From victory to peace: Russian diplomacy after Napoleon
"The book analyzes Emperor Alexander I's foreign policy in the years 1815-23, a critical period in the European restorations that followed the victory over Napoleon. It highlights Russia's integration into European society, understanding of European order, contribution to peacemaking,...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ithaca ; London
Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The book analyzes Emperor Alexander I's foreign policy in the years 1815-23, a critical period in the European restorations that followed the victory over Napoleon. It highlights Russia's integration into European society, understanding of European order, contribution to peacemaking, and perspective on what it meant to act in concert"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 313 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781501756016 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a From victory to peace |b Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |c Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ithaca ; London |b Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a xix, 313 Seiten |b Karten | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction : Russia as a Great Power in Europe -- Pacification and Peace (1815-17) -- Completion of the General Alliance (1817-20) -- Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (1820-21) -- To Act in Concert (1821-22) -- Spain and the European System (1820-23) -- Conclusion : Russia's European Diplomacy | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The book analyzes Emperor Alexander I's foreign policy in the years 1815-23, a critical period in the European restorations that followed the victory over Napoleon. It highlights Russia's integration into European society, understanding of European order, contribution to peacemaking, and perspective on what it meant to act in concert"-- | |
| 600 | 0 | 7 | |a Aleksandr |b I. |c Russland, Zar |d 1777-1825 |0 (DE-588)118501852 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1815-1823 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Außenpolitik |0 (DE-588)4003846-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / Foreign relations / 1801-1825 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / History / Alexander I, 1801-1825 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe / Foreign relations / 1815-1871 | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia / Foreign relations / Europe | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe / Foreign relations / Russia | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Diplomatic relations | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Europe | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1801-1871 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a History | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804182704628957184 |
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| adam_text | INDEX absolute power: Alexander I and, 17,130, 131; constitutional reform reconciled with, 168; and rights of nations, 120 acting in concert {concerter)·. British policy of non-intervention and, 103; commitment to, European political system and, 152,198; meaning of, discussions on, xiii, 88,205; Russian government’s arguments for, 101. See also unity, allied Act of Confederation in Germany: and Karlsbad Decrees, 81; Russian support for, 80; Sturdza’s criticism of, 97 Adrianople, Peace of, 7 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 24; agreements at, 64-65, 67; ambiguities at, 71; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 73-75; basis of authorization of, 52-53; and duty of veracity, 9։; and France, restoration to great power status, 24-25, 52, 66, 70, 90; German question at, 72-86; and grand alliance, 64, 66-67; issues addressed at, 52, 61,72, 235Ո37; Kapodistrias’s report in preparation for, 53-60, 67; Military Protocol of, 69; and peacemaking, need for, 197; protocols and declaration of, 25; purpose of, 56; Quadruple Alliance and, 52,56; Russian policy at, 53, 60-64, 67, 68, 69, 71-72; second-order powers and, 70-71, 76, 199, 234Ո32; Secret Protocol of, 67-68, 69; on Spanish American colonies, pacification of, 175-77; and treaty of guarantee, Russian efforts to promote, 71-72,107,122,130; unity of alliance at, 87; Vienna settlement and, 52, 53 Akkerman, Convention of, 163 Aleksei Mikhailovich (Tsar of Russia), 4 Alexander I (Emperor of Russia), 10; absolute power of, 17,130,131; at Aix-la-Chapelle, 53, 65, 233Ո23, 235Ո33; and allied unity, commitment to, 83, 89,
91,115,120,131,140,162,174,198, 235Ո33,261Ո96; army of, 3; Christian morality and foreign policy of, 130, 168, 204, 206-7; concessions to Napoleon, in Treaty of Tilsit, 12-13; on constitutionalism, 80,168,171, 172, 201, 240Ո71, 266Ո26; death of, 163,195; defeat of Napoleon, 17; diplomats of, 17-19,209-16; domestic policies of, 17, 20Ć; empire-building by, 27; family of, շշ6ո6ւ; foreign policy of, xii, 45-51,130-31, 205-6; and Francis I, 41, 48, 202,203; on fraternity among sovereigns, 182, 204; and Frederick William III, 27, 273Ո20; and German Confederation, organization of, 73, 74, 80, 81-83; on good governance, 38, 82-83,130,131, 164; Greek independence movement and, 142,143,145,159,163, 255Ո38; and Holy Alliance, 30, 31,32-33,35, 41, 54; idealism of, 33, 35, 204-7, 226Ո62; on Karlsbad Decrees, 81; at Laibach conferences, 138,139; and liberal reform (moderate reformism), 17,38, 78, 82-83, ։օշ֊3,130,131, 293
