Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
[Piscataway Township, New Jersey]
IEEE Press
[2021]
Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley |
| Edition: | Second edition |
| Series: | IEEE Press series on power engineering
100 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | TUM01 |
| Item Description: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Physical Description: | 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9781119709794 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Das, J. C. |d 1934- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)173573975 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |c J.C. Das |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a [Piscataway Township, New Jersey] |b IEEE Press |c [2021] | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, New Jersey |b Wiley | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2021 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a IEEE Press series on power engineering |v 100 | |
| 500 | |a Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgement -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs -- 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source -- 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards -- 1.5 Arc Blast -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard -- 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body -- 1.7 Fire Hazard -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis -- 1.8.1 Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations -- 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries -- 1.10.1 Working Distance -- 1.10.2 Arc Flash Labels -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary -- 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps -- 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard -- 1.15.1 Reduction -- 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes -- 2.2 Prevention through Design -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems -- 2.6.1 Existing Systems -- 2.6.2 New Facilities -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis -- 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations -- 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies -- 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System -- 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces -- 2.10.1 Risk Assessment | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 2.10.2 Responsibility -- 2.10.3 Risk Parameters -- 2.11 Risk Reduction -- 2.12 Risk Evaluation -- 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification -- 2.14 Risk Control -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 -- 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations -- 3.2 Electrode Configuration -- 3.3 Impact of System Grounding -- 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current -- 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor -- 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy -- 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures -- 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width -- 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.11 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (600 V < -- Voc ≤ 15,000 V) -- 3.11.1 Arcing Current -- 3.11.2 Incident Energy (E) -- 3.11.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.12 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (Voc ≤ 600 V) -- 3.12.1 Arcing Current -- 3.12.2 Incident Energy -- 3.12.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.13 A Flow Chart for the Calculations -- 3.14 Examples of Calculations -- References -- CHAPTER 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding -- 4.1.1 Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems -- 4.3.1 Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems -- 4.8 Surge Arresters -- 4.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals -- 4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems -- 4.10.1 Comparison of Grounding Systems -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12.1 Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults -- 4.12.2 Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems -- 4.13.1 Remote Tripping -- 4.13.2 Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators -- 4.13.3 Directional Ground Fault Relays -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS -- 5.1 Types of Calculations -- 5.1.1 Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations -- 5.1.2 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model -- 5.5 Calculation Methods -- 5.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17 -- 5.5.2 Simplified Method X/R > -- 17 -- 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments -- 5.6 Network Reduction -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure -- 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results -- 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations -- 5.9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations -- 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations -- 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties -- 5.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers -- 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters -- 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches -- 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13 Computer Methods -- 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- Review Questions | |
| 505 | 8 | |a References -- CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine -- 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance -- 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance -- 6.3.3 Transient Reactance -- 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance -- 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances -- 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance -- 6.3.7 Zero Sequence Reactance -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines -- 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit -- 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault -- 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents -- 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations -- 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources -- 6.9.3 Comparative Calculations -- 6.10 Crowbar Methods -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations -- 7.2 Classification of Relay Types -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems -- 7.3.1 Selectivity -- 7.3.2 Speed -- 7.3.3 Reliability -- 7.3.4 Backup Protection -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection -- 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.3 IEC Curves -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) -- 7.5.2 Current-Limiting MCCBs -- 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) -- 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) -- 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability -- 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings -- 7.8 Fuses -- 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses -- 7.8.2 Low Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses -- 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction -- 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear -- 7.10 Conductor Protection -- 7.10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors -- 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations -- 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops -- 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations -- 7.10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors -- 7.11 Motor Protection -- 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection -- 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes -- 8.3.