 Zekcer, Hirsch, 148 Zelenyi (Danylo Terpylo), 169,211-15, 257,258,261,363 Zeltsman, Fayvl, 292 Zemelman, Giti, 147 Zemelman, Ilya, 147 Zemelman, Mariya, 147 Zemelman, Moyshe, 147 Zemelman, Shlem, 147 Zhmerynka, 136-38,140-41,157 Zhytkavichy, 302 Zhytomyr, 4, 33,41, 71, 90,107-9, 155,157-59,169,199,203-4, 257, 312 Central Rada and, 69 Cheka and, 255 City Council, 107,109,111-15,125, 157, 159,163,289 Directory and,
155,158,159-60 Nazi invasion of 1941,365, 367-71, 367, 371, 373 pogrom of 1905, 32-34 pogrom of 1919, January, 95, 102-32,113,118,137,139,144, 150,163,180,200,240 pogrom of 1919, March, 95,155-64, 179,180 pogrom of 1920,289-90, 295 Polish-Soviet War and, 289,290 Red Army advance and, 155-64, 295 Zhytomyr Geological Institute, 111 Zilberband, Kh. Y., 224 Zilberband, Y, 224 Zilbert family, 33 Zimmerman, Noyekh, 204 Zimmerman, Yaakov, 204 Zinoviev, Grigory, 324 Zion, Ber Borukh, 224 Zionist Marxism, 321 Zionists, 12, 30-31,42, 59,170, 235-36,242,254, 321, 326-28, 335, 348, 352,353 Zion Mule Corps, 59 Złoczów mass killings of 1941, 361
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CONTENTS Introduction: “Will a Slaughter of Jews Be Next European Horror?” 1 A Note on Sources, Numbers, Dates, and Place-Names 19 PART I: WAR AND REVOLUTION, MARCH 1881 -DECEMBER 1918 1. The Last Years of the Russian Empire 29 2. The Revolutions of 1917 43 3. The Central Rada of Ukraine 58 4. From the Hetmanate to the Directory 73 PART II: THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC, DECEMBER 1918-MARCH 1919 5. The Ovruch Pogrom 93 6. The Zhytomyr Pogrom 105 7. The Proskuriv Pogrom 133 8. The Second Zhytomyr Pogrom 155
x CONTENTS PART III: POWER VACUUM, MARCH I 91 9-AUGUST 1919 9.The Entente 167 10. Warlords 188 11. Months and Days 217 12. Poland and Ukraine on the World Stage 233 PART IV: THE TRIUMPH OF BOLSHEVISM, AUGUST 1919-MARCH 1921 13. The Volunteer Army 247 14. The Tetiiv Pogrom 275 15. The Polish-Soviet War 288 PART V: AFTERMATH, 1921-1941 16. Refugees 307 17. The Schwarzbard Trial 331 18. The Interwar in Ukraine 343 19. The Onset of the Holocaust 355 Notes Acknowledgments Index 377 446 449
INDEX Entries in italics refer to maps and illustrations. Adams, Arthur, 176 African Americans, 187 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 321 agriculture collectivization of, 346-48, 353 Jewish settlements, 348-51,349,351 Ahdut settlement, 349 Akselbandt, Moyshe, 145 Akselbandt, Muka, 145 Aleksandriia, 196,198 Alekseev, Ivan (“Nebutev”), 137-38,140 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 29-30,43 Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, 30, 34,43 Alldeutsche Blätter, 323 Alliance for the Regeneration of Russia, 256 All-Ukrainian National Congress, 47 All-Union State Political Administration (OGPU), 345-46 American Jewish Agricultural Corporation (Agro-Joint), 348, 350 American Jewish Chronicle, 81 American Jewish Committee, 181,241, 336 American Jewish Congress, 309 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 23-24,220-21, 241, 267, 309-10, 314-16, 318, 323, 348-49 American Jews, 309-10 American Legation, 87 American Relief Administration, 309-11 “Among Refugees” (Bergelson), 321 anarchists, 15,170, 332 Andriivsy, Opanas, 126 Andrushivka, 157 An-sky, S., 37-39 anti-Hetmanate insurgency, 114 anti-immigrant sentiment, 314, 317 antisemitism, 104,183,236, 375-76 conspiracy theories, 32, 36, 247-50 Germany and, 323-25 Jewish refugees and, 313, 323-25 Nazis and, 10 Polish-Soviet War and, 289 Romania and, 317 Soviet Union and, 197-98, 343 U.S. and, 181 warlords and, 191 Whites and, 248,272-74,278
450 INDEX Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 53, 175-76,190-91,198 Apostolove railway station, 136 Appel, Ottokar, 118 Arabs, 327 Archangelsk, 212 Argentina, 8-9, 319 Armenian genocide, 235,340 Armenians, 16, 39 armistice of 1918, 2, 82 Army of South Russia. See Volunteer Army of South Russia) Artynov, Grigorii, 127 Asch, Sholem, 334 Astafev, Serhy, 119 Aufbau movement, 322 Auf gut Deutsch, 324 Auschwitz, 5 Austria, 11,38-39,42,77,290, 313,315 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-66, 69-71, 71 Austria-Hungary, 4,4,16, 36,41,41, 82 Avrom ha-Malach, 258 Azhorsky, Kiva-Khayim, 118-19 Azov-Don Bank, 111 Babel, Isaac, 35,171,198, 296-99 Babyn Yar massacre, 373 Bakhmach station, 67,293 Balagur, Khayke, 148 Bal-Khaloymes. See Schwarzbard, Sholem Balta, 4, 332 Baltics, 39, 41, 360 Baltok, Beri, 284 Baltrušaitis, Jurgis, 22 Bandera, Stepan, 354, 356-57, 362 Barak, Solomon, 133 Baran, Boris, 147 Baran, Khaim, 147 Baron Ginsburg (steamer), 210 Baryshevka station, 67 Batashova, Genia, 373 Batchinsky, Julian, 243 Baudry, Albert, 341 Bavaria, 63, 82, 325, 326 Begun killings, 223 Beilis, Mendi, 36,44 Bek, Anton, 128-29 Belarus, 24, 31,181, 288,299-300, 352, 360 Belarusian People’s Republic, 71,299 Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, 90, 290, 302-3 Belgian consulate (Kyiv), 270, 272 Belogolovsky, Borukh, 295 Belogortsev, Vladimir, 261-62 Ben-Gurion, David, 328 Berdychiv, 4, 41,71, 90, 96,108,110, 162,197,280,285,290, 312, 370 pogrom of 1919,102,114-15, 240 Bergelson, Dovid, 321 Berger, Srul Ber, 226 Berki, 120 Berliand, Isaac, 260,263-65,267 Berlin, 290 Jews refugees and, 8,315,319-22, 324, 343
Ukrainian nationalists in, 321-22 uprisings of 1918, 81 Zionist rally of 1918, 87 Berlin, Yisroel, 265 Bershtin, David, 364-65 Bessarabia, 4, 22,41, 71, 316-17, 330 pogrom of 1903, 30 Bezymensky, Noyekh, 109-10 Bialik, Hayyim Nahman, 22, 321 Białystok, 360 pogrom of 1906,21-22 Bikov, Nokhem, 283 BilaTserkva, 4,41,71, 88, 90,169, 257, 280-82,287, 363, 368-69 Białystok, 290 Biskupsky, Vassili, 169, 322 Bitsenko, Anastasia, 62-53 black-earth zone, 14, 66, 70 Black Hundreds, 32-33, 35-36, 57,222 Black Sea, 11,41, 71,127,168-69, 169,174,176 Blekhman, Liusia, 364, 372 Bliumkin, Yakov, 78 Blobel, Paul, 365, 368 blood libel, 30-31, 36 Blum, Léon, 335 Bobr, Fyodor, 123-24 Boer War, 260 Bogen, Boris, 310-11 Bogoyavlensky, Metropolitan Vladimir, 69 Bohatskyi, Pavlo, 162 Bolshevik, 197 Bolsheviks, 20. See also Jews, linked with Bolshevism; Red Army;
