Holdings: Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle

Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Wang, Yaobing (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Weinheim Wiley-VCH [2021]
Subjects:	Kohlenstoffkreislauf Elektrokatalyse
Online Access:	Kurzbeschreibung Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	xix, 515 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (überwiegend farbig)
ISBN:	9783527349135 3527349138

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adam_text	CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 REFERENCES 5 PART II NATURAL CARBON CYCLE 7 2 NATURAL CARBON CYCLE AND ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CYCLE 9 2.1 DEFINITION AND GENERAL PROCESS 9 2.2 FROM INORGANIC CARBON TO ORGANIC CARBON 10 2.3 FROM ORGANIC CARBON TO INORGANIC CARBON 11 2.4 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CYCLE 11 2.4.1 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON EMISSIONS 12 2.4.2 CAPTURE AND RECYCLE OF CO 2 FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 13 2.4.3 FIXATION AND CONVERSION OF CO 2 14 2.4.3.1 PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION 14 2.4.3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION 15 2.4.3.3 CHEMICAL/THERMO REFORMING 16 2.4.3 A PHYSICAL FIXATION 16 2.4.3.5 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CONVERSION AND EMISSIONS VIA ELECTROCHEMISTRY 17 REFERENCES 18 VI CONTENTS PART III ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYSIS PROCESS 21 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.2 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.4 3.2.1.5 3.2.1.6 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 3.2.2.5 3.2.2.6 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYSIS PROCESSES 23 WATER SPLITTING 23 REACTION MECHANISM 23 MECHANISM OF OER 23 MECHANISM OF ORR 24 MECHANISM OF HER 26 GENERAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE WATER SPLITTING 27 TAFEL SLOPE 27 TOF 27 ONSET/OVERPOTENTIAL 28 STABILITY 28 ELECTROLYTE 28 ELECTROCHEMISTRY CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION (ECDRR) 29 POSSIBLE REACTION PATHWAYS OF ECDRR 29 FORMATION OF HCOO OR HCOOH 29 FORMATION OF CO 30 FORMATION OF CJ PRODUCTS 30 FORMATION OF C 2 PRODUCTS 31 FORMATION OF CH 3 COOH AND CH 3 COO _ 33 FORMATION OF N-PROPANOL (C 3 PRODUCT) 33 GENERAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE ECDRR 34 ONSET POTENTIAL 34 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY 34 PARTIAL CURRENT DENSITY 34 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND COST 35 ELECTROLYTES 35 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 36 SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES OXIDATION 36 THE MECHANISM OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY HCOOH OXIDATION 36 THE MECHANISM OF ELECTRO-OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL 37 REFERENCES 40 PART IV WATER SPLITTING AND DEVICES 43 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 WATER SPLITTING BASIC PARAMETER/OTHERS 45 COMPOSITION AND EXACT REACTIONS IN DIFFERENT PH SOLUTION 45 EVALUATION OF THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 47 OVERPOTENTIAL 47 TAFEL SLOPE 48 STABILITY 49 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY 49 CONTENTS VII PARTV H 2 OXIDATION/O 2 REDUCTION AND DEVICE 101 4.2.5 TURNOVER FREQUENCY 50 REFERENCES 50 5 H 2 O OXIDATION 53 5.1 REGULAR H 2 O OXIDATION 53 5.1.1 NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS 53 5.1.2 OTHER TRANSITION METALS 64 5.1.3 OTHER CATALYSTS 72 5.2 PHOTO-ASSISTED H 2 O OXIDATION 76 5.2.1 METAL COMPOUND-BASED CATALYSTS 76 5.2.2 METAL-METAL HETEROSTRUCTURE CATALYSTS 80 5.2.3 METAL-NONMETAL HETEROSTRUCTURE CATALYSTS 86 REFERENCES 88 6 H 2 O REDUCTION AND WATER SPLITTING ELECTROCATALYTIC CELL 91 6.1 NOBLE-METAL-BASED HER CATALYSTS 91 6.2 NON-NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS 93 6.3 