Defending Eastern Europe: the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Manchester [UK]
Manchester University Press
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | x, 226 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781526147561 |
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Contents List of tables List of contributors 1 Introduction: membership anniversaries and theoretical security models - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki 2 Cold War security experiences of Eastern European states - Jacek Lübecki 3 Anti-communist revolutions and the emergence of states responsible for their own defense - Jacek Lübecki 4 NATO: Partnership for Peace (PfP) and a staggered admission process - James W Peterson 5 The EU as a security provider in Eastern Europe - Michael Baun 6 Secure East-Central European NATO members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki 7 Stable Balkan NATO/EU members: Albania and Bulgaria - Ivan P. Nikolov and James W. Peterson 8 Vulnerability of former Yugoslav NATO (Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, and North Macedonia) and non-NATO (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia) states - James W. Peterson 9 States with significant security issues: Poland, Romania, and Moldova - Jacek Lübecki and James W. Peterson 10 Challenged Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania - Olavi Arens 11 Conclusion: moving beyond the 15-20-year anniversaries to stable policies in a time of constant political turmoil - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki Bibliography Index viii ix 1 20 34 52 65 83 106 131 145 165 184 192 217
Index admission to NATO 5, 84, 94, 137,191 Adriatic Charter 109,138 adversaries 4, 5, 52,168 Afghanistan 1, 3, 4,11,13,14, 29, 40, 46, 49, 54-64, 87, 91, 92, 95, 101,102,107,108-10,116,123, 126,129,134,135,136-8, 141, 142,147, 148,150,151,154, 155,169, 170,176, 186 Afghanistan and Iraq 12, 55, 57, 106, 130,151,161,185 Albania 3, 5, 6, 13,15, 21, 27, 31, 34, 37, 42, 45, 46,47,49,51,55, 57, 63, 69,106-10,128, 129, 130,154,161,170,179,186, 188,190 Albanian military 108,110 Albanian populations 138,187 Albanians 46, 48, 55,108,110,132, 141,186 alliance activities 12, 53,103 alliance framework 132, 145 alliance membership 53,106, 109, 110,132,142,145,146, 186,188 alliance missions 58, 91,110, 134, 167 alliance partners 1, 3, 54, 56, 62, 108, 110,137,142,150,189 alliance planners 12, 52, 55, 62,138 alliance politics theory 129, 131, 133, 144,145 alliances 12,14, 52, 53, 61, 64, 95, 103,106,132-4,143, 145,146, 152,160, 163,191 alliance theory 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20,48,52,130,133 allies 4, 5, 23, 27, 31, 94,146,148, 152,183,186 American forces 59,170,178 anniversaries 2, 6,140,184,185 anti-communist revolutions 7, 34, 54 anti-tank weaponry 174,175,178 APCs (armored personal carrier) 31,149 armored vehicles 99,173,177,178 Austria 32, 49, 74, 79,112,117 autonomy 8, 21, 44, 90 Azerbaijan 120,161 Balkan region 143,144,154,188,190 Balkan states 13, 15, 60, 106, 186, 188 Balkan wars 2, 54, 55, 87,110, 131,160 Ballistic Missile Defence Agreement (BMDA) 153 Baltic air policing 171,193 Baltic airspace 172,173,176,178 Baltic countries 3, 37, 40,148,152, 165, 166, 171, 172, 178,179
Baltic militaries 170, 178 Baltics 13,17,18, 42, 46, 47, 51, 79, 146,158,165, 166, 173,175, 177,178,179,180,181,190 Baltic Sea 73,176,180 Baltic states 4, 8,17,18, 59, 64, 68, 71, 76, 79,154,165-215 base 56, 85, 128, 136,151, 166, 167,172
218 battlegroups 62, 88, 96, 100, 152 Beijing 77, 78, 93,129 Belarus 69, 71, 73, 88,126,172, 180,181 Belt and Road Initiative 77 bilateral relationships 90, 162,163 Black Sea 73, 79, 94,119,121, 126, 128,150-2,162 Black Sea Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation 150,152 Borisov 119,121,122, 125 Bosnia 10, 36, 37, 48, 55, 57, 91, 134, 137,139,142,143,144,161, 169,170 Bosnia-Herzegovina 5, 6,10,14,15, 48, 55, 57, 64, 94,107,108, 109, 131,132, 133, 138,139, 142,151,169,172,187,188, 190,191 Bosniaks 5,15, 48, 49 Brezhnev 26 Brussels 74,118, 139,191 Bucharest 116,146,153 Bulgaria 3, 6, 7, 8,13-15, 21, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54, 59-64, 72, 76, 106, 111-30,154,161-2,168, 186, 189,190 Bulgarian Army 115, 116,117 Bulgarian Council of Ministers 124 Bulgarian membership 43,118 Bulgarian military 113,115,117, 121,123 Bulgarian military participation in ΝΑΤΟ-EU operations 115 Bulgarian Ministry 122,126,129, 130, 194 Bulgarian politics 43, 111 Bulgarians 42, 43,111-13,118, 120, 121,124-9,194 capabilities 52, 59, 62, 64, 85, 91, 98, 100,142,167,168 capacity 57, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 75, 81, 103,156 Index Ceauşescu, Nicolae 28, 30 Central Europe 24, 96 Central Europeans 19, 80, 83, 86, 88, 94 changes, climate 66, 67, 68, 81,159 China 3, 66, 68, 76-81, 88, 93 Chinese investment 77, 78 citizens 67, 68, 90,122,175,184 civil war 8, 9,10,15,17, 20, 31, 49, 165 Clinton, Bill 41,42, 51,169 Cold War 6, 20, 21,27, 28, 29, 31, 52, 53, 129,160, 165,186 command structures 92,108 new 158 Commission 73, 74, 75 Common Security and Defense Policy see CSDP communism 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 28,
29, 31, 34, 35,146, 149 communists 6, 7, 20, 21, 23, 89 communist bloc 28, 160,186 communist countries 22,29, 30 former, 37, 168 communist era 16, 71,129,154 communist party 21, 29, 31, 45,106 communist past 20, 35, 40,129,143 communist period 6,106,146 communist rule 6, 20 communities 90,139,140,162, 182,184 international 142,144,165 conflict 15,17, 21, 31, 35, 36, 90, 111,113, 129, 131,138,139, 188,189 conflict resolution 39 contributions 1,11, 13, 59, 60, 87, 93,135,137, 151,154,161, 170,186 cooperation 46, 50, 51,114-17,120, 122,123,150,152,168,172, 173,182 coordination 24, 25, 94,122,178 countries candidate 40,137,169
