Like salt for bread: the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina
"In the wake of the violence in the Balkans at the end of the twentieth century, most of the attention of scholars studying Southeastern Europe has been directed to the past, present, and imagined future of the three largest ethnoreligious communities within the former Yugoslavia. This is not u...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Leiden ; Boston
Brill
[2022]
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| Series: | Studia Judaeoslavica
volume 13 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "In the wake of the violence in the Balkans at the end of the twentieth century, most of the attention of scholars studying Southeastern Europe has been directed to the past, present, and imagined future of the three largest ethnoreligious communities within the former Yugoslavia. This is not unduly curious if we believe that we can learn something about the reasons for the violence that shattered Yugoslavia by studying the historical interactions among the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. However, the smaller ethnic groups within that destroyed country have not generally been the subject of much scrutiny." |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 946 Seiten 6 Illustrationen, 2 Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9789004471047 |
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Contents Acknowledgements xv List of Figures, Maps, and Tables xviii Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms xx Introduction: Like Salt for Bread і 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 2 Identity, Ethnicity, and Religion in the Lands of the Former Yugoslavia 8 3 The Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 1 The Sephardic Strand 17 1 Introduction 17 2 Early Jewish Settlement in Iberia 19 3 The Jews in Medieval Spain 22 The Visigothic Era 22 3-і The Moorish Period 27 3-2 The Reconquista Period 36 3-3 Decline of the Jewish Position in Christian 3-3-1 Spain 44 Conversos, the Crown, and the Inquisition 54 3-3-2 3.3.2.1 The Conversos 55 3.3.2.2 The Inquisition 60 4 Expulsion of the Jews from Iberia and the Journey to the Balkans 5 The Jewish Experience in Iberia 72 2 The Jews in the Ottoman Empire 73 1 Introduction 74 2 Iberian Jews Enter the Ottoman Empire 76 3 Sephardic Settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina 88 3.1 Sarajevo 89 3.1.1 Jewish Settlement Patterns in Sarajevo 3.2 Smaller BosnianJewish Communities 104 3.2.1 Mostar 104 3.2.2 Banja Luka 105 3.2.3 Bihać 106 3.2.4 Travnik 106 3.2.5 Derventa 108 3.2.6 Bijeljina 108 3.2.7 Brčko 108 97 63
x CONTENTS 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3.2.8 Žepče 109 3.2.9 Zvomik 109 The Ottoman Administration and the Jews 109 The Jews and the Ottoman Communal Organization 111 5.1 Dhimmthood 114 5.2 Taxation of the Dhimmi 120 The Sarajevo Megillah 122 Ottoman Reforms and the Jews 127 The Jews in the Ottoman Economy 132 Bosnian Jewish Marital Customs 141 Bosnian Jewish Communal Organization 143 10.1 Reiigious, Social, and Cultural Administration 150 The Effect of Messianism on the Ottoman Jews: Shabtai Zvi 156 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire 163 12.1 The Effect of the Ottoman Dedine on the BosnianJews 165 12.2 The Rise ofNationalism 169 Sephardic Culture in the Ottoman Empire 173 13.1 Judeo-espanjol 175 Spain and the Sephardim 180 The Jewish Experience in the Ottoman Empire 181 3 The Ashkenazic Strand 182 1 Introduction 182 2 Origins and Development of the Ashkenazim 182 3 Jewish Relations with Austro-Hungarian Society 185 4 Jewish Communal Administration 191 5 Austro-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Bosnian Jewish Political Activity 200 7 Bosnian Jewish Demographic Profile 207 8 Bosnian Jewish Socioeconomic Life 229 9 Bosnian Jewish Communal Life 242 10 Bosnian Jewish Religious Life 245 n Bosnianjewish Cultural Life: Print, Media, the Arts 248 12 The Bosnian Jews under Austria-Hungary 251 4 The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/the First Yugoslavia 252 1 Introduction 252 2 The Balkan Wars 252 3 South Slavic Jews in World War 1 253 4 The Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 255 195
XI CONTENTS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bosnian Jewish Interwar Demographic Profile 259 5.1 BosnianJews in the Provinces 266 Relations between Bosnian Sephardim and Ashkenazim 270 Yugoslav and Bosnian Jewish Interwar Occupational Profile 273 Economic Situation of the Bosnian Jews 279 Bosnian Jewish Political Activity 281 Bosnian Jewish Communal Organization 287 Zionism 294 10.1 Integrationalism 296 10.2 Diaspora Nationalism 297 10.3 The Local Community 302 10.4 Communal Leadership 302 10.5 Communal Religious Organizations 303 10.6 Communal Religious Leadership 305 10.7 10.8 Schools and Language 307 Bosnian Jewish Cultural Activity 311 11.1 Jewish Newspapers 311 11.2 Jewish Artists 313 11.3 Jewish Authors, Essayists, Poets 315 Bosnian Jewish Social and Charitable/Humanitarian Organizations 319 12.1 La Benevolencija 320 12.2 Other BosnianJewish Communal/Humanitarian Organizations 331 12.3 Youth and Workers’ Societies 338 Bosnian Jews in the Spanish Civil War 343 Antisemitism in Internar Yugoslavia 346 14.1 BosnianJewish Response to the Rise of Yugoslav Fascism 365 Bosnian Jews in Interwar Yugoslavia 369 5 World War lí 1 2 3 370 Introduction: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Rise of the Independent State of Croatia 370 Bosnian Jewish Demographic Profile in the Independent State of Croatia 381 “The Hunt for the Jews” 383 3.1 Bosnian Response to the Establishment of the Independent State of Croatia 387 3.2 Anti-Jewish Legislation 399 3.3 Honorary Aryans 405
XII 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 CONTENTS The Rationale for Impoverishment of the Jewish Population 408 4.1 Theft ofJewish Personal Property 408 4.2 Appointment օ/՜Povjerenicifor the Plunder ofJewish Businesses 412 4.3 Ustaše Control overJewish Communal Organizations 418 4.3.1 Plunder of Bosnian Jewish Communal Property 423 The Sarajevo Haggadah During World War 11 426 Early Violence against the Jews 429 Bosnian Jews in the First Months of Occupation 435 The Catholic Church in the Independent State of Croatia 440 The Islamic Religious Community in the Independent State of Croatia 458 The Shoah in Bosnia and Herzegovina 462 10.1 Ustaše Establishment of Concentration Camps 465 10.1.1 Deportations of Bosnian Jews 470 10.1.2 Bosnian Jews in Concentration Camps 479 10.1.3 Number of World War II Bosnian Jewish Victims 483 The Italian Zone 487 11.1 Jews in Italy’s Zone II 488 11.1.1 Rab Concentration Camp 501 Jewish Participation in the Resistance 510 12.1 BosnianJews in the Partisans 525 12.2 BosnianJewish Prisoners of War 534 12.3 The Cetniks and theJews 535 The Handžar Division 537 Shoah Survivors 545 Bosnian Righteous among the Nations 549 TheBosnianJewsinWorldWarn 551 6 The Communist Era 552 1 Introduction 552 2 Popular Identification and Its Impact on Bosnia and Herzegovina 555 2.1 Narad 555 2.2 Narodnost 557 2.3 Etničke Manjine 558 2.4 Evolution of the Concept o/'Narod 559 3 Bosnian Jewish Relations with the Socialist State and Society 560
XIII CONTENTS 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Postwar Reconstruction of the YugoslavJewish Community 565 Jewish Industrial Property 570 Demographic Profile of the BosnianJewish Community 3.3.1 The Effect of Aliyah on Bosnian Jewish 570 Demography 575 3.3.2 Occupational Profile of Yugoslav Jews 579 Post-World War 11 Bosnian Jewish Communal Life 587 4.1 Jewish Communal Organization 590 4.2 BosnianJewish Communal Property under Socialism 597 4.2.1 Synagogues 597 4.2.2 Cemeteries 600 Bosnian Jewish Cultural Life 607 Yugoslav-Israeli Relations and Their Effect on Yugoslavia’s Jews 608 Antisemitism in Communist Yugoslavia 613 Visible Shoah Commemorations 615 Yugoslavia’s Interethnic Relations 620 9.1 The Collapse of “Brotherhood and Unity” 623 9.2 The Empowerment ofNationalist Leaders 631 The Yugoslav Crisis and Its Effects on Bosnia and Herzegovina 632 10.1 The Bosnian Leadership Crisis 638 10.2 Ethnic Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina 639 The Bosnian Jewish Community at the End of Communist Yugoslavia 647 7 War in the 1990s 649 1 Introduction: European Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century 649 2 Ancient Ethnic Hatreds? 651 3 The Wars of Yugoslav Succession 656 3.1 Opening Shots of the Bosnian War 658 3.2 The Bosnian War 66о 3.2.1 Sarajevo Besieged 663 3.2.2 The International Response to the Bosnian War 666 4 The Role of the Bosnian Jewish Community in the Bosnian War 672 4.1 The Rediscovery ofJewish Identity 672 4.2 The Reestablishment of La Benevolencija 675 4.3 The BosnianJewish Community in the Bosnian War 680
CONTENTS XIV 4.4 5 6 The Organization of theJewish Community in Besieged Sarajevo 687 4.4.1 The Split Logistical Center 688 4.4.2 La Benevolencija-sponsored Programs 689 4.4.2.1 Magacin (Warehouse) 690 4·4.2.2 Women’s Section: Bohoreta 692 4.4.2.3 Health Service 694 44.2.4 Pharmacy 694 44.2.5 Clinic 696 44.2.6 House Visit Program 696 44.2.7 People’s Kitchen 697 44.2.8 Radio Station and Postal Service 698 44.2.9 Departmentfor Cultural and Religious Questions 699 44.2.10 Computer Center 701 4.4.2.11 Evacuations 701 The Sarajevo Haggadah during the Bosnian War 708 Bosnian Jews in the Bosnian War 710 8 The Postwar Bosnian Jewish Community 711 1 Introduction 711 2 The Dayton Peace Accords and Their Implications 712 3 Characterization of the Bosnian War 717 4 Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union 721 5 Profile of the Postwar Bosnian Jewish Community 724 5.1 Synagogues and Cemeteries 729 5.2 Sociocultural Condition of the BosnianJewish Community 732 6 Bosnian Jewish Involvement in Postwar BiH 746 7 The Sarajevo Haggadah 749 8 The Bosnian View of the Shoah 752 9 Antisemitism in Bosnia and Herzegovina 763 10 Expropriation, Nationalization, Restitution in Postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina 767 10.1 Status ofBosnianJewish Personal and Communal Property 774 11 The Claims Conference 784 12 Sejdić-Finci 785 13 Bosnian Relations with Israel 787 14 Future Prospects 789 Bibliography Index 872 795
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Index Abd-ar-Rahman iii 30,34 Abdülhamid π 130,130Ո413,172 Constitution of December 1876 130 Abdülmecid 128,129,130,155 Tanzimat 128,129 Abinun, Albert i. 517 Abinun, Avraham (Rabbi) 603 Abinun, Braco 583 Abinun, Isak 312 Abinun, Izidor 404Ո262,432,475Ո792 Abinun, Josef (Cicko) 697,732 Abinun, Markus 531Ո1215 Abner of Burgos 47 Abravanel, Isaac 40,54,54Ո266,66, 66Ո361 Abromeit, Franz 479 Abu Abbas (Muhammed Zaidan) 609 Abu Nidal 610Ո360 Fatah Revolutionary Council 609,610 Abwehr 532 AchiUe Lauro бод Adolphus, Gustavus 186 Adrianople. See Edirne Adriatic Coast 233,376,594 Adriatic Sea 5,5Ո19, 89Ո186,104,135, 378, 737 Aegean 121 Ahdname of Milodraž. See Franciscans, Ahdname of Milodraž. Ahdus 337 AhdutHaolim 339 AhdutHatzofim 339,340 Aimone (Prince) 487,487Ո885 See abo Duke of Spoleto; Tomislav ii al-Andalus (Andalusia) 19, 29,30,31,32,35, 37. 38 59. 67,178Ո797 Jews in i8ng, 19Ո15,33Ո93,34.36,44.72 Moorish rule 27-36,37,38,44,72 al-Husseini, Amin 405Ո277,417, 509Ո1062, 545,566 antisemitism 360-1,538 genocide 538 Handžar Division 537, 538, 540, 542Ո1302, 543 relations with Ante Pavelič 539 relations with Bosnian Muslims 538,540 relations with Nazis 538,539,540 relations with Mussolini 493,4дзпд2б relations with Ustaše 539 Alajbegovič, Abdulah 91 Alaric π 23 Alba Bible 53 Albahari, Аса 523 Albahari, Jozef (Čučo) 341,514, 617Ո404 Albahari, Moric 515Ш102,546 Albahari, Nişim (Rajko) 341,404Ո262,522, 522Ո1154,526,528,530,533,558,582, 582Ո183,583Ո194,586, 617Ո404 Albahari, Salamon (Josip Ivanovič) 517,529 Albahari, Šalom 432,432Ո480,522, 5221U154,583,583Ո197 Albahari, Tilda 523
Albahari-Ferušič, Blanka 523,617Ո404 Albala, David 361 Albania 160,373,437,542,609 Jews in 88,436,437,497Ո958, 737 Albanians 257Ո26,259,382,609, 628Ո447,632 in Handžar Division 542 narodnost in Yugoslavia 558 Albigensian Crusade 60 Alconstantini 40 Alevi, Gabrijel N. 432 Alexander π (Russia) ւց8աւշ Alfonso пі 42,44Ո192,45 Alfonso vi 39,40,42Ո172,174 Alfonso x 33П101,38,43 Las Siete Partidas 22Ո27,43 Alfonso хи 345 Alfonso xm 345,346 Algeria 51 Alhambra Decree. See Edict of Expulsion, and Spain, expulsion ofJews. Ali-beg, Hadim 14,91 aliyah 18, 79Ո63,182, 293, 294, 340, 550Ո1350, 572, 574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 579Ո156, 579Ո160, 608, 609, 611, 683, 684-5, 687, 704, 734, 775 Alkalai, Yehuda 2990278 Alkalaj, Ašer 235 Alkalaj, David 295,351
873 INDEX Alkalaj, Hájím 312 Alkalaj, Isak (Rabbi) 283,305,306,307,309, 328,34611601 Alkalaj, Jehuda 138 Alkalaj, Jehudah ben Soloman Haj (Rabbi) 118 Alkalaj, Moša 514Ո1096 Alkalaj, Mošo 549,550Ո1350 Alkalaj, Sven 747 Alkalaj, Vita 201,206,2o6m8o, 282 Alliance Israélite Universelle 170,248, Allies 254.727 357Ո37,434, 444Ո559. 498. 500, 504, 507. 565 Almohads 30,35,36,37,52 Almoravids 30,35 Altarac, Avram Majer 283,284,414Ո346 Altarac, Aron 268 Altarac, Avram 225 Altarac, Avram E. 420 Altarac, Haim 480,480Ո827 Altarac, Hanika (Vuja) 530,531 Altarac, Isak 237,335,432,517 Altarac, Jakov 239 Altarac, Jozef J. 341 Altarac, Mordo (Marko) 523,586 Altarac, Moše 603 Altarac, Rafo 432 Altarac, Salomon 202 Alvarez Mendizabal, Juan 345 Ambrosio, Vittorio 496 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (jdc) 382,439, 561,572, 573,669 aid during Bosnian War 678, 688, 693, 696,698, 702,702Ո315,703,704 aid for refugees 264055,382, 439Ո527,491 emigration of Bosnian Jews 579, 685, 702,703 post-Bosnian War programs 736,737, 738,739,741,746 post-World War 11 aid to Yugoslavia 591, 592, 592Ո256,593,614Ո387,697Ո283 Amsterdam 74Ո5,158 Anatolia 86Ո85, 91,112,118,119,170,173, 174,255 See abo Ottoman Empire, Anatolia Ancona 134 Andrássy, Gyula 195 Andric, Ivo д6, 97,317,424 Anschluss 361 See also Austria, Anschluss Antiochus Epiphanes 45Ո200 Antifascist Council of Yugoslavia (avnoj ) 481Ո835, 635 antisemitism 737,763 Ashkenazim 349,350 and nationalism 171,737 Bosnian Muslims 353,360,393-4, 7560261 Christian antisemitism 170,171 in Austria 191 in Austria-Hungary 187, ідо, 191,193, շօ6,232 in Bosnia
and Herzegovina 206, 348, 349, 352, 353, 357, 359֊6o, 363, 369, 386, 388, 392, 393, 396, 397, 398, 438, 462, 551, 611П368, 614, 682, 756Ո261, 763-7 in Catholic Church 24,44П193, 72,187, 359,398,440,441,443,446Ո566,451, 452, 455 in Četniks in Croatia 536-7 352,352Ո645,358,359,360, 377,388,463Ո688, 749 in Croatian Peasant Party 284,463Ո688 in Eastern Europe 340,343,356, 438Ո521,613 in Germany 44,44П193,72,400,425,450 in Hungary 191 in Independent State of Croatia 377, 396, 397,400, 440, 465 in Italy 400,492Ո923 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 284,286,346- 68,438Ո521,440 in Ottoman Empire 170,171 in Serbia 170,255,352,346Ո600,357, 674, 749 in Serbian Orthodox Church 347,360 in Slovenia 352 in Spain 45-6,58,59,64,72, Յ57Ո681 in the Soviet Union 587 in Vojvodina 352 in Western Europe 28,170,181,184,245, 340,357,365,384,613 361,549,575,587,611, 612Ո374,613-15, 619 in Yugoslavia
874 INDEX antisemitism (cont.) Islamic antisemitism as “Austro-Hungarian Jews” 393,398, 462,538 National Socialist party (Nazi) 212,217, 232. Յ50-2 355,384, 388,396,430Ո467,492Ո923 of Alojsije Stepinac 443 of Amin al-Husseini 360-1,538 of Ante Pavelič 355-6,384,464Ո693 of Ustaše 355,377,378,378Ո58,383Ո106, 387,388,396,430Ո467,440,464Ո693, 468Ո726,483 of Visigoths 46,62,72 Vladko Maček 388Ո137 Antwerp 135,185 anusim xx, 55Ո278 Arab League 567 Arabs: and Bosnian Muslims 609 culture 178 in Bosnian War 788 in Ottoman Empire 242 in Palestine 353, 538 in Spain 29, 30,33Ո93, 62 relations with Israel 611Ո367 relations with Jews շօու6,493Ո926 Semitism of 405Ո277 Arafat, Yassir Special Operations Group 609 Aragón 17Ո2,38,40,41,42,42Ո170,43,44, 44Ո192,45,46,50,51,52,54,55,64, 67, 86,175,176Ո788,426Ո436 Arianism 23,24,26 See abo Visigoths, Arianism Armenia 13,90 Armenian Patriarchate 85,153 Armenians 405Ո277 in Ottoman Empire 78,121,128,129,132, 167, ТӘ 255 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 260 relations with Jews 167 Artukovič, Andrija 444, 449,457,464, 473 Ashkenaz 13,13Ո49,182,183 Aškenasko gospojinsko društvo 337 Aškenazi, Zevi (Hirš) 101,152 Ashkenazic Association of Israelite Cantors in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 307 Ashkenazim xx, 13, 81, 271, 401Ո236 antisemitism 349,350 cemeteries 602, 602,744 charitable organizations 192,319,332, 337.351 citizenship in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 350-2 communal administration 191-5,207, 295.302,349- Յ51. 438,590 community statutes 207,216,243 culture 193,233,242Ո448 demography of 17,18,209,210-11,213-15, 233-
235.260,264,265,265Ո59,381,382, 401,575 entry into Bosnia and Herzegovina 182, 207,209,220,221,228,232,277 expulsions 81,183,187,255 in Austria-Hungary 187,190,191,193, 263,289 in Belgrade 264,288 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,14, 96, 107,191, 201,205, 207, 209,210-n, 212, 213-15,217,218,220, 221,224, 225, 228, 230,231, 232,233,235, 236,239. 242, 243, 245, 251, 264, 265, 265Ո59,268, 269, 271, 277, 293,310, 312,320, 335, 348,349. 350Ո632, 356,382, 439,597, 602, 603, 682, 689, 690, 727 in Bulgaria 209,350 in commerce 183,184,232, 235 in Croatia 190, 200 in Eastern Europe 81 in France 151Ո580 in Germany 81,183, 209, 270 in Hungary 183,289 in j ewelry trade 184 in medicine 107, 232,240 in politics 201,287 in Russia 91,209 in Sarajevo 96, 201, 207, 209, 210-n, 231, 232, 236, 242, 243, 245, 264,265, 265Ո59, 312, 348,349, 356, 382, 439, 597, 602, 603, 689, 690 in Slovenia 190 in Southeastern Europe 72, igo in Spain 40, 242Ո448,345 in the Balkans 4,183 in the Independent State of Croatia 382,401
875 INDEX in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 262,263, 265, 266,302,305,348,350-2,358,401, 438,439 in the military 239,359 in the Ottoman Empire 75, 81Ո48,82,84, 117,148,157,183,185 in Western Europe 81,181 in World War 1 255 in Yugoslavia 575 in Zagreb 264 intellectuals 301,311,332 landownership 233,235 language 194 legal code 148 “Magyarization” of 190 manner of dress 148,193, ідзп84,194, 232 marital customs 142Ո514 Neologue rite xg4, 245,263,381 occupations of 232,235,277,349 origins 182-4 Orthodox rite 194,289,291,382 Palestinian model 271 pogroms 81,255 povjerenik for 419,421 publishing 193 rabbis 152Ո580,183, 242, 247, 303, 306, 589Ո232 refugees 381 relations with Christians 194 relations with Romaniotes 183 relations with Sephardim 148,182,184, 191,192,194,231,232,232Ո362,233,235, 242,242Ո448,243,251,262,270-3,293, 299. 3°o. Յօօոշ83. 351. 589, 734 З06, 320, 349ո6շ4. religious rites 84,86,183,245,309 response to Shabtai Zvi 159,187 schooling 192,247,308 socioeconomic status 232,235,242,263, 271,281,287,337,352 support for Holy Land 192 synagogues 101П195,245.303.348,356, 478. 597. 689, 690, 708, 729, 778 women 194,337 Yiddish 194,310 Zionism 118Ո329,295,297,306 Ashton, Catherine 722Ո55 Association of Rabbis 306 Association of Zionists 288 ataris 140, 240,240Ո438,241,276Ո128 Atijas, Albert 531 Atijas, Avram 239 Atijas, Avram Juda (Rabbi) 217 Atijas, Bencion 142Ո519 Atijas, Jozef (Rabbi) 766 Atijas, Juda Moše (Rabbi) 218 Atijas, Leon 534Ո1238 Atijas, Mordechai 677 Atijas, Mordehaj R. 283,284,432 Atijas, Rafael 240Ո438,568 Atijas, Regina 320,4750792,586 Atijas, Samuel 239
Atijas, Sumbul 298 Attias, David 176 La Guerta de Oro 176 Attias, Moše ben Rafael (ZekiEfendi) 98Ш72,122,125Ո380, іуд, i8o, і8оп8од, 328,329 Augsgleích 197, i97mo8 Auschwitz 406Ո283,420,479,486,508,674, 737. 744, 753, 761 See also concentration camps, Auschwitz Ausona 39Ո144 Austria 6,232, 287Ո213, 351, 711, 740, 742 aliyah 296 and Bosnia and Herzegovina’s natural resources 228 Anschluss 361 antisemitism 190,191 attack on Belgrade 193 attack on Budapest 193 Catholic Church 189 census 194 commerce 133 concentration camps in 431,479 empire 185 expulsion of Jews 187,188,350,361 Friends of La Benevolencija 677 Handžar Division 545 immigrants from 205,350,361,381 in Sarajevo 382 Jewish immigrants to 685 Jewish refugees from 281,350,361,381, 616 475Ո791, Jews in 190,195,232,254,296,350 law 296 Lower Austria 187 military 183Ո12
876 INDEX Austria (cont.) persecution ofJews 183,281,361 recognition of Croatia 256,668 relations with Ottoman Empire 163 relations with Serbia 197 war against France 183Ո12 Austria-Hungary (Habsburg Empire) 7,98, 185,233.348 administration 87Ո95 administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,140,200,202,203, 206,219,232,233,234,236,239,240, 249.320, 599, 782 and natural resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina 228,234 annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,197-8,198Ո112,204-5, 206,207,251 antisemitism 187,190,191,193,206,232 Ashkenazim in 187,190,191,193,231,263 atari 240,240Ո438 Augsgleich 197,197Ո108 bošnjaštvo 204 Catholic Church 185,187,200 censuses 190,194, 207, 208, շօց, 210, 219 collapse of 217,255,450 communal autonomy 190,207 demography 188,190, 207 discrimination in 188,189,190,205 equality in 189 “ethnic key” 251,282 ethnicity 646 expulsion ofJews 185,187 humanitarian aid to Jewish community 191 Hungarian regions 190,191,197,197Ո108 Jewish assimilation 189,190 Jewish autonomy 189,190 Jewish charitable organizations 191,192 Jewish communal institutions 189, 191-5, 212 Jewish demography 188,190,194, 207, 208, 210 Jewish economic position 188 Jewish education 189,192,192Ո77 Jewish immigration from 205,212,231 Jewish immigration to 186 Jewish language 193,194 Jewish manner of dress 193,194 Jewish occupations 188,251 Jewish poverty 188,191,192 Jews as confessional group 190 Jews in commerce 185,186,186Ո25,187, 188,229 Jews in medicine 192,231Ո356 Jews in the military 189, 219, 225, 226, 227,228,228Ո344, 238, 239,251, 254,348 Joint Ministry of Finance 202,205 Magyars in
190,197 military 198,199,233,239,240,274,374 Military Frontier 190 modernization 196,197 nationalism igo, 191, ig6,197, 203, 204,256 Neologue rite 193,194 occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Ա8Ո327,179,194,195-200,202,217,218, 220,221,222,224,225,226,231,232, 234,235,236,240,251,287 occupations ofJews 190,229 persecution ofJews 231 “pig war” 197 pogroms 187 position of ethnic minorities 191,195 Protestants in 185,186,186Ո25 relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim 193,194 relations between Austrians and Magyars 197 relations with Ashkenazim 185,188, 189,19Յ relations with Bosnian Jews 195,199, 251. 599 relations with Bosnian Muslims 199, 199Ո123,200 relations with Jews 185-91,251,561 relations with Protestants 185,186Ո25 relations with Russia ig6,198 relations with Sephardim 193 relations with Serbia 196,197,198,203, 253.253Ո6 relations with Serbs 197,198,200,203 schooling 189,190,192,196 Sephardim in 193 South Slav problem 196,197,198
877 INDEX subsidies to religious groups 206,212, 215, 216, 2i6n2i8, 217, 247 taxation 191 war against France 187 war against Ottoman Empire 98,187 war against Protestants 185,186 World War i 198,253,255 See ako Habsburg Empire. Avigdor, Jacob (Ya’akov) (Rabbi) 154 Axis Alliance 371,371Ո10,376,378,436, 437,463,483,490,493Ո926,500,502, 509Ո1062,517 ayarı 98 Ažman, Fanica 465Ո701 Babić, Aćirn 532 Babylonia (Mesopotamia) 19,21,67 Babylonian Talmud 21,182,271 Exilarchs 21,182 exile to 19,20,182 Gaonim 21,182 Jews in 20,21,23,34,174 scholarly academies in 21,22,30 Bačka 373 Badinter Arbitration Commission 654 Baker, James 667 Bakié, Ibro 700 Balfour, Arthur James 293Ո248,294 Balfour Declaration 293,293Ո248, 294Ո249,346Ո599 ВаШап 359,359^695 Balkan Institute. See Sarajevo, Balkan Institute Balkan League 252 Balkan Peninsula 5 Balkan Wars 131, 252-3, 254,348,348Ո614, 573. 653,666Ո91,788 Balkans 1,10,78, 79, 90,92, 95,179,198Ո112, 258,270,345,430,546,548,628,646, 668,669,711,712,721, 727,751 Albanians in 257Ո26,259 Ashkenazim in 183 Austria-Hungary in 195, 203, 205, 253 blood libels 119 Byzantine influence 711 Catholic Church 457 commerce 104,132,133,135 ethnocracy 641 expulsion ofJews 170 genocide 711,755 interreligious relations 118,174,711 Italy in 487 Jewish charitable societies 192Ո74 Jewish communities in 2,2Ո5,13,141, 145,172,190 Jews in 4,16, 67Ո367,74,81Ո48, 83, 86Ո85,99,104,174,175,177,180,183, 189,194,231,249,257Ո26,287,295,304. 324.561 Jews in commerce 104,180,183,184 Judeo-espanjol 175-7,727 land ownership 118Ո332 messianism 159 Muslims in 126 national liberation
movements 169-73, 203,258 nationalism 76Ш3,203,258,681 Ottoman Empire 78-9, 88, 89, 118Ո332, 711 post-Communist era in 712 raw materials 104,134,135 Sephardim in 173-80, 299,315 Slovenes in 257Ո26 synagogues 304,779 Volksdeutsche in 360 World War π 371 Balocco, Riccardo (General) 495 Banat 373,547 Bandung Conference 610Ո362 Banija 506,507,604 Banja Luka 94,105,216-17,365η, 743,378, 456,57Ն 639Ո507,665 antisemitism 766 “Aryanization” (theft) ofJewish property 418 as vezir’s residence 89Ո109,105 Ashkenazim 216,216Ո218,264,270 banking 236 Bosnian War 665,684 Catholics 456,477 Communist Party in 367 demography 95,208,209,212, 264, 571,724 deportation ofJews to concentration camps 477 expulsion ofJews 684