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection -- 8.3.2 Partial Differential Schemes -- 8.3.3 Percent Differential Relays -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays -- 8.4.1 Sensitivity for Internal Faults -- 8.4.2 High Impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays -- 8.5.1 CT Saturation -- 8.5.2 Comparison with High Impedance Relays -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.6.1 Harmonic Restraint -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.7.1 CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation -- 8.7.2 Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections -- 8.7.3 Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection -- 8.9 Modern Line Current Differential Protection -- 8.9.1 The Alpha Plane | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 8.9.2 Enhanced Current Differential Characteristics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric power systems-Safety measures | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |a Das, J. C. |t Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation |d Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2020 |n Druck-Ausgabe |z 978-1-118-16381-8 |
| 830 | 0 | |a IEEE Press series on power engineering |v 100 |w (DE-604)BV045212694 |9 100 | |
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| author | Das, J. C. 1934- |
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| author_facet | Das, J. C. 1934- |
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| author_sort | Das, J. C. 1934- |
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| bvnumber | BV047442543 |
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| contents | Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgement -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs -- 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source -- 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards -- 1.5 Arc Blast -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard -- 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body -- 1.7 Fire Hazard -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis -- 1.8.1 Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations -- 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries -- 1.10.1 Working Distance -- 1.10.2 Arc Flash Labels -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary -- 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps -- 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard -- 1.15.1 Reduction -- 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes -- 2.2 Prevention through Design -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems -- 2.6.1 Existing Systems -- 2.6.2 New Facilities -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis -- 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations -- 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies -- 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System -- 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces -- 2.10.1 Risk Assessment 2.10.2 Responsibility -- 2.10.3 Risk Parameters -- 2.11 Risk Reduction -- 2.12 Risk Evaluation -- 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification -- 2.14 Risk Control -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 -- 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations -- 3.2 Electrode Configuration -- 3.3 Impact of System Grounding -- 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current -- 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor -- 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy -- 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures -- 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width -- 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.11 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (600 V < -- Voc ≤ 15,000 V) -- 3.11.1 Arcing Current -- 3.11.2 Incident Energy (E) -- 3.11.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.12 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (Voc ≤ 600 V) -- 3.12.1 Arcing Current -- 3.12.2 Incident Energy -- 3.12.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.13 A Flow Chart for the Calculations -- 3.14 Examples of Calculations -- References -- CHAPTER 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding -- 4.1.1 Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems -- 4.3.1 Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems -- 4.8 Surge Arresters -- 4.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals -- 4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems -- 4.10.1 Comparison of Grounding Systems -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12.1 Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults -- 4.12.2 Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems 4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems -- 4.13.1 Remote Tripping -- 4.13.2 Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators -- 4.13.3 Directional Ground Fault Relays -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS -- 5.1 Types of Calculations -- 5.1.1 Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations -- 5.1.2 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model -- 5.5 Calculation Methods -- 5.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17 -- 5.5.2 Simplified Method X/R > -- 17 -- 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments -- 5.6 Network Reduction -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure -- 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results -- 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations -- 5.9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations -- 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations -- 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties -- 5.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers -- 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters -- 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches -- 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13 Computer Methods -- 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- Review Questions References -- CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine -- 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance -- 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance -- 6.3.3 Transient Reactance -- 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance -- 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances -- 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance -- 6.3.7 Zero Sequence Reactance -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines -- 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit -- 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault -- 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents -- 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations -- 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources -- 6.9.3 Comparative Calculations -- 6.10 Crowbar Methods -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations -- 7.2 Classification of Relay Types -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems -- 7.3.1 Selectivity -- 7.3.2 Speed -- 7.3.3 Reliability -- 7.3.4 Backup Protection -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection -- 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.3 IEC Curves -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) -- 7.5.2 Current-Limiting MCCBs -- 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) -- 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) -- 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability -- 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings -- 7.8 Fuses -- 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses -- 7.8.2 Low Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses -- 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction -- 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear -- 7.10 Conductor Protection -- 7.10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors -- 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations -- 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops -- 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations -- 7.10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors -- 7.11 Motor Protection -- 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection -- 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes -- 8.3.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection -- 8.3.2 Partial Differential Schemes -- 8.3.3 Percent Differential Relays -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays -- 8.4.1 Sensitivity for Internal Faults -- 8.4.2 High Impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays -- 8.5.1 CT Saturation -- 8.5.2 Comparison with High Impedance Relays -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.6.1 Harmonic Restraint -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.7.1 CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation -- 8.7.2 Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections -- 8.7.3 Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection -- 8.9 Modern Line Current Differential Protection -- 8.9.1 The Alpha Plane 8.9.2 Enhanced Current Differential Characteristics |
| ctrlnum | (ZDB-30-PQE)EBC6425563 (ZDB-30-PAD)EBC6425563 (ZDB-89-EBL)EBL6425563 (OCoLC)1227388765 (DE-599)BVBBV047442543 |
| dewey-full | 621.310289 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.310289 |
| dewey-search | 621.310289 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.310289 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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Das</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Second edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">[Piscataway Township, New Jersey]</subfield><subfield code="b">IEEE Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2021]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Hoboken, New Jersey</subfield><subfield code="b">Wiley</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2021</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IEEE Press series on power engineering</subfield><subfield code="v">100</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgement -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs -- 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source -- 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards -- 1.5 Arc Blast -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard -- 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body -- 1.7 Fire Hazard -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis -- 1.8.1 Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations -- 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries -- 1.10.1 Working Distance -- 1.10.2 Arc Flash Labels -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary -- 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps -- 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard -- 1.15.1 Reduction -- 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes -- 2.2 Prevention through Design -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems -- 2.6.1 Existing Systems -- 2.6.2 New Facilities -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis -- 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations -- 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies -- 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System -- 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces -- 2.10.1 Risk Assessment</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2.10.2 Responsibility -- 2.10.3 Risk Parameters -- 2.11 Risk Reduction -- 2.12 Risk Evaluation -- 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification -- 2.14 Risk Control -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 -- 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations -- 3.2 Electrode Configuration -- 3.3 Impact of System Grounding -- 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current -- 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor -- 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy -- 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures -- 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width -- 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.11 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (600 V &lt -- Voc ≤ 15,000 V) -- 3.11.1 Arcing Current -- 3.11.2 Incident Energy (E) -- 3.11.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.12 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (Voc ≤ 600 V) -- 3.12.1 Arcing Current -- 3.12.2 Incident Energy -- 3.12.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.13 A Flow Chart for the Calculations -- 3.14 Examples of Calculations -- References -- CHAPTER 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding -- 4.1.1 Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems -- 4.3.1 Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems -- 4.8 Surge Arresters -- 4.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals -- 4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems -- 4.10.1 Comparison of Grounding Systems -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12.1 Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults -- 4.12.2 Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems -- 4.13.1 Remote Tripping -- 4.13.2 Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators -- 4.13.3 Directional Ground Fault Relays -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS -- 5.1 Types of Calculations -- 5.1.1 Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations -- 5.1.2 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model -- 5.5 Calculation Methods -- 5.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17 -- 5.5.2 Simplified Method X/R &gt -- 17 -- 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments -- 5.6 Network Reduction -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure -- 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results -- 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations -- 5.9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations -- 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations -- 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties -- 5.