Index poorest 27, 42, 45 post-communist 38, 40, 47, 50,104 Crimea 3,12, 14,18, 61, 83, 84, 85, 95, 96, 101, 103, 129, 134, 146, 150.152, 189 Crimean crisis 16, 85,102,103, 135, 141.150.189 crisis 1, 2, 22, 23, 28, 29, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 96, 100, 103,104 Croatia 1, 3, 5, 6,13,14,15, 36, 48, 49, 55, 56, 63, 96, 109, 116, 131-43,148,151,161,169,179, 186,190 Croats 5,15, 48 CSDP (Common Security and Defense Policy) 44, 65, 86, 95, 102, 103,110 cultures 15,19, 56, 92, 93,131, 145.189 Cyprus 14 Czech leaders 87 Czech leadership 95, 96 Czechoslovakians 22, 26, 28, 32, 39 Czechoslovakia 6, 7, 8, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29-33, 35, 39, 40, 47,154 Czechoslovak military 32 Czech Republic 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11,12, 40, 47, 56, 58, 63, 64, 72, 73, 76, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89,102, 148.153, 161,167,168,171, 179, 185 Czechs 11, 12,18, 26, 39, 54, 56, 60, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96,98,100,102,112,185, 189.190 defense civil 173,174,175 collective 62, 79, 92, 108, 167,177 defense budgets 1, 62, 64,101,149, 158,170,171 defense capabilities 83, 95,103,122 defense expenditures 1, 63,182 219 defense policies 4,11,18, 20, 39, 41, 47, 52, 90, 92, 97,108,136, 147,149,155,156,160,176 defense preparedness 9, 141, 142, 191 defense reforms 44, 46, 88,108 defense sector 8,100, 141,142, 150,153 defense spending 52, 63, 94, 99, 134, 135,144,169 demilitarization 6, 23, 30, 89 democracy 8, 39, 42, 43, 80, 102,159, 160, 167 democratic values 143,169 Denmark 32, 75,148,169,179,180 dependence, 7, 71, 72, 75, 95,102, 120,136 deployments 1,10, 36, 45, 46, 51, 87, 88, 92,100,149,170, 172 development 11, 23,
26, 27, 47, 48, 53, 79, 84, 91, 95, 120, 122 democratic 10,13,132,139, 144,147 dialogue 101,102,143, 150,152, 168,186 disintegration 157,165, 179 distances gravitational 131,133,145, 146,160 typological 131,133,145,146,160 East-Central Europe 20, 30, 31, 37,42, 167,171, 179 East-Central Europeans 4,11, 32, 37, 38,40,41,42, 47,185,190 East-Central European NATO members 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99,101,103, 105 Eastern Europe 2,10, 22, 38, 61, 63, 65, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81,114,148, 153,169,185, 186, 189, 191 Eastern European (EE) 9,10, 25, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 76, 84 Eastern European states 2, 6, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 64, 77
220 Index Eastern Ukraine 84,122, 129 East Europeans 4, 11,12,15, 52, 150,154 East Germany 22, 24, 30, 31, 35, 37 elections 2, 43, 45, 51, 76, 90, 97,114, 119,122,127, 160,166 parliamentary 39, 40, 43, 46, 97,156 ESDP (European Security and Defense Policy) 86, 95 establishment 15, 22, 31, 61, 91, 101, 132, 146,166 Estonia 1, 5, 11, 17, 46, 52, 53, 59, 63, 64, 72, 73, 84,101,109,148, 150, 161,165-90 Estonians 59,176-9,182,190 ethnic groups 5, 9,15, 54, 142,187 Ethnic Russians 46, 70 ethnic tensions 143,144 Euractiv 70, 75, 76 Europe 8, 9, 36, 38, 39, 45, 46, 50, 76, 77, 78, 80,159, 172 post-communist 37, 38, 164 European Commission 72,110,118 European Council 72 European energy security 74 Europeanization 86, 93 European security 66, 81, 86, 95 European Security and Defense Policy see ESDP European States 78, 80, 166, 182, 199 European Union 18, 80, 167 European Union Common Security and Defense Policy see CSDP F-16 149 F-35 fighter bombers 158 federations 8,14, 53, 59,132, 133,145 FMF (Foreign Military Financing) 127 forces all-volunteer 87, 92 conscript-based 24,149 territorial 22,157 total 175,177 foreign policy 3, 27, 63,101,107,150, 160,181 Foreign Security Policy Coordination Committee (FSPCC) 94 former Soviet republics 10,17, 102,168 former Soviet Union 50,142,160 former Yugoslav states 133,135,137, 139,141, 143 FSPCC (Foreign Security Policy Coordination Committee), 94 gas 74, 75,120 Gazprom 73, 74 Georgia 1, 42, 69, 88, 94, 95,100,102, 108,128, 129, 137,148,150, 161, 186, 189,190 German unification 37,165 Germany, 4, 32, 37, 41, 73, 74, 77, 78, 84,112, 126,171,176,
179,180 Gheorghiu-Dej 27 Greater Albania 188 Greece 3, 6, 14, 28, 56, 77, 82,112, 113,116, 142,157 growth of illiberal nationalism 66, 76, 79, 80, 81 Herzegovina 115,116, 123,129,139 HOMAR 156 Hungarians 8, 23, 38, 39, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 99,102, 104,190 Hungarian Defense Forces 91 Hungarian military 32, 92 Hungarian National Military Strategy 98 Hungarian Republic Ministry of Defense 89, 90, 92, 98, 99,105 Hungary 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30-3, 35, 39, 41, 47, 51, 54, 58, 60, 63, 64, 72-83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99,100-4, 116, 120, 128, 148,151,152, 161,167,168, 171,179-85
Index illiberalism, domestic 4 illiberal nationalism 66, 76, 79, 80,81 illiberal tendencies 80 independence 22,104,106,139,143, 147.151.165.166.167.168, 172,187 insecurity 73, 90 instability 8, 31, 46, 47, 95, 132, 134, 142,146,150 institutions 2, 21, 25, 35, 50, 68, 80, 129, 152 liberal 7,15, 36,160 International Security Assistance Force see ISAF intervention 18, 68, 69,132 Iraq 1, 3, 12, 13, 19, 40, 46, 49, 54, 55-61, 91, 92,101,102, 106-8,130,137,138,142, 147.148.151.154.161.169, 170,185 Iraq and Afghanistan 4, 13, 14, 54, 56, 148,154,155,186 Iraq War 11,61 ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) 58, 59,116, 137, 138,139 Italy 46, 49, 77,107,112,121,125, 148,179 joining NATO 34, 40,113,151,159, 160,169 Kabul Airport 58, 59,108,109,151 KFOR (Kosovo Force) 129,139 Kiev 72, 74, 75, 84,101 Kosovo 3, 6,10,14,15, 36, 48, 55, 56, 57, 64, 69, 86, 87, 91, 95, 103, 107,108,116,129-51, 164,169, 170,186-8,191 Kosovo Albanians 14,15, 36 Kosovo Security Force see KSF Kosovo’s leaders 139,140 Kraijna 36, 48 KSF (Kosovo Security Force) 140 221 land forces 124,125, 135, 150,174 Latvia 5,17, 46, 53, 59, 60, 63, 72, 73, 84, 96,101,109,150,152,161, 165-83, 189-91 leaders, communist 21, 22, 26 leadership, authoritarian 15, 56,143 legacies, 3, 6, 7,16, 37, 48, 71,106, 129,135, 185 liberal democracy 33, 97,145,146 liberal internationalism 89, 90 liberalism, 2, 3, 5, 7, 30, 89, 90, 97 Lithuania 5,17, 18, 46, 47, 51, 53, 59, 60, 61, 63, 70-3, 84, 101, 109,161-90 Lithuanians 70,175,180 London 116,170 Macedonia 6,15, 36, 46, 48, 49, 55-7, 94,109,137,138,142,161, 188 former Yugoslav