878 INDEX Banja Luka [cont. ) fascism in 358 in Independent State of Croatia 389, 398,429 Institute for Fighting Endemic Syphilis 520 Jewish cemetery 216,616,730,731 Jewish community 216,216Ո213,217,266, 269,591, 676,725, 738, 746,747, 788 Jewish deaths in Bosnian War 684 Jews in 95,104,105,143,208,209,212, 216,264,280,315,342,363,366,367, 398, 477. 536. 550, 571. 591. 724, 725. 728, 788 La Benevolencija 321,330,676 medical practice 240 Muslims 461,461Ո674,477 occupations ofJews 217,280 persecution ofJews 429,433Ո484,477, 684,766 railroad 234 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 216 schooling 105,247,279,315,363 Sephardim 216,264 sociocultural organizations 321,330,333, 342.738 Shoah 477,731 Shoah memorial synagogue 424,729 trade 105 616,731, 754,762 101П195,105,216,216Ո213,270, trade union movement 367 World War 11 Muslim petition 398,461, 461Ո674 xx, 7,258,265,284,324,329, banovina 365.390 See also Drina, Dunav, Littoral, Sava, Vrbas, and Zeta banovinas Baptists 260,291 Bar Giara 107, 295 Bar Kokhba 272,335, 439 Baranja 373 Bararon, Jaša 607 Barcelona 36,37,39,41,49,51,426,509,749 Bare 604 Bari 500Ո980,506,507,548 Bar-Lev, Chaim 6Ш1368 Baruh, Avram (Rabbi) 199Ո119 Banih, Berta 607 Baruh, Isidor 533 Baruh, Jakob 536 Baruh, Jakob I. 414 Baruh, Jakov 491 Baruh, Jakov S. 517 Baruh, Javer ef. n8, lggnng, 317 Baruh, Josip-Pepi 283,284 Baruh, Kalmi 307, 312, 317-18, 323, 363, 368, 431,431Ո472, 526. 583.583Ո200 Baruh, Šemuel (Rabbi) 103,152,152Ո585,317, 601, 603 Baruh, Viktorija 549-50 Bauer, Ignacio 346 Bauer, Žiga 301 Bavaria 81 Bayezit n (Sultan) 77,77Ո21,114, И5,
138Ո484,172,599 bazrađan-baša 97 beglerbeg(begterbeglik) xx, 89,105,106 Behur-efendije 106 Beirut 609 Bektashi 157,161 beiedije 129 Belgium 359,677, 685 Belgrade go, 109,176,193,258,279,313,314, 32411445.334,359Ո695,365,371,372, 378, 393,427,449, 464, 468,482,486, 525, 532, 560, 564, 564Ո69, 565, 609, 610, 610Ո360, 618, 621, 638, 659, 666, 673, 698, 702, 702Ո315, 707 antisemitism 357,362,612 as capital of Serbia 628Ո446 as capital of Yugoslavia 556,628Ո446 Chief Rabbi in 305 concentration camp in 475 Jewish Historical Museum 425Ո429,596 Jews in 88,95Ո150,104,135,176,262, 262Ո45,263,264,270,276,283,283Ո182, 287, 288, 290, Z99, 301,30111292, 305, 324,327, 328,330,334,337, 338, 348, 348Ո614, 358,365, 373, 524, 560, 563, 571, 572, 573,575, 579, 580, 589, 590Ո241, 590, 591, 592, 596, 597, 674, 685, 686, 702, 703, 735, 781 rabbis 174, 565, 734 synagogues 255
879 INDEX ben Asher, Jakob 176Ո788 Arba’ah Turim 176Ո788 ben Enoch, Moses 34 ben Maimon, Moses (Maimonides) 30,36, 49. 52. ЭН, 346,357Ո681 ben Manđura, Naftali 97 ben Nachman, Moses (Nachmanides/ Ramban) 49 Benedict xiii, Pope 49Ո233 Ben-Gurion, David 610 Benveniste, Abraham 53 Benveniste, Haim 15g Benyakar, Yomtov ben Hanaya (Rabbi) 159 berât xx, 87,154,154Ո604,155 Berat 160-1 Berbers շօու6,29,30,33Ո93,35 Bergman, Berta 241 Berlin 335,371,383,425,491Ո917,540 Bertolli 494.495 bet din xx, 87,146,147,147Ո550,152,242, 306.358,588 See also Ottoman Empire, Jewish courts. Betjisroel 255 Bet Tefila 246,246Ո478 Betar 340 BeytHaggadah 702 Bezistan 91,96,96Ո162 Bibas, Yehuda (Rabbi) 299Ո284 Bienenfeld, Jaša 702 Bihać 106,315,586,703,751 “Aryanization” (theft) of Jewish property 410,418 as sandžak 106 Ashkenazim 217 Communist Party of Yugoslavia 367, 412Ո331 census 106,208 Institute for Combating Endemic Syphilis 520 Jewish cemetery 106, 217, 600, 730, 731,782 Jewish community 217Ո229, 266 Jews in 106,143,212,213,217,239,264, 280,366,398,488,751 La Benevolencija 321 occupations ofJews 106, 217,239,280 persecution ofJews 410,412 rabbis 217,320 Shoah 476,476Ո796 shochet 217 sociocultural organizations 321 synagogue 104,217,424,729 Bijelić, Jovan 314 Bikur Holim 192,192Ո74,332 Bileća 488,488Ո890 Bijeljina 108,220,224,330 “Aryanization” (theft) of Jewish property 418 Ashkenazim 220,221,264,350Ո632 demography 95,212,220,264 expulsion of Jews 684 Jewish cemetery 600, 730 Jewish community 266 Jewish sociocultural societies 221,245, 32t. ՅՅՕ Jews in 95,108,10g, 143,212,221,228,268,
280,296Ո265,366,367,530,550,725 Jews in banking 280 Jews in commerce 108,221 Jews in medicine 240 Jews in municipal government 108, 202,221 La Benevolencija 245,321 occupations of Jews 221,224,268 persecution of Jews 363 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 221 schooling 221,268,363 Sephardim 264 Shoah 474,474Ո780, 530,550 synagogue 221,424,729,730 World War π Muslim petition 461 Bilten 524,701,735 Bishop of Bamberg 187 Bistrik 229,230,568 Bitola (Monastir) 86,327 Bjelašnica 428Ո451 Bjelave 124,229,229Ո349,230,242,246, 290Ո229,316,424 Bjelavski, Ahmed Baijaktar Black Plague (Black Death) 124 24Ո44.27.50, 62Ո327,183 Bleiburg 752,757,757Ո263 blood libel (ritual murder) 45Ո200 El Niño de la Guardia 23Ո38,45, 45
INDEX 880 blood libel (ritual murder) {cont. ) Greeks 45Ո200 in Germany 185 in Ottoman Empire 1x9-20,148,171 in Spain 45 in Western Europe 28 Blum, Emerik 342,367,368,456Ո639,583, 598Ո291,636Ո487 B’nai B’rith 337, 736,760Ո274 B’naiZion 245,272,282 Bobie, Ljubinka 335 Bogomil 126 Bogomoljci 358 Bohemia expulsion ofJews 187 Jews in 187,189,231 Jews in commerce 186,186Ո25 messianism 159 Boka Kotorska 5Ո19,488,490,490Ո901 Bolshevism 358Ո686, 435,443, 483, 493 Bor mines 517 Borak See Sarajevo, Borak Bordeaux 74Ո5 Bosanac 11,723 Bosanska Gradiška 216,233, 550, 731 Bosanska vila 250 Bosanski Brod 213,233,424,430,729,731 Bosanski Brod-Sarajevo railway line 219,233 Bosanski Novi 215,216, 731 Bosanski Petrovac 217,412,476,731 transit camp in 466,475Ո792, 476 Bosanski Samac 215,216, 731 Bosanski vjesnik 248 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) 3 1875 uprisings 195 agriculture 637 Agrokomerc 638 ancient ethnic hatreds 715,718 annexation by Independent State of Croatia 374,374Ո30, 376,379, 380, 519 antisemitism 206, 348,349,352, 353, 357, 359-60.363,369.386, 388,392, 393, 396, 397,398, 438, 462,551, 611Ո368, 614, 682, 756Ո261, 763-7 Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine (ARBiH) 666,680 arms embargo 666,671 as a “failed state” 2Ո7 as beglerbeglik 89,105,106 as international protectorate 9,712 as Bosnian Muslim state 674 as part of "Greater Croatia” 510,557 as part of “Greater Serbia” 198,510,557 as pašaluk 89 as sandžak 14, 89 as vilayet 94, 94Ո146, 95,150,179 as “Yugoslavia in miniature” 634,635, 636, 657 atari 240,241 Austro-Hungarian administration of 7, 140,179,196,200,203,204,206,207,
208,232Ո358,233,236,240,251,279, 391, 657, 718, 75օոշՅշ, 768, 775, 782 Austro-Hungarian annexation 7,197-8, 198Ո112,204-5,2°6,207,251 Austro-Hungarian immigration to 205,208 Austro-Hungarian occupation ււ8ոՅշ7, 179,194,195-200, 202, 217, 2i8,220,221, 222, 224, 225, 226,231, 232, 234,235,236, 240, 251, 287 autonomy movement 365 banking 379 borders 5, 7,329,354,365,36511743,374, 376,377,390,391,510, 657, 774 Bosanac 11,723 Bosnian Catholics 4, 202,206, 209,549 Bosnian Commission on Human Rights 774 Bosnian Croats 8, 202, 203, 205,206,365, 366, 556, 641, 646, 660, 745, 769, 770, 789, 790 Bosnian Jews 365,366,382Ո96,393,571, 724, 727,786,793 Bosnian Muslims 4,202,205,206, 365,366,390Ո152,391,519,549,556, 641, 646, 652,674,745, 766,769,770, 789, 790 Bosnian Orthodox 4, 202 Bosnian Serbs 8,200,202,203,205,206, 254,365,366,556, 641, 646,652, 656, 660,745,769, 770, 789, 790 budgets 206,206П180 cantons 716 Catholic Church 200,208,453 Catholic community 208
881 INDEX censuses 208,209, 263,264,572,673,728 churches 791 civic rights 203,206,791 civil society 636,639, 640, 717,722 Clerical movement 202Ո151 climate 6 collaboration with Ustaše 394 commerce 135,233 Communism in 714 Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina 367,412Ո331,512,527, 563Ո56,585. 632,633,638, 639Ո507 Communist Party of Yugoslavia 366,636 constitutions 206, 639,713, 728,776, 785.786 constitutional reforms 722Ո55, 786 construction 203 corruption 636,712, 720, 721 „ Council of Ethnic Minorities 785 culture 179 decentralization 636,637 declaration of independence 7,7Ո28, 660, 663,670 democratization 636,655,7x5,717,722 demography 200, 205, 207-29,276, 571, 652, 774 dependency 718,721 disease 168,169,169Ո734,169Ո736,436, 436Ո502 dissolution of 655, 655Ո34, 656,660 early Jewish habitation in 13Ո52 economic development 195,200,203, 233,234,628,635,636,637,638,641,720 204,234,241,719,724, 758, 769,780, 781,789, 790 elections 640, 642,643,655,715 employment 770 Energoinvest 636,636Ո487,689 entities 716,772,774 entry of Ashkenazim 207,209,220 epidemics 169,240,519,520 ethnic cleansing in 715,769,771,790,791 “ethnic entrepreneurs” 645,652,719, 720 ethnic key 713 education ethnic minorities in 8,12, 648, 713, 714, 728 ethnic politics 638, 641,642,643,647, 713.714.715.719.720.722.786 ethnoreligious communities 556,790, 791,792» 793 ethnoreligious identity 557,633, 642, 653, 658, 660,793 Evangelicals in 206 exploitation of natural resources 228, 370Ո5,378-9,464,491Ո917 expropriation 773,777 expulsion ofJews 101,350,350Ո632, 351,456 fascism in 312,358,364,387,389,399, 431.
437. 551. 600. 604, 616, 652, 731, 744, 756. 758,759,775,777, 778, 783 Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 713,716,722,769,772 genocide in 557, 668,699 geographical features 5-6 German administration 410 German control of industries 379 German exploitation of natural resources 379 German influence 385 German invasion 364,376,387 German occupation 360,410,412,423, 424, 425,426,427, 429, 439,463, 477 governmental structure 2Ո7, 9,669, 72Յ, 785 Greek Catholics in 206 haham başı 123,124,134Ո437,152,155, 174,201,247,290Ո226,301Ո290 hećim 138,140,140Ո505, 239,240 High Representative 716,773 hoteliers 238 housing 637, 768,771, 772,777 human rights 785,786 humanitarian aid 675,720 immigration from Bosnia and Herzegovina 607 immigration to Bosnia and Herzegovina 170 in Independent State of Croatia 8,374, 379,380,391 in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 256,279,657 in Middle Ages 5, 6,11,14,122 in Ottoman Empire ıgs, 236,664 in Yugoslavia 657, 658 independence 2Ո7,6,658, 658Ո51
INDEX 882 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) (cont.) industry 203,234,268,279,379, 635,637 infrastructure 234 intermarriage 620Ո412, 634,662, 723, 790. 790Ո394 International, Interreligious, Intercultural Center (cimic) 647 international intervention 715, 722,723, 724,771,773, 774 international recognition 660,665, 666, 675 interreligious relations 4,15,118,124,125, 206,259,286,557,632,635, 646,653, 657.658, 708, 717,761 Italian exploitation of natural resources 379 jesivot 247-8 Jewish apothecaries 140Ո505 Jewish cemeteries 105, ro6,222,224,225, 227, 247, 305, 424, 432П478,475 600, 605, 614, 615, 616, 729, 730, 731, 781, 782 Jewish demography 264, 266 Jewish monuments 752,762 Jewish newspapers 316 Jewish property 410,4ՈՈ325,705, 775, 776,782 Jews in commerce 104 Jews in cultural life 179,315 Jews in medicine 232,239,276 komšiluk 620,620Ո412, 620Ո413, 647, 660, 662,672, 673, 748,770,793 land ownership 118Ո332,200,233, 776 Law on Freedom of Religion and Legal Position of Churches and Religious Communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina 728 legal framework 776 literacy 8,276, 636 media 205-6, 639, 719 medical facilities 276 medical practice 239Ո424 Military District 247 military industries 379,637,637Ո499 Ministry of Internal Affairs 781 minority rights 785, 786 modernization 196,203,279 monuments 752, 761, 779 mosques 791 nacija 557 National Socialism 391 nationalism 195,203, 639, 642,672, 771,790 nationalization 637 natural resources 234,379,652 neo-Stalinism 636 newspapers 359 occupations 208,251,273,274 Office of the High Representative 716 organized crime 716,720,720Ո45,721
Orthodox community 208 ostali 714,786 Ottoman administration of 5,279, 657,718 Ottoman invasion of 5, 6,7,13 Partisans in 510,618 partition of 713,714,716 philo-Semitism 748,763 plebiscite 670 plunder ofJewish property 399,4ԱՈ325, 423-6, 777 pogroms 16,394 political entrepreneurs 641 political factories 636,637 political parties 642,654-5,719 poverty 203,243,266,331, 717 povjerenici 378 presidency 785,787,789 privatization 77г, 772 property ownership 121,122,723,768, 77°, 771, 773, 775, 776, 792 636 railroads 203,219,233,279,287,378,782 reftigees 769, 770,772, 773,777 relations between Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Jews 674,688 relations between Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims 393, 394, 662, 684 relations between Bosnian Muslims and Bosnianjews 688,788 relations between Bosnian Serbs and Bosnianjews 205,206,353,674, 688, 788 relations between Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Muslims 662, 684,788 relations with Croatia 559, 660 relations with European Union 721RM К 4,783 relations with Germany 670,750,780
883 INDEX relations with Iran 766 relations with Israel 613,614Ո385, 614Ո390,704, 707,709,741,756Ո261, 766,787-9 relations with Kuwait 766 relations with Pakistan 766 relations with Saudi Arabia 766 relations with Serbia 559, 637,660 relations with Slovenia 637 with the United States 712,716,717, 774 relations with Turkey 766 religion in 11 “religious key” 200,251 religious minorities 206,790 “rent-seeking” 720,721 reparations 769 republic status 556,557,558 Republika Srpska 7Ո28, 638, 658, 713,717, 721Ո50, 722,738,746,755,762,764, 769, 770,772,773,776, 785,787 restitution 768, 769, 770, 771, 772,773, 774, 777, 783 Righteous Among the Nations 549- 51,683 rule of law 715,721 rural populations 276,717, 790, 791 Russians in 382,558 schooling 150,196, 200,206,206П180, 241,247,251,278,320,365 Sejdić-Finci 785-7 Sephardim in 781,790 Serbian Orthodox Church in 97 Serbs in 197,200,359,646,769 Shoah denial 752,759 Shoah in 378Ո62,397,398,401Ո236,420, 462-87, 727, 752,758, 765,780,781 Šipad 636 Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina 336 sociocultural organizations 244,319 status in post-World War 11 Yugoslavia 557 street names 256 strikes 287,637 synagogues in 75, 75Ո7,104,107,142,216, 218,220,224,227,242Ո449,245,246, 270,304, 394Ո181, 423, 424, 478, 597, 689,708,728,729, 730,740,778,782,791 taxation 200,206,768 trade with Dubrovnik 75 trade union movement 238 transportation 233,234 Unis 636 United Nations membership 666,758 urban population 790 urbanization 635,637,717 Ustaše 354,35711679,376,378,379, 380,386,391,423,424,436Ո503,456, 500Ո980,513 World War i 254 World War
lí 376,378Ո62,642,660 World War її commemorations 616, 617,765 World War π deaths 483 Yugoslav identity 633, 634,646,673,723 Bosnian Church 126 Bosnian Croats 9,11,206, 234,248,259 Bleiberg 757Ո263 Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane, hvo) xxii, 677, 680 Dayton Peace Accords 713 demography 209 Herceg-bosna 677 in Bosnian War 679,680,707,757,758 in Independent State of Croatia 377 in politics 200,202,205,365 in Sarajevo 382 nationalism 672 relations with Austria-Hungary 200 relations with Bosnian Jews 674 relations with Bosnian Muslims 641, 653, 657,663 relations with Israel 707 relations with Ustaše 395, 758 Bosnian Jewish community 2,4,12,180, 242-5,623, 647, 648,651,683,745 activities during Bosnian War 724, 764, 793 antisemitism 348, 369, 551 Ashkenazic community 207, 209, 242, 24Յ, Յ51 assimilation 590,792 bar mitzvah 734 “Be My Friend” 736 births in 733 bribes 115,115Ո312 brit milah in 733,734 Cadik Danon 733
INDEX 884 Bosnian Jewish community (cont.) cemeteries 600-7,615, 731,778,781 communal leadership 144,243,587, 726 communal organization 143-56, 206П180,287-307,587-90 communal property 774,775,776, 778 community statutes 207,209,243 constitution 155 Covid 726, 727,734,766 demography 5,207-29,725 elections 243 Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 745 haham 143 heirless property 597 humanitarian societies 144,369,675 in Yugoslavia 746 interreligious relations 151,206,647,705 Jewish identity 672-5, 726 La Benevolencija 316,320-31, 369. 675-80 leadership 675 marital practices 242, 272, 587, sgo membership 672, 675, 680 pinakes 115,115Ո312,121, 781 post-World War 11 aid 592 prayer readers 212 property ownership 774,775,776, 782, 783 rabbis 212,733 relations with Austria-Hungary 207, 247 relations with government 125,206 relations with the Porte 156 relations with Spain 727 religious leadership 151,207Ո183 religious life 245-8 religious rituals 272, 733 Republika Srpska 745 Righteous Among the Nations 550 schooling 144,150,150Ո572,152,155,209, 278,282,332 Sephardic community 207,208,209, 242, 243,304,349,351, 600 Sephardim 12,318,326,734,738,790 Shoah 551,752,757 Shoah commemoration 615-19,753, 754, 755 sociocultural organizations 206,319-43, 369, 675 synagogues 150,155,212,218,227,424, 564,598,690,729 women’s organizations 342,733, 738,739 youth programs 332,333,340, 736 Bosnian Jews 3, 82,736, 791 aliyah 294,333,572,734 and Austro-Hungarian occupation 198, 199,204,206,221,231,236,238,251, 252, 777 antisemitism 348,766 artisans 233 artists 313-15 as ethnoreligious minority 793
as komsija 673, 710 as “others” 647,684,728,747,785,791 Ashkenazim 4,191,209,210,212,213-15, 229,231,232,233,235, 239,251,264,277, 281,319,320,40И1236, 682,727 ataris 276 authors 315-19 blood libel 120 censuses 261,572,728 choirs 737,738 Claims Conference 784 commerce 132Ո427,150,232,248 cultural organizations 335 culture 177,248-50,318,596,599, 701, 790 de sangre pura 724 demography 16,169Ո734,207-29,235, 261,266,382,382Ո96,573,575,678,792 deportation to concentration camps 436Ո503,465-79,499, 509,551 education 727 escape to Italian zone 490 evacuation 684,685,686ոշւօ expulsion from Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 351 German theft of property 410, 412,416, 417,425, 426, 565, 567, 775, 782 government service 129,130,200,206, 232,563Ո56 Heroes of Yugoslavia 533 in Austro-Hungarian military 228, 238, 239, 254 in banking 236 in Bosnian army 677 in Bosnian War 684,763 in Četniks 536
885 INDEX in commerce 121,233,235,236 in Communist Party of Yugoslavia 286, 287,342,366,368,513,518,519,522, 563Ո56 in concentration camps 479-83, 544Ո1321,551 in crafts 233 in economy 130,141,233,235,279-81 in industry 235,236,237 in Israel 611Ո368 in Italian zone of occupation 489 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia army 534 in law 229 in medicine 138,229,520 in politics 200-7, 281-7,286,287, 640,648 in Ottoman Empire 114,166 in the Partisans 507,515Ш102,516, 516Ո1108,518,519,522,523,524,525-34, 551,568,602, 605, 616,617, 618 in the press շշց in Spanish Civil War 344 intermarriage 16, 672,724, 726, 792 Jewish identity 672-5 Judeo-espanjol 209,311,727,738 landownership 233,235,776 marital customs 141-3,151,587 occupations 229,273-9 participation in progressive movements 365,366 position of women 142,241 poverty 280,319, 320,331,332, 439, 777, 778, 783 refugees 498 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 191, 216,220,220Ո260, 251. 734 674,703, 763,764 relations with Bosnian Muslims 124, 125,130,142,171, 235,236, 237, 239, 353. 364, 393.395, 398, 461,461Ո677, 674, 702Ո315, 703, 763, 764, 788, 789 relations with Bosnian Serbs 236,237, 393. 674, 702Ո315, 703, 705, 763, 764, 788 393 relations with Cetniks 600,734,753,755,758,774,775,784 Shoah survivors 784 social life 141,318 sociocultural organizations 316,340 socioeconomic position 229-41,274Ո119, 640, 647 students 278 Ustaše murder of 431,435,775 Villa Emma 508-g World War 11 deaths 483-7,484Ո864 World War II deaths in German concentration camps 484 World War π deaths in Partisans 484 World War π deaths in Ustaše concentration camps
486 World War π destruction 382,435 World War lí survivors 736,748 youths 294,736 Zionism 311,333, 353, 587, 591 Bosnian Muslims 8,9,11,11Ո40,204,225, 259.390Ո152 439Ո527 prisoners of war 534-5 property ownership 734, 774, 775, 776, relations with Bosnian Croats relations with Nazis 360 relations with Partisans 393 relations with Serbs 674,677 relations with Yugoslav government 614 restitution 774,778,782,783,784 role of women 277 secularization 792 Sephardim, 232,281, 294,318,319,320,326, 40Ш236,682,790 settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina 13, 91Ո128, 92 Shoah 401Ո236,418,475-6,479,484Ո864, and Amin al֊Husseini 360, 361, 538 and Arabs 609 and radical Islam 361, 609, 611, 662, 72Յ, 788 antisemitism 353,360,393-4,756Ո261 as Croats 657 as narod 558, 559 as Yugoslav constituent nation 558 autonomist movement 391, 392, 392Ո162, 393, 397. 512, 538, 540 cultural history 664,723 endemic syphilis 316,475Ո792,519, 519Ո1132,520,521 Handžar Division 540-5 immigration to Ottoman Empire 199Ո123 199,
886 INDEX Bosnian Muslims {cont.) in Bosnian War 653, 654,708,756 in commerce 234 in Independent State of Croatia 377, 382,388,389,389Ո143,390,390Ո147, 39k 397, 416,419.435.453Ո618,458-61, 540, 541 in Israeli War of Independence 788 in Italy 545 in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/Yugoslavia 284,364, 365,388 in military 391 in Partisans 511,512,545,568 in politics 200,201,205,206,284, 636, 637, 638 in Sarajevo 382,511, 716 in Ustaše 390,419,461Ո674,511 in Yugoslavia 1,8,660 land ownership 125,126,234 literacy 276 Muslim muslims 11Ո40 National Socialism 392 nationalism 126,127,541, 632, 672 origins 126 pan-Islamism 353,609 Party of Democratic Action {Stranka demokratske akcije, s da) 633,639, 669 perspective about the Shoah 756 plunder of Bosnian Jewish community 394 relations with Austria-Hungary 200 relations with Bosnian Jews 124,125, 223, 235, 284, 285, 348,350,353,364, 392, 393, 395,397, 461, 461Ո677, 605, 673, 674, 756, 788, 789 relations with Četniks 388,389,393,403, 459, 532, 537П1260, 543, 568 relations with Christians 130 relations with Croats 257Ո27,510,541, 542, 639,641, 653,662 relations with Germany 390,391,392, 393, 462, 540, 545 relations with Porte 125,125Ո381,126,130 relations with Serbs 257Ո27,364,510, 639,641, 653,662 relations with Ustaše 389,389Ո143, 390, 390Ո152, 391, 393, 394, 397,413, 41311340, 419, 457,458-62, 540, 542 resistance to Austro-Hungarian occupation 198,199,226 resistance to Ottoman reforms 125,126, 130,165,198 Srebrenica 752 See also Muslims Bosnian Serbs 7Ո28, 9,11,197,234, 253115,259 acquisition of arms 667 Bosnian Serb Army (
Vojna Republike Srpske, vrš) 664, 665, 704 Dayton Peace Accords 713 in commerce 235 in moneylending 235 in politics 200,205,206,365 in Sarajevo 382, 663, 665, 717 nationalism 662, 670, 672 paramilitary formations 622Ո421, 662,684 relations with Austria-Hungary 200 relations with Bosnian Jews 674 relations with Bosnian Muslims 641,653, 662, 674 Republika Srpska 658, 717 resistance to Austria-Hungary 198,200 view of Shoah 757 World War π 757 Bosnian War 2,9, n, 15,131,583Ո197, 586Ո218,619,620Ո412, 622Ո421, 623, 653,656,660-3, 672, 680, 684, 712,758 ancient ethnic hatreds 620Ո412, 651-6, 662,666,668, 669Ո106,715,718 Arabs in 788 arms embargo 666 as civil war 656,656Ո45,669, 718, 719 as war of international aggression 656, 656Ո45,669,718,719 Bosnian Muslims 657, 756, 772 Bosnian refhgees to Israel 685, 704, 70411334 British involvement in 670 causes 652 checkpoints 678,703 concentration camps 661, 699, 707 criminality 670 Croatian-Serb conflict 707 destruction of cultural monuments 662, 663, 791
887 INDEX ethnic cleansing 654,655, 660,661-2, 663, 681,684,714,715, 740,759,768, 769, 77l· 791 ethnonationalism 653,669 ethnoreligiosity 669,676 genocide 780 Greek involvement 706 Herceg-Bosna xxii, 657,661 Herzegovina 656Ո44,657, 661 impact on Bosnian Jewish community 595,605,656Ո44,663, 676,683,684,685, 686, 687,708,710, 724,742,753, 777, 780 international community involvement 654,660,662,666-71 involvement of United States 656, 656Ո41, 666Ո91,667, 668, 669 Jewish deaths 684 Jewish humanitarian assistance 675, 781,792 Jewish neutrality 677 media 669, 698,700, 707 Middle Eastern fighters 766,788 Muslim-Croat conflict 661 Muslim-Serb conflict 661,662 paramilitary units 657,661,670, 703, 704 politicization of religion 653 population movement 768,772 property 772,777 refugees 772 reparations 718,777 role ofJugoslavenska narodna armija 663 role of United Nations 665, 666, 680,702 rural vs. urban divide 656,662,669,676 Russian involvement 671 Sarajevo 657,663-6 Serbian atrocities 622Ո421, 662 Serbian bombardment 663,664,665, 666,742 Serbian snipers 663, 697, 702, 742 Srebrenica 619 “urbicide” 663, 664, 665,666,791 Vance-Owen plan 661 war crimes 657, 705,71g bošnjaštvo See Austria-Hungary, bošnjaštvo. Brač 488,499,501 Braća Baruh 328,333,334, 583 Braća Ribar 585 Braće Eskenazi 583,583Ո196 Bralo, Božidar 378,378Ո62,393,418,456 Brammer, Moritz 240 Braun, August 237,570 Brazda 312,317 Brčko 108-9,742 as self-governing district 713,776 Dayton Peace Accords, 713,; Jewish cemetery 424,600,730,732 Jewish community 266,269 Jews in 108-9,212,213,228,236,264,269, 280,366,423 Shoah
475,475Ո791, 616 Shoah memorial 616, 732 synagogue 104,108,424,729,730 Breza 731 Bril, Slavko 470 brit milah 103, 733,734 Brkljačić, Ivica 468 “brotherhood and unity” 7, 9,510, 552, 628,645 Bruk, Leo 533 Bucharest 591 Buchwald, Bernhard (Rabbi) 245 Budak, Ankica 520Ո1139 Budak, Mile 389,453,453Ո618 Budapest 193,233, 234,427 Bugojno 222-3,635 antisemitism 765 Ashkenazim 221 censuses 221,222 demography 214,221,222,571 Jewish cemetery 222,600, 730 Jewish communal statute 222 Jews in 207,214,218,220,221,222, 222Ո276,222Ո277,228,270,571,725 Jews in industry 223 municipal elections 223 occupations ofJews 223,238 schooling 222,223,223Ո288,367Ո759 Shoah 474,476Ո796 synagogue 104,222,270,424,729 Bujaš, Srećko as povjerenik 419,420,421,422,424, 429Ո463,473 legal career 419,421 postwar testimony 422,438,438Ո519 Bukovača 476 Bukovina 231
INDEX 888 Bulgaria 90,19811112,209,256,257,270, 534,537 Ashkenazim 209,350 in Axis Alliance 371П10 Balkan Wars 252, 253 independence 170 Jewish immigration transit to Palestine 546 Jews in 14, 88, 94,249,600,727 occupation of Macedonia 373,437 pogroms 170 Burgos 51,56 Burrellus, Count 39Ш44 Bush, George H.W. 666ngi, 667, 668 Buzadži Hadži-Hasanova mahala 94Ո147, 99Ո186 Byzantium 8,14Ո53, 78,79,81Ո51,85Ո83,271 administration of empire 112Ո287, 711 discrimination against Jews 79-80 forced conversion 80 Jews as money lenders 80 Jews in 79-80 Jews in the economy 80 Justinian’s Code 79 marital regulations 80 Novellae 79 persecution ofJews 79-80,82 pogroms 80 relations between Jews and Christians 80 synagogues 75,80 Theodosian Code 23, 79 Cabrero, Juan 54 Cadik Danon 733 Cairo 158,159, 534 Čajnice 269,316 Canada 273nın, 685, 738 Canki, Pavle 378 Cantacuzene John 78 Cantacuzene, Theodora 79 cantigas 50 Capitulation Treaties 76Ո13,167,168 Čapljina 14,212,423 Capsali, Moshe ben Eliyahu (Rabbi) 77Ո21, 80,85,86Ո85,115Ո306 CARELINK Caritas 746 678, 679,748 Carlos IV 70 Carojoseph (Rabbi) Beth Yoseph 148 ShulchanAruch 148 Carolingian dynasty 36,37,39Ո144 Carranza, Bartolomeo (Archbishop) 56 čaršija 102,229,230,246,290Ո229 Castile 17Ո2,32,37,38,40,41,42Ո170,43,47, 4711219,50,51,51П244,52,53,54,55,56, 58Ո294,64,86,175,318 Catalina 53 Catalonia xx, ւ8ոշ, 37,43, 67, 87,175,749 Catholic Relief Services 740 Čauševič, Džemaludin 285 Cavillo, Josef 549 Cazin 476 Çelebi, Evlija 93,96, 778Ո349 Çelebi, Rafael Joseph (Rabbi) 158 Ćemaluša mahala 100 Central Europe 10,640,681 Jews in