¿94 Alexander I (continued) 134-35,164,168,171-72; moderation of, 37, 39, 159,160,164,206, 2621199, 273Ո27; and moral force, 80,130,131, 205; and non-intervention principle, 80; and peacemaking, 19, 23,24, 40, 43, 44,132,142,148,152,162,182, 199-200; Peter the Greats foreign policy and, 220Ո7; Polish-Saxon question and, 27, 35,37, 38, 223Ո33; as pragmatic realist, 53,54, 89,109,131; and Quadruple Alliance, upholding of, 94; revolutionary crisis in Europe and, 103,107; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 142-43, 148-49,150-52,158-59; as savior of Europe, xi, 36; on separate alliances, 92; Spanish American insurrection and, 176; Spanish Revolution and, 103, 122,170-73,174,184,189-91, 267Ո29; study of foreign policy of, xiii, 22, 207; and treaty obligations, commitment to, 83,131,168, 235Ո33; and treaty of guarantee {Alliance Solidaire), 53, бо, 200,232Ո17; turn to repressive conservatism, 103,206; at Verona Congress, Г58-62; at Vienna Congress, 27, 54; war of 1812 and, 16 alliance(s): based on shared interests vs. abstractions, 92, 94; and treaty obligations, commitment to, Г98. See also general alliance; grand alliance; Quadruple Alliance; secret alliance; separate alliances Alopeus, David Maksimovich, 18,169, 180,209 American Revolution: constitution of, 240Ո71; lessons of, 132 Amiens, Treaty of, 11 Ancillon, Johann, 55, 56 Andrusovo, truce of, 5 Anna Pavlovna (sister of Alexander I), 14 Anstett, Ivan Osipovich, 18,209-10 Index Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVP RI), xiii, xv army. See military Astrakhan, khanate of, 8 Auerstadt, Battle of, 12
Augustus (Elector of Saxony), 6 Austerlitz, Battle of, 12 Austria (Austrian Empire): and Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute, 73, 74; border with Italy, First Treaty of Paris and, 26; and Britain, denial of secret alliance between, 94; and Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 67,68, 69; on constitutional reforms, 80; and France, interests regarding, 57,92-93; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; general alliance proposal of, 55-56; Greek independence movement and, 150,163; in Holy Alliance, 31; intervention in the Two Sicilies, 109-10,133,138,139, 184,250Ո5; and Italy, special interest in, 103,109; and Italy, territorial demands from, 40-41, 48, 57; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of, xx; Napoleon s invasion of, 11-12; Neapolitan revolution and, 103,104, 109-10,115,116,120,133,138,139; and Quadruple Alliance, 54, 55, 56, 86; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 145-46,147,148,149-50, 152-53,154,155,157,160,161-62, 259Ո71; Sardinian revolution and, 119, 139, 241Ո8; in Second Coalition, to, 11; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 41, 202, 222Ո32, 227Ո70, 273Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, t6; Spanish Revolution and, 169, 186-87, ։88,191; in Third Coalition, П-12; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25, 56; and treaty of guarantee,
Index proposal for, in, 112-14,2491174; and Treaty of Munich, 75; at Troppau conferences, 102,109-10,115; and Two Sicilies, treaty of 1815,103,119, no; at Verona conferences, 192-95; Vienna settlement and, 21-22, 27, 222Ո33 Azov, Ottoman fortress at, 5, 7 Baden, Grand Duchy of: and Bavaria, territorial dispute between, 48, 52,54, 73-75; constitution decreed in, 79, 80 Bagót, Charles, 157 balance of power, principle of: vs. allied unity, 83; vs. balancing of interests and obligations, 87; vs. collective guarantee, 72; vs. consensus, 22,36; vs. equilibrium, 21,39; and Westphalia state system, xi Barbary pirates: Alexander Is policy on, 47; British efforts to remove, 98-99; unresolved issue of, 52 Bashkirs, 8 Bavaria, Kingdom of, xx; anti-Jewish violence in, 79; and Baden, territorial dispute between, 48,52, 54, 73-75; constitution decreed in, 79, 80,201; overtures to Russia, treaty-based response to, 50-51 Bayly, C. A., 132 Belgium: First Treaty of Paris on, 26; French refugees in, 48-49; schism with Netherlands, 100,195 Benkendorff, Konstantin Khristoforovich, 210, 249Ո72 Bentham, Jeremy, 23 Berg, Grand Duchy of, 77 Bernstorff, Christian Gunther, 257Ո52; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69; at Hanover meeting of 1811,146; at Troppau conferences, 101 Berry, Duke of, assassination of, 91, 100,241Ո3 Bessarabia, 162 Z95 Bezotosnyi, V. M., 224Ո48 Black Sea: internationalization of, Russian interest in, 141,157,159,161; Ottoman control of, Peter the Great’s challenge to, 7; Ottoman restrictions on navigation in, 159, 161, 254Ո32; Russian right of free navigation in, 8 Borodino,