Republic of 116, 138,187 MAP see Membership Action Plan member countries 30,128 Membership Action Plan (MAP) 46, 116, 139,167 membership in NATO 39, 41, 44, 50, 51, 54, 84, 88, 91, 92,106,108, 111,129,133,134,136,188 member states 25, 27, 61, 62, 65, 68, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 95 Middle East 46, 76,186 migration 66,141 increased 76 legal 118 migration patterns 123 militarism 30, 35, 48 military alliance 11, 61,140,141, 160,191 military budget 24, 32,105,136,163 military capabilities 11,18, 55, 63,141 military contributions 12, 14, 60, 183 military doctrine 28, 31,115,154,155 military education 135,152,173 military equipment 25, 32, 56,124 military exercises, joint 50,128
222 Index military forces 10, 16, 61, 64,110, 151, 159,175,190 military operations 61, 65, 86, 87, 93 military personnel 18, 31, 58, 59, 60, 63, 93,123, 124,136, 151 military spending 3, 24, 30, 31, 32, 62, 89, 92, 97 Ministry of Defense of Bulgaria 60,120 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary 58, 60 missions 1,13,14, 58, 59, 61, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95,100, 101,102,107, 109, 116,123, 137,138, 148, 152,162,169, 170,172,190 modernization 92, 95,101,117, 119, 120,122,126, 128,156 Moldova 3, 6,15-17, 35, 42, 44-7, 69, 95,100,102, 116,128, 145, 150,159,161, 164,189 Montenegro 5, 6,13,15, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 63, 69, 93, 109,116, 128.131.133, 136,141, 143, 164, 170,179, 186,187, 190 Moscow 6, 7, 16, 18, 30, 54, 59, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84,129,143,147,160, 165,189 MPFSEE (Multinational Peacekeeping Force of Eastern Europe) 109 national defense 98,113, 117, 134, 157, 158 nationalism 14, 34, 35, 90 National Military Strategy 90, 91, 92,150 national security 88, 91, 94,114,116, 118.129.133, 155,191 National Security Strategy 90, 91, 146,147,152, 155,158,162, 163,175 NATO activities 102, 103, 169 admission 138,141 countries 10, 63,169, 173,175 enlargement 168 EU 47, 90 expansion 37, 41, 42, 48, 50, 84, 168, 181 forces 57,108,116,172,176,181, 182,187 goals 102,134 Headquarters 113,114 interests 86, 103 interventions 15, 55 members 13,18, 37,109, 111, 133, 136, 151,173,180,183, 188, 191 new 5, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 94 membership 12, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 51, 57,108-17, 168,189,190 military exercises 108,134 missions 56, 58, 87,123,141, 142, 171 operations 11, 59,
61,108,110, 121, 147 planners 62,176 program 50,113 projects 58, 135 Public Diplomacy Division 135,136, 144, 157,172,173,179,183 Response force (NRF) 88, 93, 107,152 Security Investment Program (NSIP) 126, 152 troops 84,179, 181 Wales Summit 64,151 natural gas 71, 72,147 NCOs 108, 138 neighborhood 6, 9-11, 53, 65, 83,106, 130, 142 neighbors 8, 90,101,140, 142, 185,188 new members 2,11,13, 41, 53, 54, 59, 66, 69, 94,151 new member states 1, 66, 69, 70, 71, 77,145 non-EU states 82,182 non-military 66, 67, 147 Nord Stream 66, 71, 73
Index Nord Stream and Turkish Stream 73 Northern Europe 18,182 North Macedonia 3, 5, 6,11,13, 15, 55, 57, 69,109,131-8, 141-3, 186,187,188,191 NRF (NATO Response force) 88, 93, 107,152 NSIP (NATO Security Investment Program) 126, 152 Obama, Barack 153,170 officers 35, 45,108,124,137,138, 166,173 operations international 172,192 peacekeeping 36, 88,110,135, 169, 174 optimism 168,169 Orbán, Victor 86, 89, 96-9, 100, 104 Orbán and FIDESZ’s rhetorical shift 97 Orbán’s ideological 98 Orbán’s rhetoric 97 order 30, 34, 46, 99, 112 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) 36, 50, 100,101,109 partners 11, 53, 78,108,110,133, 136,141,151,167,182 Partnership for Peace see PfP peace 3, 9, 36, 90,153,158 peacekeeping 2, 87, 91,142,183 peacekeeping forces 57, 109, 132,135, 137,169 peacekeeping missions 108,172,176 PfP (Partnership for Peace) 5, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53,133,139, 140,167 PfP member 54, 56, 57 pipelines 66, 71, 73, 74, 75, 95, 102, 120 PiS 148, 157,163 Poland 1, 3, 5, 6,12,15-18, 23-51, 58,60-4,68-85,94,101, 121, 126,145-90 223 Poland and Romania 15, 16, 99,146, 153,160,188 Poland’s security 11,147,149,162 Poles 11, 32,189 policies 4, 5, 85, 86, 95, 97, 103,154, 155,156,185,186 Polish 22, 23, 29, 31, 32-40, 146-57,163 Polish Crisis 28, 29 Polish defense policies 149,154, 155,157 Polish membership in NATO 39, 147 Polish Solidarity 6, 7 political culture 12, 29,132,146,160 political systems 7, 9, 43, 97, 143,185 population 55, 56, 61, 64,123,127, 137,140,142,161,164,189,190 post-communism 34,188 post-communist transformation 12, 35, 38, 89 post-Yugoslav
states 10,15,131 power 14,15, 21, 40, 41, 43, 44, 76, 79, 80, 81,142,143,147,148 external 66, 68, 78 Prague NATO Summit 87, 109 Prague Spring 25, 54,193 Prague Summit 168 preparedness 10,13, 86, 88, 96, 150,151 procurement contracts 99,158 procurement spending 163 professional force, small 149,173,176 professionalism 23, 24, 140 professionalization 93, 156 pro-NATO 40, 48 pro-Russian 3, 40, 45 protection, environmental 96,159 PRT (Provincial Reconstruction Team) 59,134,170 public opinion 4,11, 23, 29, 30, 42, 43, 44, 47, 68, 163 RAND Corporation 177 refugees 1, 3, 4,18, 36, 185,186 Republic of Hungary 41, 90, 91, 92,104
224 Index Republic of Macedonia 137, 138 Republic of Poland 155,162 resistance 28, 29, 47, 111, 113 armed 35 Revolutions 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 Romania 1, 3, 5, 6,13, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 30-4, 40-54, 61, 63, 64, 68, 72-80, 90, 99,106,116,119, 122,128,145-79, 188,189 Romanians 27, 28, 43, 44,154, 160,189 roundtables 96,101 Russia 3, 4, 8,12,14,16,17,18, 31, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 61, 64, 66-78, 80-6, 95, 96, 97, 99,101, 102, 111, 112,115,119-48,155-9,166, 168-84,185-90 Russians 12,14,17,18, 44, 45, 51, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 83, 84, 85,103, 111, 121,157, 161,163, 168, 177,179,181,182, 189 aggression 16,177,179 ambitions 4,185,186, 189 attack 177,179 behavior 83, 84, 103 Empire 84, 111 energy 71-5,120 forces 177,178, 180 influence 111, 120,159 intervention 62, 190 leaders 70, 96,190 military 171,178, 179 pressure 66, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76 reaction 17,190 takeover 83, 84, 95,101,134, 150, 152 threat 16, 52,146,156,181 Russia-NATO Founding Act 18 Russian-speaking populations 179 sanctions 74, 90, 96,102,119,120 sea 108, 122 sea spaces 24 secession 48, 84 security 6,17, 57, 66, 68,109,142, 148, 153,159,162,168,181, 185,186, 188, 190 collective 25, 65,182 hard 65, 66, 67, 69, 80, 81 regional 142,151,156 security benefits, soft 68, 69, 81 security communities 67, 68, 81 security dilemma 67, 81, 89, 90 security guarantees 37, 39,168,191 hard 38, 69 security policy 4, 6, 34, 39, 50, 79, 89,153 security protection, soft 67, 68, 69 security provider 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81 security strategy 94, 95, 98 security threats 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 83, 95,185