27,28,50Ո241,183,184,184Ո13, 187,191,194,231- 232,251,262,352 4Ո10,101Ո195,614,648, Čerešnješ, Ivan 675,677,679Ո164,681,683,685,686, 686Ո210, 687, 688, 699Ո298,700,702, 703,704,708,742 candidate for presidency 633,633Ո473 president of Bosnian Jewish community 565,605,633,683 president of Sarajevo Jewish community 565 Ceric, Mustafa 674,747,756Ո261,763Ո293 Cetinje 365Ո743 Četniks 374,503,528Ո1189, 615Ո393,643,749 anti-Communism 536,536Ո1255,537 antisemitism 536-7 genocide 536,537, 643 Greater Serbia 535,537 historical revisionism of 749 Muslim corps in 537Ո1260 relations with Bosnian Muslims 388, 389,393,403, 459, 532, 537Ո1260, 543, 568 relations with Croats 459,532,536 relations with Germans 532, 535,536 relations with Italians 508Ո1059,537 relations with Jews 393,403,515,529, 532П1228,535-7,677
889 INDEX relations with Partisans 530,532, 536,537 relations with Ustaše 532,532Ո1226, 536,537 World War lí violence 459,514,529, 531Ո1215,531Ш218, 643 See ako Mihailovič, Draža; četvrt See mahala Charles v (Emperor) 185 Charles vu (Emperor) 187 China 671 Chmielnicki massacres 156,158,193 See ako Poland, pogroms in, and Ukraine, pogroms in Christiani, Pablo 49 Christopher, Warren 671 Churchill, Winston 253Ո6 relations with Josip Broz Tito 577 Ciano, Galeazzo (Count) 380Ո77,397Ո201, 400,492 üjut 98Ո177,120,359,398 Čifitthana See Sarajevo, Jewish mahala. Claims Conference 593, 594, 596, 784 Clinton, Bill (President) 668,669,712, 713 Clinton Foundation 742 Čobanija 230,290Ո229 Čolak, Jozef 106 Čolaković, Rodoljub 342,557 Collegium artkticum 314,368,431 Columbus, Christopher 33П101,71, 71Ո390,72 Cominform Resolution 552,553Ո6,563, 608,623 See ako Yugoslavia, Cominform Resolution Commission for Preservation of National Monuments 731,743 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (csce) 667 Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CPBiH/LCBiH) 367,412Ո331, 512, 527, 563Ո56, 585, 632, 633, 638, 63911507, 717 See ako Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CPBiH/LCBiH) Communist Party of Yugoslavia (cpy) xxii, 11,283,284,286,287,336,342,366,368, 460Ո669,475Ո791,499,552,553,553Ո6, 556,560,562,611,616,624,625,626, 643,644,646, 759 congresses 554,558 Croats in 512 government repression of 287, 465 in concentration camps 465,472Ո756, 499,503,503П1014,504,514,522 286,287,341,344,412Ո331,432, Jews in 432Ո480,46511701,47211756,475Ո792, 512
513,517,518,519,522,522Ш150, 523,525,526Ո1180,529,530,531,532, 563,582Ո183, 583, 597Ո286,602,614, 617Ո404 Muslims in 512 Obznana 336,337,341 proclamation of armed struggle 511,512, 522,524 propaganda 523,524 relations with Poale Cijon 336,337 relations with Zionists 341 Spanish Civil War volunteers 343 Tito as leader 374 World War π resistance 367, 510-34 See also League of Communists of Yugoslavia concentration camps 317,319,362,384mu, 395, Յ96,404Ո267,406, 421, 423, 424, 430Ո467,437, 43711513,448, 463, 466, 467, 468, 468Ո726,468Ո727, 469, 470, 474Ո777,474Ո780,479, 487,517, 520, 521, 568, 699, 757, 784 administration of 480,494,502-3 Albanian camps 437 Auschwitz 406Ո283,420,479,486,508, 674, 737, 744, 753, 761 Austrian camps 431,479 Banjica 475 Bergen-Belsen 744 Bosanski Petrovac 466,475Ո792,476 Brač 499,501 Bročice 468,469 Ciglana 468,469 clerics in command 456, 477Ո800 Communists in 465,472Ո756,499,503, 503П1014,504,514,522 conditions in 479-83 Crikvenica 500
INDEX 890 concentration camps {cont.) Croatian camps 405,456,466,530,661 Đakovo 421,422,422Ո403,468,473,476, 480,480Ո829,481,522Ш150,568, 597, 744, 754, 755 “Danica” Koprivinca 466,466Ո713 deaths in 284Ո190,315,407Ո290,483, 484,486,522Ո1150,523,551,596,615, 622, 759 deportation ofJews to 315,386,400Ո227, 409Ո308,411,416,420,421,422,436, 436Ո503, 437, 437Ո513, 446, 446Ո565, 449, 452, 458, 459,466, 470-9,482, 491Ո917, 495,497, 502, 508, 515, 518, 519, 522, 524, 525Ո1174, 544Ո1321, 551, 618, 674, 753, 775, 779 destruction of 482, 616 disease 467,470 Dubrovnik 501 escape from 482,482Ո841,487,487Ո878, 499, 517, 550 establishment of 465-70 Ferramonti 509,509Ո1067 Gacka 500 German camps 467,468,468Ո726,469, 475, 479,484, 535 Gornja Rijeka 421 Gospić 465,465Ո700,466,471,477 Granik 469 Grūž 49g humanitarian aid 420-2 Hvar 499, 501, 517 Italian camps 487,497Ո958,498,499 Ivanjica 522 Jablanac 550 Jadovno 466,466Ո716,744 jasenovac xx, 284Ո190,314,315, 388, 402,420Ո392,422,423,426,430Ո467, 450,456,466,468,468Ո729,470, 472, 472Ո756, 474, 474Ո778,476, 477, 477Ո800, 478,480,480Ո829,481, 481Ո835, 482, 482Ո841,482Ո482, 484, 484Ո869, 486,487Ո878,495,497, 517, 54401321, 549, 568, 6i5, 615Ո392, 616, 617, 617Ո403, 619, 622, 674, 744, 749, 752, 757, 759, 760, 761, 762, 787 Jastrebarsko 466,477Ո800 Kerestinec 466 Korčula 500,500Ո980,517 Kožara 468,470 Kraljevica 499,501,503 Krapje 468,469,480 Kruščica 466,471,472,480,762 Kulen Vakuf 4750792,476 Kupari 499 Lepoglava 470 Loborgrad 420,420Ո392,421,421Ո398, 423,467,468,472,473,480,480Ո829, 481,482,744 Lopud 499 Metajna 466,494 Metković 499 Muslims in
542 Novi Vinodolski 500 Oranienburg 352 Pag 494, 494Ո936,495, 49б, 497 Paketamica 470 Partisans in 509 Polish camps 456,478,479,482,544Ш321 prisoner of war camps 534-5,545,587, 591, 707 Rab 501-5,517 Rafinerija 469 Selac 500 Serbian camps 550,662, 707 Serbs in 494, 752,757 Slana 466,494 Slovenes in Rab 504 Spanish camps 436 Stara Gradiška 4070290,456,465Ո701, 468, 470, 473,47б, 477,481,550, 59б, 744 structure of 469, 533 survivors 482Ո842, 568, 571, 591 Tenje 468 transit camps 465,466,4680727,549 Treblinka 479 Tunel 470 Velebit Mountains 494Ո936 Zvonara 470 Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (cjmcag) See Claims Conference. confesos See converso Conforte, Zevi 247 Congress of Berlin 170,195, 254
891 INDEX Constantine (Emperor) 22 Constantinople See Istanbul conversion 22 apostasy 148 forcible 16,27,36,45,51,51Ո250,52,53, 59 65, 66Ո362, 68, 72, 77Ո21, 80,112, 144,450,453,461 22,24,24Ո46,27,45,47, 48,49,50,51-2,55,56Ո284,57,58, 59, 65, 66,66Ո362, 67Ո367, 68, 69, 72, 80, 144,184mg, 185,187,202Ո151, 207,345, to Christianity 359.384,388, 393. 397.405, 40511273. 440,444, 446, 447,447Ո568, 447Ո569, 448,448Ո575, 451,45311618,456, 458, 459. 473 to Islam 31,36,46,77Ո21,112,118,118Ո332, 119,123,126,138Ո484,144,148,155,160, 160Ո653,161,162Ո675, 388, 389Ո143, Յ90,397. 414,414Ո345,446, 447, 44711568, 4474569,458, 459, 461,473 to Judaism 22Ո27, 23Ո35, 24,31,46, 53, 272, 725,734,740 xx, 45, 51Ո250, 52, 52Ո254, 52Ո259, conversos 54, 55-63, 61Ո318, 64, 65, 67Ո367, 69, 71, 74, 87,132, 271,343, 749 as anti-Semites 58,65-66 as tax farmers 59,59Ո309,60,64,71,132 in Ottoman Empire 84 in Portugal 68-70 “new Christians” 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 74Ո5 persecution of 45, 63 positions in Catholic Church 52Ո254,55,56 relations with “old Christians” 57,58,59 See also Inquisition convivencia See Spain, convivencia Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe (care) 592,592Ո257 coplas 178 Còrdova 31, 33,34, 37,39, 60, бопзп, 175, 357ո68ւ Talmudic academy 34 Corfu Declaration 257 Ćosić, Dobriča 642Ո526,673 Council of Elvira 22,22Ո26 Counter-Reformation 185 Court Jews (Hoļjuden IHoffaktoren) 33,184, 188,193 Covadonga 36 Covid-19 2,726,727,734,766 Cracow 737,764 Crepoljski 367Ո759,527Ո1183 Crescas, Hasdai 53 Cresques, Abraham 33Ո101 Cresques, Yehuda 3311101 Crimea 80,81,163 Ста legija 462, 530 Croatia
Antimuralis Christianitatus 442 antisemitism 352,352Ո645,358,359, 360,377,388,463Ո688,749 Bleiburg 752,757 Catholics 388 Clerical movement 202Ո151 Communist Party in 625 concentration camps in 405,456,466, 530, 661 Dayton Peace Accords 713 declaration of independence 667, 670 economy 388,770 fascism 357,360,442,492, 621, 622, 707 genocide 718 German invasion 388,487 German occupation 487,667 Gestapo in 463 Greater Croatia 360, 374, 510,559, 6551134, 657, 661 historical revisionism 559,749 Handžar Division 544 in Austro-Hungarian Empire 189, 203, 231, 256, 350 in Yugoslavia 659Ո59 international recognition 670 involvement in Bosnia 8 Jewish conversion 447 Jewish reftrgees 498, 704 Jews in 14,189,190, 200, 231, 262, 263, з82пд6,384,388,396, 397,435, 463Ո688, 497Ո958, 520, 702, 757, 787 Littoral 488 marital law 306 nationalism 196, 203, 204, 354,383, 407Ո288, 452,454, 4бзп688, 624, 625Ո433, 632, 643, 656, 657, 66o, 672, 757,758 perspective of Shoah 757
892 INDEX Croatia (cont.) political parties 654 rabbis 734 racial policies in 356 railroads 379 relations between Jews and Serbs 463Ո688 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 655 relations with Bosnian Muslims 392, 653. 655. 760 relations with Communists 442 relations with Germany 391-2, 397Ո201, 388,487,667, 668 relations with Greece 760 relations with Hungary 373 relations with Israel 760,787 relations with Italy 257,317Ո10,372, 373,487 relations with Muslims 442 relations with Serbia 637,655,659,760 relativization of Ustaše 559,757,758, 787 role of religion 653 Serbs in 197, 650 Shook 478,707,787 Shoah commemoration 754,757,758 Ustaše 354,376Ո40,388,390,392Ո162, 447, 643, 760 Volksdeutsche 388 war against Bosnia and Herzegovina g, 656, 661, 718 World War lí 643,707, 718 See also Independent State of Croatia and Nezavisna Država Hrvatska. Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane, hvo) xxii, 677,680 Croatian Peasant Party 258,284,355, 385Ո116,391Π156 antisemitism 284,463Ո688 nationalism 355 Croatian primorje 488, 515, 526Ո1180 Croatian Pure Party of Rights 406, 407Ո288 Croatian Red Cross 481,481Ո837 Croats 8,126,170,271,434Ո492,609 Bleiburg 757 Bosnian Muslims as 389Ո143, 390 Gothic origin 397, 397Ո201, 540Ո1287 in Independent Kingdom of Croatia 382, 388, 462 in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes/Yugoslavia 256,257, 354,388 in Partisans 435,5u, 618 in Yugoslavia 1,587 Jews as 397 nationalism 191,203,204,375,542 occupations 273 relations with Četniks 459,532,536 relations with Serbs 271,624 South Slavic perspective 256,2561124 Ustaše 353,353Ո655 Crusades
27,45Ո200,183 Crvena pomoć 342,367 crypto-Judaism 69,70, 70Ո383 See ako Marranism Čudina, Cyril 415 Cuiuli, Vincenzo 501 Culi, Jacob (Rabbi) 163,176 Čurčić, Vejsil 428,428Ո455 Cvetkovič, Dragiša (Prime Minister) 361, 362,365,370Ո5,371 Cvetkovič-Maček Agreement (Sporazum) 354 See ako Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Cvetković-Maček Agreement Czech Republic 767, 768 Czechoslovakia 296,326,335,381,475Ո791, 577, 600 Czechs 382, 506, 572 Dalmatia 88, 255, 375Ո37, 454,537 Dalmatian coast 132,496 German invasion of 504,507,508 Italian control of 372,373,456Ո645,482, 489,494Ո937,496, 501, 509 Jewish refugees 490, 509 Jews in 88,134,259,438,592 Partisans in 515 Daniti, Blankica (Mira) 342,342Ո570, 52Յ, 530 Daniti, Bukica 341 Daniti, Moric 425 Danon, Ašer 432 Danon, Cadik i. (Braco) 479,589 Danon, Jakiča 342Ո570 Danon, Jakob 6970283,753 Danon, Jozef Z. 201, 205, 526 Danon, Moric 517
893 INDEX Danon, Oskar (Jovo Cigo) 342,368,526, 526Ո1177,526Ո1181,528,529,530,533, (delasem) 617Ո404,737 Danon, Rafael i. 226, 537 Danon, Rav Moša (Chief Rabbi) 123,124, 127, 605,606,745 See also Stolac, gravesite of Rav Danon Danon, Salamon 410,518 Danube River 180,378 Danube Valley 88 Danubian Basin 379,487 Darbists 291Ո232 Davičo, Oskar 367 David, Filip 674 Dayton Peace Accords (dpa) 712-17,723, 735Ո145.785,789 Bosnian Constitution 713 Brčko 713,776 ethnie criteria 713,714, 715,716 ethnie minorities 713,714 partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina 713, 714, 716 provisions del Vivar, Rodrigo Díaz (El Cid) 36Ո122 Delegazione Assistenza Emigranti 715,721Ո50,752, 771,772, 772Ո330, 774 role of the United States 712,713,716,717 See also High Representative de Deza, Diego 71 de Espina, Alonso 59 de Guadalajara, Moshe Arragel 53 de la Caballería, Alfonso 54 de Lara, Manrique 180 de León, Moses 38 de Morillo, Miguel 61 de Salvetat, Raimundo (Archbishop) 38 de San Martín, Juan 61 de Santa Fé, Gerónimo (Joshua Lorca) 4911233 de Santa María, Pablo (Salomon Halevi of Burgos) 56 de Santangel, Luis 54,71 de Talavera, Hernando 56 de Torquemada, Juan 61Ո318 de Torquemada, Pero Fernandez 61Ո318 de Torquemada, Tomás 61, 61Ո318, 64, 65, 66Ո357 de Torres, Luis 71,71Ո395 de Valladolid, Alfonso. See Abner of Burgos. Dedijer, Vladimir 516, 517, 619, 761 Degel Atora 332 491,508,509 Demajo, Samuel 356Ո672,362 Democratic Alliance 639 Demokratska partija (Democratic Party) 284 Derventa 4,108,219,350 as railroad center 108,219 Ashkenazim 219 commerce 219 Jewish cemetery 108, 600, 730, 731, 739 Jewish
community 212,219,266 Jewish socio-cultural societies 219 Jews in 108,213,219,219Ո247,586,728,739 Jews in municipal government 108 Jews in commerce 108Ո261 Jews in industry 280 occupations ofJews 108 Sephardim 268 Shoah 475-6 synagogue 104,219,424, 729,730 derviš 123,127,178Ո797 Derviš Ahmed (Mošo Haviljo) 123 Derviš-paša 122 Despica kuća 780 Deutsch, Moses (Rabbi) 289 devşirme xx, 122,166 See also Ottoman Empire, devşirme dhimmt xx, 112, Ո2Ո285,113,114,181 rights and obligations 115,116,117,118, 133.143 168 taxation of 120-2,143 See ako Ottoman Empire, dhimmL Diary ofAnne Frank 615 Diaspora Nationalism 294,297-301 Dimitrijević, Vojo 314,315,528Ո1189 Dinaric Alps 5, 6 disputations 48 Barcelona Disputation 49 Disputation of Tortosa 49Ո233 Disraeli, Benjamin 198Ш12 Divjak, Jovan 656044,665 Djilas, Milovan 355,430, 505,645 Doboj 378,456 antisemitism 766 Jewish cemetery 600,731, 739 Jewish community 212,213,266, 266Ո64, 591,676, 677,738,739,740,746, 747 Jewish publishing 250
894 INDEX Doboj {cont.) Jews in 367, 724 Shoah 448Ո575,474,753 synagogue 266Ո64,729 Dobošnica 544 Dobrinja 695 Dobrinja-Butmir tunnel 701 Dobrotvor 678, 679,748 Doctors without Borders 695 Dodik, Milorad 787, 788Ո381 Dolfin, Cezar (Prince) 90 Domani, Robert 533 Dominicans 37,44,49, 60, 61 Don Felipe (Prince) 685 Donja Tuzla 220, 242Ո449,316 Donji Vakuf 222,223,223Ո288,476Ո796, 729, 731. 765,766 Dönme 161,162,162Ո674,162Ո675 customs 161 Young Turks as 162 Draskovic, Vuk 673Ո129, 707 Dreyfus affair 294 Drina (Drinska) banovina 7,258Ո34, 262Ո45,265,27о, 276Ո130,330,348, 365Ո743,376,378 Drina River 5 Dubrava 334 Dubrovnik (Ragusa) 8,127,132,168,334,392, 489Ո895,499, 501 commerce 75,134,135 in Bosnian War 677 Jewish reftıgees in 490,490Ո907,498,499 Jews in 97,152,152, 488,490, 677 Jews in commerce 91, 91Ո125,93,95,104, i34 135 State Archives 323-4 Ducei, Roberto 494Ո934 Dujmušić, Dragutin 378 Duke of Alba 70Ո387 Duke of Spoleto 487,487Ո885 Dunav (Dunavska) banovina 262Ո45, 265, 307Ո326 Dušan (King) 169 Duvno 222,475 Džaen, Sabataj 246,318 Eastern Europe antisemitism 613, 674 175,369,555,626 340, 343,356,423,438Ո521, Communism in 647, 767 Jews in 13,16, 81,352-3,423.564, 613,756 Eastern Question 195,195Ո96 edah 144 Edict of Expulsion (Alhambra Decree) 65, 67Ո367,68,70,70Ո387,71 cancellation of 70Ո387,345 See also Spain, Edict of Expulsion Edime (Adrianople) 82 Jews in 75,78, 82,82Ո54,185 Egypt 78,90,173,534,548,567,578Ո148,609, 609Ո357,610, 679,700 Eichmann, Adolf 478,479,538,615 Eissler, Johann 227 El-Hldaje 389,460Ո669 El-Hidaje Resolution 460,460Ո669,462 El Mundo Sephardi 317
El Progreso 243,250 Elazar, David 89Ո106,611Ո368 Elazar, Samuel 178,586,620,665 Elazar, Sonja 310Ո350,483Ո855,546,689, 689Ո230,692,693,727,736 Eliao, Jakob 247 Eliezri, Eli 685, 702Ո315 Engel, Ilija (Antic) 342,5ЗЗ. 583,585.586 Engel, Mavro (Miki) 342Ո570,529 Engl, Joža 534Ո1238,582Ш83 Engl, Slavko 342 England 443.695 Ashkenazim 183 commerce with Ottoman Empire 157 expulsion ofJews 27,62Ո327,69Ո381,183 Friends ofLa Benevolencija 677, 696, 735 messianism 184mg philosemitism 184Ո19 Enrique n (King) 46 Enrique in (King) 50 Enrique IV (King) 58Ո294, 59 Erlih, Evald 504 Erwachung 358 Escapa, Joseph 158 Eškenazí, Albert 404Ո263,532,583Ո196 Eškenazi, Estera Papo 522 Eškenazi, Mento 523,526,5831U96 Eskinazi, S. 201 esnafs 136,240 "ethnic cleansing” 654, 655, 660, 661-2, 663, 681, 684, 714. 715. 740, 759. 768, 769. 771. 791
895 INDEX See abo Bosnian War, “ethnic cleansing” “ethnic key” (etnički ključ) 282, 634, 63411478,713 etničke manjine See Yugoslavia, ethnic minorities EUFOR 714, 72ՕՈ45 Althea 714 Eugene of Savoy 101 European Commission 743,781 European Community (ec) 707 European Convention on Human Rights 786 European Council of Jewish Communities (ecjc) 785, 786 72, 451, 792 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 312,358,364, 387,388, 389,395,399, 431,437, 551, 600, 604, 616, 617Ո404, 652, 731, 744, 756, 758, 759, 775, 777, 778, 783 in Croatia 262Ո46, 357,360,442,492, in France 492 in Germany 72,371, 400, 401Ո236, 427, 431,438, 654, 667 European Union (EU) 721-4,752,783 Evangelicals 206,210,224,247,260,291, 404,465 Exilarch 21,182 expulsion ofJews from Austria 187,188,350,361 from Bosnia and Herzegovina 101, 492 in Hungary 492 in Independent State of Croatia 3,8,72, 313,316,319,34411586,355,355Ո669, 374, 377, 386, 387, 389, 394,395, 400, 403, 431, 436,452, 457,491, 495, 498Ո970, 511, 515, 516, 519, 521, 532, 550, 562, 566, 597, 617Ո403, 622, 647, 753, 757, 761 351, 456 from England 27, 62Ո327, 69Ո381,183 from France 27, 62Ո327, 69Ո381,183 from Germany 62Ո327, 69Ո381, 81,183, 384, 357 from Holy Land 12,19, 81 from Hungary 183 from Iheria 13Ո48, 25, 63-72,74, 76, 83, 148,176, 818 from Italy 62Ո327, 81,497 from Naples 185 from Netherlands 62Ո327, 69Ո381 from Poland 81 from Portugal, 18, 68, 69 from Russia 81, 88 from Spain 13,18,19,45,52Ո259,56Ո283, 60, 63-8,69Ո381,71,72,75,77,100,156, 156Ո624,173,178Ո797,181,346,384,426, 686,686Ո209,699,727 from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 308Ո332, 350,351 from Western
and Central Europe 28, 42Ո174, 81,183,185,187,255, 384 in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Balkans 170 fascists 394, 621, 622, 707 678,746 European Court of Human Rights European Economic Community (EEC) in the Independent State of Croatia 397,456,498 Ezrat Becarot 332 Ezrat Dalim 107 Ezrat holim 221 Ezrat-jetomim 325,331 684 in Italy 377, 400, 492, 492Ո923, 493,495, 500,509 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 252,313,357, 357Ո681, 361, 365,366, 369,380, 393 in Serbia 357,360,566, 597, 643, 707 in Slovenia 352 in World War 11 371,380 in Yugoslavia 614, 640 interwar Europe 10, 264, 281Ո167, 343, 344, 345, Յ52, 35311655, 355,369, 492 Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 7Ո28, 713, 744 cantons 713 Federation of Jewish (Israelite) Religious Communities 243, 288, 289 Federation of Jewish Communities of Bosnia and Herzegovina 565 Federation of Jewish (Religious) Communities of Yugoslavia 560, 564, 572, 575, 590, 672, 675, 745 cemeteries 600,604 congresses 365, 564,590 finances 591 heirless property 597
896 INDEX Federation of Jewish (Religious) Communities of Yugoslavia (cont.) membership 590,591,675 organization 590 programs 593,594,595,596,607 Federation of Serbia and Montenegro 719 Federation of Women’s International Zionist Organization (wizo) 337-8 Ferdinandu 185,1861125 Ferhad Pasha mahata 94Ո147,100 Fernando 11 54-5, 61,62,65,66, 68,77 Fernando in 38,41 Ferrara 104Ո225 Ferrer, Vicente 53 Ferruziel, Josef (Cidellus) 40 feudalism 28,46,125,126,127,195 Jewish role in 28,38,40,46 Filipović-Majstorović, MiroslavTomislav 456,456Ո639,468 Find, Avram 296Ո265 Finci, Benjamin 286,583,583Ո195 Finci, Darko 677 Finci, David D. 432 Finci, Eli 312,526,526Ш178 Finci, Izodor 580 Finci, Jahiel 342,368,440,563Ո56,582, 582Ո183,604 Finci, Jakob 677,686,746, 747,748, 751, 753. 763.766,780, 782,783,785,786, 786Ո371, 787, 792 See also Sejdić-Finci Finci, Leon 364,364Ո738,365 Finci, Leon A. 432 Finci, Rafají 358 Finci, Regina 549 Finci, Salamon Moni 147,300,341,352,513, 514,530.581,583,583Ш94,598Ո291 Finci, Zak 617Ո404 Finci, Zoja 607, 700 Finzi, Buki 318 firmans See Ottoman Empire, firmans Fleger, Josip 580 Fliker, Jozef v. 586 Fliker, Leo 582 Fliker, Leon 530 Fliker, Moric (Mika) 367,527,528,529 Fliker, Salamon (Pero) 527,529,618 Florence 94,132Ո427,426 Florentin, Solomon (Rabbi) 161 Foča 235,756 Jewish cemetery 730 Jews in 104,214,238 Foht, Sara 523 Fojnica 214,280,316,418,484Ո864,731,763 Fort Ontario 548 Fortalitium Fidel 59 Fortner, Johann Hans (General) 427 Fourteen Points 10Ո36 Fourth Lateran Council 27 Frajnd, David 475Ո792 France 12Ո46, 60,197,209,256 antisemitism 44,44П193,50
Ashkenazim 183,209 Dreyfus Affairs 294 expulsion ofJews 27,62Ո327, бдпзбі, 183 fascism 492 Friends of La Benevolencija 677 involvement in Bosnian War 670,671 Jews in 39Ո144,151Ո580,182,183Ո12,294 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 370,371 war with Austria-Hungary 187 World War h 344,542,54201302 Francetić, Jure 378, 462,465, 471,473, 532Ո1225 Ста legija 462,478,530 Francis (Pope) 789 Franciscans 174 Ahdname of Milodraž 117Ո325,454 in Partisans 454 in Ustaše 453,455,456 Reconquista period 37, 59 World War π 453,454 Franco, Francisco 343, 436 Frank, Josip 378,378058,407 Frankftirt 184Ո13 frankovci 357Ո679, 407Ո288, 512,512Ո1088 Franz Ferdinand (Archduke) 197,198Ո112 assassination 198,198Ո112,253,253Ո5, 253Ո6,352, 684Ш97 Franz Joseph (Emperor) 207, 599 Free Brothers 291Ո232 Freiberger, Miroslav Shalom (Rabbi) Friesz, Othon 314 Fuchs, Wilhelm 464 Gabela 104 Gacka 498,500 456
897 INDEX Gajret 225, 227, 328, 334,364 Galicia ւ8ոշ, 23,37,231 Gams, Andrija 674 Ganić, Ejup 633, 665 Gaon, Bencion 237,414Ո346 Gaon, Igor-Davor 695 Gaon, Israel 283 Gaon, Jakob 534Ո1238,580 Gaon, M.D. 318 Gaon, Rafael (Rafo) 530 Gaon, Saloman 578 Gaonim 21,182 Garić, Josip (Bishop) 456 Gavrankapetanović, Ismet 446Ո565 Gavrilović, Žarko (Archpriest) 673 Gaza 788,789 Yugoslav peacekeeping troops in 611Ո367 Gazi Husref-beg (Paša) 91,96, 97Ո162, 140Ո501,142,142Ո516 Gazi Husref-beg Mosque 99,285 Gazi Husref-beg mahala 94Ո147,99 Geneva Convention 535,785 Gentile, Giovanni 492 Georgia 162 German-Yugoslav economic pact 370Ո5, 371 Germans 434Ո492 in Handžar Division 542,543,544,545 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 350,382 Germany 102,35911695,360,370, 43911527. 544 antisemitism 44,44П193,72,400,425 Ashkenazim 81,183,209,270 Axis Alliance member 371П10 blood libel 185 Catholics in 185 Claims Conference 593,594,596,784 Communism in 336 concentration camps 467, 468, 468Ո726, 469,475,479,484, 535 early tribes 22 East Germany 600, 767 exploitation of Bosnian natural resources 228, 370Ո5,378-9,464, 491Ո917 expulsion ofJews 62Ո327,69Ո381, 81, 183. 384.357 fascism 72,371,400,401Ո236,427,431, 438,492 Friends of La Benevolencija 677, 696, 730,740 genocide 430,430Ո467, 433-4. 443.464, 479.505. 508, 521, 538, 623 425,463,464,468,471,475, Gestapo 478,479 Hitler 281, 360, 371,372, 380, 383, 384, 385. ЗӘЕ Յ92.400, 434, 478,482, 487, 541, 542,559, 566, 724, 766 invasion of Bosnia and Herzegovina 364.376 invasion of Dalmatia 504,507,508 invasion of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 371,373-4 Italian Jews in 493
Jewish prisoners of war 500Ո980, 534, 535.562,568,569.581,587 209,232,281,350, Jewish refugees from 352.381, 3811191, 382,423,443,47511791, 484, 49711548 Jews in 44Ո193, 75,101,185,189, 242, 262, 296 Jews in commerce messianism 159 military 184,193 379,529 Muslims in military 541 National Socialism 327,360,392,540 Nuremberg laws 359,399,401,407 occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 360, 379, 410, 412, 423, 424, 425,426, 427. 429, 439,463, 477, 491Ո917 occupation of Croatia 487, 667 persecution ofJews 281,327, 359, 730 pogroms in 81 prisoners of war in 500Ո980, 534-35, 562, 568, 569, 581, 587 Protestants in 185 relations with Archbishop Stepinac 443, 448,450 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 670, 750, 780 relations with Bosnian Muslims 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,462, 540, 545 relations with Četniks 532, 535, 536 relations with Croatia 388, 391-2, 397Ո201,487, 667,668 relations with European Community 671
INDEX 898 Germany {cont.) relations with Handžar Division 537, 538Ո127, 540, 540Ո1282,541, 542, 543, 543Ш314, 544, 545 relations with Hungary 437 relations with Independent State of Croatia 372,373,374Ո29,377- 378, 379- 380,380Ո77,383,385,388,391Ո156, 400,404,407,407Ո290,409,416,421, 430,434-5- 436- 439- 457- 463- 479, 482, 494, 536, 539. 541, 559, 623 relations with Italy 355,371,379,380Ո77, 487, 491, 492, 493, 494, 496, 496Ո953, 497, 498, 501, 504, 507 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 361,362,370,370Ո5,371, 507,511,523, 529,530,548 relations with Roman Catholic Church 443,540, 760 relations with Serbia 374,380,437,535 relations with Slovenia 373,667, 668 relations with the Soviet Union 374 relations with the Vatican 443, 444Ո559, 760 relations with Volksdeutsche 360,383, 388,416,491 relations with Yugoslavia 667,772 reparations 400Ո222,784 reprisal policy 431,431Ո474,535 restitution 784 Shoah 352, 384, 385,400,407,424,430, 433-4,436, 439- 444,449, 463, 464, 463, 464, 472, 476, 483, 489,490,491Ո917, 500Ո980, 502, 505, 516, 524,525, 535, 538, 623, 784 theft of Bosnian Jewish property 410, 412, 416, 417, 425, 426, 565,567, 775, 782 Tripartite Pact 371,371Ո10,372 West Germany 629, 784 World War і 198Ո112 World War 11 reparations 784 World War lí war aims 370,371 Geron, Yakir (Rabbi) 154 Gershom of Mainz, Rabbeinu 183 Geula 330,414 ghettos 528,529,530,533,585,586 Goražde 103Ո215,214,280,316,728, 728Ո93,763 372,372Ո15 relations with Partisans See ako, Spain, judería. Gideon 338 Ginzberg, Ervin 475Ո792,531 Gladstone, William 198Ո112 Glamoč 212 Glancer, Viktor 684 Glasnik sv.