INDEX Russian Revolution; Soviet Union; White Armies; and specific locations; and political entities Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-72, 62, 71 calendar changes and, 25 campaign vs. antisemitism and 197-98 Central Executive Committee, 79 civil war and, 15,46, 64, 67-69, 78-79,97-98,102,104,106-11, 114-15,125-27,136-44,147, 150,152,155-58,162-63,168-69, 176-77,181-82, 188,190-93, 215-16,219,240,247,256,257, 263,268-70, 276-79,287 extrajudicial executions by, 164 internationalism and, 42 Jewish refugees and, 18 Nazi animosity vs., 9 Nicholas II executed by, 80 Peace of Riga and, 303 Polish-Soviet War and, 288-303 political enemies and, 10 private property and, 10 seizure of power by, 53-58 triumph vs. Polish Republic, 17-18 triumph vs. White Volunteer Army, 17-18 Ukraine controlled by, in 1920,23 UPR and 75, 95-99,104 uprisings of 1905 and, 31-32 Versailles Treaty and, 234 voluntary associations closed by, 309 WWI and, 16 Boremel, 353, 362 Boreslavsky, Vasily, 207 Borshchahivka pogrom of 1919,25,204 Borysław, 361 Bratislava, 290, 318 Braudo, Iosif, 21 Braverman, Duvid, 160 Braverman, Rivka, 160 Bredov, Nikolai, 268 Bregman, Avram, 109-10 Bregman, Lev, 205 Bremen uprisings of 1918, 81 Brest-Litovsk, 4,41, 90,169,257,290, 315 Treaty of, 61-72, 62, 71, 74, 324 Britain, 36, 59,127,240,315 Brest-Litovsk and, 65 Odesa and, 170-71 4SI Paris peace talks of 1919,178-79, 182-83,185 Whites and, 64-65,168,249,253,256 Zhytomyr pogrom and, 180 British Commission of Inquiry, 327 British Mandate in Palestine, 8-9,326,327 British Secret Service, 171 Brody, 38,41 Brukhis, Mendel, 147 Brukhis,
Wolf, 147 Brusilovsky, Duvid, 109-10 Brussels Sugar Convention, 73 Brusyliv, 258 Bublick, Gedalia, 330 Buczacz, Nazi invasion of 1941, 361 Budapest, 5, 8,167,290, 302, 332 Budyonny, Semyon, 294,296-98,297 Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw, 299-302 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 51, 82,103 Bulgaria, 39 Bund. See General Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, 32-33, 197 Bunin, Ivan, 174,177 Burakovsky, Semen, 272 Butenko, Boris, 78 Cahan, Abe, 319-20 Canada, 319 Canadian Jewish Congress, 242 Cantor, Bernard, 309 Center for Jewish History, 22 Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, 22 Central Committee for Relief of Pogrom Victims (CCRPV), 19-20, 261,264,271,274,309, 321 Central Powers, 36, 51 armistice of 1918, 82 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-71, 62, 76 Central Rada, 47-59, 59, 69, 71, 74-76, 81, 83, 88, 97,105-6,178, 335, 337, 341 Brest-Litovsk and, 66, 69-72, 74 Central Rada Universals, 180 First, 48, 51-52 Second, 51-52 Third, 54 Fourth, 56-57 Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, 23
452 INDEX Chagall, Marc, 313, 320 White Crucifixion, 313 Chaykovsky, Ilya, 279,281-82 Chechen soldiers, 276 Cheka (Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution), 79-80,98,157-58,163-64,177, 192,195,201,206-7,254-55, 269-70,296,337,341,344-45, 367,367 Chelm, 71,290 Cherkasy, 4,41,71,169,254,256,257, 290, 312, 332 pogrom of 1919,191-96,194 Chernihiv, 4,41, 90,169,255,257, 290 Chernihiv Province, 4,11,41,61,90,293 Chernobyl, 4,41,90,204-5,209,211,370 Chernyakhiv, 4 pogrom of 1919, 204 children mass murder of, by Nazis, 369 orphanages and, 310-11, 313-15, 314,320 Chişinău, Moldova. See Kishinev Choj niki pogrom of 1920, 300 Revolutionary Tribunal, 300 Chomówna, Janina, 84 Christian Church, 219-21 Christian theological anti-Judaism, 9 Christ-killers trope, 251,251 Chudniv, 34 civil war (1918-21), 15, 78-80, 89-90, 90, 307, 332. See also Bolsheviks; Volunteer Army of South Russia; White Armies; and specific individuals; locations; and military units Clemenceau, Georges, 179,183, 185-86,233,240 Clinton, Bill, 11 Cohen, Israel, 84-87 Cohn, Oskar, 87 Coİogne uprisings of 1918, 81 Commissariat of Enlightenment, 197 Commissariat of National Affairs, 197 Commission for the Struggle Against Antisemitism and Pogroms, 67 Commission for the Struggle Against Banditry, 287 Committee for Relief of Pogrom Victims, Legal Bureau, 116, 128-30,158-59 Committee for the Assistance of Poor Russians in Berlin, 318-19 Committee for the Resettlement of Jews on the Land, 348—49 Committee for the Struggle Against Antisemitism, 197 Committee of Jewish Delegations, 242 Committee on New States,
186 Committee to Aid Victims of the Counter-Revolution, 20 Communist International, 324 Communist Party, 157,197. See also Bolsheviks amnesty of 1920 and, 231 Central Committee, 191 Communist Party of Ukraine, 346 Compiègne armistice of 1918, 82 Constantinople, 277, 313,315 Coolidge, Calvin, 330 Cossacks, 50-51,67,108-9,112-15,121, 123-24,135-36,141,146,148,150, 152-53,252-53,255-56,263-66, 271-72,276-77,294,298,366. See also Don Cossacks; Free Cossacks; Haidamaks; Terek Cossacks Courland Province, 39 Crimea, 41,71,169,257,277-78, 348 Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, 90 Crimean Tatars, 16 Czechoslovakia, 290,315, 318, 347 Częstochowa pogrom of 1919,237 Czernin, Ottokar, 61, 63, 65-66 Daniels, Josephus, 186 Danish Red Cross, 341 Davar, 333 Day of Sorrow (New York), 241^42 Dayter, Khaim, 147 Dearborn Independent, 329 Denikin, Anton, 248-56,257,260,268, 270,275-78, 344, 363, 369 Dentei, Jakub, 358 Derevensky, Ivan, 263,265,267 Derevoed, Ludwig, 144 Der Kampf, 321 Der morgen zhurnal, 100,241 Der tog, 60-61 Deutsche Bank, 74
INDEX Deutscher, Isaac, 32 Deutschlands Erneuerung, 323 Devenishski, Ayzik Meyer (A. Vayter), 1 82 Di fraye arbayter shtimme, 338 Directory, 88-90, 89,90,95-99, 102-10,126-30,137,155,158-62, 168,175-80,188-89,212,215, 240,243,257,321,337 Dmitriuk, Ovruch city commissar, 97 Dmowski, Roman, 183,234,236-37 Dnipro River, 11,136,192,196, 205, 209-11,257,268,290, 294 Dnister River, 41,257,275, 316 Dobromil, 362 Dobry, Abraham, 73-75, 78 Doginsky, Simon, 278, 282 Dolot, Miron, 346 Don Basin, 64, 71,168, 253,257 Don Cossacks, 252, 268,270, 271 Donskoy, Boris, 78 Dorfman, Polya, 121 Dotsenko, Oleksandr, 341 Dov-Ber of Mezritsh, 258 Dresel, Ellis Loring, 82 Dreyfus, Alfred, 241 Dubnitsky, Dmytri, 230-31 Dubnow, Simon, 321, 335 dvorniks (groundskeepers), 119,131 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 79 Eastern Galicia, 16, 88, 238-41, 288, 321, 330 Nazi occupation of, 356-57, 361 Paris peace talks and, 179-81 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogroms of 1918, 86-87 Polish Republic and, 241,256, 334, 351-52, 375 Soviet occupation of 1939,241, 352-54 Eastern Jewish Historical Archive in Berlin, 22, 23, 321, 335 Editorial Committee to Collect and Publish Material About the Pogrom in Ukraine, 20-22 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 88,126,253, 268-69, 308, 320-21 Eichhorn, Hermann von, 74, 78, 82 Eighth Podilian regiment, 140-41 Einbinder family, 148 453 Einsatzkommando, 358, 360-61, 365, 371, 373 Einstein, Albert, 323-24 Eisner, Kurt, 81, 324 Ekaterinodar ( later Krasnodar), 49 Elaine, Arkansas, race riots, 187 Eliasberg, Efim, 111-12,126 Elizavetgrad ( later Kropyvnytskyi), 29, 41, 71, 90,169,191,256,257,290 pogrom of 1881,4, 29-30