Battle of, 15 Bourbon restoration, 17,16; émigrés threatening, Russian position on, 44, 48-49; Russian government’s views on, 37,38,44-45; Treaty of Paris and, 58; vitality of, suspicions about, 88 Brazil: independence of, 2i8n88,141П6. See also Portuguese Brazil Britain: and Austria, denial of secret alliance between, 94; and Barbary pirates, efforts to suppress, 98; and collective allied action, opposition to, 127-28; and Congress of Aix-Іа-Chapelle, 52-53, 65, Ճ7, 68, 69; constitution in, 129; Continental Blockade targeting, 13,14; in Crimean War, 196; in Fourth Coalition, 12; and France, interests regarding, 57, 92; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; Greek independence movement and, 149,163,161Ո97; at Laibach conferences, 127,138; Napoleon’s plans regarding, 11,13; Neapolitan revolution and, 104,154, 246Ո44, 247Ո58,251П10; non-intervention policy of, 53, 80,103,104,187,194, 205, 268Ո44; and Ottoman Empire, commitment to preservation of, 149; peacemaking approach of, state paper of 1805 on, 23-24; and Persia, 41; policy of convenience advocated by, 106; and Quadruple Alliance, 40, 54, 56, 86; revolutionary crisis of 1819-20 and, 90,121; revolutionary threats in, 96,100; Rio de la Plata crisis and, 49; and Russia, commercial relations
гўб Index Britain (continued) of, 13,14; and Russia, suspicions about intentions of, 39-40, 43, 44; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-гг and, 142-43,145-49 152-» 155—58,160, 161-62, 259Ո71; in Second Coalition, 10; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 222Ո32, 227Ո70, 273Ո18; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and slave trade, abolition of, 48, 95, 98, 242Ո19,263Ո5; and Spanish American colonies, proposed mediation in, 175, 177-80, 268Ո50; Spanish Revolution and, 104,127-28,169,170,187,188, 269Ո62; in Third Coalition, 11; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25; Troppau deliberations and, 102,103,109, no, 121,124-29; and Vienna settlement, 21-22, 220Ш0 British-Russian Convention of 1805, 22ІП20 Brunness, Baron, 239Ո69 Bucharest, Treaty of 38, 43,141,144,165 Bulgari, Mark Nikolaevich, 168,175,184, 189-91,210, 264Ш4 Bundesakte of 1815, 79 Calabria, Duke of See Francesco Campo Chiaro, Duke of 114 Canicoff (Khanykov), Vasilii Vasilevich, 212 Carbonari (secret society), 114 Casa Irujo, Carlos-Maria-Martinez, 178,179 Castlereagh, Viscount (Robert Stewart): brother of 125; and collective allied action, opposition to, 127-28; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 52-53, 60, 65, 69; death of 260Ո85; at Hanover meetings, 146,259Ո71; Lieven’s talks with, 43, 44,104,128,129,146,149, 155-57,170; on Ottoman Empire, Christians living in, 147; and personal meetings, preference for, 155,204; on Quadruple Alliance, doubts about, 250Ո91; on restoration of Europe, 24; on revolutionary rumbles in France, 90; on revolution in Two Sicilies, 104; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 143,146;
on Saxon question, 27; Spanish American insurrection and, 176; on Spanish Revolution, 170, 265Ո22; suspicions of Russia, 40,43; on Troppau decisions, 124,128-29; and Vienna settlement, ггопю Cathcart, William, 24 Catherine (sister ofAlexander I), 14, ггбпбі Catherine II (Empress of Russia): and Alexander 1,17,27; and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioning of, 14,218Ո28; reforms of, 82,131; rise to power, 10; territorial expansion under, 8,162; victories against Ottomans, 5, 8 Cato Street conspiracy, 100,102 Caucasus, Russian expansion into, 8, 9 Cea Bermúdez, Francisco, 170, 179; on Alexander’s support for liberal constitutions, гббпгб; communications with Russian government, 170,171,172, 265Ո20, 266Ո25, гббпгб Charles Felix (King of Sardinia), 139, 241Ո8 Charles IV (King of Spain), 166,241Ո4, 265Ո24 Charles XII (King of Sweden), 6, 7 Chaumont, Treaty of, 24, 25-26, 222Ո24; Quadruple Alliance and, 29, 56, 230Ո6,232Ո14 Chernyshev, Alexander Ivanovich, 48-49, 229Ո90 Chinggis Khan, 5 Christian religion/morality: and Alexander Is foreign policy, 130,
Index Z97 i68, 204,206-7։ and benefits to civilization, Russian diplomats on, 84-86; vs. constitutionalism, Sturdza Constantine Pavlovich (Grand Prince), on, 134։ and general alliance, 86; and Holy Alliance, 3Г-32,33; personalized emperor), 34 constitution(s)/constitutionalism: politics grounded in, 87,182, 202, 204; and Russian political thought, 32,82, 86, 99; and social and political 39. 44-45. 2.2-8Ո74 Constantine the Great (Roman absence in Russia, 201; Alexander I on, 80,1Ć8,171,172, 201, 240Ո71, 1661126; in Britain, 129; in German Confederation, 79-80, 201,237Ո58; behavior in Russia, 96 Christian subjects, in Ottoman Empire: Castlereagh on, 147; Russia’s and good governance, Russian position on, 168, 201; moderate, Polish obligation to protect, 148,155,255Ո38; Turkish reprisals against, 141-42, Diet as model of, 201, 272mi; modern vs. old regime, 240Ո71; in Portugal, 143-44,160 collective guarantee {garantie solidaire): vs. balance of power, 72; general alliance and, 55, 62; Holy Alliance and, 71; after Napoleonic Wars, 123; Russian proposal for, at Aix-la-Chapelle, 71-72. See also treaty of guarantee collective security: instruments of, 29; in Restoration era, xii, 21,127; Russian conception of, 30,162,197 colonial system: as source of discontent, 96. See also Spanish American colonies concerter. See acting in concert Confederation of the Rhine, 12,16 conference diplomacy: Paul Is interest 89; in Prussia, 102; states built upon, Sturdza on, 134; in Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 89,102,114. See also liberal democratic change; Spanish constitution of 1812 Continental