Ante 359 Glück, Leopold 107,240 Golden Age ofJewry 16,18, i8ng, 27,29, 29Ո73,30,35,38,72, Hi, 174,318,356 See ako Spain, Golden Age of Jewry. Goldman, Nahum 357 Goldstein, Slavko 484Ո869,673,674 Goranin, Pavle (Ilija) 367Ո759,368,526,527, 24,24Л43,27,51,53, 64,80,98Ո171, 99, 99Ո183,186Ո25,194,340, 784 Goring, Herman 509Ո1067 Gornja Rijeka 421 See ako concentration camps, Gomja Rijeka Gornji Vakuf 212,223 Gorski Kotar 488,500,507 Gračanica 226 Ashkenazim 226 elections 226 Jewish cemetery 600, 731 Jews in 213,226,280,398,586 Jews in commerce 226 Jews in municipal government 226 Jews in the military 226 occupations for Jews 226,238 rabbis 226 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 226 Shoah in 398 sociocultural organizations 226-7, 280Ո162 synagogue 104,226,424,729 Gradačac Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 213,47511792,531 Shoah 475 Gradiščević, Husein Kapetan 128 Granada 17Ո2,18,30,37,54,54Ո266,55,56, 58Ո294,61,62,64 Jews in ւ8ոց, 33 35, 65Ո348 Granatstein, Gabriel 782 Grayzel, Salomon 72
899 INDEX Graz 248,431 Great Britain 373,443 Balfour Declaration 293,293Ո248, 294Ո249 British Mandate on Palestine 255 Friends of La Benevolencija 677, 696,735 involvement in Bosnian War 670 Jewish immigration to Palestine 546,548 Jewish refugees in 685 Jews in 376Ո42,578 relations with Independent State of Croatia 376 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 370,371 relations with Partisans 577 relations with Yugoslavia 577,608 White Paper 548 See also England Greater Croatia 360,374,510,559, 655Ո34, ha-Ashkenazi, Gazi Nathan b. Elisha Greater Serbia, 198,204,256,435- 510.535.537. 559,642Ո526,653, 655,655Ո34,657, 158, 159,160,161, ібіпббо Ha’aviv 327 Hachshara 339 Hadassah 695,735 Hadži Loja 118Ո327 Hadžič, Hakija 378,418 Hadžihasanović, Uzeir 392Ո162 The Hague 336 Haham éají/Chief Rabbi in Bosnia and Herzegovina 123,152,155 in Istanbul 85,86n86,149,153,154, 154Ո604,155,159,172 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 657,661 283,305,306, 328, 347 in Ottoman Empire 85, 85Ո81, 86, 86Ո85, 87.153.154 659.760 Grebo, Zdravko 639 Greece 132Ո427,197, 270, 371, 372ml Balkan Wars 252,253 Bosnian War 706 independence 170,172 Jewish immigration transit to Palestine 546 Jews in 727, 737 relations with Croatia 760 war with Italy 371 Greek Catholic Church 206,210,260,291 Greeks: blood libel 45Ո200 Greek Orthodox 78,471 in commerce 82,132 in Yugoslavia 558 national liberation movement 169,172 position in Ottoman Empire 82,121,129, 132.15Յ. 167 relations with Jews Grünberg, Jozef 108 Gruz 499 Guberina, Ivan 451 GulfWar 668 Gutić, Viktor 378 23038,82,119, 157.167 Gregory vu (Pope) 27,42Ո172 Gregory ix (Pope)
60 Grin, Ernest 520,581 Grof, Ludvig 222,223,328Ո470 Grof, Oskar 292Ո236 in Sarajevo 123,134Ո437,152,174,201, 247,290Ո226,301Ո290 local 154 rights and duties 86Ո87,155 Hahnuses Hakala 337 Haifa 334,347 Hajon, David 491 Hajon, Mirjana Hajon di Hadži 139 ha-Kohen, Moše ben Mihael (Rabbi) 178 halakhah xx, 35, 84,151,159,162, 726 ha-Levi, Abraham 154 ha-Levi, Jehuda 31Ո82,34 Halilovič, Nezim 788 hamam xx, 107,107Ո256,142,142Ո516, 142Ո519 Hamas 788,789 Hamburg 74Ո5,159,184Ո13 Hanafi rite. See Ottoman Empire, Hanafi rite. Handžar Division 530,537-45 as Kampfgruppe Hanke 545 Bosnian Muslims in 540,541,542,543, 544,545 composition 541,542 disbanding 544,545 genocide 544
900 INDEX Handžar Division (cont. ) German support of 537,538Ш271,540, 540Ո1282, 541,542. 543- 543П13Н, 544, 545 Germans in 542,543,544,545 in Hungary 543111314, 544, 545 Independent State of Croatia support 541,542 massacre of Jews 544 massacre of Serbs 544Ո1321 mutiny 542Ո1304,543 Neuhammer 543 recruitment 540,540Ш282,541,542 relations between Muslims and nonMuslims 542,542Ո1304,542Ո1305 relations with Partisans 542Ո1304,543, 544, 545Ո1326 relations with Serbian Orthodox Church 544 role of Amin al-Husseini 537,538,540, 542Ո1302,543 role of Himmler 540,542 Villefranche-de-Rouergue 542 Volksdeutsche in 542,544,545 Hanigun 357 Ha’noar 327 Hardaga, Mustafa 549,549Ո1348 Hardaga, Zeneiba 549,549Ո1348, 620Ո413, 704 Harun al Raschid 545 Hasamudin-paša 115 Hasan-paša, Dželali 97 Haiomer Hacďir 303,340,341,343, 524,587 Hatt-ւ Şerifof Gülhane 128 See also Ottoman Empire, Hatt-ւ Şerfof Gülhane. Hebrew Bible 12,12Ո45,13,13Ո49,42,48-9, 53, 70Ո383,112,309 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (hias ) 491 Hebrew language xxi, 13,14Ո57,19Ո12, 20Ո20,32,32Ո90,35,40,40Ո156,41,48, Sephardic literature 177,178 translations intoJudeo-espanjol 32Ո90, 175,177,249 Hebrew University 333 Hebron ւցշ hećim xx in Bosnia and Herzegovina 140Ո505,239 in Ottoman military 140 in Sarajevo 138,140,238,239 in Travnik 141,141Ո509 in Žepče 224 Heger, Karlo 467 Heger, Vilibald 467 Heinrich, Alfred 464Ո695 Hekim Ya'qub 79Ո31,138,138Ո484 herceg xx, 5 Herceg-Bosna Bosnian War xxii, 657,661,677 World War π 541,544Ո1321 Herceg-Novi 90,90Ш18 Herman, Kosta 749 Herman, Nikola 466Ո713 Herzegovina (Hum) 5, 94Ո146, 97,104,199,
378,454,455,488,531 ancient menorah found in 14 as sandžak 105 Bosnian War 656Ո44,657, 661 Jews in 105,216,233,499,732 Jews in commerce 104 Shoah 456 synagogues 216 Herzl, Theodor ււցոՅշց, 299Ո278 Hevra kadiša 228 in Sarajevo 102, 243,320 337, 595, 603 High Representative 716,721Ո50,773 accountability 721 “Bonn powers” 721,721Ո50 Himerlajh, Marija 550 Himmler, Heinrich 479,538,540,542 Hitachdut OlejJugoslavija 576 Hitler, Adolf 281,346П601, 358Ո686, 360, 49, 55n277, 55Ո278, 70Ո383, 71, 88,103, 371, Յ72, 380, 383, 384,384Ո109, 385,391, 108,138,139Ո487,140,142,150,151Ո580, 392, 400,434,444Ո559,463Ո685, 478, 161,172,173,175,176,176Ո780,177,178, 482,487, 492Ո923, 540Ո1282, 541, 542, 193, 225, 240, 248, 249, 250,293, 294, 296,299,307,309,310, յա, 318,323,327, ՅՅ1, 333, 334,338, 339, 346,346Ո601, 436, 562, 603, 606, 612, 616, 700, 701, 706, 706Ո350, 707, 731, 732, 762 559, 566, 705ՈՅ47, 766 Directive 25 372Ո15 relations with Ante Pavelič 400,434,478, 482, 487, 541 Hitlerhaus 416 372, 383,384,
901 INDEX Hoffaktoren See court Jews Hojjuden See court Jews Holocaust See Shoah. Horvat, Branko 564 Holy Land 21,27,75,156Ո624,159,187 Jewish settlement in 76,76Ո13,81,118, See also Austria-Hungary, Hungarian regions Hunt, Swanee 742 Hurijet 416 Husref-beg, Gazi 91,96 Hvar 499,501,517 182,192,257Ո26,296,299Ո284,333 Holy Roman Empire 156,185,188 Jews in 185 Protestants in 185 Hrvatska pošta 698 Hrvatska demokratska zajednica See Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska seljačka stranka See Croatian Peasant Party Hrvatsko vijeće obrane ( нѵо ) See Bosnian Croats, Croatian Defence Council and Croatian Defence Council Huesca 36 Hum See Herzegovina Hungarians (Magyars) 190,202,242,350, 534, 537 in Independent State of Croatia 382 in Sarajevo 382,414Ո345 narodnost in Yugoslavia 558 Hungary 8,109,121, 205, 256, 257, 262, 350, 558 antisemitism in 191 Ashkenazim 183,289 censuses 194 Communism in 336, 350 expulsion of Jews 183 fascism 492 German invasion 437 Handžar Division 543Ո1314,544,545 Hungarian Revolution 6x0 in Austria-Hungary 190,191,197,197Ո108 in Axis alliance 371П10,437 Jews in 97,190,191,195,289,437, 497Ո958,600,737 Jews in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 235, 270, 289, 310 Magyarization of Jews 190 medieval rule over Bosnia 6 nationalism 191,195 occupation of Kingdom of Yugoslavia 373 relations with Independent State of Croatia 373,482 Iberia 13Ո47,18,37,44,46 antisemitism 45 expulsion of Jews 13Ո48, 25, 63-72, 74, 76, 83, 98,148,176, 818 Iberian Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina 89 Iberian Jews in Ottoman Empire 74, 76, 78, 83, 85, 86, 89,132,144,173,179 Jewish demography of 17,31,37
Jews in xx, xxi, 13,13Ո48,17,18,19-26,28, 30,32Ո91, 33, 34, 36,37, 38, 47, 50, 58, 72, 87,177, 232, 326 Visigoths in 22-6,28 ibn Labrat, Dunáš 34 ibn Migash, Joseph ha-Levi (Rabbi) 30 ibn Nagdela, Samuel 35 ibn Saruq, Menachem 34 ibn Shapmt, Hasdai 34 ibn Ziyad, Tariq 28 II Kal Grandi as Bosnian cultural center 598, 598Ո292,778 as Radnički Univerzitet “Đuro Đaković” 598,778 construction 278,303, 304,325 destruction of 394,394Ո178,424, 598,603 menorah decoration 598, 599, 778 IIKal Vježu 303Ո302, 599, 733, 778, 778Ո349, 780 as Sarajevo Jewish Museum 779, 780, 781 construction 599,600, 101, ЮІПІ95,102, 102Ո204, 246,303,599,778 destruction of 101, 599 il Kortiiu See Saraj evo, Jewish mahala. Imamović, Enver 709 Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, ndh) xxii, 7,8,374 abortion 449 administration 386,390,391,415, 415Ո35Յ, 416,442
902 INDEX Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, ndh) (cont ) annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 374, 3741130, 376,379, 405, 4і4П345 41511350. 435. 451. 455. 473 antisemitism 377,396,440 Gestapo 464,468,471,478 Handžar Division 541,542 home guard 391,456Ո638,477 “Honorary Aryans” 405-8,453,520 humanitarian organizations 416,417 Hungarians in 382 in Axis Alliance 376 Islamic religious community 390, “aryanization” (theft) ofJewish property 408-18,430Ո467,461,462, Italian occupation 380. 51Յ anti-Jewish legislation 374Ո35,386,399- 472,473, 479, 565,566,567,775,777,783 as Greater Croatia 374 Ashkenazim in 382,401 Axis ally 463 Bosnian Muslims in 382,389-90, 38911143. 416,417.418,435.46111674,462, 465.520.521 Catholic Church in 440-58 Catholic press in 440 clothing restrictions in 400Ո230 Communists in 386,463,465, 465Ո701,471 concentration camps xx, 384nın, 386, 402,405,411,416,420-3,436,437Ո513. 445, 466, 468, 468Ո727,470, 473,474, 481,484Ո869, 4ցշ conversion in 402, 405,405Ո273, 445, 446Ո565, 447, 447Ո569, 760 creation of 374,385Ո116,442,455 Croats in 382 demography 382,400,415 disease 436,467,520, 521 economy 380,482Ո846 enemies list 409,522 expulsion ofJews 394,397,456,498 fascism in 3,8,72,313,316,319,344Ո586, 374, 377, 386, 387, 389,394,395, 400,403, 431, 436,452,457, 491, 495, 498Ո970, 5Ո, 515, 516, 519,521,532, 550, 562, 566, 597, 617Ո403, 622, 647, 753, 757,761 forced labor 414Ո345,428,458-62 374Ո29,380,380Ո77, 483,488,489 Italian zones 487-510 Jewish citizenship 401 Jewish demography 381-2 Jewish deaths in Auschwitz 486 Jewish deaths in Ustaše
camps 486 Jewish doctors in 520-21 Jewish escape from 436,438,475Ո791 Jewish museums 423 Jewish refhgees 475Ո791,484 Kulturbundists 471,491 marital regulations 402,405,407,445, 444Ո560,448,459 militaiy 374,374Ո35,377,385,482,483 Ministry of National Economy 419 Montenegrins in 386 Office for Economic Restructuring 41g persecution of Jews 383-7,388Ո137,399, 400,408,419,429-440,461 plunder ofJewish communal property 423-6 poverty 416,439Ո527 povjerenici in Jewish businesses 378, 39511187,411,412-18 povjerenici in Jewish institutions 418- 23,523 proclamation of 374,430,442,442Ո542 racial laws 384nın, 401,402,403,404, 405,444,450 registration ofJewish property 399,402, 411,413 420,420Ո392,429,429Ո463, 458,514 genocide 435,436Ո507,43711513,452, 453Ո618,463,464,479,483,491, 491Ո917,496Ո949, 559 German occupation 374Ո29,378,380, 380Ո77,384nın, 385, 409,430,464,473, 477, 479- 482, 483,489, 490Ո907 relations between Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats 408,410,539,541,542 relations between Bosnian Muslims and Serbs 461 relations with Bosnian Muslims 389Ո143, 390, 415 relations with Catholic Church relations with Croats 413 440-58
INDEX relations with Germany 903 372,373,374Ո29, 377.378,379.380,380Ո77,383,385,388, 391Ո156,400,404,407,409,416,421, 430.434-5. 436.439. 457. 463,479. 482, 494,536, 539. 559, 623 relations with Great Britain 376 relations with Hungary 373,482 relations with Italy 372,374Ո29,380, 380Ո77,391Ո156,400,482,487, 492Ո918, 4931193°, 494, 495, 497 relations with Orthodox Church 408,470 relations with Palestine 296,347,373 relations with United States 376 Roma 383,385,407,45311618,459,463 schooling 403 Serbs in 374Ո35, 382, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388П137, 401, 407,408, 409,453Ո618, 463, 475Ո792. 484Ո869 397,400, 405, 407, 463, 484Ո869,494, 783 synagogues 423,599 taxation 419 treatment of “Jewish Muslims" 458,461 unemployment in 415,416 Ustaše 409,413,415,447Ո569,474, Shoah in 477, 494 value of plunder of Jewish property 417Ո374 417, Vatican recognition 441,442,451,452 Velikažupa 377 Volksdeutsche in 382,383,413,416,435, 4б7,473, 474,491, 494 war against Great Britain 376 war against the United States 376 wearing of Star of David 404,404Ո260, 404Ո262,412 World War π deaths in 483 India 608,610Ո362 relations with Yugoslavia 608, 610Ո362 Innocent in 31 Inquisition 55, 59, 6о֊з, 64, 69, 72,180, 345 and the conversos 56Ո287, 61,61Ո323, 62, 63,65,66,70,71,71Ո388 and the Jews 61, 66,70Ո382 Auto de Fé 63,70 Edict of Grace 62 in Portugal 69,70Ո382 See also conversos, Spain, Inquisition Institute for Combating Endemic Syphilis 520 Integrationalism 261,294,296-7,301Ո292 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (imro) 375Ո37 International Brigade 343,344 International Congress ofJewish Women
(icjw) 693 International Court of Justice 718 International Criminal Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia (icty) 659 Tadic case 656Ո45,719 International, Interreligious, Intercultural Center (cimic) 647,747 International Labor Organization (ILO) 742 International Monetary Fund 629,630 International Red Cross 439Ո527,481,491, 509Ո1062,568, 679,707 Interreligious Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (MRVBiH) 747 Iran 397,753 Dönme in 162 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 766 relations with Ottoman Empire 163 relations with Yugoslavia 608 Iraq 22,6x0,613,787 Isaac (Alfasi) of Fez (Rabbi) 30 Isabella (Queen) 54,58Ո294,61,62, 64,65, 65Ո352,66,68,185 Ishakovic, Isabeg 6 Islam xx, xxi, 7,29,31,100,109,114,126,148, 166,174,177,257,603 anti-genocide resolutions 459-61 antisemitism 393,398,462,538 conversion of Jews to 36,118-19,123, 138Ո484,144,148,155,160,161,162Ո675, 388,397,414,446,447,447Ո568, 447Ո569, 458, 473 Hanafi rite 110,458 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 11Ո40,458- 61, 653, 664, 723, 756 in Independent State of Croatia 390, 414Ո345,428,458-62 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 260, 291, 353,3б4 in Moorish Spain kitabije 111,112 28Ո71,31,174
904 INDEX Islam {cont.) mosques 4о, 96, 99,102,10311215, 285, 389· 389Ո140, 4շ8,428Ո451, 66з, 712 730- 752, 779, 791 pan-Islamism 609 radical Islam 723, 765,788 relations with Croatia 653 relations with Judaism and Christianity 31,110,111,112,144,171, 172,460Ո671 relations with National Socialism 540 relations with Serbia 653 relations with Ustaše 458-62 Ulema Medzlis 458 Islamic Declaration 609 Israel 2ՕՈ20,56Ո284,73-74,76,156Ո624, 595- 7бзп29і aid during Bosnian War 688, 695 aid organizations 593,693, 695 aliyah 18,182,293,294,340,550Ո1350, relations with Yugoslavia 534,561П44, 577,608-13,614,621 Righteous Among the Nations 549-551, 683,761 Roman rule 182 Sarajevo Haggadah 709 Second Temple 13,17,19,67,76,103, 384,551 Six-Day War 8gmo6,611,611Л367, 61U1368,612,612Ո374,614 war of independence 577,578,609,788 Yugoslav Jews in 577 Isserles, Moses (Rabbi) 148 Istanbul 32Ո90, 77Ո22,79Ո31, 82Ո54, 83, 85, 93,102,117,121,125,125Ո380,126,127, 132,135,140,15 o, 158,159,160,163,179, 427Ո448 Haham başi 85,86п86,149,153,154, 15411604,155,159-172 Jews in 77, 79Ո31, 80, 81, 82, 82Ո54, 86,86Ո85,88,89,93, 57շ, 574- 576, 577- 578,579, 579Ո156, 82Ո58,83Ո60,84, 579Ո160, 608, 609, 611, 683, 684-5, 687, 9511155, 97,117,128,152,159, 248,287, 704, 734, 775 as Socialist country 577 Biblical 12Ո46,17,20,144,173 Bosnian refiigees 685, 704,704Ո334 creation of modem State of Israel 576, 578, 608,609, 612, 674,756,788 demography of 18 diplomatic recognition 609,610 exile from 17,19,22,144,182 First Temple 19,45Ո200,67,103,551 Jerusalem as capital 788 Jews in 182, 609, 708 relations with Arabs 611Ո367
relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 613,614Ո385,614Ո390, 704, 707, 709, 741, 75бп2бі, 766, 787-9 relations with Communist bloc 611,613 relations with Croatia 760,787 relations with Romania 611 relations with Serbia 621,622Ո421, 673Ո129, 705, 70511347, 706, 706Ո349, 707, 787 relations with the United States 577 relations with the Vatican 6n relations with Yugoslav Jews 561Ո44,591, 593, 594, 595, 596, 611, 612, 614, 621, 737 727Ո88 Italian zone of occupation 458,487-510 Četniks 537 Jewish escape to 474Ո777,478,489, 489Ո894, 48911895,490, 508, 515, 549 Pag camp 494,494Ո936,495,496, 497 Rab camp 501-510 Zone i 488,489,490,498,501,504 Zone π 488,488Ո887,489,490, 490Ո900,491,494,496,497,498, 49711958,500Ո980,501 Italians: in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 350,497 in Sarajevo 382 Italy 257,577 Ante Pavelič in 375,400 antisemitism 400,492Ո923; Axis Alliance 371П10 Balkan influence 487 Bosnian Muslims in 545 capitulation 504, 505,507, 508 commerce 132,184 confinement ofJews 437,498-9,509- 510, 517 Dalmatia 372, 375Ո37,456Ո645, 482, 496, 501, 509
905 INDEX Delegazione Assistenza Emigranti (delasem) Dönme in 162 Ustaše in 374Ո34, 375Ո37,434Ո494,487, 508Ո1059 491,508,509 exploitation if Bosnia and Herzegovina’s natural resources 378-9 expulsion of Jews 62Ո327, 81,497 fascism 377, 400,492, 492Ո923,493,495, 500,509 Ferramonti concentration camp 509, 509Ո1067 Italian Jews 497,497Ո958 Jewish charitable societies 192Ո74 Jewish refugees in 489Ո894,490,496, 500Ո980,504,507,509,510,517, 546,548 Jews in 151Ո580,156Ո624,172,194,491, 492Ո929, 493,500Ո980, 594, 727, 738, 750 Jews in commerce 104,133,134,135,184 Jews in the military 493 Mediterranean Sea 371Ո10 messianism in 156Ո624 military 488,489,491,491Ո917,492, 492Ո923,494,495,496,496Ո949,497, 497Ո958,498.500,501,508Ш059 Ministry of the Interior 492 occupation of Adriatic Coast 376 persecution of Jews 183,493 prisoners of war in 509 rabbinical training in 86 relations with Četniks 508Ո1059,537 relations with Croats 257,371П10 relations with Germany 355,371,379, 380Ո77, 487, 491,492, 493, 494,496, 496Ո953,497, 498, 501, 504, 507 relations with Greece 371 relations with Independent State of Croatia 374Ո29,380,400,482,487, 49ՅՈ930, 494, 495,497 relations with Serbs 492 relations with Slovenes 257,373 relations with Ustaše 374Ո34,375, 375Ո37, 457, 487Ո885, 488, 490Ո900, 492, 492Ո923,495, 496, 497, 498, 501, 508Ո1059 Sarajevo Haggadah 426 treatment ofJews 490Ո900,492Ո923, 493Ո929,494,495,496,500,501,509 Villa Emma 508-9 war with Greece 371 Itzhaki, Shlomo (Rabbi) (Rashi) 183 Ivanici-Cevljanovići 731 Ivanovic, Ljubo 314 Izetbegovic, Alija 609,657,686,686ոշւօ, б99 705Ո347,7°9,71Յ,
766 imprisoned 609 Islamic Declaration Izmir See Smyrna. 609 Jablanica 731 Jaén 37 Jagoda, Flory 177Ո796,404Ո260,500Ո980, 727Ո88 Jaime I 38,41, 44,49 Jajce 533 industry in 379 Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 214,218,218Ո242,228,269,280, 367,725 Jews in industry 238 synagogue 218,424,729 Janissary Corps 113,125,128,136,164,166 Jews as OcakBazirgâí 136 revolt of 164,165 See also Ottoman Empire, janissaries Japan 371П10 Jasenovac See concentration camps, Jasenovac Jaso-efendi 106 Jehovah’s Witnesses 291Ո232 Jehuda, Abraham Shalom 181 Jekuda Ha-Levi 332 Jeremiah 19 Jerusalem 12Ո46, 71,101П195,127,158,159, 192,245,333,360,546Ш338,591, 615, 621,673,685 as capital of Israel 788 Crusades 27 expulsión from 12,19 First Temple in 19,45Ո200, 67,103,551 Hebrew University 333 Jews in 20,152,384 Sarajevo as “little Jerusalem” 95 scholarly academies in 20,22
906 INDEX Jerusalem (cont.) Second Temple in 248,249,249Ո502,262,262Ո45,268, 13,17,19, 67,76,103, 384,551 ješiva xx, 152,163,192,247-8,309,324, 324Ո451 See ako Jewish Theological Seminary. Jevrejska tribuna 311 Jevrjski almanah 595,607 Jevrejski dom 333 Jevrejski glas 272,284Ո190,301,301П290, 324Ո445,327,352,356Ո673, 735, 738 Jevrejski kalendar 347Ո607 Jevrejski Klub 332 Jevrejski pregled 595 Jevrejski život 249,284Ո190,300,300Ո287, 312 317,327 Jevtič, Atanasije (Archimandrite) 673 Jevtič, Bogoljub 283 Jewish Agency (Sohnut) 546Ո1338,684, 687 Jewish Agency for Palestine 546Ո1338,591 Jewish Colonization Society 491 Jewish Historical Museum 425Ո429,596 Jewish mysticism 34,156Ո624,162 Jewish National Society 107,219 Jewish Theological Seminary 309,324, 324Ո451, 729 See abo Sarajevo, Jewish Theological Seminary. Jilek, Drago 412,414Ո346 João π (King) 68 John Paul її (Pope) 760,761 Johnson, Lyndon 669 Jordan 609 Joseph π (Emperor) 188,189 Josif, Enriko 674 Jovanovič, Dragi 357 Jovanovič, Iso 366 Jovanovič, Milivoje 290 Jovanovič-Stoimirovič, Milan 393 Juan ì (King) 52 Juan π (King) 53, 58Ո294 Juan Carlos (King) 685 Judah, tribe of 20,271 Judah Maccabee 272 Judah the Prince (Rabbi) 20 Judeja 338 Judeo-espanjol xx, xxi, 32,32Ո90,32Ո91, 88,92Ո136,95,122Ո368,140Ո505,150, 175-80,207Ո183,209,225,232,241,243, 270,272Ո105,283,283Ո177,285,299, 303Ո302,310,310Ո350,317,318,326, 344,573- 603, 608, 701, 726, 727, 738 literature 163,176,178,179,179Ո806,180, 249, ՅԱ, 317. 3i8, 324, 665 loan words 88,175-6 music 142Ո515,178Ո797,500Ո980,673, 727Ո88 newspapers 272Ո105 periodicals 177 printing in
Raši script 176,177,248,249 xxi, 91Ո125,150,243,248, 249,603 Judizantes xx, 5511278,59 See also converso. Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija (Yugoslav Muslim Organization, Јмо) 284,350,390 boycott of Jewish business 285,285Ո194, 286,348 Pravda 284,285,353 relations with Jews 284,285,348, 350,353 relations with Ustaše 390 Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army, jna) 554,624,656Ո44, 659,663,666,667,702,703,707 See also Yugoslavia,Jugoslovenska narodna armija. Jukič, Ivan 94 Juričev, Dijonisije 456 Jurišič, Nikola 378 Justinian’s Code 7g See abo Byzantium, Justinian’s Code Južbašić, Dževad 781 Kabbalah 34,131,140,156,157,158,161,162, 174,246,337 Kabiljo, Alfred 491 Kabiljo, Danica 404Ո262,531,532 Kabiljo, Danijel (Danilus) 313-14,431,596 Kabiljo, Danko 581 Kabiljo, David 504 Kabiljo, Haim 224 Kabiljo, Ham-Moše 224 Kabiljo, Moric 341,568,583 Kabiljo, Moric S. 417 Kabiljo, Moše (Rabbi) 224Ո300
907 INDEX Kabiljo, Salamon (“hodžo”)(Rabbi) 224 Kabiljo, Salamon A, (Sabit) 414Ո345 Kabiljo, Samuel 568 Kadelburg, Lavoslav 575Ո130,590-1,612 kadi xx, 92, И5,142,143,147,155,160Ո653,171 Kadić, Muhamed Enver 101 Kadima 595 Kajon, Albert 284,284Ո190,312 Kajon, Irena 368 KajonJakov 330 Kajon, Mavro (Marko) 527 Kajon, Vita 284,284Ո190,297,341,431 Kakanj 725,731 Kalderon, Hana 250 Kamber, Dragutin 378, 456 Kamhi, Albert 341 Kamhi, Aron 569 Kamhi, Blanka Albahan 500Ո980,568 Kamhi, David 175Ո774,677,708,727,748 Kamhi, Hajim 599 Kamhi, Samuel 530,565, 602 Kampus, Moco 404Ո262 Kanfejona-Blkur Holím 332 Kanfej Nešer 333 kanun no kapetans 165 Kapón, Avraham Aaron 180,246,249,318 Karađorđevo 655 Karadžič, Radovan 622Ո421,633,655 Karadjordjević, Aleksandar 1 (King) 258, 283,290,328,347,34711607 assassination 353Ո655,361 royal coup 258,353 Karadjordjević dynasty 197,374 Karadjordjević, Pavle (Regent) 361, 371, 371П10 Karadjordjević, Petar i (King) 254,255, 327. 347 Karadjordjević, Petar п (King) 361,372, 373 Karaites 81, Ո7 Kardelj, Edvard 627 Karlovac 392,489Ո895 Karmoni, Celebi Behor 125 Kasche, Siegfried 380, 430Ո467, 479 Katan, Jahiel 341,431 Katan, Solomon 517 KatoliikiList 359 Katolički tjednik 440 Kaunic, Pavle 580 Kávéson, Mosko 583 kehitlah 87,144,145,148,152,184,189,191, 291,292,595 charitable societies 192 finances 191,192 Keitel, Wilhelm 431Ո474 Kemal, Mustafa 249Ո502 kendi gellen 86 Keren Kayemet 217, 327 kibbutz 334,577 Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 7,8,255-9 agrarian reforms 275 antisemitism 284,346,350 ataris 276Ո128 censuses 259Ո38,261,263 Communist Party of
Yugoslavia 296,350 constitution 258 Corfu Declaration 257 Croatian perspective 256 Croats in 257,261,373 Dalmatia 375Ո37 elections 282, 284,350 “ethnic key” 282 ethnicity 261 expulsion ofJews 350 German invasion 373 German minority 350,382 Hungarian minority 350 Islam in 260,291,353,364 Italian minority 350 Jewish demography 261 Jewish refugees 350 Jewish press 296 Jews as religious minority 261,281 Jews in politics 282,283,350Ո632 Jews in the military 350Ո632,581 “minorities treaty” 257 Muslims in 257,257Ո27 nationalism 258 parliament 258,283 rabbis 290 relations between Serbs and Croats 258,373 relations with Jews 252, 282,290,349, З50, 351. 373 relations with Muslims 349 religious freedom 257,281 royal coup 258