WATER SPLITTING ELECTROCATALYTIC CELL 96 REFERENCES 99 7 INTRODUCTION 103 7.1 ELECTROCATALYTIC REACTION PARAMETERS 104 7.1.1 ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE SURFACE AREA (ECSA) 104 7.1.1.1 TEST METHODS 104 7.1.2 DETERMINATION BASED ON THE SURFACE REDOX REACTION 104 7.1.3 DETERMINATION BY ELECTRIC DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITANCE METHOD 105 7.1.4 KINETIC AND EXCHANGE CURRENT DENSITY (J K AND J 0 ) 105 7.1.4.1 DEFINITION 105 7.1.4.2 CALCULATION 106 7.1.5 OVERPOTENTIAL HUPD 106 7.1.6 TAFEL SLOPE 108 7.1.7 HALFWAVE POTENTIALS 108 REFERENCES 108 8 HYDROGEN OXIDATION REACTION (HOR) 111 8.1 MECHANISM FOR HOR 111 8.1.1 HYDROGEN BONDING ENERGY (HBE) 111 8.1.2 UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION (UPD) OF HYDROGEN 112 8.2 CATALYSTS FOR HOR 112 8.2.1 PT-BASED MATERIALS 112 8.2.2 PD-BASED MATERIALS 120 8.2.3 IR-BASED MATERIALS 121 VIII CONTENTS 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 RH-BASED MATERIALS 121 RU-BASED MATERIALS 121 NON-NOBLE METAL MATERIALS 122 REFERENCES 130 9 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.1.1 9.2.1.2 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.1.1 9.3.1.2 9.3.1.3 9.3.1.4 OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION (ORR) 133 MECHANISM FOR ORR 133 BATTERY SYSTEM AND DAMAGED ELECTRODES 133 INTERMEDIATE SPECIES 134 CATALYSTS IN ORR 134 NOBLE METAL MATERIALS 134 PLATINUM/CARBON CATALYST 138 PD AND PT 145 TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS 145 METAL-FREE CATALYSTS 149 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SYNTHESIS 154 CATALYSTS ADVANCES 154 PURE METALS 154 METAL ALLOYS 156 CARBON MATERIALS 157 ELECTRODES AND REACTION CELLS 158 REFERENCES 161 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 FUEL CELL AND METAL-AIR BATTERY 167 H 2 FUEL CELL 167 METAL-AIR BATTERY 170 METAL-AIR BATTERY STRUCTURE 171 REFERENCES 181 PART VI SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES OXIDATION AND DEVICE 183 11 11.1 11.1.1 11.1.2 INTRODUCTION 185 PRIMARY MEASUREMENT METHODS AND PARAMETERS 186 PRIMARY MEASUREMENT METHODS 186 PRIMARY PARAMETER 193 REFERENCES 197 12 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.2 CL MOLECULE OXIDATION 199 METHANE OXIDATION 199 REACTION MECHANISM 199 SOLID-LIQUID-GAS REACTION SYSTEM 199 ACIDIC MEDIA 199 ALKALINE OR NEUTRAL MEDIA 201 METHANOL OXIDATION 203 CONTENTS IX 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.2.1 12.2.2.2 12.2.2.3 12.2.2.4 12.2.2.5 12.2.2.6 12.2.2.7 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1 12.3.2.2 REACTION THERMODYNAMICS AND MECHANISM 203 CATALYST ADVANCES 204 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 204 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 208 PLATINUM-BASED NANOWIRES 208 PLATINUM-BASED NANOTUBES 210 PLATINUM-BASED NANOFLOWERS 212 PLATINUM-BASED NANORODS 214 PLATINUM-BASED NANOCUBES 215 PT-RU SYSTEM 217 PT-SN CATALYSTS 218 FORMIC ACID OXIDATION 219 REACTION MECHANISM 219 CATALYST ADVANCES 220 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 220 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 223 REFERENCES 226 13 13.1 13.1.1 13.1.2 13.1.2.1 13.1.2.2 13.1.2.3 13.2 13.3 13.4 C 2+ MOLECULE OXIDATION 235 ETHANOL OXIDATION 235 REACTION MECHANISM 235 CATALYST ADVANCES 235 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 235 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 239 PT-SN SYSTEM 243 GLUCOSE OXIDASE 250 ETHYLENE GLYCOL OXIDATION 251 GLYCEROL OXIDATION 251 REFERENCES 254 14 14.1 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.2.6 14.2.7 14.2.8 14.2.9 14.2.10 14.2.11 FUEL CELL DEVICES 257 INTRODUCTION 257 TYPES OF DIRECT LIQUID FUEL CELLS 258 ACID AND ALKALINE FUEL CELLS 258 DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (DMFCS) 260 DIRECT ETHANOL FUEL CELLS (DEFCS) 261 DIRECT ETHYLENE GLYCOL FUEL CELLS (DEGFCS) 261 DIRECT GLYCEROL FUEL CELLS (DGFCS) 262 DIRECT FORMIC