Blockade, Napoleon and, I3.J4 Cortes, Spanish: and call for return of Ferdinand VII, 265Ո24; constitution of 1812 and, 88,170, 265Ո24; and relations with colonies, 183; and resolution to Spanish Revolution, m 174-75 Cossacks, 4-5, 6 Courland, emancipation of serfs in, 17 in, 23; revolutionary threat and, 90; after Vienna settlement, 22, 29, 206, Crimea, Russian expansion into, 7 Crimean Khanate: ongoing threats from, 230Ո3, 274Ո29 5; Russian protectorate over, 8 Crimean War: cause of, Russia on, 43; former allies in, 196; Russian army prior to outbreak of, 3 Czartoryski, Adam Ezhi, 18, 23, 210 conscription, Russia’s system of, 1-2, 3. 4.6 consensus: allied, diplomatic pressure in form of, 74; vs. balance of power, 22,36; system of, Vienna peace settlement and, 22 conservative principles: and Alexander I’s foreign policy, 21,130-31,147,176, 205-6; and allied unity, 53; of Final Act of Congress of Vienna, 60-61; and Holy Alliance, 30,32-33,91; Spanish Revolution threatening, 193 Danubian Principalities. See Moldavia; Wallachia Decazes, Elie, 91, 241Ո3 Decembrist Rebellion of 1825, 96,163, 195, 208 de Madariaga, Isabel, 218Ո28 democracy. See liberal democratic change
Z98 Index Denmark: in Great Northern War, 6, goal of, 198; and moral force, 61; 7; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; Peter Ill’s Quadruple Alliance vs. general planned campaign against, 10; tensions alliance as foundation of, 54,56, 58, with Sweden, 49-50,51, 95, Z4zni9 59; vulnerabilities and limitations of, Deulino armistice (1618), 4 166; as work of Divine Providence, Russian memorandum on, 60. See diplomacy, European: Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, z8; French also general alliance; grand alliance; as language of, 19, zz; legal framework Quadruple Alliance European restoration. See Restoration era for, Z5; of Restoration era, as model for world governance, xii, zi European Union, Congress ofVienna as model for, xii, zi diplomacy, Russian: adherence to treaty Eylau, Battle of, iz obligations in, 35, 41, 44-45, 46, 48, 49,51, 83,104,105,10Ճ, no, 131,168, family: German Confederation Z35n33; Alexander I and, xii, zz, 45-51, 130-31, Z05-6; European political compared to, 83; as model for political relationships, 87; moral principles of system as cornerstone of, xi, 60-61; flexibility in, 64; pragmatism in, 53, 54, and Holy Alliance, 118 Ferdinand I (King of the Two Sicilies), 89,109,131; principles for conducting, Z4in7; allied intervention and, 109, 50-51; scholarship on, xiii, zz 113,190; brother of, Ζ4ΙΠ4; and Francis diplomats: Alexander Is, 17-19, Z09-16; I, treaty of 1815,103,119; at Laibach ranks of, ΖΖ3Π4Ζ. See also specific names conferences, 117, IZ9,135,136,137, Dolgorukii, Dmitril Ivanovich, 18, zn Z48n6z; and political reconstruction, d’Ouvray, General, plan
for, 137,139; restoration of, 133, 135, Ζ53ΠΖ7; son of, 133,134; Spanish Eastern Question, 140; Russian vs. constitution of 181Z accepted by, Austro-British interests regarding, 89, ioz, 114 146. See also Ottoman Empire Ferdinand III (Grand Duke of education: Christian, as barrier against Tuscany), z6 revolution, 86; and moral reform, 108; Ferdinand VII (King of Spain), z6; surveillance of, Russian government s Alexander Is communications critique of, 85 with, 176,179, i8i-8z; blame for Elizabeth (Empress of Russia), 9-10 revolution, 168,173-74; British Elizabeth Alekseevna (Empress of mediation proposal and, 175,178, Russia), 73, zz6n6i 180; constitution of 181Z accepted equilibrium, political: vs. balance of by, 88, ioz, izo, 168,170,171,173, power, zi, 39; Congress ofVienna 184, z64ni4; constitution of 181z and, 37 renounced by, 191; father of, Z4in4; Estonia: emancipation of serfs in, 17; Napoleonic invasion and, z65nz4; Russian acquisition of, 7 Portuguese attacks on Spanish European political system: Congress American territories and, 168; of Westphalia and, xi, zi, Ζ34Π3ζ; as rebellion in American colonies and, cornerstone of Russian diplomacy, xi, 175,176; restoration of, 170,171, i8z, 60-61; division of, Sturdza on, 134;
Index 1641113,166Ո24; Tatishchev’s personal relationship with, 43,178; Verona decisions and, 189; as virtual prisoner of revolution, 190 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, 2.5,18-19; as general alliance, 61-61; Ottoman Empire and, 38; sovereignty based on, Russian respect for, So, 81; Spain’s accession to, 47, 48,166-67; Spanish refusal to accept, 166,176; and treaty of guarantee, 111 Finland, 7,18 Fourth Coalition, 12 France: assessment of conditions in (1818-19), 57 96; Austrian interests regarding, 91-93; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 74; British interests regarding, 91; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 65, 67-68; in Crimean War, 196; debt of, retiring, 65,133Ո15; First Treaty of Paris and, 16,36; in grand alliance, 64, 66-67, 68; Greek independence movement and, 163; intervention in Spain, 169, 171,184,191; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; military occupation of, ending, 65, 69; Neapolitan revolution and, 104,154,147Ո57, 247Ո58,151П10; political stability in, allied concern about, 90-91,100,188,141Ո3; refugees and threats to stability of, 44, 48-49; reintegration into European system, importance of, 37,38,136,129m; restoration to great power status, 24-25,52, 66, 70, 90,198; return to revolution in 1830,195, 233Ո19; Russian alliance with, advocacy for, 91, 93, 94; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-21 and, 154-55,161-61; Second Treaty of Paris and, 29; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 221Ո32,127Ո70, 273Ш8; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; 2-99 Spanish American insurrection and, 176; Spanish Revolution as threat to,