90S INDEX Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes {cont.) Savezjevręjskik (tzraelitičkíh) veroispovednih opština u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca See Savezjevrejskih {izraelitičkih) veroispovednih opština u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca Serbian perspective 256 Serbs in 261,350 Slovenes in 257 synagogues 282 Union of Zionists of the Yugoslav Kingdom 295 Vidovdan Constitution 256,329 Zionists 296 See ako Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia 7, 8,255,258,552 administration 386 agrarian reform 275 antisemitism 284,286,346-68, 438Ո519,440 Ashkenazic Association of Israelite Cantors in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 307 Ashkenazic settlement patterns 262 Ashkenazim 262,263,265,266,275Ո126, 287,291,302,305,308,310,337,350-2, 356, 359,381, 401,439 Association of Rabbis 306 Axis division of 373-4 banovinas 258,329,365,376,390,657 Baptists in 291 bet din 306,358 B’naiB’rith 337 Bosnian Muslims in 286,291,306,390 boycott 358 Bulgarians 534 censorship 313 censuses 259, 259Ո38, 263,381,381Ո91, 401,573 Chief Rabbi of Yugoslavia 283,305,306, 328,347 Collegium artisticum 314,368 commerce 370Ո5 Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 341, 365,466, 522 concentration camps 466,522 Concordat with Roman Catholic Church 443 constitution 258 coup d’état 371,372mi Croatian relations with 256 Cvetković-Maček Agreement 354 debt 370Ո5 demography 362,438,483 Diaspora Nationalism 297-301 economy 280,286,330,370,371 elections 283,341 ethnoreligious identity 259,261,557 Evangelicals in 291 expulsion ofJews 308Ո332,350,351 fascism in 252,313,357,357Ո681,361,
365,366,369,380,393 Federation of Jewish Religious Communities in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes See Savez jevrejskih {izraelitičkih) verokpovednih opština u Kraljevim Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca German economic influence in 370,370Ո5 German invasion of 373,374Ո34,436, 438Ո519,534 government-in-exile 373,456,565 Greek Catholics in 291 Hungarian Jews in 235,270,289,310 Hungarian minority 534 Hungarian occupation of 373 Integrationalism 296-7 Italians 350,497,534 Jewish choirs 333 Jewish citizenship 293,351 Jewish communal leadership 302-3, 305-7, 437,438, 438Ո519 Jewish communities 263,264,265Ո58, 266,291,292,357,381 259-70,381,381Ո91, Jewish demography 382Ո96 Jewish education 307,362,363 Jewish land ownership 274,274 n.119 Jewish newspapers 310, 311-13,347,393, 43811519 336, Jewish radicalism 365,366 Jewish refugees 264,264Ո55,281, 281Ո167,327,351,352,381,381Ո91, 382,487 Jewish social structure 579,580 Jewish sociocultural organizations 319-42
909 INDEX Jewish students 278, 291,307,308 Jewish women’s societies 337-8,342 Jewish youth societies 338-43,340Ո554, 341,365 Jews in politics 283,361 Jews in rural areas 274,275Ո126 Jews in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia 342,583 Jews in the economy 279 Jews in the military 274,363, 371.372.372Ո15 relations with Great Britain 370,371 relations with Italy 372,375Ո37 relations with Jews 347,348,356, 356Ո672,357,361,362Ո718,363,365, 363Ո731,569 kehlllot 291,292 Kulturbund 360 443. 561 La Benevolencija 328,329,364 Law on the Religious Community ofJews in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 290, 291,292,305,561 libraries 339 local Jewish organization 291 marital law 306,307,358 Methodists in 291 military 374,385 natural resources 379 Nazarenes in 291 Nazis in 365 numerus clausus 352Ո645,362, 362Ո718,363 336 occupations 273-9 occupations of Jews relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 262,270-3,293,306,309 relations with Ashkenazim 348 relations with France 371 relations with Germany 361,362,370Ո5, Obznana 273-9,363, 579. 580 Oktroirani 258 Old Catholics in 291 open letters 286,365 Orthodoxjewish communities 289, 291, 302.305,306.381 Orthodox Jews 308,401 parliament 283 persecution of Jews 362,363 political parties 380 poverty 274,319,339 Protocols of the Elders ofZion 358 Rabbinical Association 307 Rabbinical Synods 305,306 rabbis 292,347 Reformed Church in 291 relations between Croats and Jews 440 relations between Croats and Serbs 464 relations between Muslims and Jews 353 relations with Sephardim 363 Roman Catholics in 291,306,359,440,454 Romanians 534 schooling
291,292,293,331,363 senate 361 Sephardic settlement patterns 262,263 Sephardim 263,287, 291,305,308,311, 337.356.381,401.436 Serbian domination 350, 643, 647 Serbian Orthodox Church 347 Serbian Orthodox in 291,306,347 Šestojanuarska diktatura 258,353 Shoah 369 sociocultural societies 311,337,341 state subsidies to religious communities 292,292Ո238 strikes 366 surrender to Germany 374,376 synagogues 292,303, 356 trade unions 342,345 Tripartite Pact 371,371ПЮ, 372 “unitarism” 261,388 unrecognized religions 291Ո232 Ustaše 354,378 Volksdeutsche 360,534 Yugoslav 261 Yugoslav Zionist organization 295, 306 Zionism 294-6,339,340,341,346 Kiš, Danilo 564,564Ո59 Kiseljak 665,677 Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 238 prayer hall 729 Kladanj 227 Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 214,227,269 occupations for Jews 227 synagogue 227
9X0 INDEX KleinJacques 750 Klinghoffer, Leon 609 Ključ 237,367,414,417,570,583 Avram Levi Sadic 23711408 operation 237Ո408,570Ո95 strikes 237Ո408 koca-başi 143 Koen, Albert 312 Koen, David 491 Koen, Jozef 426,426Ո438,491,750Ո232 Koen, Leo 5ց8ոշցւ Kohut, Jakob 240 Kolo 334 Komšíč, Željko 782 komšiluk 395,565,620,620Ո412,620Ո413, 653, 660,672, 740,748,753,770,793 Konforte, Cezar 617Ո404 Konforti, Jako 4sgn662 Konforti, Jeroham J. 432,432Ո477 Konforti, Joseph 590 Konforti, Solomon 583 Konjic 731 Koordinacioni odbor humanitamo-karitativnih organizacija (конко) 679 Korčula 500, 500Ո980,507,517 Kordun 506,507,604 Korkut, Derviš М. 93П141,286,350,427, 427Ո448,428,428Ո455,550 Korkut, Lamija 550 Korošec, Anton 362,438Ո519 Koš, Erih 526 Kosaca, Stjepan Vukčić (Herceg) 5 Kosanović, Sava 250 Koševo 230,290Ո229, 603 Košnik, Hans 758 Kosovac, Dragutin 599, 686Ո210 Kosovo Albanians in 542,558,632, 651, 659 autonomous region 659 economic development 628 Jews in 259,259Ո38,263,275,437, 547,550 nationalism 632 relations with Serbia 256,558,659, 673 war with Serbia 550,621,661 Western involvement in 722,724 Kovačiči cemeteiy 103,152,319,480Ո827, 523, 601-3, 604,782 as internationally protected site 601,752 chapel 601,602,743 demining of 742 destruction of 424,601,602,742,743,764 deterioration of 782 hedertahora 743 mining of 742 reconstruction 731, 742, 752, 781 Shoah memorial 615 tombstones 602,603,742,743 Pokop fonerai company 602 Ustaše mass killing site 432 Kožemjakin, Boris 598Ո288,741,750,752, 754, 757, 766 Krajina 190,657 See abo Austria-Hungary, Military Frontier. Krajšina 127
Kraljevski Dvorac 532 Kraus, Artur 475Ո792 Kreševo 212,238 Križara 359 Križevci 441 Kučan, Milan 559,659 Kulen Vakuf 412,475Ո792,476,476Ո796 Kulenović, Džaferbeg 390,390П147 Kulenović, Osmanbeg 390 Kulin Ban 6,75 Kulović, Esad 205 Kulturbund 360,360Ո704,491,512Ո1088,523 Kun, Bela 350 Kunorti, Salamon-Buki 470 Kupres 222, 222Ո277,47бп7д6 Kurdistan 162 Kurspahié, Kemal 682,764 Kuwait 679,766 Kvaternik, Eugen Dido 384Ո109,407, 407Ո288,430,434Ո494,435П49б 463, 467, 468Ո726,481 Kvaternik, Olga Frank 407, 407Ո288 Kvaternik, Slavko 374,385Ո116,389,391Ո156, 407,407Ո288,410,435Ո496,442 La Alborada 249 La Benevolencija 243,244, 284Ո190,316, 320-31,369,440,583,583Ո199,675-80, 729,746 aid distribution 689,690,692 aid to Macedonian Jews 327 Ashkenazic synagogue 690
911 INDEX Ashkenazim 320 awards 328,333 Bohoreta 692-4, 696,735 branch offices 245,320,321,676 budget 321,322,323,325,329,330 Center for Reception and Distribution of Food 697,735 Center for Reception and Distribution of Medicine and Medical Equipment 694, 695,696 Claims Conference 784 communication activities during the Bosnian War 698-9 Clinic 692,694,696,735 Computer Center 701, 735 convoys 678, 679, 680, 685, 688, 690, 692, 698, 702, 703, 704, 706Ո349 cultural programs 316,326,327,676, 699-701, 737 education 244, 320,321,322, 326, 327. ՅՅ2 educational initiatives 244,321,322,323, 326, 676,700,741 evacuations 684, 685, 686, 692, 701-8 food activities during the Bosnian War 679,688,689, 690, 692,697, 69711283 Friends ofla Benevolencija 677,678, 696, 730. 735. 736. 740 headquarters 329, 781, 783 Help for the Elderly and Weak/Home Care Program 692, 694,696,735,736 House Visit program 694, 696 humanitarian initiatives 245, 324, 325, 327.330,369, 677,679Ո164,680,681, 688, 689,748 Jewish refugees 327 Jewish Theological Seminary 324 Kovačiči cemetery 742 leadership 677,678,688 library 245, 323, 324, 425, 426 Magacin 690,692 medical activities during the Bosnian War 677,688,689, 690,692,694, 695.696 Melaha 741,742 membership 676,748 “The 19th at 19” 739 organization 320,676 People’s Kitchen 697, 697Ո283,732, 733. 735 pharmacy activities 690, 694,695,696 postal service 698-9 Program of Glazing and Restoration of Apartments 735,740 programs 325,326,327,329,330,331, 735, 737. 746 property 329, 781, 783 publications 328,701 Radio La Benevolencija 698,739 radio station 698 religious
school 693,735,736 relations with American Joint Distribution Committee 678,688, 693,696,698, 702,702Ո315,703,704,746 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 748 relations with Bosnian Jewish community 676 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 328,329,364 relations with United Nations 679 scholarships 313,316,320,321,322, 323.327 School for Small Business and Department for Microcredit 735,741 Sephardim 320,321 Split logistical center 678,688-9, 693, 699.703 statute 244 support for 321,324,324Ո445,328,330 supporting other organizations 325, 326, 327. ЗЗІ. 333 Ulica La Benevolencija 32g, 583,781 visas and passports 685 volunteers 689, 690, 692, 696 women’s programs 325, 692-4, 696 Zagreb office, 320, 678, 680, 688, 689, 698, 699.702.703 La Glorija 244. 325, 332 La Humanidad. 244, 325,332, 335I La Lira 226,244,328,333-4,357 la Mazelier, Roux 94 La Nueva Flor 243-4 La soysedad akademika de djudios espanyoles: Esperansa 297 Ladino xx, 32, 32Ո90,103,174, 225, 298, 346, 67Յ, 731, 732
912 INDEX Lagumdžija, Saiko 599 Lainex, Diego 56 Land/udensckaften 189 Lapapa, Aaron 159 Las Siete Partidas See Alfonso x Latas, Omer-paša 90,108Ո265,118Ո326, 125Ո381,130 Latín America 70 Laws of Valladolid 56 League of Communists ofYugoslavia (lcy) xxii, 554, 624,625,626,627, 627Ո445, 630,631, 634,639,644,659 League of Nations 255 Lebanon 612,613 Lederer, Ladislav 475^92,531 Lenin, Vladimir 10 León 37 Leopold i (Emperor) 187 Lepanto 163 Lerer, Samuel (Vojo Todorovič) 517,533 Levi, Albert 432 Levi, Daniel S. 586 Levi, Hajim 341 Levijeroham 568 Levi, Josip Monsino 314-15 Levi, Leon 537 Levi, Mair 238,238П414 Levi, Mihael, 284, Levi, Moni, 367, 531, 617Ո404, Levi, Moric, 605, Levi, Moric (Chief Rabbi) 98,148,180,247, 247Ո488,273,290Ո226,296,305,306, 309,348,426,431 Levi, Oto 586 Levi, Rafael 123,124 Levi, Rahela Rafael 250 Levi, Sadik 202 Levic, Avram 348Ո614 Levinger, Mirko 582Ո183 Levy, Moše (Chief Rabbi) 172 Libya 610,787 Lika 494, 505, 506, 507, 604 limpieza de sangre 59 limud xx, 733 Lindgren, Ingmar 699 Lisbon 68,69,77 Lisska, Moritz 268 Lithuania 159,183 Little Entente 361Ո715 Littoral (Primorska) banovina 8,265, 276Ш30,354,376 Livanj 222Ո277 Livno 215,228,280,280Ո163,729,731, 731П122 Livorno 158,192 Ljotić, Dimitrije 358,360,674 antisemitism 358 Zbor 357,358 Ljubljana 279,488,489Ո894,637 antisemitism 352 fascism in 352 Loborgrad See concentration camps, Loborgrad London 74Ո5,254,339Ո550,373,533,678, 735,785 Lorca, Joshua See de Santa Fé, Geronimo Low Countries 69Ո381,74 Lőwi, Hajnrih 204 Loyola, Ignatius 56 Lubiński, Rudolf 304 Luburić, Vjekoslav Maks 468,468Ո726,478,
757,760 Luria, Isaac 156Ո624 Lurianic Kabbalah 156,158,162 Lutheranism 185 ma’amad 87,145 Maastricht Treaty 670 Maccabiahs 335,593 Macedonia 32Ո90,136, ібіпббо, 655 Balkan Wars 252 Bulgarian occupation 373,437 declaration of independence 670 economic development 628 Jewish property 778 Jewish relations with the Porte 156 Jews in 88,259,259Ո38,262,263,275, 327, 437,547,572,592, 738 minorities in 654 occupations 273,275 relations with Serbia 256 Shoah in 778 Slavs in 259 Vardar Macedonia 256 Maček, Vladko 354,361Ո714,362,365, 371П10,388Ո137
INDEX 913 antisemitism 388Ш37 inJasenovac 388 relations with Ustaše 354,385, 385Ո116,388 Seljačke ւ građanske zaštite 354-5, 385, 385Ո116 Sporazum 354 Madrid 317,436 Maestro, Avram J. 586 Maestro, Jakov 326 Maestro, Leon M. 341 Maglione, Luigi (Cardinal) 449,452 mahala (četvrt) xxi, ցշ, 92П131,93,94, 97, 98, 98Ո171, ցց, ցցա8շ, ցցա86, ւօօ, ւօւոշօւ, 102,102Ո202,143, շշ0, շ79 778, 77$Ո349 Mahmud ii 116,122 Maimonides See ben Maimon, Moses Majorca 39,67 Makabi 217,335,339 Makarska 685,693,704 Maks Nordau 31g Malbaša de Misgav Ladah 332 MalchutJlsrael 311 Mameluke Kingdom 78 Mandie, Klara 621, 622Ո421 See ako Serbian-Jewish Friendship Society. Mandić, Mihovil 427Ո445 Mandlbaum, Zoran 683,705Ո343,758 Manuel i 68 Maravić, Marijan (Bishop) 90 marbiz Torah See Rav Һа-Kolel Marcone, Giuseppe Ramiro 441,447, 452 45б Maria Theresa (Empress) 187 Marindvor 472,582,585,663, 783 Marinkovič, Vojislav 356 Markovič, Ante 638Ո503,640Ո514,659 Alliance of Reform Forces 640 economic reform 639, 639Ո507 Marranism See crypto-Judaism Marrano See converso Marseilles 181,353Ո655 Martinez, Ecija Ferrand 50 Martini, Raimundo 49 Marxists 207,314,341,393,503,553,558, 564,627 Masaryk, Tomáš 326 Masons 359,360,410,443 masovni pokret (maspok) See Yugoslavia, masovni pokret Matatja 335,341,342,345,367,439,440, 513.522 Matica Hrvatska 323 Matijevič, Josip 468 Matkovič, Ivica 468 Mattathias 335 Maximilian ii 185 Me’amLo'ez 163 Mediterranean Sea 6,19,20Ո17,32Ո90,34, 74, 74n5 76, 91П125,167,175,192,371, 371П10, 493 Medjugoije kod Čitluka 605, 745 medžlises composition of 1080265 Jews in 108,118,236 Mehmed lí
(Sultan) 6,7,75Ո10,79Ո31,80, 82,85,114,127,128,454 Mehmed iv (Sultan) 159 Mehmed-paša, Baltadža 97 Mejtaš 100,424 Melaha 330, 330Ո486,369, 395Ո187. 74շ, 778 creation 330,741 microfinance program 741,742 nationalization of 597,783 meldar xxi, 105,15 о, 221, 227, 246,316 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture 593 Menendez Pidal, Ramón 180 Merhamet 364,416,417, 678, 679,688, 748 Mesič, Stipe 787 MešivatNafeš 337 messianism Christian 156,157,184mg Jewish 70, 70Ո384,76,156-63,171,187 Muslim 157,160 Methodist Episcopalian Church 291Ո232 Methodists 291 Metković 233,499 Mevorah, Jakob 228 “Mice” 684 “middleman minority” 47,47Ո221 Midrash 309 Mihailovič, Draža antisemitism 537 Četniks 503,535, 536
914 INDEX Mihailovič, Draža {cont.) Greater Serbia 535 relations with Germany 535,536 relations with Great Britain 535,577 relations with Partisans 536 relations with Yugoslav govemment֊in-exile 535Ո1246 Milaković, Branko 419,421,422,473 Miljacka River See Sarajevo, Miljacka River Miloš, Ljubo 468,481Ո835 Milosevic, Slobodan 559, 621Ո420,632, 638Ո503, 655, 657, 659, 661, 667, 670, 674, 713 Mišič, Alojzije (Bishop) 451 Misinci 731 Miskin, Vaso 530 Mission Lokale de Strasbourg 696 Mizrackijews xxi, 18 Mizrachi, Eliyahu (Rabbi) 85, 86,152 Mladost, 362, Modriča Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 213,475Ո792» 531 Shoah 475 mohéi 103,224, 734 Molho, Solomon 70Ո384 Monastir 88 Montenegrins 386,5x1,572 Montenegro 5,5Ո19,6,141,160,531,607,655 Balkan Wars 252 economic development 628 Jews in 259, 263,436,493 Partisans 537 union with Serbia 256,719 Montiljo, Irena 569 Montiljo, Moric 487Ո878,602 Moors 27-36,40,49, 686Ո209 al-Andalus 19,28,29,35,37,38,46,53, 58Ո294,72,174 defeat of 18,37,55 invasion of Spain 28 Jews in administration 32 legislation 29,31 relations with Jews 28,29,31,32,34, 35. 39. 44 See also Spain, Moorish era Moravia 159,187,189, 231 Morocco 178Ո797 Almoravids 35 Dönme in 162 Jews in 51,345 relations with Spain 345 Mossad 577 Mostar 5,104-5,378,639Ո507,732,745, 752.791 antisemitism 765,766 Ashkenazim in 212,239,264 Austro-Hungarian garrison 239 Bosnian War 656Ո44,663,683 Catholic Church 441,451 conversion 447Ո568,451 demography 95,105,208,212,571, 663Ո75 destruction of bridge 663,752,791 evacuation of Jews 498,499,685 Germans in 379,4gmgi7 interreligious relations 490
Jewish cemetery 105,247,600,605,616, 729.731 Jewish community 266,269,490,491, 591,605,676,680,731,738,746,747, 754,758 Jewish refugees in 489, 490, 490Ո907, 491,498,499,500Ո980 Jewish schools 105,247 Jews in 95,104,104Ո229,105,127,135,212, 214,264,366,488,491,498Ո970,537, 572,585, 68o, 683, 724, 725, 725Ո79 Jews in administration 105, 758 Jews in commerce 104Ո229 La Benevolencija 676 mining 379,491П917 Muslims 461,683 nationalism 758 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 216 schooling 241,247 Sephardim in 212,264 Shoah memorial 616,731,732, 732Ո133,754 synagogues 104,216,246,424,729 Ustaše 378 World War 11 Muslim petition 461, 461Ո677 Mount Trebević See Sarajevo, Mount Trebević Mozarab xxi, 46, 81 Mrkonjić Grad 398,533
915 INDEX Mučačon, Maclijah 152,603 Mugo š, Mate 455 mukata 99,99Ո185 Munich 313 Murad и 75Ш0, 79Ո31,138 Murad iv 157 Murcia 37 Musafija, Avram 228 Musafija, Sandor 269 Muslim Brotherhood 609,609Ո357,756Ո261 Muslims in Partisans 511,545Ո1328,618 in Yugoslavia 587 media 363 relations with Jews 3,192,363 See also Bosnian Muslims Mussolini, Benito 371,397Ո201,492,493, 494^934։ 498, 501 relations with Adolf Hitler 487,492Ո923 relations with Amin al-Husseini 493, 493Ո926 relations with Ante Pavelič 355, 494,498 Mustafa-paša, Dal-taban Gazi mutesellm 121 mysticism 100 34,156Ո624,162,174,187 Nahalal 334 NahalatJaakov 226 Najbach, Edita 550 Najman, Isidor 240 Nametak, Alija 395 Naples 185 Napredak 227,311,328,447, 594 Narodna pomoć 342 Narodna radikalna stranka (People’s Radical Party) 283,284,285 Narodna Uzdanica 328,364Ո735 Narodna židovska svijest, 272Ո103, 311, Narodnooslobodilačka borba (nob) xxii, 528Ո1189,732 Narodnooslobodilaikifond 342 Narodnooslobdila ki odbor (noo) xxii, 533 Narodnooslobodilaiki pokret (nop) xxii, 487,503,51a, 514,532,583П198 505, 506, 516, 517, 518, 519, 525Ш174, 528 Jews in 553,563 and antisemitism, 171,737,; Croatian 196,203,204,354,383, 407Ո288,452,454,463Ո688,624, 625Ո433,632,643,656, 657,660,672, 757,758 Diaspora Nationalism 294,297-301 in Austria-Hungary 190,191,196,197,203, 204,256, in Balkans 76Ո13,203,258,261 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 203, 642, 771,790 355,374Ո34, 397Ո201, 487 relations with Nazi Germany Narodnooslobodilaiki rat (nor) xxii Jews in 516,517, 519,533,583Ո196 Narodnooslobodilačka vojska (nov) xxii, 516 Jews in
506,516,518,519,531,533 Nas Put 358 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 610,611Ո367 Nasser, Hassan 609Ո357 nationalism 1Ո3,9,10,171,313,341,355, in Ottoman Empire 131,169-73 in Yugoslavia 553,623,624,625,626,631, 632, 634Ո478, 639,640,641,642, 644, 648,650, 654,656,672,681 Jacobin 649,650 Jewish 294,296,301,561 Legitimist 649,650 Serbian 196,204,628, 632, 643,656, 657, 659,660,667,672, 674 Ustaše 434Ո494 Navarre 17Ո2, 74,74Ո6, 87 Navas de Tolosa 37 Navon, Yitzhak 534 Nazarenes 260,291,291Ո232 Nazism (National Socialism) 343,360,365, 370,371,374,377,381Ո91,392, 408,435, 436,437,443, 479,496, 534, 708, 784 antisemitism 355,384,388,396, 430Ո467,492Ո923, 45° anti-Communist 355 collection of Judaica 423,425,429 destruction of property 394,598 Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg 425 genocide 384, 385,423,430,430Ո467, 434,438, 443, 462,472, 479,492, 497, 535, 536, 551, 760, 761 in Germany 407, 540 327,360,377,401,405,
916 INDEX Nazism (National Socialism) (cont.) relations with Muslims 360,405Ո277, 540,545Ո1326 relations with Ustaše 374,380,385, 400,407, 430Ո467, 435.468Ո726, 479, 494. 551 671,747 role in Bosnian War 714 Stabilization Force (sfor) 714 Norwegian People’s Aid Agency 742 Novigrad 488 Novi Pazar 207Ո183 Novi Pazar, Sandžak of ց4, д4Ш4б Novi Sad 334,591 antisemitism 352 Jews in 190,288,290,305,572,575, 579, 590,597 Novi Vinodol 352Ո645,362,362Ո718, 363,57б See ako Kingdom of Yugoslavia, numerus clausus Nuremberg laws 359,399,401,407, 414Ո345 Nebuchadnezzar (King) 19 Nedič, Milan 513,535,674 Negri, Paride 491Ո917 Nehru, Jawaharlal 610 Nemec, Martin 466Ո713 Neologue rite 193,245,290,305,381 See also Ashkenazim, Neologue rite Neretva 134 Netherlands Dönme in 162 expulsion of Jews 62Ո327,69Ո381 Friends of La Benevolencija 677,696, 736 Jews in 74,172,186 messianism 184mg philosemitism 184Ո19 trade with Ottoman Empire 157 See also Low Countries Neum 5 Nevesinje 215,247,266,537 Nezavisna Država Hrvatska See Independent State of Croatia. Nezirović, Muhamed 92Ո128,98Ո175, 104Ո225, i8on8og, 665, 682, 701 Nicholas hi (Pope) 45 Nicholas v (Pope) 57 “Ninth Circle” 615 Nirnberg 534 Niš 334 Nolit 323 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (nato) numerus clausus 500,52601180 Nuremberg trials 538 Obadiah 12,20Ո16 ObUic 334 Obrenovič dynasty 197 Obznana 336 Office of the High Representative See High Representative. Olbina, Dane 569 Old Catholics 260,291,442Ո549,447Ո569 Olovo 214,269,269Ո89,314 Oppenheimer, Samuel 183Ո12 Ordinances of 1412 See Spain, Ordinances of 1412 Orkhan (Sultan) 79 Oršanić,
Ivan 407 Orthodox Jews in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 194,260, 262,270,289,291,302,305,308,381,382 rabbis 305,307Ո326 relations with Neologue Jews 290 Ortlieb, Richard 227 Osijek 243,288 German administration 464 Jewish community collaboration with Sarajevo povjerenici 421,422,423, 480,481 Jews in 190,288,290,305,335,433Ո485, 438,444Ո560,470,480,481,508,544, 590. 754 Shoah 508 Skrb za logore 421,423,470 Oslobodjenje 597, 634, 682, 686, 764 Osnabrik 534 ostali See Yugoslavia, ostali Otadžbina 358 Ottoman Empire 209, 348 administration 87Ո95, ււշոշ87,131, i68,7η administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5,195,232Ո358,748Ո215 agrarian policy 164
917 INDEX Anatolia 86Ո85,91,112,118,119,170,173, 174,255 antisemitism 166,170,171,181 Arab regions no, 118 Arabs in 242 Armenian genocide 255 Armenian community 121,128,129, 132,167 Armenian patriarchate 153 arrival of Sephardim 67Ո367,71,76 Ashkenazim in 75, 81Ո48,82,84,1x7,148, 157,183,185 askeri 113,114 atari 240 autonomy of religious minorities 253 Balkan Wars 252,253 beledije 129 blood libel 119-20,148,171 Bosnian Muslims 389Ո143 bribery 120Ո347,121,147,164 bureaucracy 127,164,168 Capitulation Treaties 76Ո13,167,168 Catholic community 128,153 censuses 78,82Ո58,91,93,93Ո141, 94, 94Ո146, 95,106 Christian relations with Porte 110,112, 117,117Ո325,128,131,169-73 churches 112,115,147 citizenship 129 class system 113 collapse 255 commerce 157,234 commercial policy 164 communal autonomy 12g, 143,144, 168,556 community constitutions 129 Constitution of 1876 130,153,154 conquest of Balkans 74, 78, 79Ո31, 80,105 conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina 7, 13,126 168,195Ո96 143, i68 disease 168 Eastern Question 195, і95пд6 economy 88,130,133,146,163,168 educational system 131,168 emancipation of non-Muslims 128,129 ethnic identity 114,556,557,646 feudal system 126,127 firmans 102,102Ո204,103,103Ո215, 114,119 fiscal crisis 164,165,172Ո756 forced conversion of Jews 118,144,155 Franciscans 454 Greek community 82,119,121,129,132, 153,167,169,172 guilds 143 Haham başi 85, 85Ո81,86,86Ո85,87, 153.154 Hanafi rite 110, 458 Hatt-ւ Şerifof Giilhane 128 Iberian Jews in 74,76,78,83, 85,86,8g, 132,144.173 179 immigration of Sephardim to 82,85, 172,173 clothing regulations 115,115Ո311,115Ո312,
116,116Ո314,116Ո315,129 conquest of Istanbul 85 conversos in 84, 87 crafts 133 Croats 170 decline of Ottoman Empire decline of Ottoman Jewry 165-9,194,287 demography 78, 82,110,172,207 devürme xx, 122,166 dhimrm xx, 112,112Ո285,113,114-22, 133, impact of Shabtai Zvi 162,165 internal migration 164,167 interreligious cooperation 172,459 invasion of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5, 6 Islam 109,148,172 janissaries 113,125,128,136,164,166 Jewish apothecaries 140,140Ո505 Jewish cemeteries 149, 225 Jewish civil liberties 128 Jewish clothing 115,116,116Ո314 Jewish communal leadership 87,113,118, 144-6,166,168 Jewish communal stmcture 143-56, 168,194 Jewish courts xx, 87,146,147, 147Ո550,152 157,163-5, Jewish craftsmen 136,136Ո459,137,167 Jewish culture 84,176 Jewish education 166,168 Jewish immigration to 156,157
918 INDEX Ottoman Empire {cont.) Jewish mantai customs 88,146 Jewish occupations in 84, 89,136 Jewish peddlers 137,138,167 Jewish poverty 163,168,172 Jewish relations with Christians 165,166, 167.170.171 Jewish relations with janissaries 136,166 Jewish relations with Muslims 87,118, 125.171 Jewish relations with peasants 137 Jewish relations with Porte 87,98,112, 113,117,119,129,133,149,152.15Յ, 44. 156,163,171,172,173,181,183,195, 251, 347 561 Jewish religious customs 131 Jewish role in economy 82,119,132-41, 163,171,194 Jewish settlement 104,119 Jewish women 145 Jewish women in commerce 138 Jewish women in medicine 139,139Ո494 Jews as constituent community 153 Jews as minority 74 Jews as moneylenders 133,133Ո432,138 Jews as tax farmers 83,83Ո60,84,132, 133.167 Jews in administration 114,122,129,133, 138,163,165,166 Jews in banking 84,136,138,167 Jews in commerce 84, 88, 91,104,132,133, 136.137.147.167,181 Jews in manufacturing 136,137 Jews in medicine 122,138,165,166 Jews in municipal government 218 Jews in the military 120,121,129,140,172 Judeo-espanjol 32Ո91, 88,177,311 kanun 110 kehillahs 87 marital customs medjuslojevi messianism in military 117Ո320,119 114 156Ո624,157,162 xx, 128,163,164,165,166,168 millet system 111,111Ո283, ШП284,117 minorities 77,118,128 modernization 132 Muslims in medicine 141 national liberation movements 172,195 nationalism 131,169-73 Orthodox community 128,153 Orthodox patriarchate 153 Pact of ‘Umar 22Ո27,29,29Ո75, in Palestine 76,76Ո13 “Pan-Ottomanism 171 Pax Ottomanlca 76 peasantry 126,133,164,165 pharmacies 140 poll tax 93,120,120Ո348,121