SEDM (Southeastern European Defense Ministerial) 109, 152,154 Serbian 35, 36, 132,188 Serbs 5,14, 36, 48, 55,141,151,187 shatter-belt 130,131, 133,143,145 Slovakia 3, 5, 8,11,12, 40, 47, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64, 72-90, 93-103, 148,161,167, 168, 179, 185,18 Slovak Republic 59, 63, 64, 93,104 Slovaks 11, 12, 26, 40, 54, 59, 83, 84, 86, 93,101,102,103,190 Slovenia 5,11,13,14,15, 35, 40-64, 72, 96,116,128-35,141-3, 161-79,186,190 soft security 65-9 provider of 65-81 soldiers 31-3, 59, 60,100,101,104, 112,124,135,136, 151,152, 153,170,172 professional 174,175 solidarity 1, 6, 29, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 81 Southeastern European Defense Ministerial see SEDM
Index 225 South-Eastern Europe Brigade (SEEBRIG) 108,109 Southeast Europe 14, 55, 57,101,107, 152,162 Southern Europe 16, 76, 77,104 sovereignty 4, 34, 38, 94,156,168 Soviet bloc 22, 23, 25, 29 Soviet controls 7,10,16, 22, 23, 25, 26,27, 32, 52 Soviet empire 21, 22, 31, 34, 35 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 22, 27 Soviet occupation 21,165 Soviets 7,17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 44, 48, 112,166,175,182 Soviet Union 6, 8,16, 17, 20, 21, 23-44, 46, 53, 73, 76, 84,106, 143,146,166,179, 182,186, 189.190 stability 9,10,19, 25, 26, 31, 55, 57, 68, 89, 94, 106,133, 141, 143,144,153,181,185, 187, 188.190 political 13, 67, 80, 187 Stable Balkan NATO/EU members 106,107-29 status, candidate 6,132,145,167 Strategic Defense Review 137, 138,155 strategy 8, 78, 90, 94, 97, 114,115, 134,155,156,158,163 Suwałki corridor 178,180 Sweden 71,121,125,175 Szymański 21, 22,165,173,174,175 transformation 32, 95, 101, 117, 135,193 transition 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 69, 88, 119, 127, 139, 143 Transnistria 3, 8,13,16, 17, 35, 42-5, 179,189 Transnistrians 44 Transnistrian separatists 45,159 Trump, Donald 1, 2,18, 62, 75, 78, 120,150 Turkey 6,10, 28, 51, 68, 73, 81,112, 113, 116, 119 Turkish Stream 73, 75 territorial defense 100,149,156, 174, 176 terrorism 4, 5, 54, 67, 87, 99,147 threats 4, 5, 33, 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, 76, 81, 96,147,156, 157,187 Tito 21, 22, 26,133 Total People’s Defense 22 tradition 6, 8,16,19, 28, 78, 84 vacuum 9,103,131,143, 145 Very High Readiness Joint Task Force 96,172 violence 10, 51,187 Visegrád 11, 86 Visegrad countries 42,148 vision 85, 93, 95,115,155,169,
173 Vucic, President 141 Ukraine 18,42, 62, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 122, 128,137,147, 150,154,161, 170-9,186,189, 190 Ukrainians 17, 84, 98,103 uncertainties 11,19, 52, 65, 67, 78,85,95 United Kingdom 18, 53,128,129,170, 179,180,182 United States 5, 18, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37,38,40,41,42, 44, 48,49, 53, 54, 55, 58, 66, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86, 92,103,104,107, 109,112,119-33, 148,150, 157-68, 170-82 US Air Force 112,168,178 US ambassador 169,182 US decisions 4, 41 US military 126,168 US troops 39,175
226 Index Wałęsa 39, 42 Walçsa’s pleading 41 Wales Declaration 61 Wales Summit 18, 94,122,172 wars, conventional 156,180 Warsaw 25, 50, 70, 71, 80,189 Warsaw Pact 3, 7, 8, 23, 25, 27 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7 Warsaw Treaty Organization see WTO wars of Yugoslavian succession 8, 22, 28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 47, 48, 49 Washington 78, 79 weapons 18, 60, 87,113,173,174 nuclear 32,171 weapons systems 23, 24,173 Western alliances 15,18,19,107,108, 110, 136,138, 139,148,151, 185, 186,189 Western defense organizations 52, 57 Western Europe 38, 73,171 Western Europeans 8, 36, 49, 68, 79 Western European Union (WEU) 93 Western institutions 40, 47, 53 Western military alliance 13,17, 56, 58, 93, 94, 96,107,134 WEU (Western European Union) 93 women 108,110,118, 140, 143, 153,163 World War 114, 28,111,165 World War II 1, 21, 22, 28, 33, 36, 44, 46, 165,188,190 WTO (Warsaw Treaty Organization) 6, 7, 24, 25, 27,28, 33, 37, 38,39, 50 WTO members 6, 33, 35 Yugoslavia 6, 7, 8,10,13,14,20, 21,27, 28,31,34, 49, 54, 56, 91,116,131,132,133,143, 154,190 communist 14,15, 21, 22, 27, 48 Yugoslavians 8 Yugoslavian conflicts 36, 37 Yugoslavian military culture 49 Yugoslavian succession 8, 22, 28, 37, 38, 47, 48, 49 Yugoslav People’s Army 22 Yugoslav space 132,133 former 14, 55 Zapad 171,180,183 zone, buffer 131,133,145 Zrínyi 98, 99 Bayerische ļ Staatsbibliothek І |
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Contents List of tables List of contributors 1 Introduction: membership anniversaries and theoretical security models - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki 2 Cold War security experiences of Eastern European states - Jacek Lübecki 3 Anti-communist revolutions and the emergence of states responsible for their own defense - Jacek Lübecki 4 NATO: Partnership for Peace (PfP) and a staggered admission process - James W Peterson 5 The EU as a security provider in Eastern Europe - Michael Baun 6 Secure East-Central European NATO members: the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki 7 Stable Balkan NATO/EU members: Albania and Bulgaria - Ivan P. Nikolov and James W. Peterson 8 Vulnerability of former Yugoslav NATO (Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, and North Macedonia) and non-NATO (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia) states - James W. Peterson 9 States with significant security issues: Poland, Romania, and Moldova - Jacek Lübecki and James W. Peterson 10 Challenged Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania - Olavi Arens 11 Conclusion: moving beyond the 15-20-year anniversaries to stable policies in a time of constant political turmoil - James W. Peterson and Jacek Lübecki Bibliography Index viii ix 1 20 34 52 65 83 106 131 145 165 184 192 217