Emergency Quota Act (US, 1921), 329 Endecja movement, 183 Endres, Fritz, 323 Entente Powers, 64, 90,127,167-78, 169,170 Epshteyn, Nukhem, 124 Evreiskaia nedelia, 61 Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution. See Cheka Extraordinary Commission for the Investigation of Anti-Jewish Pogroms, 239 Ezhenedel’nik VChK, 79 Ezhov, Nikolai, 345 famine of 1921-22, 307-8, 311, 348 of 1932, 347-48 fascism, 10, 64, 330, 352, 356 Fastiv, 4 Nazi occupation of, 365, 370 pogrom of 1919, 257-68,257,258, 259,272 Fayner, Zelman, 129 Federation of Ukrainian Jews, 6, 310-11 Fefer, Srul, 120 Feldman, Comrade, 231 Feldman, Eliezer-Dovid, 265 Feldman, Hinde, 283 Feldman, Khana, 122 Feldman, Moti, 224 Feldman, Moyshe, 122, 228-29 Feldman, Perets, 265 Feldman, Simon, 352-53, 362 Feldman, Veniamin, 93-94 Felix Warburg Colony, 315 Felshtin, 364-65 Nazi massacre of 1941, 364-65 pogrom of 1919,150 Feshchenko-Chopivsky, M., 201-2, 337
454 INDEX Fifty-third Novograd-Volynsk Regiment, 163 Filtser, Shlem-Avrum Lieberov, 119 Finkel, Smel, 153 Finland, 72 Fleming, Ian, 171 Flory, Georges, 340 flu pandemic, 172 Ford, Henry, 9,181, 329 “Fourteen Points” (Wilson), 83 France, 36,41-42, 64-65,127,168-74, 175-76,249, 256,240-41 Jewish refugees and, 313,315,318 Paris peace talks and, 179,185 WWI and, 332 France, Anatole, 241 Frank, Anne, 5 Franko, Ivan, 12-13 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 36,233 Fraydorf settlement, 349 Fraylebn settlement, 349 Free Cossacks, 50-51,68, 70-71, 75, 88,114,199,205-6,212,215 Freedman, Scholem, 97 Freink, Dovid, 223 Freink, Khayim-Leyb, 223 Freink, Ovsey, 223 French Foreign Legion, 332 French Republican Guard, 233 French Revolution, 88, 340 Frenkel, Lvov, 122 Frenkel, Meyer, 121-22 Freud, Sigmund, 131 Friedlaender, Israel, 308-9 Gaetsky, Hirsh, 117 Galicia, 11,12-13, 37, 83,102,137, 173,247,257,273,296 Brest-Litovsk and, 66, 69, 71 Jewish refugees and, 39,168,314—17, 319 Lviv pogrom of 1918 and, 86-87,237 Nazi invasion of 1941, 361-62, 374 Red Army in, of 1920,297 Ukraine claims, in 1918, 88 WW I and, 37-39,41 Galician soldiers, 125,155,161-62, 258-59,268 Gallipoli, Battle of, 59 Galperin, L, 264 Gankin, Shmuil, 271 General Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia (Bund), 32-33, 74,197 Gergel, Nokhem, 20,22,24,248,321,335 German First Mounted Division, 356 German First Panzer Division, 365 German Foreign Office, 87 German Mennonites, 198 German Reich Security Main Office, 356, 358 German Socialists, 323 German Wehrmacht, 361, 368 Germany, Nazi death camps and, 9-10, 374
gassings in Ukraine and, 373 Hitler’s rise and, 22,352 invasion and massacres in Poland and Ukraine, 18, 352, 355-75 Jewish refugees and, 318-26 Operational Situation reports and, 361-62,365, 371, 373 previous pogroms and, 10-11 propaganda on Judeo-Bolshevism and, 372 security police and, 360-61, 373 Soviet nonaggression pact and, 352 Germany, pre-Nazi, 9,22,42,90, 233, 257,347 armistice of 1918 and, 82 end of WW I and, 169,189 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 313,315, 318-2 6,169 occupation of Ukraine by, 70-71, 74-78, 82-83,97,105-6, 111, 176,199,212,216,218-19,225, 228,249 pogroms of 1923 and, 326 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 Ukrainian refugees in, 321-22 uprisings of 1918 in, 81-82 Versailles Treaty and, 233-34 WW I and, 36,41 Gershgorin, Riva, 146 Gershgorin, Sofia, 146 Gershgorin, Sonia, 146 Gestapo, 5 Gibson, Hugh, 186-87,238 Gilinsky, Abram, 108,157 Giterman, Isaac, 116,128-29 Gitman family, 33 Gladky, Nikolai, 107,108,114
INDEX Glinka, Mikhail A Life for the Tsar, 44 Glossman, Ovruch, 100 Goebbels, Joseph, 366 Gogol, Yona, 68 Gokhman, Makhlya, 301 Goldberg, Isaac, 218,228-29 Goldelman, Solomon, 81 Goldenberg, Chaya, 280, 282-83 Goldfeld, Blyuma, 160 Goldfeld, Zhytomyr city councilman, 111-12 Goldman, Emma, 6-7,181 Goldman, Nahum, 87 Gomel pogrom of 1903, 31 Gorbunov, Timofei, 120 Gorlovsky, Zelman, 115-16 Gorodetsky, Meyer, 205 Gorodetsky, Shloyme, 277 Got fun nekome (Asch), 334 Gozman, Hannah, 221-23,226-28 Grabar, Stepan, 363, 364 grain industry, 12, 35, 74,133,218 Granovetter, Mark, 131 Grant, Madison, 329 Great Powers, 7, 185-86,233, 240-41 Grebenka station, 67 Grechany, 141 Greenberg, Khaya, 153, 341 Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 321 Gregorian calendar, 25, 64 Grigoriev, Nikifor, 169,173-76,189-93, 195-99,215,247,257, 332, 350 Grimm Brothers, 102 Grinboym, Zhytomyr dentist, 109 Grine (Tsarskoe Selo), 206 Grishin-Almazov, Aleksei, 169,173 Grodno, 41,41,290 Grodzisk, 39 Grosman, Shleym, 287 Grossman, Meir, 241 Gurevich, Buzia, 193 Gutnik, Sergei, 78 Habsburgs, 65, 81, 83 Ha-Doar, 333 Häfner, August, 368, 369 Haidamaks, 51, 66-68,141, 360 Haidamaks (Shevchenko), 12 Hamburg uprisings of 1918, 81 455 Headlam-Morley, James Wycliffe, 182-83,233 Heim, Georg, 325 Herut settlement, 349 Hetmanate, 51, 62-66, 69-72, 71, 74, 76-78, 83, 88-89, 95,104-6,114, 169,175, 205,208,212, 220, 322 Heydrich, Reinhard, 356 Hillerson, Arnold, 21-22, 97-99, 103-4,148,151 Himmler, Heinrich, 366-67 History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 66 History of Ukraine-Rus (Hrushevsky), 47-48 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 6,10, 322, 325-26,
352, 356, 366-67 Hlukhiv pogrom of 1918, 67, 94 Hodgson, John Ernest, 250,254 Hohenzollerns, 65, 81, 322 Holocaust, 1-2, 5-6, 9-10,29, 82,285, 355-56, 366-67, 374 Holocaust Memorial Center (Farmington Hills, Michigan), 6 Hoover, Herbert, 309, 347-48 Horbuliv, 199-200 pogrom of 1919, 204 Hornostaipil, 4, 38,205 pogrom of 1919,209-10 Horodyshche, 191 pogrom, 301-2 Horowitz, Donald L., 132 Hoshiv murders, 99-100 House, Colonel, 184 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 47, 69 Hulyaipole, 4,198 Hungarian Soviet Republic, 167,179, 240,254 Hungary, 90,169,257,290 Jewish refugees and, 8-9,315,317-19 Nazi invasion of, 5 Iaşi, 317 Internationalist Marxists, 321 International Jew, The (Ford), 9 “In the City of Slaughter” (Bialik), 321 Italy, 179 Ivano-Frankivsk, 290 Ivantsky, S.I., 112,115 Izvestiia, 79,157,196