position of raya 1Ш1283, 114, 115 printing 173,175,176,177 property ownership 121,122,126,172,768 Protestant community 128 rabbinate 85,154 reforms 127-32, relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim 148 relations between Christians and Muslims 169,170 relations with Catholic population 117Ո325,153 relations with Christians 130Ո413,153 relations with Germany 198Ո112 relations with Judaism and Christianity 153 relations with Orthodox population 117Ո325,153,169 relations with Poland 163 relations with Portugal 163 relations with Russia 198Ш12 relations with Sephardim 136,147,183 relations with Serbia 170Ո742,197 relations with Venice 135 relations with Western Europe 127,128, 130,164 religious minority status 111Ո284,176, 195,251 resistance to reforms 126,128,198 Romaniotes in 81-5,86, 87,183 schooling 145,152,154,173,17g, 248 sea power 163 Sephardic culture 84,173-5,177,251,3U Serbian community 153,172 Serbs 170,780 sharl’ah 109,114,115,147Ո550,155,168 Shari’ah court 91Ո128,147,147Ո550,148 sidiils 91,119,140,147
919 INDEX siege of Vienna 184 sürgün xxi, 79,82,82Ո54,83, 86 synagogues 85,87,114, ns, 117,144,145, 147.149.172 Tanzimat 128,129,168 tax farming 133,165 taxation 78,85, 86, 86Ո87, 87,93,1Ш1283, 112,113,117,119,120-2,120Ո347,121, 122,129,130,133,143,144,145,146,149. 151.172 treatment of minorities 72,110,172 war against Greece 172 war against Habsburgs 156,184,187 war against Montenegro 141 war against Russia 163 war against Serbia 141 Young Turk revolution 204 Ovadija, Estreja (Mara) 533 Ovadija, Rikica 502Ո1002,607,614 Owen, David 669 Vance-Owen Plan 661 Ozino, Daniel 314, 431. 47°. 532, 583,586 artistic output 314 in Communist Party of Yugoslavia 367, 368,472Ո756,522.523 youth organization 595 Ozmo, Hana 342,342Ո569,522,522Ո1150, 523, 526Ո1177 Ozmo, Isak 534Ո1238,582 Ozmo, Isak Simo 523 Ozmo, Moric 586 Pact of ‘Umar 22Ո27,29,29Ո75, ա See ako Ottoman Empire, Pact of ‘Umar Padua 139,139Ո487,426 Pag 488, 494,494Ո936, 495,496, 497 Pakrac 290,453Ո618 Pakuplje 507 Pale 335,513,638,706Ո348 Palestine (Holy Land) 293, 327, 334, 336, 337,339, 354Ո659,373 Amin al-Husseini 509Ո1062,538 Arabs in 353,538 British involvement 546,548 British Mandate 255 Jewish Agency 591 Jewish homeland 245,255,285,293, 293Ո248,294,297,299,300,301Ո292 Jewish immigration to 76Ո13,118,139, 155Ո608,231,294,296,333,336,339, 361,475Ո791, 509, 509Ո1062,534Ո1235, 546,548,576,578,578Ո148 Palestinian Talmud 182,271 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 296,347,373 relations with Partisans 534,577 relations with Yugoslavia 608,609 scholarly academies in 21,346 United Nations Special Committee on Palestine 608
Yugoslavs in 296,608 See ako Israel Pamplona 36 pan-Islamism 76Ո13, 353, 609 See ako Bosnian Muslims, pan-Islamism Pančevo 685 Pap, Pavle 533 Papo, Albert 569,570Ո95 Papo, Avram 241 Papo, Berta 367 Papo, David 241 Papo, Eliezer 5,727,734 Papo, Gina 515Ո1101 Papo, Izidor 519,519Ո1130 Papo, Jakob 53501243,582 Papo, Jakov 241 Papo, Mira 550 Papo, Mojisije 425,439 Papo, Moric 580 Papo, Rafael 241 Papo, Rašela 617Ո404 Papo, Roza 530, 531, 581 Papo, Salomon 315 Papo, Santo 241 Papo Bohoreta, Laura 232Ո362,277,300, 318-19,326,603, 692 Pardo, David (Rabbi) 139,174 Mastil le-David 174 Pardo, David Samuel ben Jakov (Rabbi) 152 Pardo, Isak (Rabbi) 603 Pardo, Jacob (Rabbi) 152 Pardo, Jichak (Rabbi) 152 Paris Peace Treaty 450 Partisans 374, 397, 417Ո367,418,439,47°, 5°3, 5°5, 5i°, 544, 546, 567, 577, 599,
920 INDEX Partisans (cont) 614, 615, 617Ո403, 61g, 622,635,643, rescue ofJews 530,617 658,760 relations with Četniks Birčanski unit 524 Bleiburg 752,757 Borba 511 Bosnian Jews in 507,51510102,516, 516П1108,518, 519,522,523,524,525-34, 551,568, 602, 605,616,617,618 Bosnian Muslims in 511,512,545,568 Catholic clergy 454 Communists in 374, 510,522,524,587, 615,619 Croats in 435,511, 618 First Transoceanic Brigade 506 Handžar Division 542Ո1304,543,544, 545Ո1326 Hercegovinian Strike Brigade 529 in concentration camps 509 Jewish Agency 546Ո1338 Jewish officers 519,530 Jewish Patriot Brigade 530 Jews in 341,344,382П101,397,404Ո262, 431,435,465Ո701,472Ո756,474Ո777, 475n791՛ 476, 477,478,484,484Ո864, 487,499, 502, 505,510-34, 549, 562, 564, 571, 581, 582, 587, 617, 618, 732 Josip Broz Tito 374 Kalinovački unit 515,524 Kozarski unit 524 Krajiški unit 524 liberation of Belgrade, 565,; liberation of Sarajevo 552 Majevički unit 524 medical corps 519,521,521Ո1145,531,532, 532Ш225 military victories 375 Mokranjski unit 527,528 Montenegrins in 511 Muslims in 511,545Ո1328, 618 Nahoreva unit 52g noms de guerre 51301094 Ozrenski unit 524 People's Liberation Council 533 Proletarian Brigades 525,530 propaganda 511,512 prvoborci 581 Rab Battalion 504,505-6,507 502,505,507,513,517,518, 530,532, 536.537 relations with Germans 507,5η, 523, 529,530,548 relations with Great Britain 577 relations with Palestine 534,577 relations with Muslims 453Ո618,5η, 512.537 relations with Ustaše 435,470,515,522, 530,531,617Ո403 Rogatički unit 527 Romanija 512,526,527,528,528Ш189, 529,531,532,545աՅշ8,586 Romanjski
military formation 524,527, 527Ո1183,529,532 Sarajevo Unit 529 Savez komunističke omladineJugoslavije (skoj) members in 517,522,529 Semizovac unit 526Ո1178 Serbs in 435,511,518Ո1120,618 Shoah 534 Spanish Civil War veterans in 517,527 strike groups 524,525 Šumadija unit 529 trade unionists in 517 Ustaše in 435 Vareš unit 529,531 Vojvođanska unit 531 Yugoslav Army officers 527 “Zvijezda” unit 524,528,529,531 Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije, sda) 633, 639,720 Party of Rights See Starčević, Ante, Party of Rights Paržik, Karlo 236,245,394Ո181 Pavelič, Ante 354,355,374Ո34,375, Յ76Ո40, 378,380,385,391Ո156,394,405, 407,407Ո290,409,411,413,419,421, 446Ո565,455,457,458,478,479,481, 482,482Ո846, 511, 520 antisemitism 355-6,384,397,464Ո693 anti-Communist 356,465 anti-Serb 355,464Ո693,465 as Poglavnik 375,378,380Ո77,465 Catholicism 355
INDEX 921 fascism 355Ո669 founding of Ustaše 354 genocide 435.437Ո513.496Ո949 Handžar Division 541 in Italy 375,400 popular support of 354, 390. 434Ո494, 457,482, 482Ո846 relations with Adolf Hitler 372,383,384, 400.434.478.482.487.541 relations with Amin al-Husseini 539 relations with Archbishop Stepinac 442, 445,446,450,451,452,458 relations with Benito Mussolini 355, 374Ո34, 397Ո201,487 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 379,380 relations with Bosnian Muslims 389, 389Ո143,390,416,419,541 relations with Germany 373,379, 407Ո290,434,435,457,479,482, 539.541 relations with Hungary 482 relations with Italy 375П37,379,400, 482,487,4870885,496Ո949 relations with the Vatican 451,457 Pavlovic-Albahari, Ankica 522,522Ո1154, 530,531, 570Ո95,617Ո404 Peace Implementation Conference (pic) 721Ո50 Pedro i 46 Pedro in 41,44П192,45,47 Pehlivan Oruç mahata 94Ո147, roo Pelayo 36 Perčević, Ivan (General) 407 Perera, Eliezer Leze 522Ո1157,583 Perera, Moša (Rabbi) 155,155Ո608 Perié, Leon 431,568 Perié, Vladimir (Valter) 513, 514,583 Perié, Zlata 568 Persia 21, 90,122Ո367,133,182 Pervan, Josip 414Ո346 Pesah,Jozef-Juso 280 Pesah, Rafael 333 Pesah-Bokor, David 280 Petah Tikva 334 Petkovič, Petar 378 Petritsch, Wolfgang 783 Petrovič, Ankica 700 Petrovič, Boris 313 Petrovič, Jozo 427,427Ո445,429 Pfinkslers 291Ո232 philosemitism 184,184Ո19 Pijade, Moša 513Ո1094,533,537,563, 563Ո57, 577, 579Ш60, 583, 585 Pilosof, Esther (Jochebed) (Ayşe Hamm) 160 Pilosof, Joseph (Abdülgaffar Efendi) 161 pinakes (ha-kehila) xxi, 106,115,115Ո312,121, 127,149,149Ո567,218,425,781,782 Pinkas, Adolf 250 Pinkas, Isak
(Rabbi) 226 Pinto, Benjamin (Binjo) 123,300,586 Pinto, Bernard 250 Pinto, Haim (James) 221, 607 Pinto, Hajim 367 Pinto, Josef 223 Pinto, Leon 514Ո1096 Pinto, Samuel 284,351,372,438 Pinto, Sara 514Ո1096 Pires, Diego 70Ո384 Pius xi (Pope) 359 Pius хи (Pope) 384mu, 443,444Ո558, 444Ո559,450,452,45б relations with Germany 444П55Э Summi Pontificatus 451 Ploče 478 Plovdiv 135 Poate Cijon 283,336,337,340 relations with Communists 336,337 Podravina 489 Podromanija 731 pogroms in Austria-Hungary 187 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 16,394 in Bulgaria 170 in Byzantium 80 in Germany 81 in Poland 81,156,158 in Portugal 69 in Russia 81,294 in Spain 50,50Ո241, 51,51Ո244,52, 60, 60Ո311,67Ո367 in Ukraine 156,158 in Western Europe 28,119,184,255,441 Poland Ashkenazim 81,183
922 INDEX Poland (cont.) concentration camps 456,478,479,482, 544П1321 Dönme in 162 expulsion ofJews 81 Jewish refugees from 81, 88, 352,381, 475Ո791.497Ո958 Jews in 81, 88,108,184,600,764 Jews in commerce 133,184 pogroms in 81,156,158 relations with Ottoman Empire 163 Poland-Lithuania 183 messianism 159 treatment ofJews 183 Poles 194,382 Poljokan, Braco 272,312 poll tax SeeOttoman Empire, poll tax. Pops, Friedrich 288,289,350,560,590 Porodice Foht 523,583 Porte See Ottoman Empire. Portugal 17Ո2,87,159 conversos 69,70 Edict of Expulsion 68 expulsion ofJews from 18, 68, 69 forcible conversion ofJews in 68,69 Inquisition in 69, 70Ո382 Jewish refugees from бдпзбі, i86 Jews in 13, 68Ո373, 69Ո381,497Ո958 Marranism 69,70 messianism in 70,70Ո384 pogroms in 69 relations with Ottoman Empire 163 relations with Spain 54,58Ո294,70 Portuguese language 176,193,318 Potpora 319,328 povjereniklpovjerenici 378,395Ո187, 396Ո188,411,412-18,465,570 control over Sarajevo Jewish communities 418-23,473,523 See a olndependent State of Croatia, povjerenici·, Bujas, Srećko; Milaković, Branko Powell, Colin (General) 668 Požega 190 Prague 184Ո13,186Ո25,192,342,601 Prajs, Marko 475Ո792 Pregíed 312 Preporod 594,619 Pribičević, Svetozar 351 Pribinić 215 Prijedor 412,476,665 Ashkenazim 228,269 Jewish cemetery 731 Jews in 213,215,228,269,398,412 Jews in municipal government 228 relations between Bosnian Muslims and Jews 398,461 rabbi 269 Shoah 398 sociocultural organizations 228 World War 11 Muslim petition 461 Primo de Rivera law 345 See abo Spain, Primo de Rivera law Primorska banovina See Littoral
banovina. Princip, Gavrilo 253Ո5 Prinz Eugen ss Division 508,542,544 prisoners of war Germany 500Ո980,534-5. 56г, 568.569. 581,587 Italy 509 Serbia 707 Spain 345 Priština 590 Prlja, Alexander 613 Prnjavor 95,537,544111321,731 Proleter 334, 342,362 Prosvjeta 225,227,328,328Ո470,594 Protestants 273nın in Austria-Hungary 185,186,186Ո25 in Germany 185 in Holy Roman Empire 185 in Ottoman Empire 128 interreligious relations 620 Reformation 185 Protocols of the Elders ofZion 358, 6u, 765 Provençals 84 Provence Ashkenazim in 81 expulsion ofJews 74ո6, 8i Jews in 74 Provincial Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBiH) 557 Bosnian Jews at 533 Provincial Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Croatia (zavnoh) 507,508
923 INDEX Provincial Antifascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (zavnoj ) 533 Prozor 731 Puko, Mirko 437Ո513 Pulido Fernandez, Angel 180 Puljič, Vinko (Cardinal) 747 Red Cross 328,345,481,568,748 See ako International Red Cross Reformed Church 291 Regenstreif, Fritz 227 Reichsdeutsche 462 Reichsicherheitshauptamt (rs ha) 494, 497 Reis-ul-Ulema xxi, 285, 392, 458,459, 674, Querido, Jacob Republika Srpska 747,756Ո261, 763Ո293 161 7Ո28, 638, 658, 713, 717, 721Ո50, 722, 738, 755, 762, 764, 769, 770, Rab Jewish camp 501-10 Partisan rescue from 505, 507 Rab Battalion 504,505-6 Rab Brigade 505 Slovenian camp 504 survivors in Partisans 517 World War и survivors 506,507 See ako concentration camps, Rab Rabbanites 81 Rabbinical Association of Yugoslavia 261,307 Rabbinical Synods 305, 306, 307 Rača 234 Račić, Puniša 258 Radić, Stjepan assassination 258,353Ո655 relations with Jews 258Ո32,463Ո688 Radio Sarajevo 698 Rafo-efendi 218 Ragusa See Dubrovnik Rajner, Marina 747 Rajs, Ana 368 rakija 107Ո250, 277, 280 Rakitnica 225 Ranković, Aleksandar 624 Raši script SeeJudeo-espanjot, Raši script Rav һа-kolel xxi, 154 rights and duties 87 Raviv, Tuvya 684 Reccared I 23 Rechnitzer, Albert 217,217Ո229,239 Recnither, Josip 475Ո792 Reconquista Spain 35, 36-68 feudalism in 46 Muslims in 39Ո146,40,72 treatment of Jews 41-44,46,72 See also Spain, Reconquista 772. 773. 77б, 785. 787 Jewish communities in 746 See ako Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska responsa xxi, 21,21Ո23,22,29-30,85,87, 165,310 See ako Spain, responsa Reubeni, David 70Ո384 Rhine Valley See Ashkenaz. Rhodes 158
Rhodesia 361Ո715 Ribar, Ivo Lola 534Ո1235 Righteous Among the Nations 489Ո894, 549-51. 683, 761 See ako Bosnia and Herzegovina, Righteous Among the Nations. Rijeka 233,488, 489Ո895, 508,590 Ristič, Risto 550 River Bosna 5,227,528Ո1189 Roatta, Mario (General) 498 Rocco, Alfredo 4ցշ Rodriguez, Daniel 134,135 Rogatica 233 Ashkenazim 225 Jewish cemetery 731 Jewish community 212, 214, 266 Jewish sociocultural organizations 225- 6,245 Jews in 225 railroad line 225 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 225 Sephardim 225 Shoah 474 synagogue 104,270,424,729 Roksanđić, Simo 314 Roma 259,433,438,448,45311618,459,615, 622,651,674
924 INDEX Roman Catholic Church 271, 291 anti-Communist 443 antisemitism 24,72,187,193,359,398, 440, 441,443. 446Ո566,447,451,452, 455, 611 attitude toward genocide 444,449 attitude toward Jewish conversion 448,450 attitude toward “mixed marriages” 444, 447, 478 clericalists 454 conversion of Jews 447,447Ո569 conversion of Serbs 450,453 fascism 451 Franciscans 453,454 genocide 454,456,760 in Balkans 457 in Spain 37,43,45,46,51,55 knowledge of genocide 456, 456Ո645,457 press 441 priests in Ustaše 452,456,457 “ratline” 457 relations with Germany 443,540,760 relations with Independent State of Croatia 440-58 relations with Jews 359,440,444,446, 478,620 relations with Muslims 620 relations with Orthodox Church 620 relations with Partisans 454 relations with Protestants 620 relations with Serbian Orthodox Church 271,442,442Ո549,443,620 relations with Ustaše 440Ո533,452,453, 454, 455,45511632, 456,457 rescue of Jews 444 Roman Empire 17Ո2, շօու6,67, Ո2Ո287,335 conversion to Christianity 22 Jews in 14,20Ո17 Jews in Holy Land 81 persecution ofJews 82 Romania 32пдо, 209,249,371 Ashkenazim 209 Balkan Wars 253 fascism 4ցշ in Axis alliance 371ШО independence 170 Jewish immigration transit to Palestine 546,548 Jews in 550,600 pogroms 170 relations with Israel 611 Romanians 191 Romanija See Partisans, Romanija Romaniotes (Gregos or b’nei Romania) 8i, 81Ո51,151Ո580 deportation to Istanbul 82,85,87 economic role 82,83,89,132 in Ottoman Empire 81-5,87,117,183 relations with Ashkenazim 84,183 relations with Sephardim 83,84, 85Ո78, 86 Romano, Avram (Rabbi) (Bitola) 327 Romano, Avram (Mači
Bohor) 246 Romano, Betika 404Ո262, 526, 530, 582Ո183 Romano, Daniel 788 Romano, Jozef Salamon 586 Romano, Marija 532 Romano, Mario 521Ո1145 Romano, Menahem (Rabbi) 216Ո218,588, 589,604 Romano, Mercado (Rabbi) 247 Romano, Moric 517 Romano, Salamon 341 romansas 177,177Ո796,178,179,249,317,331, Rome 334, 59б, 607 20,2ОП16,45, 81, 90,156,183, 271,375, 384, 440, 448, 449, 452,48711885,493 Rome Agreement 376 Rosenberg, Alfred 425 Rosić, Várnává 358Ո585, 360 Rothschild, Walter (Baron) 293Ո248 Rotkopf, Mavro 290 Rotkopf, Moritz 201,207, 276 Rotnštajn, Sigmund M. 586 Rozner, Regina 550 Rudoph I of Habsburg (King) 185 Rudolph π (Emperor) 185 Russia 286,443, 711 Ashkenazim 81,209 Bosnian War 671 Communism in 336,443 Dönme in 162 expulsion of Jews 81,88
925 INDEX immigration to Israel 18,76Ո13 involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina 196,198,671 Jews in 183,228Ո344,254,408Ո298 Jews in commerce 133 Muslims 545 national identity 555 pogroms in 81,294 relations with Austria-Hungary 196,198 relations with Ottoman Empire 76Ո13, 195,198Ո112 relations with Serbia 197,198,253 war against the Ottoman Empire 163 World War I 254 Russo-Turkish war 196,198П112, 231 Ruthenes їді, 194 See also Ukrainians. Ruždi-paša, Mehmed 123-7 Rwanda 631 Šabac 475 Šabetaj-aga 218 Sabbateans 112,157,160,162,163 Sachs, Vladimir 406 Sacirbey, Muhamed 758 Sadat, Anwar 609Ո357 Safa berura 307,331 Safed 156Ո624,192 Sagrakči Hadži Mahmudova mahala 92 Saint Germain Treaty on the Defense of National Minorities 350 Salcberger Stanko, Ervin 526, 528, 530 Salihagić, Suljaga 392Ո162 Šalom 595 Salom, Albert 345 Salom, Avram 222,223,223Ո288 Salom, Avram D. 201 Salom, Daniel A 236 Salom, Danijel M. (“Usćuplija”) 127, 12711391.605 Salom, Isak ef. 118,118Ո326,130 Salom, Isak Josef Haim ef. 138-9 Salom, Ješua 201,206,290 Salom Šuica, Ješua 368,530 Salom, Josef 250,347 Salom, Jozef Haim 138,140 Salom, Menahem 221 Salom, Moric 475Ո791 Salom, Moric Moco 404Ո262,527, 527Ո1183,586 Salom, Rafael-Braco 335 Salom, Salomon Isaković 118,188Ո327,139, 199, zoo, 202,207,236 Salom, Solomon 130 Salomova palata 783 735 32Ո90,75Ո7,93,104,158,161,174, 179,287Ո213,334 commerce 135 salon Salonika Dönme in 161,162,162Ո674 Jews in 78,78Ո23,82,89Ո106,91,95, 95П155.132Ո427,152,155,161,248,266, 287,287Ո213 rabbinic academies 152 Šamac 423 Samokovlija, Isak 316-17,583,585,586,596, 603, 728,763 as
author 122Ո368,316,317, 607,790 as physician 316,581 in Communist Party of Yugoslavia 368,526 San Remo Treaty 255 Sanchez, Gabriel 54, 71 Sancho iv 43,47 sandiaks xxi, 5,129 Sandžak of Novi Pazar 94, 94Ո146,493 Sanhedrin 23 Sanski Most Ashkenazim 269 Jewish cemetery 600, 730 Jewish community 266 Jews in 212,269,367,488 prayer hall 729 rabbi, 269 Shoah 477,477Ո800 synagogue 26g Sant ‘Egidio Society 748 Saragossa 45,426 sarajevski spor 300 Sarajevo 89-104,109,125Ո380,226,288,354, 440,460, 639Ո507,647 administration sgg airport 686, 702,706Ո350 Albanians 382 anti-Jewish graffiti 614Ո385,687Ո216, 764. 765
926 INDEX Sarajevo (cont.) anti-Jewish legislation 399-405. 690,697 409Ո306,410,412 antisemitism 349,352,357,359՜6օ, 386, 392.39б. 398, 611Ո368,614,764,765, 766 archaeological finds 13 arrival ofJews in 89,90,91,92,100, 708,727 artists 313-15, 368, 607, 700 “Aryanization” (theft) of Jewish property 412-18,418Ո374,430Ո467 as Bosnian capital 89,90,105,106, 391,392 as “little Jerusalem” (“Yerushalayim chico’) 95,728 as trade center 8gmo6, 90,92 as vezir’s residence 89 as Vrhbosna 6 as Vrhbosna Velika župa 377 Ashkenazic cemetery 305,603, 603Ո329, 604Ո331 Ashkenazic community 209,243,305, 337, 349,419, 421, 439 Ashkenazic synagogue 245,394Ո181,597, 689, 708, 729, 778 Ashkenazim in 14, 96, 201, 205, 207, 209, 210-11, 230, 231, 232, 236, 242, 243, 245, 264, 265, 265Ո59,312, 320, 335, 348, 349, 356, 382, 439, 597, 602, 603, 689, 690, 727 assassination of Franz Ferdinand 198, 198Ո112,253,253Ո5,253Ո6,684Ո197 ataris 140,240,240Ո438, 241,276Ո128 Austrians 382 Austro-Hungarian administration of 200,203,240 Austro-Hungarian occupation 199,231 Balkan Institute 428 banking 236,415, 638,741 bar mitzvahs in 612, 733 Bare cemetery 604 baščaršija 91, 432, 549, 783 bet din 147Ո550,152,242 Bet Tefila 246 Bistrik 229 Bjelave 124,229,229Ո349,230,242,246, 290Ո229,316,424 B’nai B’rith 337,736 Bohoreta 692-4,696,735,738 bombardment of 376,428,663,665, Borak 103, 601,743,782 bribery 121,201 Bursa Bezistan 91,96, 96Ո162 Buzadži Hadži-Hasanova mahala 99Ո186 čaršija 102, 229,230,246,290Ո229 (ul.) Ćemaluša 99 Ćemaluša mahala 100 cemeteries 103,305,600-4 censuses 91,93,94,95,208,263,575 Četniks 514
churches in 97,102,426 City Museum 599 Collegium artisticum 314,368,431 commerce 8gmo6, go, 234,235 commercial relations with Bosnian cities 109 Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 366, 386,513,522,523,527,617Ո404 criminal networks 720 Croatian Catholics in 201,202,390,440, 455,456, 571, 748 Croats 349,382,388,680,704 culture 174,179,249,250,335,380, 396,763 Czechs 382 declaration of Bosnian independence 660 demography 93,94,95,208,210,212,229, 231,233,263,264,266,267,278,349, 382,486,571,573 deportation ofJews 386,394,395,437, 465Ո700,471,472,472Ո757,508 disease in 101,168-9,51941132 Dobrinja 695,701 economic development 141,279,352, 395,720 elections 201, 20ІПІ37, 205,283,284,285, 286,337 epidemics 169,436 expulsion ofJews 101,351,456 fascism in 358,364,388,395,437, 617Ո404 Ferhad Pasha mahala 100 (Ul.) Ferhadija 99,150Ո572
927 INDEX fires in 96П162, 98,101,102,103Ո215,105, 106,139,14911567, 227,246 founding of 6 German invasion 376,386 German occupation 377,386,416,427, 427Ո445, 429. 439. 464,464Ո695, 472, 514, 536, 782 Germans 382 Grbavica 665, 727, 746 haham başı 123,134Ո437,152,174,201, 247,290Ո226,301Ո290 hećim 138,140,239,240 Hevra kadiša 102,243,320,337,595, 603 Historical Museum 428 hotels 236 housing 100,377,410,568-9, 637 humanitarian aid to 678,67g, 680 Hungarians 382,414Ո345 It Kat di Džaen 246 It Καί di Kapón 246 Ιί Καί di ία Bilava 246, 246Ո481, 304, 424, 424Ո422, 729 Ιί Καί di lus Mudas 246,72g il Kal di Tÿu Mači Bohor 246, 246Ո479,729 Ιί Kal Grandi See Ιί Καί Grandi U Kal Muevu{Novi Hram) 303,376, 729 Il Kal Vjetu See II Kal Vjetu Ilidža 665,765 immigrants 205,410 in Independent State of Croatia 377,378, 390Ո147,399,408,409Ո306,410,4η, 412,415. 420Ո392,422-Յ in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 279,354, 365Ո743 in Ottoman Empire 90,92 industry 377,379, 636 Institute for Oriental Studies 664 insurance 278 intermarriage 272,273,587-8,740 interreligious relations 95, 96,118, 124,125,262, 679,700,708, 716, 723, 748, 763 Islamic radicalism in 723 Italians 382 jesna 152,174 Jewish artists 313,607 Jewish booksellers 249,250,284Ո190 Jewish cemeteries 305,424,432Ո478, 605,614,730,782 Jewish clothing 116Ո314 Jewish communal administration 149, 149Ո569,207Ո183,422,590,687 Jewish communal leadership 382Ո101 Jewish communal property 394,4236,778-80 Jewish communal statutes 92Ո136, 147Ո550,149,207,243 Jewish community in 92,103,124,127, 201,212,213,266,277,287,288,290, 290Ո229,305,331,334,349,351,392,
420Ո392,471,473,480,481,588,590, 591,595. 605, 617, 686Ո214, 725, 733, 734, 739. 740, 746, 747, 748 Jewish conversion 447, 447Ո569, 458,473 Jewish cooperative 280, 280Ո158 Jewish craftsmen 136,137,276 Jewish cultural societies 250,333,335 Jewish deaths in Bosnian War 684 Jewish deaths in Ustaše camps 486 Jewish demography 212,230,263,264, 265Ո59,266,382П101,571,572,573,575, 589,680,724,725,726 Jewish dentists 140 Jewish education 192,363,595 Jewish escape to Italian zone 490, 490Π901 Jewish Heroes of Yugoslavia 533,617 Jewish humanitarian societies 277,281, 420,514 Jewish identity 262, 612,726 Jewish library 323,598 Jewish mahala 93, 98, 98Ո172,98Ո174, 98Ո175, gg, 99Ո182, 99Ո186,100,101, 728, 778 Jewish marital customs 143,153,273 Jewish migration 268, 270 101Ո201,102,303, Jewish monuments 585-6,586Ո216,597, 598,604,615,616,762 Jewish museum 14H1512,327,596,599, 753,779 Jewish natality 278 Jewish newspapers 249,272,300,301,312 Jewish poverty 277,281,322,331,439, 59211257
928 INDEX Sarajevo (cont.) Jewish property Jews in industry 290Ո229,410,411,412, 418,41811374, 430Ո467,439,566,568, 569, 783 Jewish property owners 100,122, 381Ո91,489Ո895,4901901,499,508, 421,470,531 103,142,282,588, 200,201, 202,204,205,236,282,336Ո534,582, 582Ո183 Jews in Partisans 342Ո570,382Ո101, 397, 435, 484Ո864, 515,5161108,517, 519, 524, 525, 526Ո1181,527,52711183, 726,732 Jewish schooling 138,139,140,232,238, Jews in municipal government 205,270,281,281П167, 514,568 Jewish religious rites Jews in medicine 239,2391428,240,276Ո130,316,387, 290Ո229,392,568 Jewish reftigees 107Ո250,179Ո807,202, 235,236,237,238,280,581,582Ո183 150,150Ո572,150Ո577, 152,192,241,247,307,363,565 Jewish settlement in 14,92,97-102, 528, 529, 530, 530Ո1207, 531,531Ո1215, 532,533 Jews in politics 200,201,205,283, 284Ո190,287,341,365,563 229,230 Jewish sociocultural societies 331-8,595 Jewish Theological Seminary 309,324, 32411451,729 Jewish women in medicine 139 Jewish women's organizations 595,596, 597, 692-4, 738 Jewish World War 11 deaths 484,762 Jewish World Warn survivors 546 Jewish youths 335,339-40,365,366,367, 565, 595,596,725 Jews as “Honorary Aryans” 407 Jews as moneylenders 138 Jews in 13,14, 94,95,104,130,212, Jews in poverty 277,278,281,283,319, 320,331,332 Jews in printing 177,248, 284Ո190 Jews in publishing 249,250 Jews in Spanish Civil War 344,345,517 Jews in the economy 279,352,396Ո192, 408, 435 Jews in trade unions 238,238Ո414 Judeo-espanjol 92Ո136, 95,175,176,209, 283Ո177,310,726,727 583,583Ո195,585,589,591,598Ո288, komsduk 395, 647, 660,748,753 Koordinacioni odbor
humanitamokaritativnih organizacija (конко) 679 Kovačiči cemetery 103,305,31g, 424, 480Ո827, 6оі֊з, 742, 743-5,752 La Benevolencija 243,244-5,320-31,425, 61U1368, 673, 676, 680,683,687,724, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680-708, 735, 737, 218,226,231,266,287,393,396,432, 437-8,478,484,500Ո980,550Ո1350, 562,562Ո47,571,572,574,575,580, 724Ո65,725, 726,728,740,791 Jews in administration 139,236,238, 582,786 Jews in banking 138,236,276,278,284П190 Jews in commerce 91, 91Ո125,92,93, 96,97,107Ո250,108,109Ո270,134, 135,136,236,237,276,278,279,285, 2851197,285П198,393,396Ո192,402, 414,414Ո346 Jews in Communist Party of Yugoslavia 287,341,366,367, 368, 393, 513, 519, 522, 523, 524, 526, 526ПЦ80, 530, 534Ո1238, 617Ո404 Jews in cultural life 118,174,176,178,179, 180,250,313-14,315,316,317,318,335, 349,393,607 740-1, 742 Latinluk area 97,102 liberation of 552 Logavina Street 13,13Ո53,100 mahalas 92,93,94,99Ո182 Marindvor 472, 582, 585, 663, 783 Markaié bombing 704 medical practice 276,276Ո130 Mejtaš 100,424 Middle Eastern landowners 766 Miljacka River 6,100,101,102,103, 601,695 mosques in 102, 752 Mount Trebević 103 museums 684Ո197,754, 779,780