Index admission to NATO 5, 84, 94, 137,191 Adriatic Charter 109,138 adversaries 4, 5, 52,168 Afghanistan 1, 3, 4,11,13,14, 29, 40, 46, 49, 54-64, 87, 91, 92, 95, 101,102,107,108-10,116,123, 126,129,134,135,136-8, 141, 142,147, 148,150,151,154, 155,169, 170,176, 186 Afghanistan and Iraq 12, 55, 57, 106, 130,151,161,185 Albania 3, 5, 6, 13,15, 21, 27, 31, 34, 37, 42, 45, 46,47,49,51,55, 57, 63, 69,106-10,128, 129, 130,154,161,170,179,186, 188,190 Albanian military 108,110 Albanian populations 138,187 Albanians 46, 48, 55,108,110,132, 141,186 alliance activities 12, 53,103 alliance framework 132, 145 alliance membership 53,106, 109, 110,132,142,145,146, 186,188 alliance missions 58, 91,110, 134, 167 alliance partners 1, 3, 54, 56, 62, 108, 110,137,142,150,189 alliance planners 12, 52, 55, 62,138 alliance politics theory 129, 131, 133, 144,145 alliances 12,14, 52, 53, 61, 64, 95, 103,106,132-4,143, 145,146, 152,160, 163,191 alliance theory 2, 7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20,48,52,130,133 allies 4, 5, 23, 27, 31, 94,146,148, 152,183,186 American forces 59,170,178 anniversaries 2, 6,140,184,185 anti-communist revolutions 7, 34, 54 anti-tank weaponry 174,175,178 APCs (armored personal carrier) 31,149 armored vehicles 99,173,177,178 Austria 32, 49, 74, 79,112,117 autonomy 8, 21, 44, 90 Azerbaijan 120,161 Balkan region 143,144,154,188,190 Balkan states 13, 15, 60, 106, 186, 188 Balkan wars 2, 54, 55, 87,110, 131,160 Ballistic Missile Defence Agreement (BMDA) 153 Baltic air policing 171,193 Baltic airspace 172,173,176,178 Baltic countries 3, 37, 40,148,152, 165, 166, 171, 172, 178,179
Baltic militaries 170, 178 Baltics 13,17,18, 42, 46, 47, 51, 79, 146,158,165, 166, 173,175, 177,178,179,180,181,190 Baltic Sea 73,176,180 Baltic states 4, 8,17,18, 59, 64, 68, 71, 76, 79,154,165-215 base 56, 85, 128, 136,151, 166, 167,172
218 battlegroups 62, 88, 96, 100, 152 Beijing 77, 78, 93,129 Belarus 69, 71, 73, 88,126,172, 180,181 Belt and Road Initiative 77 bilateral relationships 90, 162,163 Black Sea 73, 79, 94,119,121, 126, 128,150-2,162 Black Sea Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation 150,152 Borisov 119,121,122, 125 Bosnia 10, 36, 37, 48, 55, 57, 91, 134, 137,139,142,143,144,161, 169,170 Bosnia-Herzegovina 5, 6,10,14,15, 48, 55, 57, 64, 94,107,108, 109, 131,132, 133, 138,139, 142,151,169,172,187,188, 190,191 Bosniaks 5,15, 48, 49 Brezhnev 26 Brussels 74,118, 139,191 Bucharest 116,146,153 Bulgaria 3, 6, 7, 8,13-15, 21, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54, 59-64, 72, 76, 106, 111-30,154,161-2,168, 186, 189,190 Bulgarian Army 115, 116,117 Bulgarian Council of Ministers 124 Bulgarian membership 43,118 Bulgarian military 113,115,117, 121,123 Bulgarian military participation in ΝΑΤΟ-EU operations 115 Bulgarian Ministry 122,126,129, 130, 194 Bulgarian politics 43, 111 Bulgarians 42, 43,111-13,118, 120, 121,124-9,194 capabilities 52, 59, 62, 64, 85, 91, 98, 100,142,167,168 capacity 57, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 75, 81, 103,156 Index Ceauşescu, Nicolae 28, 30 Central Europe 24, 96 Central Europeans 19, 80, 83, 86, 88, 94 changes, climate 66, 67, 68, 81,159 China 3, 66, 68, 76-81, 88, 93 Chinese investment 77, 78 citizens 67, 68, 90,122,175,184 civil war 8, 9,10,15,17, 20, 31, 49, 165 Clinton, Bill 41,42, 51,169 Cold War 6, 20, 21,27, 28, 29, 31, 52, 53, 129,160, 165,186 command structures 92,108 new 158 Commission 73, 74, 75 Common Security and Defense Policy see CSDP communism 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 28,
29, 31, 34, 35,146, 149 communists 6, 7, 20, 21, 23, 89 communist bloc 28, 160,186 communist countries 22,29, 30 former, 37, 168 communist era 16, 71,129,154 communist party 21, 29, 31, 45,106 communist past 20, 35, 40,129,143 communist period 6,106,146 communist rule 6, 20 communities 90,139,140,162, 182,184 international 142,144,165 conflict 15,17, 21, 31, 35, 36, 90, 111,113, 129, 131,138,139, 188,189 conflict resolution 39 contributions 1,11, 13, 59, 60, 87, 93,135,137, 151,154,161, 170,186 cooperation 46, 50, 51,114-17,120, 122,123,150,152,168,172, 173,182 coordination 24, 25, 94,122,178 countries candidate 40,137,169
Index poorest 27, 42, 45 post-communist 38, 40, 47, 50,104 Crimea 3,12, 14,18, 61, 83, 84, 85, 95, 96, 101, 103, 129, 134, 146, 150.152, 189 Crimean crisis 16, 85,102,103, 135, 141.150.189 crisis 1, 2, 22, 23, 28, 29, 85, 87, 88, 93, 94, 96, 100, 103,104 Croatia 1, 3, 5, 6,13,14,15, 36, 48, 49, 55, 56, 63, 96, 109, 116, 131-43,148,151,161,169,179, 186,190 Croats 5,15, 48 CSDP (Common Security and Defense Policy) 44, 65, 86, 95, 102, 103,110 cultures 15,19, 56, 92, 93,131, 145.189 Cyprus 14 Czech leaders 87 Czech leadership 95, 96 Czechoslovakians 22, 26, 28, 32, 39 Czechoslovakia 6, 7, 8, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29-33, 35, 39, 40, 47,154 Czechoslovak military 32 Czech Republic 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11,12, 40, 47, 56, 58, 63, 64, 72, 73, 76, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89,102, 148.153, 161,167,168,171, 179, 185 Czechs 11, 12,18, 26, 39, 54, 56, 60, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96,98,100,102,112,185, 189.190 defense civil 173,174,175 collective 62, 79, 92, 108, 167,177 defense budgets 1, 62, 64,101,149, 158,170,171 defense capabilities 83, 95,103,122 defense expenditures 1, 63,182 219 defense policies 4,11,18, 20, 39, 41, 47, 52, 90, 92, 97,108,136, 147,149,155,156,160,176 defense preparedness 9, 141, 142, 191 defense reforms 44, 46, 88,108 defense sector 8,100, 141,142, 150,153 defense spending 52, 63, 94, 99, 134, 135,144,169 demilitarization 6, 23, 30, 89 democracy 8, 39, 42, 43, 80, 102,159, 160, 167 democratic values 143,169 Denmark 32, 75,148,169,179,180 dependence, 7, 71, 72, 75, 95,102, 120,136 deployments 1,10, 36, 45, 46, 51, 87, 88, 92,100,149,170, 172 development 11, 23,