ACID FUEL CELLS (DFAFCS) 262 DIRECT DIMETHYL ETHER FUEL CELLS (DDEFCS) 263 OTHER DLFCS 263 CHALLENGES OF DLFCS 264 FUEL CONVERSION AND CATHODE FLOODING 264 CHEMICAL SAFETY AND BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION 265 CONTENTS 14.2.12 UNPROVEN LONG-TERM DURABILITY 265 REFERENCES 267 PART VII CO 2 REDUCTION AND DEVICE 271 15 15.1 15.1.1 15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 15.1.1.3 15.1.1.4 15.1.1.5 15.1.2 15.1.2.1 15.1.2.2 15.1.2.3 15.1.2.4 15.1.2.5 15.1.3 15.1.3.1 15.1.3.2 15.1.3.3 INTRODUCTION 273 BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION 276 THE FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 276 OVERPOTENTIAL (RJ) 276 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY (FE) 276 CURRENT DENSITY (J) 277 ENERGY EFFICIENCY (EE) 277 TAFEL SLOPE 278 FACTORS AFFECTING ECDRR 278 SOLVENT/ELECTROLYTE 278 PH 280 CATIONS AND ANIONS 281 CONCENTRATION 282 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE EFFECT 282 ELECTRODE 283 LOADING METHOD 283 PREPARATION 284 EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS AND ANALYSIS METHODS 284 REFERENCES 285 16 16.1 16.2 ELECTROCATALYSTS-1 289 HETEROGENEOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION 289 THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC PARAMETERS OF HETEROGENEOUS CO 2 REDUCTION IN LIQUID PHASE 289 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.2.2.1 16.2.2.2 16.2.2.3 16.2.2.4 16.2.2.5 16.2.3 BULK METALS 293 NANOSCALE METAL AND OXIDANT METAL CATALYSTS 294 GOLD (AU) 295 SILVER (AG) 296 PALLADIUM (PD) 297 ZINC (ZN) 298 COPPER (CU) 299 BIMETALLIC/ALLOY 301 REFERENCES 306 17 17.1 17.1.1 17.1.2 17.1.3 ELECTROCATALYSTS-2 309 SINGLE-ATOM METAL-DOPED CARBON CATALYSTS (SACS) 309 NICKEL (NI)-SACS 309 COBALT (CO)-SACS 311 IRON (FE)-SACS 311 CONTENTS XI 17.1.4 17.1.5 17.1.6 17.2 17.3 17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.4 17.4.1 17.5 17.5.1 17.5.2 ZINC (ZN)-SACS 314 COPPER (CU)-SACS 314 OTHER 316 METAL NANOPARTICLES-DOPED CARBON CATALYSTS 317 POROUS ORGANIC MATERIAL 320 METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (MOFS) 320 COVALENT ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (COFS) 321 METAL-FREE CATALYST 322 METAL-FREE CARBON-BASED CATALYST 322 OTHER METAL-FREE CATALYST 324 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO REDUCTION REACTION 324 THE IMPORTANCE OF CO REDUCTION STUDY 324 ADVANCES IN CO REDUCTION 326 REFERENCES 327 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 DEVICES 331 H-CELL 331 FLOW CELL 333 REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES FOR NEXT-GENERATION CO 2 REDUCTION CELL 338 18.3.1 18.3.2 WIDE RANGE OF ELECTROCATALYSTS 338 FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR INFLUENCING THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY FOR ECDRR 339 18.3.3 DEVICE ENGINEERING 340 REFERENCES 342 PART VIII COMPUTATIONS-GUIDED ELECTROCATALYSIS 345 19 19.1 19.2 19.3 INSIGHTS INTO THE CATALYTIC PROCESS 347 ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER 347 KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS 349 ELECTRODE POTENTIAL EFFECTS 350 REFERENCES 352 20 20.1 20.2 20.2.1 20.2.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5.1 20.5.2 COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROCATALYSIS 355 COMPUTATIONAL SCREENING TOWARD CALCULATION THEORIES 356 REACTIVITY DESCRIPTORS 358 D-BAND THEORY MOTIVATES ELECTRONIC DESCRIPTOR 359 COORDINATION NUMBERS MOTIVES STRUCTURE DESCRIPTOR 361 SCALING RELATIONSHIPS: APPLICATIONS OF DESCRIPTORS 361 THE ACTIVITY PRINCIPLES AND THE VOLCANO CURVE 363 DFT MODELING 366 CHE MODEL 367 SOLVATION MODELS 368 XII CONTENTS 20.5.3 KINETIC MODELING 371 REFERENCES 374 21 21.1 21.2 21.2.1 21.2.2 21.2.3 21.3 THEORY-GUIDED RATIONAL DESIGN 377 DESCRIPTORS-GUIDED SCREENING 377 SCALING RELATIONSHIP-GUIDED TRENDS 380 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF ECR 380 