172,185,186,190; Treaty of Paris and obligations of, 58; Troppau deliberations and, 102,109, no, in, 129-30; in War of Second Coalition, π. See also Bourbon restoration; French Revolution; Napoleonic Wars Francesco (Duke of Calabria): Ferdinand’s letter to, 135,137; Laibach conferences and, 135; Neapolitan revolution and, 133,134; Spanish constitution of 1812 accepted by, 89 Francis I (Emperor of Austria): Alexander I and, 41, 48, 202, 203; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; and Ferdinand I, treaty of 1815,103,119; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 166; and Holy Alliance, 31,33; negotiations with Sardinia, 41, 48; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 142,154 Frankfurt Diet, 28, 76, 77, 80; and Karlsbad Decrees, 79, 81, 83 Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72, 79; common instruction attached to, 74; General Act of, 72, 75,166,229Ո89, 230Ո7; German territorial disputes and, 74-75; line of succession finalized by, 166,229Ո89,230Ո7 Frederick II the Great (King of Prussia), 3, 9. ю Frederick IV (King of Denmark), 6 Frederick William III (King of Prussia), 12; and Alexander I, 27, 273Ո20; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; defeat of Napoleon, 17; German territorial disputes and, 74, 75; and Holy Alliance, 31, 34; on national representation, 79; Polish question and, 27 freedom: Russian policies respecting, 38, 82. See also liberal democratic change
300 Index freedom of speech/press: German Confederation and, 78, 84, 85; restrictions on, Russian government’s critique of, 85; in Spanish America, 183 French, as language of diplomacy, 19, 22 French Revolution: allied union and delivery from, 119; constitution of, 240Ո71; moral catastrophe associated with, 85; and war as tool of progress, 132 Friedland, Battle of, 12 friendship, among rulers: and allied unity, 201-4; and Holy Alliance, 32, 33; and peacemaking, 87,182,204 Fuľ, K. L. (Karl Ludwig August Phull), 248Ո70 Gallo, Duke of (Martsio Mastrilli), 135-36 general alliance: Austrian proposal for, 55,56; and collective guarantee {garantie solidaire), 55, 62; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 64; Congress ofVienna and, 61-62; exclusion of revolutionary states from, 106,113, 116; vs. grand alliance, 95,198; Holy Alliance and, 55, 56, 58, 59, 67,71, 86; Kapodistrias’s call for creation of, 57-58, 59; and moral force, 61; objections to, 58, 60; and Quadruple Alliance, interconnectedness of, 61, 63, 64; vs. Quadruple Alliance, as foundation of European political system, 54, 56, 58, 59; and revolution, protection from, 57-58, 59, 61; Russian position on, xi, 54, 56-58, 60, 61-62, 71, 86,130; treaty of guarantee and, 122; union of great powers as core of, 91 George IV (King of England): controversy surrounding, 100,102; and Holy Alliance, 31; Lieven on, 40; Troppau decisions and, 124 German Confederation: Alexander I’s vision for, 73, 74, 80, 81-83; anti-Jewish violence in, 79, 97, 243Ո22; arming against Russia, concern about, 49, 55; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle on, 72-86;
Congress ofVienna on, 26,28, 72; constitutionalism in, 79-80, 201, 237Ո58; First Treaty of Paris on, 26; great powers and, 200; map of, xx; revolutionary threats in, 77-79,100; Russian ministry’s memorandum on, 83-86; Russia’s policy ofnon interference in, 79, 80, 83, 91,119, 243Ո23; Schlussakte of 1820 and, 79; student unrest in, 77-79, 206; Sturdza’s analysis of, 84, 96-97, 239Ո69; territorial disputes in, 73-77; Treaty of Chaumont on, 25. See aho specific kingdoms/duchies German unification (Germanisme), Russian concern about, 43 Golitsyn, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 16 Golovkin, Iurii Aleksandrovich, 146,149, 150,180,198, 211, 246Ո42; Alexander I’s instructions to, 202-3; on allied relationships, 203-4;on tensions between great and second-order powers, 198-99 good governance: Alexander I on, 38, 82-83, г3° tļi, 164; concept of, ІОІ, 200; constitutionalism and, Russian position on, 168, 201; to counter disorder, Russia’s call for, 130,164,168 grand alliance: Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 64, 66-67, 68; vs. general alliance, 198; and preservation of peace, 101; and response to revolutionary crisis in Europe, 104; Russian interest in, xi, 93 Great Northern War, 1, 6-7 Greece, as independent monarchy, 164, 255Ո39