929 INDEX Muslims in Э7,125,201, շօշ, 204,205, Зб4,382,390,390Ո147,391,392, 392Ո162,394, 395, 4о8, 413, 413Ո340, 453п6і8, 458-62, 460, 462, 511, 540, 545, 549, 571, 665, 682, 704, 716, 748, 767, 780 Muslims in commerce 285,285Ո197, 285Ո198 name 6 nationalism 202 National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina 709 National Libraiy 664, 791 National Theater 695 Nazis in 377,429 newspapers 177,249,312,395,396, 398,682 Novo Sarajevo 582 occupations ofJews 109Ո270,274, 274Ո119,276, 277,278,349,580 Pehlivan Oruç mahala 100 persecution of Jews 386,412,437,439 pharmacies 137,140,141,141Ո512,276 physicians 140,232 pinakes ha-kehila 106,116Ո312,121,127, 149,149Ո567,425,782 plunder of Bosnian Jewish community 394,398,398Ո213,399, 402,403,410-12,437,439 Poale Cijon 336 poetry 178,249 Poles 382 poverty 244,274. 277. 319. З20, 439 povjerenici 378, 393,412-18,41g, 420, 421, 422, 438Ո519, 473 printing 177,248, 249,250,284Ո190 property 569 provincial government in 222,247 publishing 178,249,250 rabbis 101,118,151Ո584,152,152Ո585,155, 174,176,178,201,227,245,270,273,290, 290Ո226,303,305,565,603 railroads 109,219,219Ո249,233,234,377, 601, 782 relations between Croats and Muslims 413Ո340 relations between Jews and Muslims 93, 121,122-7,142,285,285Ш98,364,393, 394Ո178,395,396,397,687 relations between Muslims and Serbs 397 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 232,242,273,277,300, 337,34911624,351 resistance to Ottoman reforms in 90 roads 233 Roma 386 Roman Catholics in 97,359,440,748 Russians 382 sarajevski spor 300,351 schooling 150Ո572,150Ո578,152,199,204, 245,246, 247,282,316,368 Sephardic
community 92Ո136,152,242, 243.246.263.264.266.277.283.285, 299,301,303,304,325,337,339,340, 346,349, Յ51,353 З72,419,422, 439,603 Sephardic culture 174,179,250,266, 299 Sephardic family names 94 Sephardic settlement in 92,349,699, 708, 727 Sephardim in 13, 90, 92, 95,97,320,321, 207.220.226.263.264.268.277.285, 298,299,299Ո278,301,320,349,382, 611Ո368, 685,708,724,727,738 Serbian Orthodox in 97,201,202,205, 346,363,571,748 Serbs in 346,349,382,386,388,408,412, 432,665,682,704,717 Serbs in commerce 134 Shoah 127,276,319,429-435,437, 465Ո700,466,470,471-4,480,481, 483Ո855,484,486,546,571,587,598, 617,617Ո404,619,704,754,762,781 Shoah commemoration 754, 762 siege of 2,16,663-80,687,688,694,698, 701,719,724,727,735П145,742,763, 763Ո292 Slovaks 382 Slovenes 382,410 sociocultural organizations 243,244-5, 266,311,328,330,331,332,333,334, 335,340 synagogues 100,100П194,102,104, 104Ո225,125,142,151,245,246,303,333, 348,372,394Ո178,394Ո181,424,426, 426Ո438,472,597,598, 599,684Ո197, 689,708,728,729,764,778 taxation ofJews i4gns68 Taštihan 96,96Ո162,101,102 terrorists in 766
930 INDEX Sarajevo (շօռէ.) theater 249,250 Tikun Hacot 246, 729 transportation 233 urban development 90,279 “urbicide” 663,664, 665 Ustaše in 35711679,388,390,395,397, 398,410,432.435.436Ո503,437,439. 456,478,514 value of plundered Jewish property 417Ո374 Vidas Largas 726 Vogošca 665,753 Volksdeutsche in 360,377 Vraca Memorial Park 762 Vratnik area 97 Vrbanja 103 War Crimes Commission 565 workers’ strikes 277,287 World War i 254 World War π Jewish deaths 382П101,762 “Yerushalayim chico” 728 Youth League 386 Zemaljski muzej 323,424,426,427,429, 709. 750 Zionists 282,293-4,300,336,337 Sarajevo Haggadah 349,426-9,550,598, 749-52.764 Bosnian War 708-10 Domeniko Justurini 749 German attempt to steal 427-9 in National Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina 709 Koen family 749,750Ո232 origin 426,426Ո436,749 Unesco Memory of the World Register 751 Zemaljski muzej 70g, 749,750 Sarajevo Megillah 122-7,17g, 179Ո806, 605,745 Sarajevo-Višegrad railroad 601, 782 Sarajka 570Ո95 Sarajlija xxi Šarić, Ivan 455. 45б, 457 Saudi Arabia 679,723 Sava (Savska) banovina 354 Sava River 5,105,468,475Ո791,482 Savez izraelitičke bogoštovne općine u kraljevini Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji 243 Savezjevrejskih (izraelitičkih) veroispovednih opština u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Sfovenaca(Federation ofJewish [Israelite] Religious Communities in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) 353,382П101 antisemitism 348,351,357,358 congresses 365 creation of 288 headquarters 290 Jewish education 307 Jewish identity 293,301Ո290 Jewish Theological Seminary 309,324 membership 288,289,291,305 museums 309 organization 288, 290,
292,305, 306,338, ЗЗ911550,353 relations with Kingdom of Yugoslavia 293,348,35L 353.357. 358,362 relations with Orthodox Jewish communities 289,306 relations with Sephardim 294,306 relations with Zionists 288,293,294, 295.296 response to antisemitism 348,358 social welfare 293 statute 289 women’s equality 293 youth 338 Savezjevrejskih omladinskih udruženja 338 Savez komunističke omladineJugoslavije (League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia, s koj ) xxii, 341,367,43շ. 515,515Ш101,522, 523, 525, 534Ш235 in concentration camps 503,522 in Partisans 517,522,529 Savez židovskih ženskih društava (Association ofJewish Woman’s Societies) 337 Schlesinger, Miroslav 520 Schutzstaffel ( ss) 355Ո669 Schwartz, Vladimir 378Ո58 Schweiger, Sigmund 107 security dilemma 658 Sefarad ’92 695, 699,700 Šeferov, Vilko 313 Segovia 60,61 Sejdić, Dervo 785 Sejdić-Finci 785-7
931 INDEX Seleuciđs 335 Selim I 76, 77Ո21,115 Seljuks 80,112 Seneor, Abraham 40,54, 66 Senta 590 Sepharad xxi, 12,12Ո45,12Ո46,13Ո47, 20ш6, і8з Sephardic Circle 299,300 Sephardic Political Committee of the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina 198 Sephardim xxi, 12,13Ո48,17,185,232Ո362, 271,401Ո236,437 and Sabbateanism 165 culture 86,173-5,1780797, 179,242Ո448, 191,192,194,231,232, 23211362,23Յ, 235, 242,242Ո448,243,251,262,270-3,290, 293,297,299,300,300Ո283,306,320, 34911624, 351, 589, 734 relations with Bosnian Croats 299 relations with Bosnian Muslims 299 relations with Bosnian Serbs 29g relations with Ottoman Empire 136,167 relations with Romaniotes 83,84, 85 relations with Spain 180,345,346,436, 607,686 317,318,331, 665,686 customs xx, 750 demography of 17,18,105,106,381 Diaspora Nationalism 297-301,337 dominance in Jewish society 84,167, 173,175 expulsion from Iberia 13,18, 83, 686 immigration to Ottoman Empire 82Ո54, 83, 85,183 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,212,224, 225,238,264,268,273,290,293,297, 353,600, 729 in commerce 132,136,175,184,235 in Iberia xx, xxi, 13,13Ո48,18,93, relations with Zionism scholars and scientists schooling 310 Shoah 297,299,300,301 33,33Ո101 352,608 socioeconomic status 232 Spanish language 607 surnames 94,94П144 synagogues 87, Ю1Ш95,178Ո797,194 Ustaše 357Ո679 women 145 Zionism Ո8Ո329,339 Serbia 5,32Ո90,97,109,209 antisemitism 170,255,346Ո600,352, 356Ո673,357, 674,749 242Ո448 in jewelry trade 184 in medicine 240 in moneylending 235 in Sarajevo 127,179,285,300Ո283,320, Ashkenazim 209 Balkan Wars 252,253,254,348,348Ո614 banking 638 commerce 132Ո427,197
Communist Party in 321,353 in Southeastern Europe 72 in the Balkans 4, 83,134,172 in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia marital customs 33,88,142Ո514 music 178,178Ո797 rabbis 152Ո580,310,578 relations with Ashkenazim 148,182,184, 625 concentration camps in Յօաշցշ, 302,351 550, 662,707 Dayton Peace Accords 713 early Jewish settlement in 14 Esperansa 327 114,117,132,136, 167,171,173,175,183,297 in the Roman Empire 19Ո15 in Yugoslavia 575 Judeo-espanjol 32Ո90,32Ո91,175-80, 178Ո797,179,180,262,299,310,344, 596, 608 ethnic minorities 659 fascism in 357,360,566,597,643,707 genocide 718 German occupation 374,437,535 “Greater Serbia” 198, 204,256,435,510, Judeo-Spanish culture 34,174,178,179, 180,248,318,329,596 literature 178,17g, 701 manner of dress 148,194,232,233 independence 170 involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina 8,196, 642Ո526, 657, in the Ottoman Empire 535,537,559, 642Ո526,653,655Ո34, 657,659,760 658,718
932 INDEX Serbia (cont.) in medieval period 7g Jewish property 778,781 Jews in 82,108,170,170Ո742,254,263, 270,301Ո292, 348Ո614,437,674,707 Jews in the military 254,328,348 Karadjordjević dynasty 197 Kingdom of Serbia 170Ո742,197,255, 294Ո249,346Ո599,346 Kosovo 659 marital law 306 military 256, 667,702Ո315 Muslims in 665 27L 291- 328,358,358Ո686,449,674 nationalism 196,204, 559,628, 628Ո446, 632, 643,656,657,659,660,667,672, 673, 674 Obrenović dynasty 197 “pig war” 197 pogroms 170 prisoners of war in 707 rabbis 734 réévaluation of Četniks 674,749 relations with Austria-Hungary 196, ig7, 198,203, 253, 253Ո6 relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina 637,655 relations with Bosnian Muslims 653, 655 relations with Croatia 637,655, 659 relations with Iraq 787 relations with Israel 621,622Ո421, 673П129,705,705Ո347,706,706Ո349, 707,787 relations with Jews 348,674,707 relations with Libya 787 relations with Macedonia 256 relations with Montenegro 256 relations with Ottoman Empire 170Ո742, 195.255 relations with Russia 197,198,253, 254, 671 relations with Slovenia 637, 659 relations with the United States 668, 671,707 relations with Western Europe religious equality 254 restitution 778,781 role of religion 653 Russians in 346Ո600 Shoah commemoration 754 Shoah in 357, 674, 707, 777 South Slav state 198 Vojvodina 659 war against Bosnia and Herzegovina 9, 656,718 World War i 254,256 World War lí 643,647,707,718 Zionism Յօւոշցշ Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska demokratska stranka, s d s ) 633, 658,720 Serbian Orthodox Church 96,178Ո797,224, 671 antisemitism 347,360 fascism 360 in Bosnia and
Herzegovina 97 relations with Catholic Church 271,442, 442Ո549, 443.620 relations with Croats 434Ո492 relations with Handžar Division 544 relations with Jews 347,360 relations with Ustaše 355,408,426, 429,470 Serbian People’s Radical Party 258 Serbian-Jewish Friendship Society 621, 622Ո421 Serbo-Croatian 3Ո9,8Ո31,175,232,241,248, 272.307. Յ09.310, ՅԱ, 312.329.334, 350Ո632,358,573, 6ЦП368, 615,616 Serbs 8,126,170,271 antisemitism 363 Handžar Division 544Ո1321 in Independent Kingdom of Croatia 355, 382,464Ո693,465 inJugoslovenska narodna armija 624,659 in Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 624 in Partisans 435,511, 518Ո1120,618 in the Communist Party of Yugoslavia 624 in Yugoslavia 1, 587 Jasenovac 752 Jewish Serbs 621 Maks Nordau 319 media 363 national liberation movement 16g, 195, 203,203, 204 nationalism 670
933 INDEX occupations 273 Potpora 319 relations with Croats 3,4,271 relations with Israel 673Ո129,707 relations with Italy 492 relations with Jews 3,4 relations with Muslims 3,4,537,619 relations with Ustaše 434,434Ո494, 434Ո495,435,448,451,452,464, 464Ո693,477Ո800,487Ո885,488,511, 615, 622, 643,674,757 Sergejvski, Dimitrij 42g sevdah 178 Seventh Day Adventists 291Ո232 Seville 33,37,39,51,53, 54,60,61,62, 180,345 shari’ah xxi, 109,114,115,151,168,200 Shealtiel 86,153 shehitah 281 Shepherds’ Crusade 50 Shoah (Holocaust) xxi, 15,16,18,127,141,194, 231,276,340Ո554,352,398, 444ո559՛ 456,462,475,476,476Ո796,508,534, 544,549П1348, 607, 615, 674,752, 753, 757Ո262, 768, 778 denial of 753 German role 352,384,385,400,407,424, 430, 433-4,436, 439,444, 449,463, 464, 463, 464, 472, 474, 476,483, 489, 490, 491Ո917, 500Ո980, 502, 505, 516, 524, 525, 535, 538, 623,784 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 378Ո62,397, 398,401Ո236,420,462-87,727,752,754, 758, 765,780,781 in Kingdom of Yugoslavia 340Ո554,36g monuments 562,616,731,732, 732П133, 754 World War π Yugoslav survivors 545-8 Yugoslav education about 615 See abo Bosnia and Herzegovina, Shoah in shochets xxi, 209, 217,224,307 shtadlan 152 ShuLchanAruch 30g Sibenšajn, Josip 288Ո216 Sicily 81 sidžik xxi, 91,92,100П194,119Ո333,140,156 Sielski, Stanko 520,550 Siete partidas See Alfonso x Sijavuš-paša Atik 99 construction of Jewish mahata 98,100, 100П194,303,778 Sijavuš-pašina daira 98,147, 728 šik 237,414,416,417,570 Silajdžić, Haris 777 Silesia 186,187 Simon Wiesenthal Center 761 Simović, Dušan 372mi Sinčić, David 407 Singer, Alfred 351 Singer,
Vladimir 378Ո58,407,407Ո290 Šinko, Ervin 503 Sisak 290 Sisebut 26,26Ո54 Sixtus rv, Pope 61 Skopje (Üsküb) 88, 90,104,127,270,279, 305,334,590,591,637 Skrivan 97 Slatina 290 Slavonia 489 Slavonski Brod 338,422 Sloboda 593,594,676 Stoga 328,334 Slovakia 231,371П10,405,435Ո496,436, 436Ո507 Slovaks 382 nationalism 191 Slovenes 257Ո26 in Indepdendent Kingdom of Yugoslavia 410 in Kingdom ofYugoslavia 257,273 in Rab concentration camp 504 in Sarajevo 382 relations with Italy 257,373 relations with Jews 279,362 Slovenia antisemitism 352 Ashkenazim 190 Austro-Hungarian rule 204 censuses 263,547,572 declaration of independence 659,667, 668,670 in Kingdom ofYugoslavia 279 in Yugoslavia 559, 628, 655,659Ո59 international recognition 670 Italian occupation of 373 Jews in 190,259,263,572 nationalism 204,559,625,628
934 INDEX Slovenia (cont.) political parties 654 relations with Germany 373,667,668 relations with Israel 611 relations with Serbia 637,659 Slovenska ljudska stranka (Slovenian People’s Party) 284 Smyrna 32Ո90,157,159,179,248 Šnajder, Marcel 312,368,431,526,583, 583Ո200 Sočanica 731 Socialism 313 parties 336Ո534,340,366 Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina 336 Socijalistička radnička partija (Socialist Workers Party) Jews in 286 Socijedad de vežitar dolientas 332 Sociološki Klub 341 Sofia 88, 90,104 Softie, Elma 701 Softie, Mustafa 392,392Ո162,540 Sohnut (Jewish Agency) 684, 685,703, 704Ո334 Sokolović, Sima 102 Solitreo 91Ո125 Sombor 590 Sontag, Susan 701 Sopron, Ignjat 248 South America 457 South Slavs 256,287 South Slavic identification 262,556, 646, 672 Southeastern Europe 1, 5, 9, 74,258, 450, 544 Jews in 72, igo Soviet Union 502,543Ո1314, 555,623, 640 antisemitism 587 collapse of 626,6gon7 foreign policy 371 invasion of Afghanistan 626Ո440 Jews in 344,463, 792 Red Army 535 relations with Germany 374 relations with Yugoslavia 553Ո6,563, 608, 610, 626,626Ո440,631,671 Shoah 463 Spanish Civil War See also Russia 344Ո586,345 Spaho, Mehmed 284,392,458,459 Spain 13,70,101П195 al-Andalus 31,32,34,36,37,38,44 antisemitism in 45-6,58,59,64,72,357Ո681 Arabs 29,30,33Ո93,62 Arias-Montano Institute, Library ofJewish Sephardic History 346 as Sepharad xxi, 12,12Ո45,12Ո46, 13Ո47,2oni6 Ashkenazim in 40,242Ո448,345 Berbers 29 blood libel 45 Carolingian dynasty 36,37,39П144 Catholic Church in 37,41,42,43,44,45, 46,50,55.62.71.72 clothing restrictions 53,72 concentration camps
436 conversos 45,51Ո250, 55-63,65,67Ո367, 70Ո383,71 conversos as tax farmers 59,59Ո309,60, 64,71,132 convivencia 31,50,55 courtier class in 33,47 demography 31,37,38,55 economic conditions 50,53, 64,180 Edict of Expulsion 65,67Ո367,70, 70Ո387,71,345 expulsion ofJews from, 13,18,19,45, 52Ո259,56Ո283,63-8,67Ո367,69Ո381, 71,72,75,77,83,156,156Ո624,173. 176,176Ո788,181,346,384,426,685, 686ոշօց, 699, 727 fascism 344Ո586,345 forced baptism 384 Golden Age ofJewry 18, i8ng, 27,29,35, 38,72,141,174,318 Hojjuden 33 Inquisition 59, 60-3, 65,66,71,72,345 Jewish arrival in 17, xg, 20,345 Jewish cemeteries 71 Jewish charitable societies 192Ո74 Jewish communal leadership in 33,34, 38,40,54 Jewish culture 34,436,685 Jewish occupations 34, 38, 39,42, 46, 53 Jewish reftxgees 685 Jewish relationship to the king 40,41, 41Ո163, 42, 43.44, 47, 54 Jewish settlement patterns 39
935 INDEX Jewish trade 34,35- 39.43 Jews as diplomats 40 Jews as landowners 39,65 Jews as money lenders 42,42Ո174 Jews as tax farmers 42,42Ո171,47,53,56, 64, 65, 66Ո357,132 Jews in banking 132 Jews in diplomacy 345 Jews in medicine 138,140 Jews in the military 39 Judaizing heresy 60,61,61Ո323,71, 71Ո388 judería 24,50,53, 64 marital customs 33,53,55,60 medieval xx, 17Ո2,18,72,177,178,384 mentioned in Hebrew Bible 12,12Ո45, 12Ո4.6,13Ո47,20Ո16 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 323 Moorish era 27-36,44,46, 53, 72,173,174 Moorish invasion of 28 Ordinances of 1412 53,60 pogroms in, 50, 50Ո241, 51, 5Ш244, 5112250, 60, 60Я311, 67Я367 post-expulsion relations with Jews 180, 345,357Ո681,436,607, 686, 686Ո209 Primo de Rivera law 345 prisoners of war in 345 Reconquista Spain 35,36-68 relations with Axis Alliance 436 relations with Christians 36,38, 40, 41, 57 relations with Morocco 345 relations with Ottoman Empire 163 relations with Portugal 54, 58Ո294, 70 relationship between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 40,242Ո448 responsa 29,30 Roman era 20Ո16 Sarajevo Haggadah 426 scholarly academies in 436 Sephardic customs 93 Shoah 436 “Silver Age” of Spanish Jewry 38 synagogues in 39, 71,181,346 taifas 30, 35,36 taxation of Jews 43,43Ո186,44,52 Ustaše in 457 Visigothic era 22-26, 62 See also Moors, al-Andalus Španca, Jakob 585 Spanish Civil War 343-6 Bosnian Jewish volunteers 344,517 Communist fighters 343 International Brigade 343,344 Nationalists 343,344 prisoners of war 345 Spanish Republican Army 343,344, 345. 366 veterans in Partisans 517,527 Yugoslav Communist fighters 343 Yugoslav volunteers
343,366 Spanish language 193,344 Spanish March 39Ո144 Špegel, Martin 661 Spicer, Hugo 243,288,289, 295,306 Split 75Ո7, 90,365Ո743,488,489Ո894, 489Ո895,678 commerce 134 harbor 134,135 Jewish refugees in 490,496,508,517, 685,704 Jews in 500Ո980,517,590,703,778Ո349 La Benevolencija logistical center 678, 688-9,691, 693,699,703 srbosjek 469Ո734 Srebrenica 109,224 Jewish cemetery 731 massacre of Muslims 619,752 Srebrenik 544,731 Srpski knj'ăevni glasnik 316 Štajnberger, Drago 533 Stalin, Joseph 443,555,556, 623 Stalingrad 543 Starčević, Ante 374Ո30 Bosnian Muslims 389Ո143 Croatianjews 383 Croatian nationalism 355,374Ո30,383 Party of Rights 383,406,407Ո288 State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 255 Steckel, Chaim (Rabbi) 544,754 Stein, Edith 761 Stepinac, Alojsije 442Ո542 anti-Communist 443,450,458 antisemitism 443,449 as Archbishop of Zagreb 384mu, 441 as Croatian nationalist 442 as vicar of Ustaše military 441,454 beatification 761
936 INDEX Stepinac, Alojsije (cont.) Jewish converts 445,446,447,450, 760 racism 443,446,457 relations with Ante Pavelič 442,445, 446,45°. 451.452.458 relations with Germans 384mu, 434, 443,448,450 relations with Independent State of Croatia 384Ш11,434,442,449, 457» 458 relations with Serbian Orthodox Church 442,442Ո549 relations with Ustaše 441,442,442Ո542, 445, 448,449» 450, 451» 456» 457» 566 relations with Vatican 449,452 rescue ofJews 443,444,444Ո560,450, 450Ո591,760,761 Serbian converts 450,760 trial of 457,566 Stern, Ignatz 228 Stem, Pavao 580 Stemberg, Arnold 514Ո1096 Stimson Doctrine 668 Stojadinović, Milan 341,359Ո695,361, 361Ո715,361Ո716,365,365Ո741 Stolac 127, 605, 607 annual visit of Sarajevo Jewish community 745 gravesite of Rav Danon 127,605-7,745 heder tabora 605 Jewish cemetery 731 synagogue 729 Štrosmajer, Josip Juraj 256Ո24 Subotica 190,279,289,305,334,572,590,591 Suez War 610 Sufism 157,161,174 Šujica, Salom 342,580 Suleiman i (Sultan) 103,163,165 Suleiman 11 (Sultan) 139Ո494 Šuljak, Alija 378 Sumbul, Isidor 328 Sumbul, Jakob 13g, 140, 140П5СЦ Sumbul, Jakov 240Ո238 Sumbul, Samuel 140 sürgün xxi, 79, 82, 83,86 Sutjeska 523 Švajger, Oskar 580 Svjedost 317,665 Svoj svome 286,35g Svrzina kuća 780 Sweden 186 Switzerland 509,594,605,685 Friends of La Benevolencija 677 persecution of Jews 183 synagogues 39,101Ո195,104,217,245,246, 246Ո481,303,304,348,356,376,424, 424Ո422, 478» 597» 689, 690,708, 729» 778 Syria 90 Szlávi, Jozef 202 Tadič, Duško 656Ո45 Tadič, Ljubomir 621 See also Serbian-Jewish Friendship Society Tagus River 37 taifas 30,35,36 Talmud xxi,
21,21Ո23,32,44,48-9,156, 309» ՅՅ8 talmud torah 150,244,246 Tanzimat 128,129,168 See also Ottoman Empire, Tanzimat Taqqanot 53 Tarbut 332 Tarragona շօոշօ Tašlihan See Sarajevo, Tašlihan Tehnika 237,57о Tekije na Buni 745 Tel Aviv 245,334,347,357,546Ш338, 550» 787 Teśanj 215,228,239,266Ո64,586,729 Teslić 215,684,731, 739 Theresa of Avila 56 Theodosian Code 23 See abo Byzantium, Theodosian Code Thirty Years’War 186,187,4340492 Tiberias 192 Tisha b’Av 103 Tito, Josip Broz 7,374,510,513Ո1094, 519Ո1130,553,554,560,563,617Ո403, 619,624,625, 625Ո433, 626,627,634, 635,652,653,658, 667,671, 777 Communist Party of Yugoslavia 374,625 relations with Israel 577,61U1367 relations with nonaligned world 610, 610Ո362 relations with Winston Churchill 577
937 INDEX successors 627,632 Zionism 534 Titus 19 Todorovič, Boško 532 Todt Organization 491Ո917 Toledo 33,60,317 Church councils in 25 Jews in 19Ո12,38,43,51,174,727 Toleranzedikt 188,190 Toleranzgeld 187 Tolj, Ivan 394,396,405,471,472,472Ո756, 472Ո761 Tomas, Ilija 456 Tomašević, Stjepan 6,7 Tomislav п 487 Tortosa 36 Translators of Toledo 38 Travnik 100Ո194,106-7,106Ո243,123,124, 233,333,378 “Aryanization” (theft) of Jewish property 418 as Bosnian capital 89,89Ո109,90, 106,123 Ashkenazim 107,218,232, 264,293 Bar Giora 107 blood libel 171 communal statute 217 demography 208,209 Ezrat Dalim 107 Jewish cemetery 106,222, 600, 615, 616,731 Jewish community 266,269,293 Jewish National Society 107 Jewish relations with Muslims 107, 107Ո256,123,171 Jewish sociocultural societies 219 Jews in 94,95,104,106,107,108,143,209, 212,214,217,218,219,221,226,228,250, 264,363,366,474Ո777,571, 578,680,725 Jews in administration 218 Jews in commerce 104,106,107,219, 233,280 Jews in industry 107Ո250,238 Jews in medicine 107,141,232 Jews in municipal government 202,218 Jews in the military 219 KalKados 107,218,730 Kruščica 466,471,472,480,762 La Benevolencija 321,33 о occupations of Jews 106,107,140,280 pinakes 218 rabbis 246 schooling 218,363 Sephardim 221,264,293 Shoah 474,474Ո777,762 Shoah memorial 615-16 synagogues 107,218,304, 729,730 taxation 107 Zionist organization 107 Treaty of Bucharest 253 Treaty of London 252,375Ո37 Treaty of Saint-Germain 375Ո37 Trebevic 328,334 Trebević mountain 601 Trebinje 5Ո19 Jews in 488 Trieste 233,248 Trifunovič UČO, Mitar 522 Trikotaža 237,414,570 Trinki,
Moric 448Ո575 Tripartite Pact 371,371П10,372 Trnovo 428Ո451 Truhelka, Branimir 324 Trumbid, Ante 9Ո33, Ш141 Tudjman, Franjo 559, 622, 623,632, 655, 655Ո34,656,657,659, 661,683,713,749, 759, 760Ո274, 787 Tunisia 51 Turks 82,299Ո284 culture 179 Turkey 77Ո22,17g, 270 Ashkenazim 209 Dönme in 162,162Ո674,162Ո675 Jews in 350 Turkish language 249Ո502 Tuzla 109,220, 224,228, 280, 378, 379, 521, 533 antisemitism 363,765 Ashkenazim 220,264,268,293 censuses 220 communal statutes 220 demography 268,478 Handžar Division 544,544Ո1321 Jewish cemetery 600, 731 Jewish community 212,214,227,266, 290,290Ո226,293,591,738,739,746,747
938 INDEX Tuzla (cont.) Jews in 143,220,228,276,280,280Ո165, 342,363,366,367,478,521,533,572, 607.680.684.724.725.739.740 Jews in banking 268 Jews in commerce 104,109,268 La Benevolencija 676 occupations of Jews 276 publishing 250,316 relations between Jews and Muslims 461,461Ո677 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 220,220Ո260 schooling 220,363 Sephardim 264,268,290,293,729 Shoah 478,754 sociocultural organizations 268,330, 342, 738, 747 synagogues 220,242Ո449,424,478, 729.740 Tvrtko i 6, 7 Charter 428,429 Udruženje cionističkih žena 333 Ugljen, Zlatko 598 Ujedinjenje 336 UKJAID 696 Ukraine 80,478 pogroms in 156,158 Ukrainians 191 See also Ruthenes ulema 165 Ulema MedžUs 458 Ulica La Benevolencije 329 Umayyads 31 Umoljani 428Ո451 Una River 5 Union ofJewish Women of Bosnia and Herzegovina 739 Union of Orthodox Jewish Religious Communities membership 289,305 relations with Federation 289 Union of Writers of Bosnia and Herzegovina 317 Union of Zionists of the Yugoslav Kingdom 296 United Nations involvement in Bosnian War, 671,677, 699Ո298,702 relations with La Benevolencija 679 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 747 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (unesco) 752 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr) 679,695,699 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) 727 United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (unrra) 491,592 United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (unscop) 608 United States 67,361 foreign aid 630,630Ո460,695,751,774 Holocaust Museum 755 involvement in Bosnian War 656, 656Ո41,666ngi,
667,668,669 involvement in Dayton Peace Accords 712,713,716 Jews in 376Ո42,600,621,622Ո421,707 national identity 555 recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina 660 refugees 767 relations with Independent State of Croatia 376 relations with Israel 577 relations with Serbia 668,671,707 relations with Yugoslavia 631,668,671 Stimson Doctrine 668 Yugoslav Jewish refugees 548 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 785 Universal Confederation of Sephardic Jews 301,301Ո292 Uprava državne bezbednostijUDBa) 609 Urbach, Hinko (Rabbi) 290Ո226,309,333, 589Ո232 as Chief Ashkenazic Rabbi 306 Urban n (Pope) 27 Üsküb See Skopje Ustaše 354,354Ո659,355,374,436,437, 567,643 administration 379, 390, 391,391Ո156, 392Ո162, 395,396,402, 407,412,413,415, 423, 452,465,488, 488Ո887, 511, 520-1