456 INDEX Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 335-36 Jacobovitz, Charles, 270-72 Jaffa, May Day 1921 violence, 327-28 Jarosław, 38 Jaurès, Jean, 339 Jedwabne pogrom of 1941, 360-61 “Jew in the Thorns, The” (Grimm), 102 Jewish Bund of Ovruch, 97 Jewish Committee to Aid Victims of War, 19-20,40,100 Jewish Communist Party, 327 Jewish Daily Forward, 319-20 Jewish Daily News, 330 Jewish Public Committee, 23, 24, 301, 309, 310 Jewish refugees, 8-9,18,20,23-24, 39-40,184, 307-8, 311-17,315, 321-30, 352 eastern European, 322-26 Jewish revolutionaries, as “non-Jewish Jews,” 32 Jewish self-defense brigades, 31, 33-35, 59-60, 60, 68, 84-85, 96,171, 221,280, 321,327 Jewish socialists, 20, 31, 58 Jewish Territorial Organization, 242 Jewish Theological Seminary, 308-9 Jews, linked with Bolshevism (JudeoBolshevism), 8-10,16-17, 80-81, 107-8,114,126,132,150,152, 158,162,168,185,189-93,216, 219-20,230,247,249-52,269-70, 272-74,307,311-12,324-37, 341-42,354,356,366-67,372,374 Joffe, Adolph, 62-63, 302-3, 324 Joffe, Efraim, 280, 283-85 Joffe, Ilya, 136-39 Joffe, Shifre, 284 Johnson-Reed Act (U.S., 1924), 330 Joint Foreign Committee of British Jews, 180 Julian calendar, 25, 64 Kachurovsky, Klimenty, 148 Kaganovich, Lazar, 346-47 Kahane, David, 358-60 Kalinkavichy, 98,288 Kalisz, 153 Kamenev, Lev, 62-63,190-91, 250 Kamyanets-Podilskyi, 4,41,71, 90, 134.153.169.177.179.188.256, 257,290, 303 Kannegisser, Leonid, 79 Kaplan, Fanny, 79,171 Kaplan, L., 220 Kaplan, Moti, 227 Karetnik, Semen, 199 Karl I, Emperor of Austro-Hungary, 82 Károlyi, Mihály, 167 Kashuk, Shrnul, 125 Katerynoslav, 4,11,41, 71, 90,191-92, 196,
253,257,290 Katerynoslav Province, 4, 71,90 Katznelson, Beri, 328 Kaunas, 290 pogrom of 1941, 360 Kazak, Boris, 365 Kazak (steamer), 210 Kerensky, Alexander, 44—46, 51, 53, 64, 207,250,261 Kharkiv, 4,41, 54-55, 66, 69, 71, 90, 169.179.253.256, 302 Nazi gassing of 1941 and, 373 Kharkiv Province, 4,41, 41, 90 Khasis, Duvid, 158 Kherson, 4,41,71, 90,169,176,242, 254,257 Kherson Province, 4, 71,90,136 Khilevich, Oleksandr, 230-31 Khmelnytskyi, Bohdan, 26 Khmelnytskyi. See Proskuriv Kholodnaya, Vera, 171 Khomsky, Aleksander, 153-54 Khonkivtsi, 363-64 Khurbn Proskurov (memorial book), 2,3 Kibrik, Shlem, 145-46 Kielce pogrom of 1918,237 Kiel mutiny of 1918, 81 Kieper, Wolf, 367,367 Kievlianin, 273 Kigali, Rwanda, 11 Kigsman, Nuty, 291 Kipnis, Itsik, 217-31 Kishinev ( later Chişinău, Moldova), 26, 41,41,316-17 pogrom of 1903, 30-31,33, 321 Kitsis, Khana, 148 Kiverchuk, Yuri, 135-36,140,142, 144,149,151-53 Kligman, Raphael Moyshe-Meyerovich, 261-62
INDEX Klymkova, Anastaja, 357 Kogan, Mosche, 367,367 Kogan, Yosef, 265 Kogan family, 14 Kolbuszowa pogrom of 1919,237 Kolesnik, Hryhoriy, 363 Komarów, 299 Konovalets, Yevhen, 322 Kopelev, Lev, 346-47 Koralnik, Abram, 241 Korchenyuk, Ekaterina, 120 Korosten, 4,40, 41,71, 90, 96-97, 99, 155-56,203 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 Korostyshiv, 4,156,200-201 Nazi invasion of 1941, 365, 370-71 Kosenko, “Commissar of the Insurgents,” 220-21,223-30 Koshevichi pogrom of 1920, 300 Kotelnya, 157 Kovenko, Mykhailo, 68,130 Kovno Province, 39 Kovsky, Dr., 301-2 Kowalsky, J.M., 314-15 Kozak, Idel-Gersh, 365 Kozový, Leyb, 146-47 Kozyr-Zirka, Oleksii, 97-104 Kraków, 41,71,84,90,169,257,290,354 Krasin, Leonid, 324 Krasnaia, Evie, 286 Krasnaia, Freyda, 286 Krasnaia, Toybe, 286 Krasnodar. See Ekaterinodar Krasnopolsky, Nunia, 195 Krasny, Pinkhos, 168 Krasny Kavalerist, 298 Kraus, Anton, 257-59,268 Krauze, Zofia, 290 Krayzman, Bunem, 204 Kremenchuk, 4,196,253, 256 Kropyvnytskyi. _See _ Elizavetgrad Krushevan, Pavel, 36 Kryve Ozero, 4 pogrom of 1919,277 Krzystyniak, Franciszek, 288-90 Kuban Cossacks, 252 Kuban Province, 41,71, 90 Kulbak, Moyshe, 321 Kun, Béla, 167,240, 254, 317 Kuprash, Ivan, 230 Kuravskyi, Overko, 279-81, 283,285 457 Kursk, 4, 71, 90,169,257,290 Kursk Province, 4, 71, 90 Kyiv, 4,12,20-21,26,41,41,43-44,54, 58,67,67,69, 88,105,192,203, 205,210-11,213,240-41,259-60, 266,274,285,291, 308, 322,343 Beilis case and, 36,44 Brest-Litovsk and, 71 Cheka and, 255, 269-70,287 Circus meeting of 1918 and, 75 Directory and, 96-97,126,135 Nazi massacres of 1941, 363, 372-74 Ovruch pogrom and,
102-3 Polish-Soviet War and, 288,290-91, 290, 291 pogrom of 1881, 29 pogrom of 1919,270-74 pogrom of 1920,290-94,292,293 prison uprising of 1918,114 Red Army and, 66-70,155,198,275, 295 White armies and, 247, 250, 253, 256-57,257,268-73 WWI and, 38 Zhytomyr pogrom and, 107,126 Kyiv Jewish Community, 291 Kyiv Province, 4,11,14,21, 40-41,41, 71,90 Nazi massacres of 1941, 364, 374 warlord pogroms and, 190-91 Lag Ba-omer festival, 202 La Guardia, Fiorello, 186 Lansing, Robert, 87, 235-36, 309-10 Larousse Encyclopedia, 331 Latsis, Martyn, 269-70 League of British Jews, 181 League of Nations, 186,234, 241 Le Bon, Gustave, 130-31 Lederman, Volf, 276,287 Left SRs. See Socialist Revolutionaries, Left SRs Leibovich, Semen, 59-60 Lemberg. See Lviv, 26 Lender, M., 224 Lenin, Vladimir, 31, 53-55, 79, 90,167, 171,190-91,196 Lepecki, Miecyzslaw, 289 Lestschinsky, Jacob, 10,20,22,24, 321 Lev, Moyshe, 284, 286 Lev, Sonia, 278,282
458 INDEX Lida, 290 pogrom of 1919,182, 237 Lifshitz, Yakov, 255 Linz, Austria, 64 Lipets, Dovid, 197 Literary Digest, 6, 8 Lithuania, 22, 39 Brest-Litovsk and, 71,72 Jewish refugees and, 315 Nazi invasion of 1941 and, 360 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 Lithuanian Activist Front, 360 Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, 169,257 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, 90 Litvakov, Moyshe, 61 Litvinov, Maxim, 324 Liubynsky, Mykolą, 69 Livshitz, Yakov, 163-64 Lloyd George, David, 179,183,185, 233,240 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Prince Andrei, 64, 171-74 Łódź, 290 Łomża, Nazi invasion of 1941, 360 London Jewish Chronicle, 243 Lubny, 94 Ludendorff, Erich, 322, 326 Lukhtan, Marko, 217-18,220-21, 225, 230, 232 Lukhtan, Maxim, 218, 227 Lukhtan, Timukh, 217, 220 Luxemburg, Rosa, 47, 324 Lviv (later_Lwów), 4,12,16,26, 38, 41, 41, 49, 71, 90,169,179,240, 257,290, 296, 335, 353-54 Nazi killings of 1941,356-60,359,362 pogrom of 1918, 83-88,180,187, 236-37, 358 Lviv, University of, 47 Lwów. See Lviv Lyashchenko, Fedir, 363, 369 Lyubarsky, Nakhman, 124-25 Makaron, Avrum, 123 Makhno, Nestor, 169,198-99,257 Malakhovka orphanage, 313 Malone, Cecil L’Estrange, 256 Malyn, 4,201 Marants, Abram, 141 Marants, Yankl, 139 Margolin, Arnold, 43-44,46-47,46, 55, 58, 90,102-3,168,172-73, 178-79,188-89,242-43, 319, 327, 335-36, 342, 347,349 Mariupol, 4,41,71,90,169,257 Markman, Aba, 265 Marshall, Louis, 181,186,234-35, 309-10, 336 Martos, Borys, 177-78, 337 Marxists, 12, 31,44 Matusiv, 191 May-Mayevsky, Vladimir, 253 Mazyr, 41, 288, 300 pogrom of 1920, 300 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 325-26 Melamed, Avrom Leyb,