Greek independence movement, 140, 141; Alexander I’s position on, 142, 143, Г45,159,163,251Ո8, 255Ո38; allied policies regarding, 133,162-63,164, 261Ո92; British response to, 149,163, 261Ո97; Russian response to, 142,143, 152,159-60,161,163,251Ո8, 255Ո38; viewed as part of revolutionary crisis in Europe, 149-50,159-60 Grigorios V, Patriarch, 142 Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, xiii Grotius, Hugo, 233Ո23 Habsburg Empire. See Austria Hanover, Kingdom of, 70, 234Ո32 Hanover meetings (1821), 146,259Ո71 Hardenberg, Karl August von: at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 60, 65, 69, 75; and national representation, efforts to institute, 79; at Troppau conferences, 102 Hep! Hep! riots, 79 Heraclius (Roman emperor), 34 Hessen, Grand Duchy of, 72, 75,76, 77 Hohenlinden, Battle of, 11 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, principality of, 76 Holland. See Netherlands Holy Alliance (Treaty of 14/26 September 1815), 25,30-35; Alexander Is commitment to, 41,54; Christian principles and, 31-32,33; and collective guarantee, 71; concerns of non-Christian powers regarding, 33; conservative precepts and, 32-33; contemporary dismissals of, 226Ո62; date of signing, choice of, 34; and duty of veracity, 84, 91,107; and general alliance, Russian position on, 55,56, 58, 59, 67, 71, 86; Kapodistrias on, 55, 56, 58,59, Г07-8; as moral component of Vienna settlement, 34-35, 224Ո48; and moral force, 80, 205; and peacemaking, 30,31,33,101; Prussia’s commitment to, 55; and religious coexistence, idea of, 165; and response to revolutionary crisis in Europe, 107-8,118; Russian diplomats on, 30,31,33, 85,107-8; scholarship on,
224Ո48, 224Ո51, 226Ո62; signatories to, 30; Sturdza on, 118; and Troppau conferences, 102,116 Ikenberry.John, 220П10 inertia, principle of: and Ottoman Empire, 99; in Russian foreign policy, 50 inheritance, rights of, Frankfurt Territorial Commission and, 72, 229Ո89, 230Ո7 Ionian Islands: British protectorate over, 244Ո28; Kapodistrias in, 18; Napoleonic Wars and, 13; United States of, 223Ո40 Italinskii, Andrei Iakovlevich, 18,211, 246Ո47 Italy: allied actions in, motivations for, 192; Austria’s special interest in, 103,109; border with Austria, First Treaty of Paris and, 26; constitutional movement in, 89; map of, xx, xxi; pacification of, Laibach conferences and, 133,136-39; political conditions in 1819, Sturdza on, 97; revolutions in, 100,185; Treaty of Chaumont on, 25-26. See also specific kingdoms/duchies Jarrett, Mark, 21 Jena, Battle of, 12 Jerome Bonaparte, 77 Jews: rights of, undecided question of, 52; violence against, in Germany, 79, 97, 243Ո22 John VI (King of Portugal), 89, 241Ո6 Joseph Bonaparte, 182, 265Ո24
Зої Kamenskii, Alexander, ii8niB Kapodistrias, Ioannis Antonovich, i8, 40, in, 232Ո16; Alexander Is rift with, 164; communications with Constantine Pavlovich, 44-45; communications with Lieven, 147-49, 2-04; communications with Stackelberg, 41-43,105; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69; correspondence with Sturdza, 173; on general alliance, Austrian proposal for, 55-56; on general alliance, call for creation of, 57-58, 59; on German Confederation, 84; Golovkin’s report to, 203-4; Greek independence movement and, 260Ո85; on Holy Alliance, 55,56, 58,59,107-8; idealism combined with pragmatism of, 109; on public opinion, 42; on Quadruple Alliance, critique of, 56-57,59,94, 101-2; report in preparation for Aix-la-Chapelle, 53-60, 67; report in preparation for Troppau, 105-9; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; on revolutionary threats in 1820, 100-101; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 145,147-49; on secret treaty ofJanuary 1815, 41; on Spain and Spanish American colonies, 176, 177,182-83; at Troppau conferences, 102,109, no, in-15; on Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 184 Karl August (Grand Duke of SaxonyWeimar-Eisenach), 77-78, 237Ո53 Karlsbad Decrees, 79,80, 81; Russian diplomats on, 83, 85, 97,243Ո23 Khanykov (Canicoff), Vasilii Vasilevich, 212 Kiel, Treaty of, 49-50 Kissinger, Henry, 22, 53, 220Ш0, 232Ш7, 253Ո25 Kobier, Gerhard, 236Ո46 Kochubei, V. P., 249Ո73 Index Kotzebue, August von, 79, 97 Kozlovskii, Petr Borisovich, 212 Kuchuk Kainardji, Treaty of, 144, 255Ո37 Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 15 Laibach conferences: British participation in, 127,138;
Ferdinand I at, 117,129,135,136,137,248Ո62; formal closure of, 139; Greek independence movement and, 142; and intervention in Naples, 133-35,137,184,192; Italian states invited to, 135,136; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; and pacification of Italy, 133, 136-40; Russian expectations based on actions negotiated at, 154; Sardinian king’s appeal to, 241Ո8; Verona conferences as follow-up to, 192 Latin America: emancipation of, 184,195. See also Spanish American colonies LeDonne, John P., 9 legitimate sovereignty: and constitutionalism, Alexander I on, 80; divine authority and, 84, 86; general alliance and, 55; and intervention, questions of, in, 140; and peacemaking, 200; revolution as violation of, 137,163; treaties and fidelity to, 63, 64,197-98 Leipzig, Battle of the Nations at, 16 liberal democratic change: Alexander I and, 17,38,78, 82-83, 102-3, 130, I31,134-35, ։б4, i68,171-72; allied intervention in Naples and, 133-34; enlightened monarchy and, vision of, 183,186; good governance and, 130,168; grand alliance needed to prevent, Metternich on, 198; monarchs accepting, 89; process of accommodation to, 20; vs. revolution, 208; in Spain, calls for, 171-72,177, 181,182,183. See also constitution(s)/ constitutionalism