939 INDEX Ante Pavelid 354,355,372,377, antisemític exhibitions 392,392Ո162, 355,377,378,378Ո58, 383Ո106,387,388,396,430Ո467,440, anti-Communism 355,377,386,465 anti-Serbism 355,377,378,386,387, 434Ո494, 464Ո693,468Ո726, 511, 512Ո1088 anti-Yugoslavism 377,378 arrests of Jews 429,430,472,515, 461Ո674,511 Catholicism 355,440,453 clericalism 355,454 concentration camps 422,430Ո467, 436Ո503,437,459,464,465-70,471, 472,477Ո800,480,481,482,484,486, 496Ո949,516,519, 522,523,583Ո197, murder of Serbs 434,434Ո494,434Ո495, 435,448,451,452,464,46411693,477Ո800, 487Ո885,488,5U, 615,622,643,674,757 nationalism 434Ո494 persecution of the Jews 383-7, 398, 398Ո213,408,410, 411, 412, 413, 417,418, 471,489Ո895, 491,493,514, 520,531, 549, 568, 598 post-World War π escape 481Ո837 priests in 452, 453, 454, 455,455п632, 456,457 propaganda 435,511,512,524 property 392, 408-18,426,461, 472,565, 567, 568, 569Ո91, 775 racial policy 494, 497, 515, 517, 616 conversion 450,459, 461 creation 353,353Ո655,354 Croats in 511 factions in 391Ո156 fascism 355,377,400,403,431,495 genocide 430,430Ո467,431,434, 434Ո492,435,448,452,453,457,464, 469-70,551,615,622,623,643,674,749, 756,759 ideology 377,383,383Ո105,385,430Ո467, 464Ո693 in Bosnia and Herzegovina 494, 494Ո936, 494Ո937, 495, 495Ո945, 420, 422,424, 429-440,464,464Ո693, 522,549 Bleiburg 757,757Ո263 Bosnian Muslims in 390,419, 354,357Ո679, 376,378,380,386,391,423,424, 436Ո503,456,500Ո980,513 374Ո34,3751137, 43411494,487, 508Ո1059 in Partisans 435 in state administration 386 Italian zone 488,489Ո895,489Ո896, 490,491,492,497, 514 Jewish spouses 407 Jews in
406, 406Ո279 legal system 399-405,412,421,455,662 military forces 376,376Ո40,385,385Ո116, 461,482 448,451, 452,464, 46411693,474-6, 615, 616, 617Ո404, 622, 674, 762 464Ո693,468Ո726,483 in Italy 430,430Ո467,431,432, 477Ո800, 482, 484, 486, 487Ո885, 490, 393,393Ո167 antisemitism murder of Jews 432Ո479, 432Ո480, 433, 434,435,438, 389Ո143,482 386,388,389Ш43,398, 398Ո213,399-405,406Ո279,407, 430Ո467, 433, 43311489, 445, 446, 447, 44711569, 448,451, 459, 46411693, 512, 566, 662 relations with Archbishop Stepinac 441, 442, 442Ո542, 445,448,449,450, 451, 456, 457, 566 relations with Bosnian Muslims 389, 389Ո143,390,390Ո152,391,393,394,397, 413,41311340,419,457,458-62,540,542 relations with Catholic Church 440, 440Ո533,442,450,451,457 relations with Catholics 413 relations with Četniks 532,532111226, 536, 537 relations with Croatian army 434Ո494 relations with Islamic Religious Community 459-62 relations with Italy 374Ո34, 375,375Ո37, 457,487Ո885,488,490Ո900,492, 492Ո923, 494Ո934, 495,496,497,498, 501, 508Ո1059 relations with Nazis 374,380,385,400, 407,430Ո467, 435, 468Ո726, 479, 494,551
940 INDEX Ustaše (cont.) relations with Partisans 435,470,515, 522, 530,531,617Ո403 relations with Serbian Orthodox Church 355.408,426,429,470 relations with Volksdeutsche 413 relations with Zaštita 354,385, 385Ш16,388 reprisal policy 431,431Ո475,432, 432Ո479, 432Ո480, 433,433Ո484, 4ՅՅՈ485, 479 revisionist history about 559,615, 622, 623, 623Ո426,643,749,758,760, relations with Yugoslavia 760 See ako Roman Catholic Church. Vecinho, Joseph 34ПЮІ Vecinho, Rodrigo 34Ո101 Vedžipaša 127 Velebit, Vladimir 533,534 Velika aviija See Sarajevo, Jewish maheda Velikažupa Seeindependent State of Croatia, Velikažupa Veliki Bečkerek 334 Velimirovič, Nikolaj 358 Venice 174,178,255 commerce 104,132,132Ո427,134,135, 766, 787 13511452 rural origins 434Ո494 terrorist activity 353Ո655, 354, 355. 35711679,430,431.43411494,451,464, 477, 51Յ, 517, 551 Ustaše Principles 355,377,464Ո693 Ustaše Supervisory Service ( Ustaška nadzorna služba) 407,463,467 See also Croatia, Ustaše, and Independent State of Croatia, Ustaše Užice 511 Vajnberger, Draga 475Ո792 Vajner Čiča, Slaviša 315,526,526Ո1180 death of 529 honors 533,585 in Communist Party of Yugoslavia 526Ո1180 Partisan commander 527,528Ո1189, 532, 618 Vajs, Albert 289,561П44,590 Vajs, Oto 240 vakuf xxi, 99, 99Ո185,103,103Ո215,143 Valencia 39,51 Valentino, Konstantin 100Ո194 Valladolid 60,61Ո318 Valobre, Victoria 508 Valona 88 Vardar (Vardarska) banovina 262Ո45 Vareš 480,484Ո864 Vatican 441,456,509,509Ո1062 relations with Germany 443, 44411559, 760 relations with Ante Pavelič relations with Israel 611 355,451,457 Jews in 192,426 relations with Jews 135
relations with Ottoman Empire 135,163 Versailles Peace Conference 373,668 minorities treaty 257 Vezirs ХХІ, ІООПІ94,106,107,121,122,124, 127,13Յ Victor Emanuel и 429,487Ո885 Vidas largas 726 Vidovdan 334 Vidovdan Constitution 329 Turkish paragraph 256 See ako Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Vidovdan Constitution Vienna go, 140,156,179, 204, 233,234,236, 248, 250, 284Ո190, 301, 313,316,317,371, 427, 749 expulsion ofJews 187 Jews in 186,187,190,192,231Ո356, 232,297 Jews in commerce 135 Judenstaat in 186 occupations of Jews 231Ո356 Ottoman siege of 184 synagogues in 186 Vietnam 669 vilajet xxi Vilajetovié, Salih (Hadži Lojo) 199 Villa Emma 508-9 See ako Bosnian Jews, Villa Emma Vinaver, Stanislav 328 Vinkovci 334 Visegrad 227,333,568 Ashkenazim 227
941 INDEX Italian occupation 493 Jewish cemeteiy 6oo, 731 Jewish community 266,269 Jews in 212, 227,286,317,366,367, 491.493 sociocultural organizations 321 synagogue 104, 227,424,72g, 730 Visigoths 22-6,36 anti-Jewish laws 25Ո49 antisemitism 46, 62,72 Arianism 23,24,26 Christianization 23,24,25,26 conquest of Spain 22 in Iberia 22-6, 28 relations with Jews 22,23,24,25,28 slavery 23 Visigothic code 22Ո27 See also Spain, Visigothic era Visoko Jewish cemetery 227, 616,731,782 Jewish community 212,214,266,269 Jews in 227,269,521П1145,532,728,782 schooling 227 Shoah 474 Shoah memorial 616 synagogue 104,227,424,728,730,782 Vlasenica 224-5, 528Ո1189, 530 Ashkenazim 224 censuses 224 demography 225 expulsion of Jews 684 Jewish cemetery 225, 600, 731 Jewish community 212,214,266 Jews in 143,225 prayer hall 729 schooling 225 Shoah 478 sociocultural organizations 225,324 Vojvodina 280Ո158 antisemitism 358 Ashkenazim 231,262 autonomous region 659 Hungarian occupation of 373 Hungarians in 558 in Austria-Hungary 231 Jews in 259,263,288,289,592 marital law 306 occupations ofJews 273 Orthodox Jews in 262,289 relations with Serbia 558,659 union with Serbia 256 Volksdeutsche 360,360Ո702,377,382,383, 388,398,413,416,435,462,467,473, 474, 49і, 494,534,540, 542,544,545, 767, 768 Volksruf 36о von Filipovič, Josef Freiherr 118Ո327,199, 200,202 von Horstenau, Edmund Glaise 434, 434Ո494, 4341495, 492Ո918 von Nagy-Kálló, Benjamin Kállay 202,203, 204,234,235 Vraca 432,432Ո480,471 Vraca Memorial Park See Sarajevo, Vraca Memorial Park Vrhanja See Sarajevo, Vrbanja Vrbanje bridge 601 Vrbas (Vrbaska)
banovina 7,258^4, 276Ո130,365Ո743,376,378 Vreme 359,359Ո695 Vrhbosna 6 Vujín, Ljubomir 475 Vukanović, Beta 314 Vukmanović-Tempo, Svetozar Vukovar 707 Vuletić, Ante 520,521,550 530,531 Waffen ss 540,541 Wars of Yugoslav Succession ո, ւշ, ւ6,131, 622, 652, 656, 659, 66ց, 673, 712, 717, 781, 79° See also Bosnian War Washington Agreement 713 Wehrmacht зді, 416, 431Ո474, 433, 434 Weiner, Philip 754 Wellcome Foundation 695 Western Europe 167,168,711 antisemitism 28, 62,170,181,184, 245, З40,357, 365, 384, 613 Black Plague 24Ո44, 27 blood libel 28 commerce 135,164,188,197 conversos 74 Crusades 27,183 demography 188 economy 630
942 INDEX Western Europe (cont.) expulsion of Jews 27,28,42Ո174,81,183, 185,187,255,384 fascism in 10,352 feudalism 28 genocide 444Ո558 investment in Bosnia and Herzegovina 234 involvement in Bosnian War 656,667, 670,722 involvement in Kosovo 722 Jews in 13,27-8, 81,181,184Ո19,188,193, 262, 600 Jews in commerce 183,184,184Ո13,188 media 669 mercantilism 164,183 messianism 159,162,184Ո19 national identity 555,557 nationalism 9,649 philosemitism 184 pogroms 28,119,184,255,441 recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina 660 refugees 767 structure ofJewish society 29 Weszel, Samuel 227,247 White Eagles 704 Wiesel, Elie 669 Wilson, Woodrow 10, 258 Wisliceny, Dieter 538 World Bank 630, 779 World Jewish Congress (wjc ) 593,737,739 World Jewish Relief (wjr) 678,698 World Vision 746 World War i 7,108,131,191,198,198Ո112,209, 217,219,220,221,226,227,234,241,242, 245.252.253,254,255,256- 257.261, 288,305,311,314,316,320,348,361,371, 385,414Ո345,463Ո685, 668 peace settlements of 10 Yugoslav death toll 255Ո18,256,328 World War π 7, 8,9,11,131,247,251,252,255, 262Ո46,265Ո59,269,270,289,315,316, 318,346,371,382,647. 652,668 concentration camps 484 deaths 483,484 fascism 614,640 genocide 563,619 Yugoslav deaths 483,484Ո869,597,615, 753. 759 Yugoslav Jewish deaths 400Ո222,483-7, 570,699 Yugoslav Jewish deaths in Bosnia and Herzegovina 484 Yugoslav Jewish deaths in Croatia 484 Yugoslav Jewish deaths in German concentration camps 484 Yugoslav Jewish deaths in the Independent State of Croatia 48412869,604 Yugoslav Jewish deaths in Serbia 484 Yugoslav Jewish survivors 447,486,508,
546,581,591,775,777,784 World War її ndh mass killing sites Alipašin Most 432 Brnčíce 468,469 Ciglana 468,469 Dobroševići 432 Gradina 466,469 Jablanac 469 Kovačiči 432 Kožara 468,469 Krapje 468,469 Mlaka 469 Reljevo 432 Uštica 469 Vogošča 432 Vraca 432,432Ո480,762 World War π ndh transit camps 466 Bosanski Petrovac 466,475Ո792,476 Kruščica 466, 471,472,480,762 Worms 186 Yad Vashem 761 Yalta agreement 668 Yahudi 120 Yiddish 175,193,194,245.310՛ 573 Yishuv ofEretz Yisroel 293 Young Turks 204 See also Dönme Yugoslav Jewish community 560,561,562, 564,565 relations with Israel 561Ո44,591,593, 594,595, 596, 611, 612, 614, 621, 737 Yugoslavia 1,7,15 administration 567
943 INDEX agriculture 624 Albanians 558 aliyah 546,548,574,576,577,578, 57811148,579,579Π156,57911160,608, 611.775 Amin al-Hussemi 565 anti-Jewish laws 565 antisemitism 361,549,575, 587, 611, 612, 612Ո374,613-15,619 arms embargo 666,671 Ashkenazim 575 Association of Spanish Veterans 627П445 autonomous regions 627 balance of payments 629 balance of trade 629 banks 638,638Ո503 black markets 630 Bosnian Muslims 655,670 “brotherhood and unity’’ 7,9,510,623, 628, 645 censuses 400Ո222,553Ո6,570,571,572, 573.575.633,652 centralization 624, 626, 656 citizenship 775 civil society 625,626,629 Cold War 626 collapse of 11,15,560,626,631,632, 648,658, 668,670,672,673, 676, 728, 745.784 collective presidency 627, 632, 659 Cominform Resolution 552, 553Ո6,563, 608, 623 Communism in 553Ո7,573,626,633, 639.659 Communist Party of 552,553,553Ո6,554, 556.559.563.611,614Ո390,624,625, 634.643, 644,646,672,759 Communist rule of 11,16,554, 624,626, 627Ո445, 645,646,659,660,672, 676, 708,772 confederation 655 constituent nations 554,556 constitutional amendments 624,632 constitutions 554,555,557,559,560,561, 625.628.632.659 criminal networks 641,791 Croats 587,624,650,655,670, 672 decentralization 624,625,626 democratization 626 demography 571 devolution 624, 628Ո446, 631 economic nationalism 624,625, 626,628 economic reforms 624,639,772 economy 623,624,627, 628,629,650,719 education 594,614, 629 elections 563,630,631, 633,654,673 emigration 579,629 employment 629 “ethnic entrepreneurs" 644 “ethnic key” 251, 634, 634Ո478,713 ethnic minorities (etničke manjine) 555, 558,571. 626, 640, б5о, 654,670
ethnic-based political parties 633,641, 645. 654 ethnoanarchism 640 efhnonationalism 559,624,632,639, 650,672 ethnoreligiosity 553,554,571,623,632 ethnoterritoriality 556,557,559 expropriation 772 famine 592 fascism 614,640 federal institutions 672 federation 655 foreign aid 630,631,639 foreign debt 629,630 foreign policy 563,611, 613 gastarbeiters 629 genocide 671 Greeks in 558 Handžar Division 545,545Ո1326, 545Ո1327 housing 567,569, 641 Hungarians 558 identity politics 632 in United Nations 608,611Ո367,612 independent path to Socialism 587,608 industry 624 inflation 629, 630, 639 interethnic relations 620-3,653 interethnic tensions 625 intermarriage 16,587,588,589,628, 633.645 interreligious relations Jesuits 621 3,621
944 INDEX Yugoslavia {cont.) Jewish camps 594,595 Jewish cemeteries 600-7,614, 615 Jewish communal property 597 Jewish communities in 560,561,562, 565. 570,570Ո99,574,587,590-7,612, 614,672,684, 685,728,737 Jewish demography 562Ո47,570-9,589 Jewish education 562,580,593 Jewish emigration from 546 Jewish identity 576, 672, 675 Jewish immigration transit to Palestine 546 Jewish marital practice 574 Jewish monuments 597,615 Jewish museum collections 596 Jewish poverty 568,591 Jewish property 567,569,579,775,776 Jewish refugees 534,548,571 Jewish sociocultural societies 676 Jewish women’s program 596 Jewish World War 11 survivors 545-8, 551,569 Jewish youth programs 562,593,594 Jews in 251,558, 613,672,673,675 Jews in cultural life 564 Jews in the diplomatic service 564 Jews in the government 563 Jews in the military 563,581 Jugoslovenska narodna armija (jna) 554, 624, 656Ո44, 659, 663,666, 667,672, 702,703,707 jugoslavenstvo 553,553Ո7 komšiluk in 620,653,660,728 League of Communists of 554,624,626, 627,627Ո445,63г, 639,644,659 living standards 630 local governments 623, 624 lustration 768 masovni pokret 624,625 medía 611, 612Ո374,630,639,653 multiparty elections 630,631,643,654 Muslims 587, 621, 655, 672 national identity 555, 644 nationalism in 10,11,553,623,624,625, 626,631,632, 634Ո478,63g, 640,641, 642, 644,648,650,654,656,672, 681 nationalities (narodnosti) 555,557, 558,559 nationalization of property 565,570, 570Ո95,576,579,579Ո160,597,775,776, 777, 781, 783 nations (narodi) 555,556,557,558,559, 626,628,632,633 nonalignment 559,560, 610, 628 numerus clausus 576
occupations for Jews 579-86 oil shocks 629,630 organized crime 632 ostali 558,575 Palestine 608,609 Palestinians in 6n, 612 Partisans 581,582,643 political entrepreneurs 628Ո447,631,644 political factories 629 population movement 719,767,772 povjerenici 570 property 772,775 rabbis 589 refugees 767,775 relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim 589,590 relations with Arab terrorists 609 relations with Arab world 609,610, 611,613 relations with Germany 667, 772 relations with Great Britain 546, 577,608 relations with India 610Ո362 relations with Israel 534,561П44,577, 608-13,614,621 relations with the Communist bloc 553 relations with the Jewish community 592,613 relations with the nonaligned world 610, 610Ո362 relations with the Soviet Union 553Ո6, 563,608,610,626,626Ո440,631 relations with the United States 610, 630,631,668,671 relations with the Vatican 760 relations with the West 563, 629 relations with West Germany 629 relativization of Cetniks 615Ո393 relativization of Ustaše 559, 615 repatriation 400Ո222,767 republics 554,555,556,558, 559, 624, 625, 626, 627, 630, 631, 641
945 INDEX restitution 776 Righteous Among the Nations 551 role of religion 573,587, 646 role of republics 554,625,626,628, 631, 646 Russians in 558 secession 628,631 Serbian Orthodox Church 621 Serbs 587, 624,628, 650,655, 670, 672 Shoah 551,560,564,566,56g, 574,576, 578, 591. 594. 59б. 597. 600, 614, 615, 617, 619 smuggling 630,631 social ownership 627 Spanish Civil War veterans 344 Stalinism 554 state structures 552 status of religion 560,562,563, 564, 576 successor states 719,734 synagogues 564,565,597-600,779,781 territorial defense 658, 666 Titoism 559,560,625, 627Ո445 trafficking 631 unitarism 553Ո6,553П7 Uprava državne bezbednosti (UDBa) 609,624 Volksdeutsche 767,772 War Crimes Commissions 416,417, 495. 565 workers’ self-management 554, 559,560, . 623,627 World War n 643,653,775 World War lí deaths 759 World War lí monuments 562 World War 11 restitution 775 Yugoslav identity in 12,553,55зп6,554, 558, 559. 626, 628, 633, 646, 652, 656, 672, 791 Yugoslav Jews in Israel 611 Yugoslav Jews in Palestine 296,608 Zionism 534,564,576,612,614, 614Ո385 See also Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Yugoslavism 256Ո24 Zagreb 243,272,279,280Ո158,288,295,313, 315.334.365.389.392.409. 411. 427. 428Ո455,460,467, 479, 480, 702 anti-Jewish legislation 399-405,409,417 antisemitism 352,352Ո645,358.359.374. 375.377.392.392Ո162 boycott 358 Catholic Church 359,478 Germans in 450Ո592,464 Jewish community 590, 591 Jewish community collaboration with Sarajevo povjerenici 420Ո392,421,422, 480,481,482 Jewish conversion 447 Jewish home for the aged 593, 593Ո264,735 Jewish monuments 597
Jewish societies 327 Jewish refugees 264Ո57,382,489,685 Jews in 190, 263,264,287,288,288Ո216, 289,290,299,300,300Ո283,305,307, 312. 335. Յ51. 352. 467, 479. 520, 571.572. 573. 575. 579. 589. 590^241, 592, 596, 673 La Benevolencija 678, 680,688, 689,698, 699,702,703 Makabija team 4б6п7і6 occupations for Jews 580 sociocultural organizations 320,328, ЗЗО, 338.339 synagogues 593,787 Ustaše in 354,391,412 Zagreb-Belgrade railroad 468 Zajím, Sidki 125 Žanić, Milovan 407 Zaragoza 36Ո122 Zarfati, Isaac 75,185 Zaštita See Maček, Vladko, Seljačke і građanske zaštite Zauberzveig, Karl-Gustav 544 Zauderer, Bernard 107 Zavidovići 227-8,268 “Aryanization” (theft) ofJewish property 418 Ashkenazim 227 demography 228 industry 227,268 Jewish cemetery 730 Jewish community 266,269 Jews in 202,212,228,268,269 Jews in commerce 270 Jews in municipal government 202,228 relations between Sephardim and Ashkenazim 227
946 INDEX Zavidovići (cont.) schooling 228 Shoah 478 sociocultural organizations 228 synagogues 104,228,729 Zbor (Zadružna borbena organizacija rad, United Active Labor Organization) See Lj otić, Dimitrije, Zbor Zelinja 475Ո792 Shoah 475 Zemaljska banka 330,428,429 Zemaljski muzej 324,427Ո445,429,709 American support 751 closing of 751 exhibition of Sarajevo Haggadah 750 purchase of Sarajevo Haggadah 426,427, 749, 750Ո232 Zemun 118,190, 248, 290, 392 Žena danas 342 Zenica 14Ո53,75,226,233,333,379,529, 665, 789 “Aryanization” (theft) ofJewish property 418 cemeteiy 226 industry 636 Jewish cemetery 600,731,739 Jewish community 266,591,738, 739, 740, 746, 747 Jews in 212,228,250,363,367,680,684, 724,725, 728 La Benevolencija 676 publishing 250,316 rabbis 218Ո242 schooling 363 synagogue 226, 725, 730 Zepče 109,223-4,228 Jewish cemetery 730,730Ո121 Jewish community 266 Jews in 109,212,223 occupations of Jews 109,268 rabbi 224Ո300 railroad 109 schooling 268 Shoah 474,474Ո778,546 synagogue 223,224,729 Zeta (Zetska) banovina 8,276Ո130, 365Ո743,376 Žiča Monastery 358 Zidne novine 701 Židov(Hajehudi) 272,301,301Ո290,312,536 Židovska svijest 272,300,3η Zionism 118,118Ո329,295,299,341,343, 483,561 in BiH 107,333,337,353 in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 272,282, 288,290,293,294-6,297,301,306, 311, 312,337,338,339, ՅՅ9Ո550,346, 351 in Yugoslavia 612 relations with Communist Party of Yugoslavia 341,561 Zitomislići 745 Zivković, Nikola 621Ո420 znogita 101П195 Zohar 38,156 Zon, Milan 286,287,342,522 Zora 237,316,570 Zoroastrians 112 Zubić, Josip 413,413ՈՅ39,414Ո346 Zvi, Mordechai (Kara Mentes),
157, Zvi, Shabtai (Mehmet Aziz Efendi) 156- 63,171 conversion to Islam 160,160Ո653,162 declaration as Messiah 158 effect on European Jews 161,162,165, 171,187 Esther (Jochebed) (Ayşe Hamm) 160 exile to Berat 160,161 exile to Dulcigno 160 exile to Kumkapi 160 Zvomik 109,224,234 as center of sandžak 10g Ashkenazim 224,264 censuses 224,264 demography 224 expulsion of Jews 684 Handžar Division 544П1321 Jewish cemeteries 224,475,600,731 Jewish community 212,214,266 Jews in log, 143,224, 268, 273, 280 Jews in commerce 109,224,264 occupations for Jews 224,238,273 schooling 207Ո183,224 Sephardim 224,264,268 Shoah 475 synagogue 224,729,730 |
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| author | Friedman, Francine 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172735475 |
| author_facet | Friedman, Francine 1948- |
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| author_sort | Friedman, Francine 1948- |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03259nam a22005778cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047478975</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230329 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">210922s2022 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789004471047</subfield><subfield code="9">978-90-04-47104-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1291618452</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047478975</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Friedman, Francine</subfield><subfield code="d">1948-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)172735475</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Like salt for bread</subfield><subfield code="b">the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina</subfield><subfield code="c">by Francine Friedman</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Leiden ; Boston</subfield><subfield code="b">Brill</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXII, 946 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">6 Illustrationen, 2 Karten (schwarz-weiß)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Studia Judaeoslavica</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In the wake of the violence in the Balkans at the end of the twentieth century, most of the attention of scholars studying Southeastern Europe has been directed to the past, present, and imagined future of the three largest ethnoreligious communities within the former Yugoslavia. This is not unduly curious if we believe that we can learn something about the reasons for the violence that shattered Yugoslavia by studying the historical interactions among the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. 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| geographic | Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bosnien-Herzegowina |
| id | DE-604.BV047478975 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:11:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:13:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004471047 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032880505 |
| oclc_num | 1291618452 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 |
| physical | XXII, 946 Seiten 6 Illustrationen, 2 Karten (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220114 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Brill |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studia Judaeoslavica |
| series2 | Studia Judaeoslavica |
| spelling | Friedman, Francine 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)172735475 aut Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Francine Friedman Leiden ; Boston Brill [2022] © 2022 XXII, 946 Seiten 6 Illustrationen, 2 Karten (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studia Judaeoslavica volume 13 "In the wake of the violence in the Balkans at the end of the twentieth century, most of the attention of scholars studying Southeastern Europe has been directed to the past, present, and imagined future of the three largest ethnoreligious communities within the former Yugoslavia. This is not unduly curious if we believe that we can learn something about the reasons for the violence that shattered Yugoslavia by studying the historical interactions among the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims. However, the smaller ethnic groups within that destroyed country have not generally been the subject of much scrutiny." Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina / Ethnic relations Ethnic relations Jews Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-90-04-47105-4 Studia Judaeoslavica volume 13 (DE-604)BV035390713 13 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Friedman, Francine 1948- Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina Studia Judaeoslavica Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4088119-2 |
| title | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| title_auth | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| title_exact_search | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| title_full | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Francine Friedman |
| title_fullStr | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Francine Friedman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Like salt for bread the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Francine Friedman |
| title_short | Like salt for bread |
| title_sort | like salt for bread the jews of bosnia and herzegovina |
| title_sub | the Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| topic | Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juden Bosnien-Herzegowina |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032880505&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035390713 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT friedmanfrancine likesaltforbreadthejewsofbosniaandherzegovina |