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers -- 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters -- 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches -- 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13 Computer Methods -- 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- Review Questions</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">References -- CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine -- 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance -- 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance -- 6.3.3 Transient Reactance -- 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance -- 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances -- 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance -- 6.3.7 Zero Sequence Reactance -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines -- 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit -- 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault -- 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents -- 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations -- 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources -- 6.9.3 Comparative Calculations -- 6.10 Crowbar Methods -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations -- 7.2 Classification of Relay Types -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems -- 7.3.1 Selectivity -- 7.3.2 Speed -- 7.3.3 Reliability -- 7.3.4 Backup Protection -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection -- 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.3 IEC Curves -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) -- 7.5.2 Current-Limiting MCCBs -- 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) -- 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) -- 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability -- 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings -- 7.8 Fuses -- 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses -- 7.8.2 Low Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses -- 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction -- 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear -- 7.10 Conductor Protection -- 7.10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors -- 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations -- 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops -- 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations -- 7.10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors -- 7.11 Motor Protection -- 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection -- 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes -- 8.3.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection -- 8.3.2 Partial Differential Schemes -- 8.3.3 Percent Differential Relays -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays -- 8.4.1 Sensitivity for Internal Faults -- 8.4.2 High Impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays -- 8.5.1 CT Saturation -- 8.5.2 Comparison with High Impedance Relays -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.6.1 Harmonic Restraint -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.7.1 CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation -- 8.7.2 Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections -- 8.7.3 Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection -- 8.9 Modern 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| id | DE-604.BV047442543 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T18:01:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:12:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781119709794 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032844695 |
| oclc_num | 1227388765 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE TUM_PDA_PQE_Kauf |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | IEEE Press Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| series | IEEE Press series on power engineering |
| series2 | IEEE Press series on power engineering |
| spelling | Das, J. C. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)173573975 aut Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation J.C. Das Second edition [Piscataway Township, New Jersey] IEEE Press [2021] Hoboken, New Jersey Wiley © 2021 1 Online-Ressource Illustrationen, Diagramme, Pläne txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier IEEE Press series on power engineering 100 Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgement -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs -- 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source -- 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards -- 1.5 Arc Blast -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard -- 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body -- 1.7 Fire Hazard -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis -- 1.8.1 Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations -- 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries -- 1.10.1 Working Distance -- 1.10.2 Arc Flash Labels -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary -- 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps -- 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard -- 1.15.1 Reduction -- 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes -- 2.2 Prevention through Design -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems -- 2.6.1 Existing Systems -- 2.6.2 New Facilities -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis -- 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations -- 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies -- 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System -- 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces -- 2.10.1 Risk Assessment 2.10.2 Responsibility -- 2.10.3 Risk Parameters -- 2.11 Risk Reduction -- 2.12 Risk Evaluation -- 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification -- 2.14 Risk Control -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 -- 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations -- 3.2 Electrode Configuration -- 3.3 Impact of System Grounding -- 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current -- 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor -- 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy -- 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures -- 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width -- 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.11 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (600 V < -- Voc ≤ 15,000 V) -- 3.11.1 Arcing Current -- 3.11.2 Incident Energy (E) -- 3.11.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.12 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (Voc ≤ 600 V) -- 3.12.1 Arcing Current -- 3.12.2 Incident Energy -- 3.12.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.13 A Flow Chart for the Calculations -- 3.14 Examples of Calculations -- References -- CHAPTER 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding -- 4.1.1 Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems -- 4.3.1 Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems -- 4.8 Surge Arresters -- 4.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals -- 4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems -- 4.10.1 Comparison of Grounding Systems -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12.1 Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults -- 4.12.2 Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems 4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems -- 4.13.1 Remote Tripping -- 4.13.2 Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators -- 4.13.3 Directional Ground Fault Relays -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS -- 5.1 Types of Calculations -- 5.1.1 Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations -- 5.1.2 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model -- 5.5 Calculation Methods -- 5.