26, 27, 47, 48, 53, 79, 84, 91, 95, 120, 122 democratic 10,13,132,139, 144,147 dialogue 101,102,143, 150,152, 168,186 disintegration 157,165, 179 distances gravitational 131,133,145, 146,160 typological 131,133,145,146,160 East-Central Europe 20, 30, 31, 37,42, 167,171, 179 East-Central Europeans 4,11, 32, 37, 38,40,41,42, 47,185,190 East-Central European NATO members 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99,101,103, 105 Eastern Europe 2,10, 22, 38, 61, 63, 65, 66, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81,114,148, 153,169,185, 186, 189, 191 Eastern European (EE) 9,10, 25, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 76, 84 Eastern European states 2, 6, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 64, 77
220 Index Eastern Ukraine 84,122, 129 East Europeans 4, 11,12,15, 52, 150,154 East Germany 22, 24, 30, 31, 35, 37 elections 2, 43, 45, 51, 76, 90, 97,114, 119,122,127, 160,166 parliamentary 39, 40, 43, 46, 97,156 ESDP (European Security and Defense Policy) 86, 95 establishment 15, 22, 31, 61, 91, 101, 132, 146,166 Estonia 1, 5, 11, 17, 46, 52, 53, 59, 63, 64, 72, 73, 84,101,109,148, 150, 161,165-90 Estonians 59,176-9,182,190 ethnic groups 5, 9,15, 54, 142,187 Ethnic Russians 46, 70 ethnic tensions 143,144 Euractiv 70, 75, 76 Europe 8, 9, 36, 38, 39, 45, 46, 50, 76, 77, 78, 80,159, 172 post-communist 37, 38, 164 European Commission 72,110,118 European Council 72 European energy security 74 Europeanization 86, 93 European security 66, 81, 86, 95 European Security and Defense Policy see ESDP European States 78, 80, 166, 182, 199 European Union 18, 80, 167 European Union Common Security and Defense Policy see CSDP F-16 149 F-35 fighter bombers 158 federations 8,14, 53, 59,132, 133,145 FMF (Foreign Military Financing) 127 forces all-volunteer 87, 92 conscript-based 24,149 territorial 22,157 total 175,177 foreign policy 3, 27, 63,101,107,150, 160,181 Foreign Security Policy Coordination Committee (FSPCC) 94 former Soviet republics 10,17, 102,168 former Soviet Union 50,142,160 former Yugoslav states 133,135,137, 139,141, 143 FSPCC (Foreign Security Policy Coordination Committee), 94 gas 74, 75,120 Gazprom 73, 74 Georgia 1, 42, 69, 88, 94, 95,100,102, 108,128, 129, 137,148,150, 161, 186, 189,190 German unification 37,165 Germany, 4, 32, 37, 41, 73, 74, 77, 78, 84,112, 126,171,176,
179,180 Gheorghiu-Dej 27 Greater Albania 188 Greece 3, 6, 14, 28, 56, 77, 82,112, 113,116, 142,157 growth of illiberal nationalism 66, 76, 79, 80, 81 Herzegovina 115,116, 123,129,139 HOMAR 156 Hungarians 8, 23, 38, 39, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 99,102, 104,190 Hungarian Defense Forces 91 Hungarian military 32, 92 Hungarian National Military Strategy 98 Hungarian Republic Ministry of Defense 89, 90, 92, 98, 99,105 Hungary 3, 4, 5, 6, 9,12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30-3, 35, 39, 41, 47, 51, 54, 58, 60, 63, 64, 72-83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99,100-4, 116, 120, 128, 148,151,152, 161,167,168, 171,179-85
Index illiberalism, domestic 4 illiberal nationalism 66, 76, 79, 80,81 illiberal tendencies 80 independence 22,104,106,139,143, 147.151.165.166.167.168, 172,187 insecurity 73, 90 instability 8, 31, 46, 47, 95, 132, 134, 142,146,150 institutions 2, 21, 25, 35, 50, 68, 80, 129, 152 liberal 7,15, 36,160 International Security Assistance Force see ISAF intervention 18, 68, 69,132 Iraq 1, 3, 12, 13, 19, 40, 46, 49, 54, 55-61, 91, 92,101,102, 106-8,130,137,138,142, 147.148.151.154.161.169, 170,185 Iraq and Afghanistan 4, 13, 14, 54, 56, 148,154,155,186 Iraq War 11,61 ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) 58, 59,116, 137, 138,139 Italy 46, 49, 77,107,112,121,125, 148,179 joining NATO 34, 40,113,151,159, 160,169 Kabul Airport 58, 59,108,109,151 KFOR (Kosovo Force) 129,139 Kiev 72, 74, 75, 84,101 Kosovo 3, 6,10,14,15, 36, 48, 55, 56, 57, 64, 69, 86, 87, 91, 95, 103, 107,108,116,129-51, 164,169, 170,186-8,191 Kosovo Albanians 14,15, 36 Kosovo Security Force see KSF Kosovo’s leaders 139,140 Kraijna 36, 48 KSF (Kosovo Security Force) 140 221 land forces 124,125, 135, 150,174 Latvia 5,17, 46, 53, 59, 60, 63, 72, 73, 84, 96,101,109,150,152,161, 165-83, 189-91 leaders, communist 21, 22, 26 leadership, authoritarian 15, 56,143 legacies, 3, 6, 7,16, 37, 48, 71,106, 129,135, 185 liberal democracy 33, 97,145,146 liberal internationalism 89, 90 liberalism, 2, 3, 5, 7, 30, 89, 90, 97 Lithuania 5,17, 18, 46, 47, 51, 53, 59, 60, 61, 63, 70-3, 84, 101, 109,161-90 Lithuanians 70,175,180 London 116,170 Macedonia 6,15, 36, 46, 48, 49, 55-7, 94,109,137,138,142,161, 188 former Yugoslav
Republic of 116, 138,187 MAP see Membership Action Plan member countries 30,128 Membership Action Plan (MAP) 46, 116, 139,167 membership in NATO 39, 41, 44, 50, 51, 54, 84, 88, 91, 92,106,108, 111,129,133,134,136,188 member states 25, 27, 61, 62, 65, 68, 70, 71, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 95 Middle East 46, 76,186 migration 66,141 increased 76 legal 118 migration patterns 123 militarism 30, 35, 48 military alliance 11, 61,140,141, 160,191 military budget 24, 32,105,136,163 military capabilities 11,18, 55, 63,141 military contributions 12, 14, 60, 183 military doctrine 28, 31,115,154,155 military education 135,152,173 military equipment 25, 32, 56,124 military exercises, joint 50,128
222 Index military forces 10, 16, 61, 64,110, 151, 159,175,190 military operations 61, 65, 86, 87, 93 military personnel 18, 31, 58, 59, 60, 63, 93,123, 124,136, 151 military spending 3, 24, 30, 31, 32, 62, 89, 92, 97 Ministry of Defense of Bulgaria 60,120 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary 58, 60 missions 1,13,14, 58, 59, 61, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95,100, 101,102,107, 109, 116,123, 137,138, 148, 152,162,169, 170,172,190 modernization 92, 95,101,117, 119, 120,122,126, 128,156 Moldova 3, 6,15-17, 35, 42, 44-7, 69, 95,100,102, 116,128, 145, 150,159,161, 164,189 Montenegro 5, 6,13,15, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 63, 69, 93, 109,116, 128.131.133, 136,141, 143, 164, 170,179, 186,187, 190 Moscow 6, 7, 16, 18, 30, 54, 59, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84,129,143,147,160, 165,189 MPFSEE (Multinational Peacekeeping Force of Eastern Europe) 109 national defense 98,113, 117, 134, 157, 158 nationalism 14, 34, 35, 90 National Military Strategy 90, 91, 92,150 national security 88, 91, 94,114,116, 118.129.133, 155,191 National Security Strategy 90, 91, 146,147,152, 155,158,162, 163,175 NATO activities 102, 103, 169 admission 138,141 countries 10, 63,169, 173,175 enlargement 168 EU 47, 90 expansion 37, 41, 42, 48, 50, 84, 168, 181 forces 57,108,116,172,176,181, 182,187 goals 102,134 Headquarters 113,114 interests 86, 103 interventions 15, 55 members 13,18, 37,109, 111, 133, 136, 151,173,180,183, 188, 191 new 5, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 94 membership 12, 39, 40, 42, 46, 47, 51, 57,108-17, 168,189,190 military exercises 108,134 missions 56, 58, 87,123,141, 142, 171 operations 11, 59,