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF O-INCLUDED REACTIONS 382 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF H-INCLUDED REACTIONS 385 DOS-GUIDED MODELS AND ACTIVE SITES 386 REFERENCES 388 22 22.1 22.1.1 22.1.2 22.1.3 22.1.4 22.1.5 22.1.6 22.1.7 22.1.8 22.1.9 22.2 22.2.1 22.2.2 22.3 22.4 DFT APPLICATIONS IN SELECTED ELECTROCATALYTIC SYSTEMS 391 UNVEILING THE ELECTROCATALYTIC MECHANISM 391 ECR REACTION 393 OER REACTION 394 ORR REACTION 396 HER REACTION 397 HOR REACTION 398 CO OXIDATION REACTION 400 FAOR REACTION 402 MOR REACTION 402 EOR REACTION 404 UNDERSTANDING THE ELECTROCATALYTIC ENVIRONMENT 406 SOLVATION EFFECTS 406 PH EFFECTS 409 ANALYZING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL KINETICS 410 PERSPECTIVES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTION OF DFT COMPUTATION IN ELECTROCATALYSIS 413 REFERENCES 414 PART IX POTENTIAL OF IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR ELECTROCATALYSIS 421 REFERENCES 422 23 23.1 23.1.1 23.1.2 23.1.3 23.2 23.2.1 23.2.2 23.2.3 23.3 IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 423 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 423 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 423 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 424 UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY 426 X-RAY CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 427 X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) 429 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (XAS) 429 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) 431 MASS SPECTROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 431 CONTENTS I XIII INDEX 507 23.4 23.4.1 23.4.2 ELECTRON-BASED CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 432 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) 434 SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY (SPM) 434 REFERENCES 436 24 24.1 24.1.1 24.1.2 24.1.3 24.2 24.2.1 24.2.2 24.2.3 24.3 24.4 24.5 IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONS IN ELECTROCATALYTIC CYCLE 441 INVESTIGATING THE REAL ACTIVE CENTERS 441 MONITORING THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 442 MONITORING THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE 444 MONITORING THE CATALYST PHASE TRANSFORMATION 446 INVESTIGATING THE REACTION MECHANISM 449 THROUGH ADSORPTION/ACTIVATION UNDERSTANDING 450 THROUGH INTERMEDIATES IN SITU PROBING 451 THROUGH CATALYTIC PRODUCT IN SITU DETECTIONS 454 EVALUATING THE CATALYST STABILITY/DECAY 457 REVEALING THE INTERFACIAL-RELATED INSIGHTS . 460 CONCLUSION 462 REFERENCES 462 PART X ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYTIC CARBON CYCLE 465 REFERENCES 466 25 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO 2 REDUCTION TO FUELS 467 REFERENCES 479 26 ELECTROCHEMICAL FUEL OXIDATION 483 REFERENCES 495 27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ECC 499 BASIC PERFORMANCE INDEX 499 CO 2 CAPTURE AND FUEL TRANSPORT 500 EXTERNAL MANAGEMENT 500 GENERAL OUTLOOK 502 REFERENCES 505
adam_txt	CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 REFERENCES 5 PART II NATURAL CARBON CYCLE 7 2 NATURAL CARBON CYCLE AND ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CYCLE 9 2.1 DEFINITION AND GENERAL PROCESS 9 2.2 FROM INORGANIC CARBON TO ORGANIC CARBON 10 2.3 FROM ORGANIC CARBON TO INORGANIC CARBON 11 2.4 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CYCLE 11 2.4.1 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON EMISSIONS 12 2.4.2 CAPTURE AND RECYCLE OF CO 2 FROM THE ATMOSPHERE 13 2.4.3 FIXATION AND CONVERSION OF CO 2 14 2.4.3.1 PHOTOCHEMICAL REDUCTION 14 2.4.3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION 15 2.4.3.3 CHEMICAL/THERMO REFORMING 16 2.4.3 A PHYSICAL FIXATION 16 2.4.3.5 ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON CONVERSION AND EMISSIONS VIA ELECTROCHEMISTRY 17 REFERENCES 18 VI CONTENTS PART III ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYSIS PROCESS 21 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.1.1 3.1.1.2 3.1.1.3 3.1.2 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.2.4 3.1.2.5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1.1 3.2.1.2 3.2.1.3 3.2.1.4 3.2.1.5 3.2.1.6 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 3.2.2.5 3.2.2.6 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYSIS PROCESSES 23 WATER SPLITTING 23 REACTION MECHANISM 23 MECHANISM OF OER 23 MECHANISM OF ORR 24 MECHANISM OF HER 26 GENERAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE WATER SPLITTING 27 TAFEL SLOPE 27 TOF 27 ONSET/OVERPOTENTIAL 28 STABILITY 28 ELECTROLYTE 28 ELECTROCHEMISTRY CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION (ECDRR) 29 POSSIBLE REACTION PATHWAYS OF ECDRR 29 FORMATION OF HCOO" OR HCOOH 29 FORMATION OF CO 30 FORMATION OF CJ PRODUCTS 30 FORMATION OF C 2 PRODUCTS 31 FORMATION OF CH 3 COOH AND CH 3 COO _ 33 FORMATION OF N-PROPANOL (C 3 PRODUCT) 33 GENERAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE ECDRR 34 ONSET POTENTIAL 34 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY 34 PARTIAL CURRENT DENSITY 34 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND COST 35 ELECTROLYTES 35 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 36 SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES OXIDATION 36 THE MECHANISM OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY HCOOH OXIDATION 36 THE MECHANISM OF ELECTRO-OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL 37 REFERENCES 40 PART IV WATER SPLITTING AND DEVICES 43 4 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 WATER SPLITTING BASIC PARAMETER/OTHERS 45 COMPOSITION AND EXACT REACTIONS IN DIFFERENT PH SOLUTION 45 EVALUATION OF THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 47 OVERPOTENTIAL 47 TAFEL SLOPE 48 STABILITY 49 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY 49 CONTENTS VII PARTV H 2 OXIDATION/O 2 REDUCTION AND DEVICE 101 4.2.5 TURNOVER FREQUENCY 50 REFERENCES 50 5 H 2 O OXIDATION 53 5.1 REGULAR H 2 O OXIDATION 53 5.1.1 NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS 53 5.1.2 OTHER TRANSITION METALS 64 5.1.3 OTHER CATALYSTS 72 5.2 PHOTO-ASSISTED H 2 O OXIDATION 76 5.2.1 METAL COMPOUND-BASED CATALYSTS 76 5.2.2 METAL-METAL HETEROSTRUCTURE CATALYSTS 80 5.2.3 METAL-NONMETAL HETEROSTRUCTURE CATALYSTS 86 REFERENCES 88 6 H 2 O REDUCTION AND WATER SPLITTING ELECTROCATALYTIC CELL 91 6.1 NOBLE-METAL-BASED HER CATALYSTS 91 6.2 NON-NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS 93 6.3 WATER SPLITTING ELECTROCATALYTIC CELL 96 REFERENCES 99 7 INTRODUCTION 103 7.1 ELECTROCATALYTIC REACTION PARAMETERS 104 7.1.1 ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE SURFACE AREA (ECSA) 104 7.1.1.1 TEST METHODS 104 7.1.2 DETERMINATION BASED ON THE SURFACE REDOX REACTION 104 7.1.3 DETERMINATION BY ELECTRIC DOUBLE-LAYER CAPACITANCE METHOD 105 7.1.4 KINETIC AND EXCHANGE CURRENT DENSITY (J K AND J 0 ) 105 7.1.4.1 DEFINITION 105 7.1.4.2 CALCULATION 106 7.1.5 OVERPOTENTIAL HUPD 106 7.1.6 TAFEL SLOPE 108 7.1.7 HALFWAVE POTENTIALS 108 REFERENCES 108 8 HYDROGEN OXIDATION REACTION (HOR) 111 8.1 MECHANISM FOR HOR 111 8.1.1 HYDROGEN BONDING ENERGY (HBE) 111 8.1.2 UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION (UPD) OF HYDROGEN 112 8.2 CATALYSTS FOR HOR 112 8.2.1 PT-BASED MATERIALS 112 8.2.2 PD-BASED MATERIALS 120 8.2.3 IR-BASED MATERIALS 121 VIII CONTENTS 8.2.4 8.2.5 8.2.6 RH-BASED MATERIALS 121 RU-BASED MATERIALS 121 NON-NOBLE METAL MATERIALS 122 REFERENCES 130 9 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.1.1 9.2.1.2 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.1.1 9.3.1.2 9.3.1.3 9.3.1.4 OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION (ORR) 133 MECHANISM FOR ORR 133 BATTERY SYSTEM AND DAMAGED ELECTRODES 133 INTERMEDIATE SPECIES 134 CATALYSTS IN ORR 134 NOBLE METAL MATERIALS 134 PLATINUM/CARBON CATALYST 138 PD AND PT 145 