227 Melamed, Isaac, 119 Melamed, Jacob, 219-21,223-26 Melitopol, 4, 41, 71, 90,169,257 Melting Pot, The (Zangwill), 242 Meltser, Samuil, 271-72 memoir literature, 2, 3,17 Mennonites, 16 Messer, Liebe, 314 Mestechkin, Aron, 265 Military Revolutionary Committees, 53 107,109,137-41,156-57 Minsk, 90,290 Brest-Litovsk and, 71,71 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogrom of 1919,237 Minsk Province, 4, 41, 90 Miracle on the Vistula, 296 Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von, 78 Mogilev Province, 31,41, 90 Mogulevich, Ber Borkhov, 210-11 Montefiore, Claude, 180 Months and Days (Kipnis), 217 Morfessi, Yuri, 172 Morgenthau, Henry, 235-39 Moscow, 49 Jewish refugees and, 312-13,315 terror attacks of 1918, 78, 79 Motzkin, Leo, 242, 335 Munich, 322, 325 Beer Hall Putsch, 326 uprisings of 1918, 81 Muravsky, Aba, 204 Mykolaiv, 4,41,71, 90,169,176,254, 257, 312 Mykytyn, peasant, 284,286
INDEX Narbut, Hryhoriy, 59 Narodychi, 99 Nation, 7 national minority rights, 14,16, 32, 184-86,234 Nazi Party, 10, 323, 325-26. See also Germany, Nazi Neishtat, Dovid, 265 Neman River, 290 Nesteruk, Grigorii, 120 Netherlands, 315, 319 New Economic Policy (NEP), 312 New York, 22 demonstrations of 1919,241—42 New York Free Synagogue, 309 New York State Senate, 329 New York Times, 6, 7, 234, 241, 342 Nicholaevkis (gold coins), 207,262 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 43—44,47, 207, 322 execution of, 80 Nikolaidi, A.O., 265-67 Nister, Der, 321 NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), 345 Nogen, Etel, 204 Nogen, Shlomo, 204 Northern Caucasus, 252-53 Northern Group, 114 Novhorod-Siverskyi, 67 Novikov, Konstantin, 112,114-15, 117 Novocherkassk Province, 41,71, 90 Novofastovskaya, Teme, 282 Nudel, Shama, 117 Nuremberg Rally of 1937, 326 Obukhiv, 212 October Manifesto of 1905, 34-35 Odesa, 4, 35,41, 41, 59, 60, 69, 71, 90, 169,174-79,175,190,242,254, 257, 285, 308,315, 322, 347 blockade of 1919, 249 Cheka and, 255 French and, 168-74,169,170, 332 pogrom of 1905, 6, 35 Odesa Stories (Babel), 35 OGPU (All-Union State Political Administration), 345-46 Ogyshevsky, Samuil, 295 Oksman, Sruel, 143 459 Orel, 71,71,169,257,290 Orel Province, 41,41, 71, 90 Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 322, 352, 354, 356 Orlando, Vittorio, 179,183 Orthodox Church, 12,25,32,64,69,158 Ostkevich-Rudnytskyi, Chief, 135,139 Ostrovsky, Borukh, 291 Ottoman Empire, 36,235, 340 Overman, Lee, 328-29 Ovruch, 4,21,41, 71,90,156,169, 217, 226, 228-30,257, 290 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 pogrom of
1918-19, 93-104,103, 130,150,180,219,240 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 183-85,184, 234-37 Pale of Settlement, 11, 36, 39-42, 41 abolished, 44 Palestine, 7, 8-9,173,181, 318-19, 326-28, 348, 350 Jaffa riot of 1921, 327-28 Palienko, Oleksandr, 114-17,124,126, 128-30,132 Panevėžys, 39 Paris, 8,17,22, 277,315 Petliura in, 302-3 Schwarzbard trial for Petliura assassination in, 331-42 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 2, 178-86,184, 335, 351 Pasmanik, Daniil, 7 Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 329 Pazdernik, Georgy, 120-21 Peker, Moyshe, 277,283,287 People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD), 345 Peremyshlyany pogrom of 1941, 361 Perevalov, Vassili, 279,287 Petliura, Symon, 48-51, SO, 55, 66, 68, 70-71, 76, 88, 97, 103, 105, 108-9, 111, 114,125-27,135-37, 158,161-62,167-68,173,175, 177-79,188-89,200,207-9,215, 238-43,247-48,253,256-57, 259, 261, 272,273,275,279, 349 assassination of, 331-44,339, 359 Denikin and Whites vs., 256 exile of, 302-3, 331-32
460 INDEX Petliura, Symon (conťd) Nazi massacres of 1941 and, 359-60, 363-64, 366, 369 Polish-Soviet War and, 288 Petliura, Lessia, 331 Petliura, Olga, 331, 338,339 “Petliura Days,” 359 Petliurites, 103,344,346 Petrograd (later St. Petersburg), 48, 51, 78,312-13,315 Petrograd Soviet, 44, 53-55,107 Petrov, V., 195 Petrushki, 227 Pietrykaü, 301-2 Piłsudski, Józef, 83-84,237, 288, 292-93,296,299, 351 Pińsk, 41,71,290, 303 pogrom of 1919, 181-82,236-37 Plotkin, Moyshe, 148 Plyuty, 211-12 Poale Tsiyon, 81 Pobeda settlement, 349 Podilia Province, 4,11,21,41,41, 71, 90,128,133-34,188 Nazi massacres of 1941, 364, 374 pogrom of 1919,17 pogroms, 4, 7, 8. See also specific locations Bolsheviks and, 197 collectivization and, 346 derivation of term, 29 documentation of, 6-8,18-24,23, 321 early, of 1881-82,29-30 early, of 1903-6, 30-35, 44, 94 Entente Powers and, 168 Holocaust as precursor of, 9-11,18, 361, 364-65, 374, 374-76 hopes for end of, in 1917,46-47 impact of, on children, 310-11, 313-15,314 international attention to, 241—43 Jewish refugees and, 5, 7-9,236, 307-10, 319, 321-22 map of major, 4 military actions by soldiers and, 10,16 Nazi invasion of 1941 as, 355-74 number of victims of, 4-5,24-25 Petliura condemns, 239 psychology of crowds and, 130-32 public, ritualized nature of, 15-16 Schwarzbard trial and, 331—41 Soviet narrative on, 343—47 warlords and, 17,190-92 Whites and, 17-18,248 Pöhner, Ernst, 325 Pohrebyshche, 285-86 Poland (Polish Republic, 1918-39), 4,11,12,14,16-18,41—42,41, 61, 83-84, 90,97, 99,102,167, 169,179-88,240-41,257,290, 351-52, 375. See also Polish-