61,108,110, 121, 147 planners 62,176 program 50,113 projects 58, 135 Public Diplomacy Division 135,136, 144, 157,172,173,179,183 Response force (NRF) 88, 93, 107,152 Security Investment Program (NSIP) 126, 152 troops 84,179, 181 Wales Summit 64,151 natural gas 71, 72,147 NCOs 108, 138 neighborhood 6, 9-11, 53, 65, 83,106, 130, 142 neighbors 8, 90,101,140, 142, 185,188 new members 2,11,13, 41, 53, 54, 59, 66, 69, 94,151 new member states 1, 66, 69, 70, 71, 77,145 non-EU states 82,182 non-military 66, 67, 147 Nord Stream 66, 71, 73
Index Nord Stream and Turkish Stream 73 Northern Europe 18,182 North Macedonia 3, 5, 6,11,13, 15, 55, 57, 69,109,131-8, 141-3, 186,187,188,191 NRF (NATO Response force) 88, 93, 107,152 NSIP (NATO Security Investment Program) 126, 152 Obama, Barack 153,170 officers 35, 45,108,124,137,138, 166,173 operations international 172,192 peacekeeping 36, 88,110,135, 169, 174 optimism 168,169 Orbán, Victor 86, 89, 96-9, 100, 104 Orbán and FIDESZ’s rhetorical shift 97 Orbán’s ideological 98 Orbán’s rhetoric 97 order 30, 34, 46, 99, 112 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) 36, 50, 100,101,109 partners 11, 53, 78,108,110,133, 136,141,151,167,182 Partnership for Peace see PfP peace 3, 9, 36, 90,153,158 peacekeeping 2, 87, 91,142,183 peacekeeping forces 57, 109, 132,135, 137,169 peacekeeping missions 108,172,176 PfP (Partnership for Peace) 5, 41, 42, 45, 46, 50, 52, 53,133,139, 140,167 PfP member 54, 56, 57 pipelines 66, 71, 73, 74, 75, 95, 102, 120 PiS 148, 157,163 Poland 1, 3, 5, 6,12,15-18, 23-51, 58,60-4,68-85,94,101, 121, 126,145-90 223 Poland and Romania 15, 16, 99,146, 153,160,188 Poland’s security 11,147,149,162 Poles 11, 32,189 policies 4, 5, 85, 86, 95, 97, 103,154, 155,156,185,186 Polish 22, 23, 29, 31, 32-40, 146-57,163 Polish Crisis 28, 29 Polish defense policies 149,154, 155,157 Polish membership in NATO 39, 147 Polish Solidarity 6, 7 political culture 12, 29,132,146,160 political systems 7, 9, 43, 97, 143,185 population 55, 56, 61, 64,123,127, 137,140,142,161,164,189,190 post-communism 34,188 post-communist transformation 12, 35, 38, 89 post-Yugoslav
states 10,15,131 power 14,15, 21, 40, 41, 43, 44, 76, 79, 80, 81,142,143,147,148 external 66, 68, 78 Prague NATO Summit 87, 109 Prague Spring 25, 54,193 Prague Summit 168 preparedness 10,13, 86, 88, 96, 150,151 procurement contracts 99,158 procurement spending 163 professional force, small 149,173,176 professionalism 23, 24, 140 professionalization 93, 156 pro-NATO 40, 48 pro-Russian 3, 40, 45 protection, environmental 96,159 PRT (Provincial Reconstruction Team) 59,134,170 public opinion 4,11, 23, 29, 30, 42, 43, 44, 47, 68, 163 RAND Corporation 177 refugees 1, 3, 4,18, 36, 185,186 Republic of Hungary 41, 90, 91, 92,104
224 Index Republic of Macedonia 137, 138 Republic of Poland 155,162 resistance 28, 29, 47, 111, 113 armed 35 Revolutions 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 Romania 1, 3, 5, 6,13, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 30-4, 40-54, 61, 63, 64, 68, 72-80, 90, 99,106,116,119, 122,128,145-79, 188,189 Romanians 27, 28, 43, 44,154, 160,189 roundtables 96,101 Russia 3, 4, 8,12,14,16,17,18, 31, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 61, 64, 66-78, 80-6, 95, 96, 97, 99,101, 102, 111, 112,115,119-48,155-9,166, 168-84,185-90 Russians 12,14,17,18, 44, 45, 51, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 83, 84, 85,103, 111, 121,157, 161,163, 168, 177,179,181,182, 189 aggression 16,177,179 ambitions 4,185,186, 189 attack 177,179 behavior 83, 84, 103 Empire 84, 111 energy 71-5,120 forces 177,178, 180 influence 111, 120,159 intervention 62, 190 leaders 70, 96,190 military 171,178, 179 pressure 66, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76 reaction 17,190 takeover 83, 84, 95,101,134, 150, 152 threat 16, 52,146,156,181 Russia-NATO Founding Act 18 Russian-speaking populations 179 sanctions 74, 90, 96,102,119,120 sea 108, 122 sea spaces 24 secession 48, 84 security 6,17, 57, 66, 68,109,142, 148, 153,159,162,168,181, 185,186, 188, 190 collective 25, 65,182 hard 65, 66, 67, 69, 80, 81 regional 142,151,156 security benefits, soft 68, 69, 81 security communities 67, 68, 81 security dilemma 67, 81, 89, 90 security guarantees 37, 39,168,191 hard 38, 69 security policy 4, 6, 34, 39, 50, 79, 89,153 security protection, soft 67, 68, 69 security provider 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 81 security strategy 94, 95, 98 security threats 65, 66, 67, 68, 81, 83, 95,185
SEDM (Southeastern European Defense Ministerial) 109, 152,154 Serbian 35, 36, 132,188 Serbs 5,14, 36, 48, 55,141,151,187 shatter-belt 130,131, 133,143,145 Slovakia 3, 5, 8,11,12, 40, 47, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64, 72-90, 93-103, 148,161,167, 168, 179, 185,18 Slovak Republic 59, 63, 64, 93,104 Slovaks 11, 12, 26, 40, 54, 59, 83, 84, 86, 93,101,102,103,190 Slovenia 5,11,13,14,15, 35, 40-64, 72, 96,116,128-35,141-3, 161-79,186,190 soft security 65-9 provider of 65-81 soldiers 31-3, 59, 60,100,101,104, 112,124,135,136, 151,152, 153,170,172 professional 174,175 solidarity 1, 6, 29, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 81 Southeastern European Defense Ministerial see SEDM