TRANSITION METAL CATALYSTS 145 METAL-FREE CATALYSTS 149 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SYNTHESIS 154 CATALYSTS ADVANCES 154 PURE METALS 154 METAL ALLOYS 156 CARBON MATERIALS 157 ELECTRODES AND REACTION CELLS 158 REFERENCES 161 10 10.1 10.2 10.2.1 FUEL CELL AND METAL-AIR BATTERY 167 H 2 FUEL CELL 167 METAL-AIR BATTERY 170 METAL-AIR BATTERY STRUCTURE 171 REFERENCES 181 PART VI SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES OXIDATION AND DEVICE 183 11 11.1 11.1.1 11.1.2 INTRODUCTION 185 PRIMARY MEASUREMENT METHODS AND PARAMETERS 186 PRIMARY MEASUREMENT METHODS 186 PRIMARY PARAMETER 193 REFERENCES 197 12 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.2 CL MOLECULE OXIDATION 199 METHANE OXIDATION 199 REACTION MECHANISM 199 SOLID-LIQUID-GAS REACTION SYSTEM 199 ACIDIC MEDIA 199 ALKALINE OR NEUTRAL MEDIA 201 METHANOL OXIDATION 203 CONTENTS IX 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.2.1 12.2.2.2 12.2.2.3 12.2.2.4 12.2.2.5 12.2.2.6 12.2.2.7 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2 12.3.2.1 12.3.2.2 REACTION THERMODYNAMICS AND MECHANISM 203 CATALYST ADVANCES 204 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 204 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 208 PLATINUM-BASED NANOWIRES 208 PLATINUM-BASED NANOTUBES 210 PLATINUM-BASED NANOFLOWERS 212 PLATINUM-BASED NANORODS 214 PLATINUM-BASED NANOCUBES 215 PT-RU SYSTEM 217 PT-SN CATALYSTS 218 FORMIC ACID OXIDATION 219 REACTION MECHANISM 219 CATALYST ADVANCES 220 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 220 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 223 REFERENCES 226 13 13.1 13.1.1 13.1.2 13.1.2.1 13.1.2.2 13.1.2.3 13.2 13.3 13.4 C 2+ MOLECULE OXIDATION 235 ETHANOL OXIDATION 235 REACTION MECHANISM 235 CATALYST ADVANCES 235 PD-BASED CATALYSTS 235 PT-BASED CATALYSTS 239 PT-SN SYSTEM 243 GLUCOSE OXIDASE 250 ETHYLENE GLYCOL OXIDATION 251 GLYCEROL OXIDATION 251 REFERENCES 254 14 14.1 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.2.6 14.2.7 14.2.8 14.2.9 14.2.10 14.2.11 FUEL CELL DEVICES 257 INTRODUCTION 257 TYPES OF DIRECT LIQUID FUEL CELLS 258 ACID AND ALKALINE FUEL CELLS 258 DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS (DMFCS) 260 DIRECT ETHANOL FUEL CELLS (DEFCS) 261 DIRECT ETHYLENE GLYCOL FUEL CELLS (DEGFCS) 261 DIRECT GLYCEROL FUEL CELLS (DGFCS) 262 DIRECT FORMIC ACID FUEL CELLS (DFAFCS) 262 DIRECT DIMETHYL ETHER FUEL CELLS (DDEFCS) 263 OTHER DLFCS 263 CHALLENGES OF DLFCS 264 FUEL CONVERSION AND CATHODE FLOODING 264 CHEMICAL SAFETY AND BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION 265 CONTENTS 14.2.12 UNPROVEN LONG-TERM DURABILITY 265 REFERENCES 267 PART VII CO 2 REDUCTION AND DEVICE 271 15 15.1 15.1.1 15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 15.1.1.3 15.1.1.4 15.1.1.5 15.1.2 15.1.2.1 15.1.2.2 15.1.2.3 15.1.2.4 15.1.2.5 15.1.3 15.1.3.1 15.1.3.2 15.1.3.3 INTRODUCTION 273 BASIC PARAMETERS OF THE CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION 276 THE FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY 276 OVERPOTENTIAL (RJ) 276 FARADAIC EFFICIENCY (FE) 276 CURRENT DENSITY (J) 277 ENERGY EFFICIENCY (EE) 277 TAFEL SLOPE 278 FACTORS AFFECTING ECDRR 278 SOLVENT/ELECTROLYTE 278 PH 280 CATIONS AND ANIONS 281 CONCENTRATION 282 TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE EFFECT 282 ELECTRODE 283 LOADING METHOD 283 PREPARATION 284 EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS AND ANALYSIS METHODS 284 REFERENCES 285 16 16.1 16.2 ELECTROCATALYSTS-1 289 HETEROGENEOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL CO 2 REDUCTION REACTION 289 THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC PARAMETERS OF HETEROGENEOUS CO 2 REDUCTION IN LIQUID PHASE 289 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.2.2.1 16.2.2.2 16.2.2.3 16.2.2.4 16.2.2.5 16.2.3 BULK METALS 293 NANOSCALE METAL AND OXIDANT METAL CATALYSTS 294 GOLD (AU) 295 SILVER (AG) 296 PALLADIUM (PD) 297 ZINC (ZN) 298 COPPER (CU) 299 BIMETALLIC/ALLOY 301 REFERENCES 306 17 17.1 17.1.1 17.1.2 17.1.3 ELECTROCATALYSTS-2 309 SINGLE-ATOM METAL-DOPED CARBON CATALYSTS (SACS) 309 NICKEL (NI)-SACS 309 COBALT (CO)-SACS 311 IRON (FE)-SACS 311 CONTENTS XI 17.1.4 17.1.5 17.1.6 17.2 17.3 17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.4 17.4.1 17.5 17.5.1 17.5.2 ZINC (ZN)-SACS 314 COPPER (CU)-SACS 314 OTHER 316 METAL NANOPARTICLES-DOPED CARBON CATALYSTS 317 POROUS ORGANIC MATERIAL 320 METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (MOFS) 320 COVALENT ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (COFS) 321 METAL-FREE CATALYST 322 METAL-FREE CARBON-BASED CATALYST 322 OTHER METAL-FREE CATALYST 324 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO REDUCTION REACTION 324 THE IMPORTANCE OF CO REDUCTION STUDY 324 ADVANCES IN CO REDUCTION 326 REFERENCES 327 18 18.1 18.2 18.3 DEVICES 331 H-CELL 331 FLOW CELL 333 REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES FOR NEXT-GENERATION CO 2 REDUCTION CELL 338 18.3.1 18.3.2 WIDE RANGE OF ELECTROCATALYSTS 338 FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR INFLUENCING THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY FOR ECDRR 339 18.3.3 DEVICE ENGINEERING 340 REFERENCES 342 PART VIII COMPUTATIONS-GUIDED ELECTROCATALYSIS 345 19 19.1 19.2 19.3 INSIGHTS INTO THE CATALYTIC PROCESS 347 ELECTRIC DOUBLE LAYER 347 KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS 349 ELECTRODE POTENTIAL EFFECTS 350 REFERENCES 352 20 20.1 20.2 20.2.1 20.2.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5.1 20.5.2 COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROCATALYSIS 355 COMPUTATIONAL SCREENING TOWARD CALCULATION THEORIES 356 REACTIVITY DESCRIPTORS 358 D-BAND THEORY MOTIVATES ELECTRONIC DESCRIPTOR 359 COORDINATION NUMBERS MOTIVES STRUCTURE DESCRIPTOR 361 SCALING RELATIONSHIPS: APPLICATIONS OF DESCRIPTORS 361 THE ACTIVITY PRINCIPLES AND THE VOLCANO CURVE 363 DFT MODELING 366 CHE MODEL 367 SOLVATION MODELS 368 XII CONTENTS 20.5.3 KINETIC MODELING 371 REFERENCES 374 21 21.1 21.2 21.2.1 21.2.2 21.2.3 21.3 THEORY-GUIDED RATIONAL DESIGN 377 DESCRIPTORS-GUIDED SCREENING 377 SCALING RELATIONSHIP-GUIDED TRENDS 380 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF ECR 380 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF O-INCLUDED REACTIONS 382 REACTIVITY TRENDS OF H-INCLUDED REACTIONS 385 DOS-GUIDED MODELS AND ACTIVE SITES 386 REFERENCES 388 22 22.1 22.1.1 22.1.2 22.1.3 22.1.4 22.1.5 22.1.6 22.1.7 22.1.8 22.1.9 22.2 22.2.1 22.2.2 22.3 22.4 DFT APPLICATIONS IN SELECTED ELECTROCATALYTIC SYSTEMS 391 UNVEILING THE ELECTROCATALYTIC MECHANISM 391 ECR REACTION 393 OER REACTION 394 ORR REACTION 396 HER REACTION 397 HOR REACTION 398 CO OXIDATION REACTION 400 FAOR REACTION 402 MOR REACTION 402 EOR REACTION 404 UNDERSTANDING THE ELECTROCATALYTIC ENVIRONMENT 406 SOLVATION EFFECTS 406 PH EFFECTS 409 ANALYZING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL KINETICS 410 PERSPECTIVES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTION OF DFT COMPUTATION IN ELECTROCATALYSIS 413 REFERENCES 414 PART IX POTENTIAL OF IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR ELECTROCATALYSIS 421 REFERENCES 422 23 23.1 23.1.1 23.1.2 23.1.3 23.2 23.2.1 23.2.2 23.2.3 23.3 IN SITU CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 423 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 423 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 423 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 424 UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY 426 X-RAY CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 427 X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) 429 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (XAS) 429 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) 431 MASS SPECTROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 431 CONTENTS I XIII INDEX 507 