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17 -- 5.5.2 Simplified Method X/R > -- 17 -- 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments -- 5.6 Network Reduction -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure -- 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results -- 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations -- 5.9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations -- 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations -- 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties -- 5.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers -- 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters -- 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches -- 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13 Computer Methods -- 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- Review Questions References -- CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine -- 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance -- 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance -- 6.3.3 Transient Reactance -- 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance -- 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances -- 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance -- 6.3.7 Zero Sequence Reactance -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines -- 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit -- 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault -- 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents -- 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations -- 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources -- 6.9.3 Comparative Calculations -- 6.10 Crowbar Methods -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations -- 7.2 Classification of Relay Types -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems -- 7.3.1 Selectivity -- 7.3.2 Speed -- 7.3.3 Reliability -- 7.3.4 Backup Protection -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection -- 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.3 IEC Curves -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) -- 7.5.2 Current-Limiting MCCBs -- 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) -- 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) -- 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability -- 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings -- 7.8 Fuses -- 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses -- 7.8.2 Low Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses -- 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction -- 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear -- 7.10 Conductor Protection -- 7.10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors -- 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations -- 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops -- 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations -- 7.10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors -- 7.11 Motor Protection -- 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection -- 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes -- 8.3.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection -- 8.3.2 Partial Differential Schemes -- 8.3.3 Percent Differential Relays -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays -- 8.4.1 Sensitivity for Internal Faults -- 8.4.2 High Impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays -- 8.5.1 CT Saturation -- 8.5.2 Comparison with High Impedance Relays -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.6.1 Harmonic Restraint -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.7.1 CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation -- 8.7.2 Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections -- 8.7.3 Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection -- 8.9 Modern Line Current Differential Protection -- 8.9.1 The Alpha Plane 8.9.2 Enhanced Current Differential Characteristics Electric power systems-Safety measures Erscheint auch als Das, J. C. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2020 Druck-Ausgabe 978-1-118-16381-8 IEEE Press series on power engineering 100 (DE-604)BV045212694 100 |
| spellingShingle | Das, J. C. 1934- Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation IEEE Press series on power engineering Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Acknowledgement -- About the Author -- CHAPTER 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES -- 1.1 Electrical Arcs -- 1.1.1 Arc as a Heat Source -- 1.1.2 Arcing Phenomena in a Cubicle -- 1.2 Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety -- 1.3 Time Motion Studies -- 1.4 Arc Flash Hazards -- 1.5 Arc Blast -- 1.6 Electrical Shock Hazard -- 1.6.1 Resistance of Human Body -- 1.7 Fire Hazard -- 1.8 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis -- 1.8.1 Ralph Lee's and NFPA Equations -- 1.8.2 IEEE 1584 Guide Equations -- 1.9 Personal Protective Equipment -- 1.10 Hazard Boundaries -- 1.10.1 Working Distance -- 1.10.2 Arc Flash Labels -- 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary -- 1.11.1 Arc Flash Hazard with Equipment Doors Closed -- 1.12 Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults -- 1.13 Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps -- 1.13.1 NFPA Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) -- 1.14 Examples of Calculations -- 1.15 Reducing Arc Flash Hazard -- 1.15.1 Reduction -- 1.15.2 Arc Flash Labels -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER -- 2.1 Electrical Standards and Codes -- 2.2 Prevention through Design -- 2.3 Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards -- 2.4 Electrical Hazards -- 2.5 Changing the Safety Culture -- 2.6 Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems -- 2.6.1 Existing Systems -- 2.6.2 New Facilities -- 2.7 Reliability Analysis -- 2.7.1 Data for Reliability Evaluations -- 2.7.2 Methods of Evaluation -- 2.7.3 Reliability and Safety -- 2.8 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.8.1 Maintenance Strategies -- 2.8.2 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) -- 2.9 Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System -- 2.10 Electrical Safety in the Workplaces -- 2.10.1 Risk Assessment 2.10.2 Responsibility -- 2.10.3 Risk Parameters -- 2.11 Risk Reduction -- 2.12 Risk Evaluation -- 2.13 Risk Reduction Verification -- 2.14 Risk Control -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 -- 3.1 Model for Incident Energy Calculations -- 3.2 Electrode Configuration -- 3.3 Impact of System Grounding -- 3.4 Intermediate Average Arcing Current -- 3.5 Arcing Current Variation Factor -- 3.6 Calculation of Intermediate Incident Energy -- 3.7 Intermediate Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.8 Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.8.1 Shallow and Typical Enclosures -- 3.9 Determine Equivalent Height and Width -- 3.10 Determine Enclosure Size Correction Factor -- 3.11 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (600 V < -- Voc ≤ 15,000 V) -- 3.11.1 Arcing Current -- 3.11.2 Incident Energy (E) -- 3.11.