Soviet War; and specific locations Brest-Litovsk and, 71,72 Jewish minority rights and, 18, 7, 181-88 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 313-19,315 Nazi-Soviet invasion of 1939 and, 352 Nazi killings of 1941 and, 9-10, 360, 374 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogroms and, 6, 7, 8, 84—88, 181-83, 182,186,235-38,240,242 Soviet occupation of 1939, 352-54 Versailles Treaty and, 234,240 Poletika, Nikolai, 38 Polish Army, 15-16, 84-86,169, 169,181,257,289-95,290-93, 298-301 Polish Cavalry, 170 Polish Home Army, 296 Polish Legionnaires, 41 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 11, 41,238,288 Polish Minorities Treaty, 234,236 Polish nationalists, 83-85 Polish refugees, 303, 351 Polish-Soviet War (1919-21), 288-303, 290 Polish Third Army, 289-91 Polozov, Dr. Serhy, 148-49 Poltava, 4,41,71, 90,169,253-54, 347 Nazi gassings of 1941 and, 373 Poltava Province, 4,11,90 Poltavets-Ostrianytsia, Ivan, 75, 322 Pomerants family, 33 Popak, Stodot, 225 Posnania, 289,293 Potapovichi murders of 1918, 99 Potievke, 264 Prague, 290, 318 Pravda, 54,81-82,197
INDEX Presayzen, Zalman, 148 Pressman, Moyshe, 123 Pressman, Shlem, 119 Pressman, Zhenya, 123 Prešov, 290 Princip, Gavrilo, 233 Proskuriv (later Khmelnytskyi), 21,23, 25-26, 38, 71, 90,133,134,167, 169,175,197 City Council, 134,136-39,141-42, 151-52 Directory and, 157 Nazi invasion of 1941, 364, 369-72 orphanage of 1922, 310 Peace of Riga and, 303 pogrom of 1919,1-4,4,23,26, 95, 133-54,149,151,178,180,240, 243, 341 Red Army and, 177-78 U.S. aid to refugees in, 309-10 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 36,250, 328 Pryluky, 4,204 Prypiat River, 11,205 Przanowski, Henryk, 341 Psakhis, Genia, 120 Rabinovich, G.I., 267-68 Rabinovich, Moyshe, 277 Rabinovich, Pinkhos, 214 Rabinovich, Sholem (Sholem Aleichem), 13 Radek, Karl, 63, 65, 324 Radomyshl, 4, 155, 258, 347 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 370-71 pogroms of 1918-19,199-204, 337 Rafes, Moyshe, 74-75 Rakovsky, Christian, 90, 269-70 rape, 4,21,100,123,148,248,260, 263-64,277, 301 Rathenau, Walther, 319 Ratner, Moti, 225,227-28 Ratner, Yokheved, 225 Rechtman, Avrom, 2, 38 Red Army, 15,17, 54, 66-71, 80,90, 90,97,108,128,155,157,169, 172,174-76,175,179,189,192, 196-98, 201,203-7,211-15, 229-30,251,253,257-63,259, 268,275,277-85 occupation of Poland of 1939 and, 352 461 Polish-Soviet War and, 288-90,290, 295-96, 302 WWII, 296-98, 337, 343, 346, 363-64 Red Cavalry, 18,294-99,297 Redesha, Stepan, 364 Red Guards, 56, 57 Red Terror, 108,254,269-70, 346, 353 Reibel, Shlomo, 161 Reilly, Sidney, 171 Relief Committee for Victims of Pogrom, 20 Renek, salesman, 202 Reuss, Dr. Josef Maria, 369 Revutsky, Avrom, 52, 89,102,132, 168,173, 321
Riga, Peace of, 290, 303, 307, 324 right-wing movements, 314, 326, 352 Rivne, 4,41,71, 90,126,130,163, 169,257,290,295, 303 Nazi invasion of 1941, 361 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 348 Rogers, James Grafton, 347 Roman Catholic Church, 12, 351 Romania, 7-9,41,41, 30, 71, 90,169, 173,186,242,257,290 general strike of 1922, 317 Jewish refugees and, 313,315, 316-18, 330 Romanov, Grand Duke Kiril, 322 Rosen, Joseph A., 348 Rosenberg, Alfred, 324-26, 356 Rosenthal, Eliezer David, 22 Rosenwald, Julius, 348 Roslavlsky Detachment, 67 Ross, Colin, 71 Rotenberg family, 14 Roth, Joseph, 319 Rotmistrovsky, Getzel, 194-95 Rotmistrovsky, Shmer, 195 Rotmistrovsky, Sruel, 195 Roysh, S., 23 Rubenstein, Rabbi, 237 Rubinshteyn, Shmuel, 248,255,272 Rudenko, Supreme Appellate Tribunal official, 231 Russia, Bolshevik. See Bolsheviks; civil war; Polish-Soviet War; Red Army; Soviet Union; and specific civil war locations and units
462 INDEX Russian Constituent Assembly, 43,46, 53-58 Russian Eighth Corps, 249 Russian Empire (tsarist), 11-12,15-16, 19-21, 36. See also tsarists, former breakup of, 61,249 Hetmanate merger with, 51 pogroms of 1881-82,29-30 pogroms of 1903-6, 30-36 Ukraine and Pale of Settlement in, 41 WI and, 36-41,44, 50-53 Russian Foreign Trading Bank, 73 Russian imperial army, 4, 36-41,44, 50-53, 96 Russian language, 59, 61 Russian Provisional government of 1917,44,47-48,51-53 Russian Red Cross, 6,20,193,204, 211, 218,220-21,223,260, 267, 341 Russian refugees, 179, 330, 322 Russian Revolution, 16, 43-57 elections of 1917 and, 43—46,45 Jews blamed for, 249-50 of 1905,211 of 1917 (February), 43-47 of 1917 (October), 25,53-58, 79,107 UPR separates from, 58-61 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 290, 302 Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, 71, 90,169,257 Russo-Japanese War (1904), 1,31-32, 175, 249, 327 Ruthenians, 12 Rwandan genocide, 11 Sadnikov, Timofei, 264 Sahatyuk, Oleksandr, 281 Sakharov, Viktor, 63 Sambor, Nazi invasion of 1941, 362 Samuel, Herbert, 326-27 Sarny, deportations of Jews and, 40 scarlet fever, 40, 308,310 Schapiro, Leonard, 197,255 Schechtman, Joseph, 59 Schiff, Jacob, 31 Schwartz, Rosa, 269 Schwarzbard, Anna, 338 Schwarzbard, Sholem, 331—43,333, 339, 359 Schwarzbard Defense Committee, 335, 338 Seff, Joseph, 6 Segal, Pesia, 117 Semenova, Supreme Appellate Tribunal official, 231 Semosenko, Ivan, 135-36,140-42, 144-45,148-54 Senegal, 169 Serbia, 36, 41,41 Seredyna-Buda attacks of 1918, 67 Sery, Aron, 276-77 Shamis, Yosef, 156 Shandruk, Pavlo, 94 Shapiro,
Gershon, 346 Shapiro, Hirsh, 301 Shapiro, Lazar, 145 Shapoval, Mykolą, 335 Shapoval, Mykyta, 334 Shats, Mariam, 161 Shats, Shakhno, 160 Shenderov, Abram, 193 Shenderov, David, 193 Shenkman, Lev, 134-37,139—41, 144-45 Shevchenko, Taras, 12 Shiller, A.E., 68 Shishman family, 14 Shklovskaya, Shifra, 210 Shlak, Motel, 265 Shoah Foundation, 221, 352-53, 364-65 Sholem Aleichem, 13 Shpigel, Yosef, 143 Shpilberg, la. A., 109 Shtif, Nokhem, 20,22,248, 321 Shulhyn, Oleksandr, 335, 341-42 Shulkhin, Yulii, 115 Shumskaya, Kharitina, 120 Shvarts, Leyzer, 287 Shvarts, Manya, 298 Shvartsman, Borukh, 291 Shvartsman family, 33 Shvartz, Isaak, 255 Siberia, 44,169,346 Siegel, Isaac, 186 Sighetu Martnadéi ghetto, 5 Simons, George, 328 Singer, Israel Joshua, 293-95, 319 Sixth Grodno Regiment, 101