23.4 23.4.1 23.4.2 ELECTRON-BASED CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES 432 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) 434 SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY (SPM) 434 REFERENCES 436 24 24.1 24.1.1 24.1.2 24.1.3 24.2 24.2.1 24.2.2 24.2.3 24.3 24.4 24.5 IN SITU CHARACTERIZATIONS IN ELECTROCATALYTIC CYCLE 441 INVESTIGATING THE REAL ACTIVE CENTERS 441 MONITORING THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 442 MONITORING THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE 444 MONITORING THE CATALYST PHASE TRANSFORMATION 446 INVESTIGATING THE REACTION MECHANISM 449 THROUGH ADSORPTION/ACTIVATION UNDERSTANDING 450 THROUGH INTERMEDIATES IN SITU PROBING 451 THROUGH CATALYTIC PRODUCT IN SITU DETECTIONS 454 EVALUATING THE CATALYST STABILITY/DECAY 457 REVEALING THE INTERFACIAL-RELATED INSIGHTS . 460 CONCLUSION 462 REFERENCES 462 PART X ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYTIC CARBON CYCLE 465 REFERENCES 466 25 ELECTROCHEMICAL CO 2 REDUCTION TO FUELS 467 REFERENCES 479 26 ELECTROCHEMICAL FUEL OXIDATION 483 REFERENCES 495 27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ECC 499 BASIC PERFORMANCE INDEX 499 CO 2 CAPTURE AND FUEL TRANSPORT 500 EXTERNAL MANAGEMENT 500 GENERAL OUTLOOK 502 REFERENCES 505
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dewey-tens	660 - Chemical engineering 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences
discipline	Chemie / Pharmazie
discipline_str_mv	Chemie / Pharmazie
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spelling	Wang, Yaobing Verfasser (DE-588)1241833966 aut Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle Yaobing Wang Weinheim Wiley-VCH [2021] © 2021 xix, 515 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme (überwiegend farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd rswk-swf Elektrokatalyse (DE-588)4151819-6 gnd rswk-swf Elektrokatalyse (DE-588)4151819-6 s Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 s DE-604 Wiley-VCH (DE-588)16179388-5 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-83227-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-34916-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, oBook 978-3-527-34915-9 X:MVB http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-34913-5 2021-03-31 Verlag Kurzbeschreibung B:DE-101 application/pdf https://d-nb.info/1230158014/04 2021-10-20 Verlag Inhaltsverzeichnis DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032991500&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Wang, Yaobing Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Elektrokatalyse (DE-588)4151819-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4164552-2 (DE-588)4151819-6
title	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
title_auth	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
title_exact_search	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
title_exact_search_txtP	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
title_full	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle Yaobing Wang
title_fullStr	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle Yaobing Wang
title_full_unstemmed	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle Yaobing Wang
title_short	Electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
title_sort	electrocatalysis in balancing the natural carbon cycle
topic	Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Elektrokatalyse (DE-588)4151819-6 gnd
topic_facet	Kohlenstoffkreislauf Elektrokatalyse
url	http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-34913-5 https://d-nb.info/1230158014/04 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032991500&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT wangyaobing electrocatalysisinbalancingthenaturalcarboncycle AT wileyvch electrocatalysisinbalancingthenaturalcarboncycle

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