Index 225 South-Eastern Europe Brigade (SEEBRIG) 108,109 Southeast Europe 14, 55, 57,101,107, 152,162 Southern Europe 16, 76, 77,104 sovereignty 4, 34, 38, 94,156,168 Soviet bloc 22, 23, 25, 29 Soviet controls 7,10,16, 22, 23, 25, 26,27, 32, 52 Soviet empire 21, 22, 31, 34, 35 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 22, 27 Soviet occupation 21,165 Soviets 7,17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 44, 48, 112,166,175,182 Soviet Union 6, 8,16, 17, 20, 21, 23-44, 46, 53, 73, 76, 84,106, 143,146,166,179, 182,186, 189.190 stability 9,10,19, 25, 26, 31, 55, 57, 68, 89, 94, 106,133, 141, 143,144,153,181,185, 187, 188.190 political 13, 67, 80, 187 Stable Balkan NATO/EU members 106,107-29 status, candidate 6,132,145,167 Strategic Defense Review 137, 138,155 strategy 8, 78, 90, 94, 97, 114,115, 134,155,156,158,163 Suwałki corridor 178,180 Sweden 71,121,125,175 Szymański 21, 22,165,173,174,175 transformation 32, 95, 101, 117, 135,193 transition 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 69, 88, 119, 127, 139, 143 Transnistria 3, 8,13,16, 17, 35, 42-5, 179,189 Transnistrians 44 Transnistrian separatists 45,159 Trump, Donald 1, 2,18, 62, 75, 78, 120,150 Turkey 6,10, 28, 51, 68, 73, 81,112, 113, 116, 119 Turkish Stream 73, 75 territorial defense 100,149,156, 174, 176 terrorism 4, 5, 54, 67, 87, 99,147 threats 4, 5, 33, 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, 76, 81, 96,147,156, 157,187 Tito 21, 22, 26,133 Total People’s Defense 22 tradition 6, 8,16,19, 28, 78, 84 vacuum 9,103,131,143, 145 Very High Readiness Joint Task Force 96,172 violence 10, 51,187 Visegrád 11, 86 Visegrad countries 42,148 vision 85, 93, 95,115,155,169,
173 Vucic, President 141 Ukraine 18,42, 62, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 122, 128,137,147, 150,154,161, 170-9,186,189, 190 Ukrainians 17, 84, 98,103 uncertainties 11,19, 52, 65, 67, 78,85,95 United Kingdom 18, 53,128,129,170, 179,180,182 United States 5, 18, 22, 32, 33, 36, 37,38,40,41,42, 44, 48,49, 53, 54, 55, 58, 66, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86, 92,103,104,107, 109,112,119-33, 148,150, 157-68, 170-82 US Air Force 112,168,178 US ambassador 169,182 US decisions 4, 41 US military 126,168 US troops 39,175
226 Index Wałęsa 39, 42 Walçsa’s pleading 41 Wales Declaration 61 Wales Summit 18, 94,122,172 wars, conventional 156,180 Warsaw 25, 50, 70, 71, 80,189 Warsaw Pact 3, 7, 8, 23, 25, 27 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7 Warsaw Treaty Organization see WTO wars of Yugoslavian succession 8, 22, 28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 47, 48, 49 Washington 78, 79 weapons 18, 60, 87,113,173,174 nuclear 32,171 weapons systems 23, 24,173 Western alliances 15,18,19,107,108, 110, 136,138, 139,148,151, 185, 186,189 Western defense organizations 52, 57 Western Europe 38, 73,171 Western Europeans 8, 36, 49, 68, 79 Western European Union (WEU) 93 Western institutions 40, 47, 53 Western military alliance 13,17, 56, 58, 93, 94, 96,107,134 WEU (Western European Union) 93 women 108,110,118, 140, 143, 153,163 World War 114, 28,111,165 World War II 1, 21, 22, 28, 33, 36, 44, 46, 165,188,190 WTO (Warsaw Treaty Organization) 6, 7, 24, 25, 27,28, 33, 37, 38,39, 50 WTO members 6, 33, 35 Yugoslavia 6, 7, 8,10,13,14,20, 21,27, 28,31,34, 49, 54, 56, 91,116,131,132,133,143, 154,190 communist 14,15, 21, 22, 27, 48 Yugoslavians 8 Yugoslavian conflicts 36, 37 Yugoslavian military culture 49 Yugoslavian succession 8, 22, 28, 37, 38, 47, 48, 49 Yugoslav People’s Army 22 Yugoslav space 132,133 former 14, 55 Zapad 171,180,183 zone, buffer 131,133,145 Zrínyi 98, 99 Bayerische ļ Staatsbibliothek І |
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| id | DE-604.BV047481680 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:12:47Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:16:46Z |
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| isbn | 9781526147561 |
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| publishDate | 2021 |
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| publisher | Manchester University Press |
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| spelling | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states edited by Jacek Lubecki and James W. Peterson Manchester [UK] Manchester University Press 2021 x, 226 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf NATO (DE-588)377-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 2000- gnd rswk-swf Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf North Atlantic Treaty Organization European Union / Europe, Eastern National security / Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern / Military policy European Union Military policy National security Eastern Europe (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content NATO (DE-588)377-3 b Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 s Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Geschichte 2000- z DE-604 Lubecki, Jacek (DE-588)1183014627 edt Peterson, James W. 1945- (DE-588)1067218300 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5261-4755-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032883164&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032883164&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd NATO (DE-588)377-3 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)377-3 (DE-588)4116489-1 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states |
| title_auth | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states |
| title_exact_search | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states |
| title_full | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states edited by Jacek Lubecki and James W. Peterson |
| title_fullStr | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states edited by Jacek Lubecki and James W. Peterson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Defending Eastern Europe the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states edited by Jacek Lubecki and James W. Peterson |
| title_short | Defending Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | defending eastern europe the defense policies of new nato and eu member states |
| title_sub | the defense policies of new NATO and EU member states |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd NATO (DE-588)377-3 gnd Sicherheitspolitik (DE-588)4116489-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union NATO Sicherheitspolitik Osteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032883164&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032883164&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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