Index Lieven, Christoph Andreevich, 18, гіг; on British suspicions of Russia, 39-40, 43; Hanover meeting of 182.1 and, 146, 147; Nesselrode’s communications with, 180; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; revolution in Two Sicilies and, 104; Russian-Ottoman war scare of і8гі-гг and, 146,147-49, 155—57; talks with Castlereagh, 43, 44,104, іг8, іг9,146,149, 155-57,170, го4; Troppau discussions and, іг4, ігб Lieven, Dominic, 15 Liven, Khristofor Andreevich. See Lieven, Christoph Andreevich Livonia: emancipation of serfs in, 17; Russian acquisition of, 7 Lombardy-Venetia, Kingdom of, xxi, 246Ո42 London, Treaty of, 163 London Protocol, 164 Louis XVI (King of France), 17 Louis XVIII (King of France), 17, 26; and grand alliance, 66; and Holy Alliance, 31; Napoleon’s return and, г8; Spanish Revolution and, 169,191; threats to regime of, 90, юг Lunéville, Treaty of, π Maloiaroslavets, Battle of, 15 Marengo, Battle of, 11 Marie Louise (Archduchess of Austria), 14, ібб, гг9п89, гзоп7 Marie Louise (Spanish infante), 48,166, гг9п89, гзіП7 Mazepa, Ivan, 6 Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von: at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 53, бо, 65, 69; on grand alliance, 198; on Greek independence movement, 150; at Hanover meetings of i8zi, 146, г59П7і; insurrection in Spanish 303 American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 136; on Neapolitan revolution, response to, 109-10,114,115,133,136,138, Z53nz5; on revolutionary threat, 79, 90, юг, 130; Russian-Ottoman war scare of і8гі-гг and, 145,146,149,154,158, 160, гбіП9г; on Saxon question, г7; at Troppau conferences, юг, 109-10
military, Russian: centralized command structure of, 4; components of, 3; mass conscription and, i-z, 3, 4, 6; peacetime preservation of, 3-4, 43; reforms under Peter the Great, 1, 5, 6; serfdom and, 1, 4,17; size in i8th century, 3; tenacity of, г, 3; victory over French citizen army, го8 Military Historical Archive, xiii Minorca, island of, 4г Mitzen, Jennifer, zi Mochenigo (Mocenigo), Georgii Dmitrievich, гіг, Z48n7i Modena, 139 Moldavia: Greek revolt in, 141,143, г54пзб; map of, xxii; Treaty of Bucharest and Russian political rights in, 144; Turkish reprisals against Christian civilians in, i4i~4Z; withdrawal of Ottoman troops from, 155,158,159,160 Montevideo. See Rio de la Plata Montmorency, Mathieu de, on Spanish Revolution, 185,186 moral force/authority: Alexander I’s emphasis on, 80,130,131, Z05; allied unity and, 51, 86,118, го5, г68п5і; European political system and, 61; and exercise of political power, zoz; existing treaties and, Russian diplomats on, 64; of government, Russian insistence on, 82, 91; Holy Alliance and, 80, 205; and peace, preservation of, 51, 67,127,205; public
304 moral force/authority (continued) opinion and, Kapodistrias on, 42; of Quadruple Alliance, Russian diplomats on, 41, 61, 93,100; Russian government’s preference for, 80, 86, 91,105, 200; Vienna settlement and, 51,205 Moscow, decision to leave to Napoleon, 15,16 Munich, Treaty of, 48, 73, 74 Muscovite tsardom: conflicts with neighbors, 4-5; limited military capability of, 5; transformation into Russian Empire, 1 Naples, Kingdom of: in Second Coalition, 10. See also Neapolitan revolution; Two Sicilies, Kingdom of Napoleon Bonaparte, 11; Alexander Is concessions to, in Treaty of Tilsit, 12-13; and Continental Blockade, 13, 14; defeat and removal from power, 16-17,26; final defeat of, 17,25; invasion of Austria, 11-12; invasion of Russia (war of 1812), xi, 14-16,36; and Kingdom of Westphalia, 77; mastery over Western and Central Europe, 12; military accomplishments of, disunity among opponents and, 198; planned invasion of England, 11; return to power in March 1815,17,27-28, 64; second abdication of, 17, 28; threat to European order, 38, 52; wife of, 14, 166,230Ո7 Napoleonic Wars, 11-17; and allied unity, 198,203; collective guarantee of territorial reconstruction after, 123; experience of, and response to Neapolitan revolution, 118; Fourth Coalition, 12; moral catastrophe associated with, 85; peacemaking after, xi-xii, 17,20,132-33; and potential for total war, 165; Russia’s success in, Index factors responsible for, 2; separate alliances during, 198; Sixth Coalition, 16; Third Coalition, 11,22mi6 Neapolitan revolution, 89,101,102,103; allied plan for response to, Troppau
conferences and, 109-10,113-17,12324,184,189; Austrian response to, 103, 104,109-10,115,116,120,133,138,139; British response to, 104,154, 246Ո44, 247Ո58,251Ш0; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; Duke of Campo Chiaro on, 114; experience of Napoleonic Wars and judgment on, 118; French response to, 104,154, 247Ո57,247Ո58, 251Ш0; Laibach discussions of 133-35, 137, 184; pacification of, Sturdza on, 134; public perception of allied response to, implications for peace in Europe, 140; Russian response to, 102-9, ոշ-15, 120-22,250Ո4 Nelson, Horatio, π Nesselrode, Karl Vasilevich, 18,212-13; on allied unity, key principles of, 169; appeal for British involvement, 124,125,126,127; circular dispatch on Spain (1819), 180-81; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69,75,76; on constitutionalist trend, 102; correspondence with Cea Bermúdez, 170,2661125; correspondence with Pozzo di Borgo, 180, 270Ո75; efforts to assuage allied suspicions of Russia, 40-41, 43, 44; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; RussianOttoman War of 1828-29 and, 163; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 146,147,149,150-52,157; Spanish Revolution and, 168,169,170; Tatishchev s reports to, 178; at Troppau conferences, 102,109, IIO, 111-11 Netherlands, Kingdom of: Belgian schism with, 100,195; Congress of