INDEX Skachko, Anatolii, 190,191 Skokovsky, Mikhail, 159,161,289 Skoropadskyi, Hetman Pavlo, 75-78, 77, 83, 97,103,175,189,207, 322 Skvyra, 4,204 Ślepak, Elye-Yitskhok, 120 Sliosberg, Henry, 335 Slovechno, 17,219,287 Nazi invasion of 1941, 368, 371 pogrom of 1919,217-31,224 Smidin, 301 Smila, 191,256,264 social envy theory, 9 Socialist Revolutionaries (SR), 31, 33, 55,211-12 Left SRs, 56, 62-63, 78,107, 111, 115,137-38,150 socialist Zionists, 20, 81, 89 Society for the Protection of the Health of the Jewish Population, 301 Society for the Resettlement of Jews on the Land, 348-49 Sokolnikov, Grigori, 62 Sokolovsky, Aleksandra (Marysia), 204 Sokolovsky, Lesyk, 199-200 Sokolovsky, Mitko, 199-204 Sokolovsky, Vassili, 199,204 Sokolovsky brothers, 169,190,199-204, 212,215,257,258,261,350 Sokolow, Nahum, 242 Sonderkommando 4a, 365, 368, 370-73 Sorin, Yosif, 255 Soviet Commissariat of National Affairs, Jewish Section, 24-25 Soviet Information Bureau, 173 Soviet Second Regiment, 192,196 Soviet secret police, 345-46, 357, 367, 376 Soviet Union, 8,22, 302, 312,315, 375-76. See also Bolsheviks; Russian Revolution census of 1926, 308 five-year plans and, 346 Jewish opportunities in, 311-13 Nazi invasion of, 9-10, 355-56 Nazi nonaggression pact and, 352 pogrom policy and, 343-47 Poland invaded by, in 1939, 352-54 Spartacist uprising of 1919, 324 Spartacus Communist battalion, 192, 196 463 Special Commission for the Investigation of Bolshevik Crimes, 254 Spicer, Edward, 353, 358 Stakhovsky, Aleksandr, 123-24 Stalin, Joseph, 54, 346, 347, 354 Stambulchik, Moshke, 143 Stavinsky, Proskuriv
councilman, 142-44,151 Steklov (Nakhamkes), 250 Stetsko, Yaroslav, 357, 362 St. Petersburg, 44,49. See also Petrograd Strauss, Nathan, 186 Struk, Ilya, 169,204-11,207,208,212, 215,257,271, 350 sugar industry, 12,14,44, 53, 73-74, 78,128,133,218 Sukov, Sergei, 363 Surazh pogrom of 1918, 78 Sverdlov, Yakov, 79-80 Swaan, Abram de, 150 Sydorenko, Hryhory, 179 Symon Petliura League, 335 synagogue burnings, 5,18,282-84, 361-62 Talaat Pasha, assassination of, 340 Taurida Province, 71, 90 Tayberg, factory owner, 109-10 Tchernichovsky, Shaul, 321 Tehlirian, Soghomon, 340 Teitelbaum, A., 271 Tel Hai, Palestine, 327 Telizhyntsi, 281 Tenenboym, Khaim, 147-48 Terek Cossacks, 252,259-61,263 Tereshko, Arya, 229 Ternivka, Ukraine, 4 Ternopil, 290,297, 357 Terpylo, Andriy, 363 Terpylo, Saveliy, 363 terror attacks of 1918, 78-80 Teteriv River, 34 Tetiiv, 18,275-87 ethnically cleansed, 308 pogrom of 1919,275-77 pogrom of 1920,280-87 Thiel, Fritz August, 76 Third Haidamak Regiment, 135-36 Thousanders, 346
464 INDEX Times of London, 29,49,269 Torres, Henri, 340 Toybenshlak, Moyshe, 129 Trotsky, Isaac, 193-94 Trotsky, Leon (Lev Davidovich Bronstein), 46, 51, 53, 55-56, 62-63, 65-66, 69, 71-72, 81,171, 181,191,196-97,208, 211, 218, 250-52,251,252, 273, 294, 311, З 24 Troyaniv pogrom of 1905, 34 Trumpeldor, Joseph, 59, 327 Trypillya, 211-14 Tryzub, 303, 334, 349 Tsap, Velvi, 285-86 tsarists, former, 31-37,48, 64, 68, 78, 247-50,272,274, 299, 363-64 Tsaritsyn ( later Stalingrad), battle of 1919,253 Tsherikover, Шуе, 20,22, 321, 335, 338, 341 Tsifrinovich, Ilya, 21 Tsybulevsky, Avrum, 161 Tsybulevsky, Borukh-Pinkhas, 161 Tsybulevsky, Riva, 161 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 295-96 Turkey, 315. See also Ottoman Empire Turks, 39 Twentieth Soviet Regiment of the Ukrainian Front, 209 Twersky, Avrom Yehoshua Heschl, 202-3 Twersky, Mordechai, 202 typhus, 40, 96,188,267, 308, 310, 315, 322 Udovychenko, Oleksandr, 208-9 Ukraine. See also Ukrainian People’s Republic; Ukrainian Soviet Republic; and specific individuals; locations; national entities; and wars autonomy and, 42-44,48 Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 65-67,72,74 gilded age of, 127-28,127 Nazi invasion of 1941, 9-10, 355-76 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and, 11 statehood and, 2,16,41,47-53, 356-57 statehood and, under Nazis, 357, 362, 375-76 Soviet occupation of Poland of 1939 and, 352-54 WWI and, 36-37 Ukrainian Cheka, 79,255 Ukrainian diaspora, 303, 334-36, 349-50 Ukrainian insurgency of 1648,340 Ukrainian language, 12,47-48 Ukrainian militia, 357-61 Ukrainian National Committee in the United States, 180 Ukrainian National Cossack Society,
322 Ukrainian nationalists, 47-48, 51-52, 170,240, 321-22, 334, 352, 362 Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR), 14-15,17,41,47, 54, 57-61, 59, 66-68,88-90,90,95,169, 172-73,177-78,188, 212, 238-43,249,256-57,257, 307, 344. See also Central Rada; Directory; and specific individuals; and locations Brest-Litovsk and, 65-67, 69-70 cabinet decree on pogroms, 239 Hetmanate and, 76 Law on National Autonomy (1918), 58-61, 77,178-81, 185, 338 Ukrainian Soviet Republic vs., 55, 56-57, 69,167 Zhytomyr pogrom of 1919,156 Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR) Army, 105-9,110-14,125,135, 137-38,141,144,188-89,248, 290, 322, 363-64 Order No. 131,239-40 pogroms of 1918-19 and, 95-96 Ukrainian police and auxiliary police, 358-73 Ukrainian Red Cross, 153 Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, 48—49 Ukrainian Soviet Republic (USR), 55, 57,69, 90, 90,167,169 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 290, 302, 307-8,315, 374-76 Ukrainian-wide congress of soviets of December 1917, 54 Ukrainskaia, Marusya, 195 Ukrainskaya zbizn, 49 Ukrains’kyi kozak, 322 Uman, 4,41,71,90,169, 256,295,311
INDEX Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Victor von, 202 Union of Jewish Warriors, 68 Union of the Russian People, 32 United Jewish Socialist Workers’ Party, 45,61 United Russia, 15 United States, 180-81, 235 aid organizations and, 308-9 Jewish refugees and, 8-9, 318-19, 326, 328-30 Paris peace talks and, 178,186-87 race riots and, 187 WWII and, 358-59 U.S. Commission on Polish Pogroms (1919), 235-39 U.S. Congress, 83,186, 328-30 U.S. Special Mission in Germany, 82 U.S. State Department, 309-10, 329 Unterman, Isaac, 317 Upper Galilee, 327 uprisings of 1905,31, 34-35 uprisings of 1918, 76 Uritsky, Moisei, 79 Vasserman, Simkha, 138,141 Vaynshteyn, Sheyndl, 203 Vaynshteyn, Shrnul, 109 Vaysband, Avrum-Ber, 226-27 Vaysman family, 33 Vayter, A. (Ayzik Meyer Devenishski), 182 Verkhola, Trofim, 141-44,151-53 Verpa killings, 223 Versailles Treaty (1919), 233-36, 235,239. See also Paris Peace Conference Vienna, 8, 39,290, 302, 322, 332 Villain, Raoul, 339 Vilnius, 22, 33, 39, 303 pogrom of 1919, 182,187,237 Vinaver, Maksim, 335 Vincent, Edgar, 296 Vinnytsia, 4,41, 71, 90,127-28,127, 130,133,135,157,169,257,290, 363 Vinokur, Moisei, 120,128 Vistula River, 290,296 Vityaz (armored train), 259-60 Volhynian Revolutionary Tribunal, 231 Volhynia Province, 4,11,21, 32,41,41, 465 71, 90, 93,108-9,168,298-99, 352, 375 mass arrests of 1918, 78 Nazi massacres of 1941, 361-62, 364, 374 pogrom of 1919,17,105-6 Volkis, Avrum-Gdal, 160 Volkis, Mikhlya, 159 Völkischer Beobachter, 323, 325 Voloshin, Mordukh, 205 Voloshin, Proskuriv Councilman, 138 Volunteer Army of South Russia, 64, 90,169, 247-57,257,259-78.