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.12 Determination of Iarc, E, and AFB (Voc ≤ 600 V) -- 3.12.1 Arcing Current -- 3.12.2 Incident Energy -- 3.12.3 Arc Flash Boundary (AFB) -- 3.13 A Flow Chart for the Calculations -- 3.14 Examples of Calculations -- References -- CHAPTER 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING -- 4.1 System and Equipment Grounding -- 4.1.1 Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.2 Low Resistance Grounding -- 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems -- 4.3.1 Fault Detection, Alarms, and Isolation -- 4.4 Ungrounded Systems -- 4.5 Reactance Grounding -- 4.6 Resonant Grounding -- 4.7 Corner of Delta-Grounded Systems -- 4.8 Surge Arresters -- 4.9 Artificially Derived Neutrals -- 4.10 Multiple Grounded Systems -- 4.10.1 Comparison of Grounding Systems -- 4.11 Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12 Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems -- 4.12.1 Self-Extinguishing Ground Faults -- 4.12.2 Improving Coordination in Solidly Grounded Low Voltage Systems 4.13 Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems -- 4.13.1 Remote Tripping -- 4.13.2 Ground Fault Protection of Industrial Bus-Connected Generators -- 4.13.3 Directional Ground Fault Relays -- 4.14 Monitoring of Grounding Resistors -- 4.15 Selection of Grounding Systems -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS -- 5.1 Types of Calculations -- 5.1.1 Assumptions: Short-Circuit Calculations -- 5.1.2 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- 5.2 Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers -- 5.3 Low-Voltage Motors -- 5.4 Rotating Machine Model -- 5.5 Calculation Methods -- 5.5.1 Simplified Method X/R ≤ 17 -- 5.5.2 Simplified Method X/R > -- 17 -- 5.5.3 E/Z Method for AC and DC Decrement Adjustments -- 5.6 Network Reduction -- 5.7 Calculation Procedure -- 5.7.1 Analytical Calculation Procedure -- 5.8 Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.9 Typical Computer-Based Calculation Results -- 5.9.1 First-Cycle or Momentary Duty Calculations -- 5.9.2 Interrupting Duty Calculations -- 5.9.3 Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Duty Calculations -- 5.10 Examples of Calculations -- 5.10.1 Calculation of Short-Circuit Duties -- 5.10.2 K-Rated 15 kV Circuit Breakers -- 5.10.3 4.16-kV Circuit Breakers and Motor Starters -- 5.10.4 Transformer Primary Switches and Fused Switches -- 5.10.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 5.11 Thirty-Cycle Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12 Unsymmetrical Short-Circuit Currents -- 5.12.1 Single Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.2 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.12.3 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13 Computer Methods -- 5.13.1 Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.13.2 Line-to-Line Fault -- 5.13.3 Double Line-to-Ground Fault -- 5.14 Short-Circuit Currents for Arc Flash Calculations -- Review Questions References -- CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS -- 6.1 Short Circuit of a Passive Element -- 6.2 Systems with No AC Decay -- 6.3 Reactances of a Synchronous Machine -- 6.3.1 Leakage Reactance -- 6.3.2 Subtransient Reactance -- 6.3.3 Transient Reactance -- 6.3.4 Synchronous Reactance -- 6.3.5 Quadrature-Axis Reactances -- 6.3.6 Negative Sequence Reactance -- 6.3.7 Zero Sequence Reactance -- 6.4 Saturation of Reactances -- 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines -- 6.5.1 Open-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.2 Subtransient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.3 Transient Short-Circuit Time Constant -- 6.5.4 Armature Time Constant -- 6.6 Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit -- 6.6.1 Equivalent Circuits during Fault -- 6.6.2 Fault Decrement Curve -- 6.7 Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers -- 6.8 Short Circuit of Induction Motors -- 6.9 A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short-Circuit Currents -- 6.9.1 Available Computer-Based Calculations -- 6.9.2 Accumulation of Energy from Multiple Sources -- 6.9.3 Comparative Calculations -- 6.10 Crowbar Methods -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING -- 7.1 Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations -- 7.2 Classification of Relay Types -- 7.3 Design Criteria of Protective Systems -- 7.3.1 Selectivity -- 7.3.2 Speed -- 7.3.3 Reliability -- 7.3.4 Backup Protection -- 7.4 Overcurrent Protection -- 7.4.1 Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.2 Multifunction Overcurrent Relays -- 7.4.3 IEC Curves -- 7.5 Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.5.1 Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs) -- 7.5.2 Current-Limiting MCCBs -- 7.5.3 Insulated Case Circuit Breakers (ICCBs) -- 7.5.4 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breakers (LVPCBs) -- 7.5.5 Short-Time Bands of LVPCBs Trip Programmers 7.6 Short-Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers -- 7.6.1 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability -- 7.6.2 Short-Time Ratings -- 7.7 Series-Connected Ratings -- 7.8 Fuses -- 7.8.1 Current-Limiting Fuses -- 7.8.2 Low Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.3 High Voltage Fuses -- 7.8.4 Electronic Fuses -- 7.8.5 Interrupting Ratings -- 7.9 Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction -- 7.9.1 Low Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.2 Medium Voltage Motor Starters -- 7.9.3 Low Voltage Switchgear -- 7.10 Conductor Protection -- 7.10.1 Load Current Carrying Capabilities of Conductors -- 7.10.2 Conductor Terminations -- 7.10.3 Considerations of Voltage Drops -- 7.10.4 Short-Circuit Considerations -- 7.10.5 Overcurrent Protection of Conductors -- 7.11 Motor Protection -- 7.11.1 Coordination with Motor Thermal Damage Curve -- 7.12 Generator 51-V Protection -- 7.12.1 Arc Flash Considerations -- Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS -- 8.1 Overlapping the Zones of Protection -- 8.2 Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction -- 8.3 Bus Differential Schemes -- 8.3.1 Overcurrent Differential Protection -- 8.3.2 Partial Differential Schemes -- 8.3.3 Percent Differential Relays -- 8.4 High Impedance Differential Relays -- 8.4.1 Sensitivity for Internal Faults -- 8.4.2 High Impedance Microprocessor-Based Multifunction Relays -- 8.5 Low Impedance Current Differential Relays -- 8.5.1 CT Saturation -- 8.5.2 Comparison with High Impedance Relays -- 8.6 Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.6.1 Harmonic Restraint -- 8.7 Microprocessor-Based Transformer Differential Relays -- 8.7.1 CT Connections and Phase Angle Compensation -- 8.7.2 Dynamic CT Ratio Corrections -- 8.7.3 Security under Transformer Magnetizing Currents -- 8.8 Pilot Wire Protection -- 8.9 Modern Line Current Differential Protection -- 8.9.1 The Alpha Plane 8.9.2 Enhanced Current Differential Characteristics Electric power systems-Safety measures |
| title | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| title_auth | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| title_exact_search | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| title_full | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation J.C. Das |
| title_fullStr | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation J.C. Das |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation J.C. Das |
| title_short | Arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| title_sort | arc flash hazard analysis and mitigation |
| topic | Electric power systems-Safety measures |
| topic_facet | Electric power systems-Safety measures |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV045212694 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dasjc arcflashhazardanalysisandmitigation |