See also White armies Volynchuk, Aneliya, 120 Voronezh, 71, 71,169,257 Voronezh Province, 41,41,71, 90 Voronitsyn, Ivan, 163,289,295 Vozny, Konstantine, 105-11,114,119, 125,128-29,155-56,158,163-64 Vrangelevka, 158 Vykidanets, Ivan, 106,110-12,115 Vynnychenko, Grigorii, 278-82 Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 47—49, 51-52,55, 57,61, 88,127,188, 336 Waffen SS, 368 Walters, H.J., 329 Warburg, Felix, 348—49 warlords, 15,17,167,169,173, 189-216, 248,257, 321, 350, 363 Warsaw, 8,18, 39,41,41, 90,169, 184, 220,257,275,288,296,299,3 15 Lviv pogrom of 1918 and, 87 pogrom in, 187 Polish-Soviet War and, 290 uprising of 1944, 296 Wells, H.G., 2 West Ukrainian People’s Republic, 83-84, 88, 90,169,179,240,256 White armies, 15,17-18, 64-65, 71, 80, 83, 90, 90,167-72,179,188-89, 198,211, 234,239-40,247-78, 289,299,363. See also Cossacks; Volunteer Army of South Russia; warlords; and specific individuals; locations; and military units White Guard (Bulgakov), 51,103 White Terror, 248, 317
466 Wiesel, Elie, 5 Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 81-82 Wilson, Woodrow, 8, 81, 83-84, 178-79,183-85,233,235-36, 240 Wolf, Lucien, 181,234-35 World Jewish Congress, 87 World War I, 2, 7,14-16,19-20, 36-41,49, 51-52, 74, 82,105, 168-69,175, 220,247, 249, 332. See also Paris Peace Conference; Versailles Treaty Brest-Litovsk treaty and, 61-72, 62, 71 World War II, 1-2,10, 321, 352. See also Germany, Nazi; Holocaust World Zionist Organization, Special Commissioner’s report on Lviv pogrom, 84-85 Yagoda, Genrikh, 346-47 Yahad in Unum, 368 Yanksii, chief judge, 231 Yanova Rudnya, 93 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, 39 Yaponchik, Mishka, 170-71 Yarmolintsky, 139 Yatsenko, Ivan, 369 Yeivin, Yehoshua Heshel, 333 Yiddish culture, 12, 35, 38, 343 Yiddish language, 11,32, 37, 59, 59 Yiddish press, 19,180 Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO), 22-23 Yidndorf settlement, 349 Yuravichy, 302 Yurovsky, Yakov, 80 Yushchinsky, Andrei, 36 Yustingrad pogrom of 1919, 25, 214-15 Zabolotsky, Yakov, 265 Zabolottya, 363-64 Zaks, Roza, 221-22, 227-28 Zalaegerszeg, 318 Zalevsky, Fedor, 265 Zamd, Elia-Aron, 117 Zangwill, Israel, 242 INDEX Zaydman, Yakov, 147 Zbrucz River, 11, 303,314 Zeitlin, Comrade, 346 Zekcer, Hirsch, 148 Zelenyi (Danylo Terpylo), 169,211-15, 257,258,261,363 Zeltsman, Fayvl, 292 Zemelman, Giti, 147 Zemelman, Ilya, 147 Zemelman, Mariya, 147 Zemelman, Moyshe, 147 Zemelman, Shlem, 147 Zhmerynka, 136-38,140-41,157 Zhytkavichy, 302 Zhytomyr, 4, 33,41, 71, 90,107-9, 155,157-59,169,199,203-4, 257, 312 Central Rada and, 69 Cheka and, 255 City Council, 107,109,111-15,125, 157, 159,163,289 Directory and,
155,158,159-60 Nazi invasion of 1941,365, 367-71, 367, 371, 373 pogrom of 1905, 32-34 pogrom of 1919, January, 95, 102-32,113,118,137,139,144, 150,163,180,200,240 pogrom of 1919, March, 95,155-64, 179,180 pogrom of 1920,289-90, 295 Polish-Soviet War and, 289,290 Red Army advance and, 155-64, 295 Zhytomyr Geological Institute, 111 Zilberband, Kh. Y., 224 Zilberband, Y, 224 Zilbert family, 33 Zimmerman, Noyekh, 204 Zimmerman, Yaakov, 204 Zinoviev, Grigory, 324 Zion, Ber Borukh, 224 Zionist Marxism, 321 Zionists, 12, 30-31,42, 59,170, 235-36,242,254, 321, 326-28, 335, 348, 352,353 Zion Mule Corps, 59 Złoczów mass killings of 1941, 361 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Veidlinger, Jeffrey 1971- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137016700 |
| author_facet | Veidlinger, Jeffrey 1971- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Veidlinger, Jeffrey 1971- |
| author_variant | j v jv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047662320 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5055 NY 4780 NY 8000 |
| contents | War and revolution, March 1881--December 1918. The last years of the Russian empire ; The revolutions of 1917 ; The central rada of Ukraine ; From the Hetmanate to the directory -- The Ukrainian People's Republic, December 1918--March 1919. The Ovruch pogrom ; The Zhytomyr pogrom ; The Proskuriv pogrom ; The second Zhytomyr pogrom -- Power vacuum, March 1919--August 1919. The entente ; Warlords ; Months and days ; Poland and Ukraine on the world stage -- The Triumph of Bolshevism, August 1919--March 1921. The volunteer army ; The Tetiiv pogrom ; The Polish-Soviet war -- Aftermath, 1921--1941. Refugees ; The Schwarzbard trial ; The interwar in Ukraine ; The onset of the Holocaust |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1244531988 (DE-599)BVBBV047662320 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition 2021 |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1921 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1921 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV047662320 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:52:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:18:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781250116253 9781250812124 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033047109 |
| oclc_num | 1244531988 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-20 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-20 DE-83 |
| physical | x, 466 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220316 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Veidlinger, Jeffrey 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)137016700 aut In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust Jeffrey Veidlinger Pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust First edition 2021 New York Metropolitan Books, Henry Holt and Company 2021 x, 466 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier War and revolution, March 1881--December 1918. The last years of the Russian empire ; The revolutions of 1917 ; The central rada of Ukraine ; From the Hetmanate to the directory -- The Ukrainian People's Republic, December 1918--March 1919. The Ovruch pogrom ; The Zhytomyr pogrom ; The Proskuriv pogrom ; The second Zhytomyr pogrom -- Power vacuum, March 1919--August 1919. The entente ; Warlords ; Months and days ; Poland and Ukraine on the world stage -- The Triumph of Bolshevism, August 1919--March 1921. The volunteer army ; The Tetiiv pogrom ; The Polish-Soviet war -- Aftermath, 1921--1941. Refugees ; The Schwarzbard trial ; The interwar in Ukraine ; The onset of the Holocaust "From an award-winning historian, the first full depiction of the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms that followed the Russian Revolution and how they laid the groundwork for the Holocaust. Includes illustrations and maps"-- Geschichte 1918-1921 gnd rswk-swf Pogrom (DE-588)4137649-3 gnd rswk-swf Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Pogroms / Ukraine / History / 20th century Pogroms / Poland / History / 20th century Antisemitism / Ukraine / History / 20th century Antisemitism / Poland / History / 20th century Jews / Ukraine / History / 20th century Jews / Poland / History / 20th century Ukraine / Ethnic relations Poland / Ethnic relations Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Antisemitism Ethnic relations Jews Pogroms Poland Ukraine 1900-1999 History Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 s Pogrom (DE-588)4137649-3 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1918-1921 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-250-11626-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047109&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033047109&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Veidlinger, Jeffrey 1971- In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust War and revolution, March 1881--December 1918. The last years of the Russian empire ; The revolutions of 1917 ; The central rada of Ukraine ; From the Hetmanate to the directory -- The Ukrainian People's Republic, December 1918--March 1919. The Ovruch pogrom ; The Zhytomyr pogrom ; The Proskuriv pogrom ; The second Zhytomyr pogrom -- Power vacuum, March 1919--August 1919. The entente ; Warlords ; Months and days ; Poland and Ukraine on the world stage -- The Triumph of Bolshevism, August 1919--March 1921. The volunteer army ; The Tetiiv pogrom ; The Polish-Soviet war -- Aftermath, 1921--1941. Refugees ; The Schwarzbard trial ; The interwar in Ukraine ; The onset of the Holocaust Pogrom (DE-588)4137649-3 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137649-3 (DE-588)4002333-3 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4061496-7 |
| title | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| title_alt | Pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| title_auth | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| title_full | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust Jeffrey Veidlinger |
| title_fullStr | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust Jeffrey Veidlinger |
| title_full_unstemmed | In the midst of civilized Europe the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust Jeffrey Veidlinger |
| title_short | In the midst of civilized Europe |
| title_sort | in the midst of civilized europe the pogroms of 1918 1921 and the onset of the holocaust |
| title_sub | the pogroms of 1918-1921 and the onset of the Holocaust |
| topic | Pogrom (DE-588)4137649-3 gnd Antisemitismus (DE-588)4002333-3 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pogrom Antisemitismus Juden Ukraine |
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