Index Aix-la-Chapelle and, 67,69,234Ո32; First Treaty of Paris on, 26; French émigrés in, and threat to French restoration, 48-49; Napoleon’s annexation of, 14; recognition of constitutional government in Naples, 118; and slave trade, abolition of, 263Ո5; Treaty of Chaumont on, 26 Nicholas I (Emperor of Russia), 133,163 Nikolai, Pavel Andreevich, 145,213, 305 British commitment to, 147,149; preservation of, Russian commitment to, 141,143,145,151; and Russia, history of relations with, 5, 7,140-41, 165; Russia’s relations with, as source of allied concern, 42, 43, 49; Russia’s ultimatum to, 142,143,144-45, 150, 154; in Second Coalition, 10; treaty violations by, Russia on, 43. See also under Russian-Ottoman War 257Ո49 non-intervention: British policy of, 53, 80, ioļ, 104,187,194,205, 268044; Russian policy of, 79, 80, 83, 91,184, 201 Norway: First Treaty of Paris and, 222Ո27; Sweden and, 242Ո19; Treaty ofKiel and, 49 Novosil’tsev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 23,24, 213, 221Ո20 Nystad, Treaty of, 7 Obreskov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 91-94, 213-14 Oldenburg, Duchy of, 14, 75 Orik, O. V., 21 Osterhammel, Jürgen, 195,271Ո86, 271Ո87 Ottoman Empire: and Barbary states, 52, 98; British commitment to preservation of, 147,149; British mediation in relations with Russia, 40; Christian subjects in, reprisals against, 141-42,143-44,160; Christian subjects in, Russia’s obligation to protect, 148,155; Europe’s relations with, Sturdza on, 99; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 38; and German Confederation, 55; Great Northern War and, 7; Greek independence movement and, 140, 141; Holy
Alliance and concerns of, 33; map of, xx, xxii; preservation of, Pahlen (Palen), Fedor Petrovich, 201, 214 Papal states: Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi; revolution and, 246Ո47, 251Ш4 Paris, First Treaty of, 25, 26; France after, 26,36 Paris, Second Treaty of, 25, 29; article 4 of, 65; article 5 of, 52, 62,199; Spanish refusal to accept, 166 Parma, dispute over, 230Ո7 Paul I (Emperor of Russia), 10, и, 23 peace/peacemaking: Alexander I and, 19, 23, 24, 40, 43, 44,132,142,148, 152,162,182,199-200; allied unity and, 44, 83, 89,162,174,198, 235Ո33; British state paper of 1805 and, 23-24; in conceptual history of diplomacy, xiii; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 67, 69-70; fraternity among sovereigns and, 87,182, 204; good governance and, 164; grand alliance and, 101; Holy Alliance and, 30, 31, 33,101; issues threatening, in 1819, 95; moral force and, 51, 67,127, 205; perpetual, Enlightenment ideas of, 23; as primary purpose of European alliance, 201; principles guiding, 67, 199-200; in Restoration era, xi-xii, 17, 20, 23,24,132-33,197-98; revolution as threat to, Verona circular on, 194; revolution suppression and, 118, 183-84, 200; Russian policymakers
306 Index peace/peacemaking (continued) and, гг, 6j, 133,199-2.00; Spanish Revolution as challenge to, 166; Treaty of Chaumont and, 15; truth and, Kapodistrias on, 107; after War of the Spanish Succession, 23; work required to sustain, 197,198 Pepe, Guglielmo, 89 Persia: Britain and, 42; Russia and, 7, 49, 141; Sturdza on, 99 Peter I the Great (Emperor of Russia), 1; army of, 3; foreign policy of, influence on Alexander 1,220Ո7; and Great Northern War, 1, 6-7; political instability after death of, 9; reforms under, i, 2, 5, 6; security challenges inherited by, 5 Peter III (Emperor of Russia), 10 Phull, Karl Ludwig August (Fuľ, K. L.), 248Ո70 Piedmont: map of, xxi; pacification of, 184,192,195. See also Sardinia Pini, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 214, 265Ո16 Pitt, William, the Younger, 23-24 Pius VII, Pope: Laibach conferences and, 248Ո67; rejection of Holy Alliance by, 31 pluralism, Russian diplomats’ understanding of, 86 Poland, Kingdom of: conflicts with Muscovy, 4-5; in Great Northern War, 6; map of, xx; rebellion against Russian rule, 195; restoration of, Alexander Is influence and, 54; and RussianOttoman War of 1677-81, 5; Russia’s position in, as source of allied concern, 42; Thirteen Years’ War against, 2, 5 Poletika, Peter Ivanovich, 18, 214 Polish Diet, as model of moderate constitutionalism, 202, 272Ш1 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioning of, 8,14, 26,218Ո28 Polish question, 13-14, 26-27 Poltava, Battle of, 7 Portugal: at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; invasion of Rio de la Plata, 49, 167,168,175,264Ո8; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; revolution in, allied response
to, 105,106,107,113,127-28; in Second Coalition, 10; and slave trade, abolition of, 263Ո5; Spanish Revolution and, 185; support for Spanish constitution in, 89 Portuguese Brazil, invasion of Rio de la Plata, 49, 244Ո32; allied efforts to resolve, 100,177-80,181-82 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, 18, 215; Alexander Is instructions to, 91; Kapodistrias’s instructions to, 231П10; Nesselrode’s communications with, 180,270Ո75; on revolutionary upheaval, 102; on Spanish crisis, resolution of, 174-75 press: Russian, on Spanish American colonies, 2Ć9n6o; use in conduct of diplomacy, 266Ո25. See also freedom of speech/press Pressburg, Treaty of, 12 Prussia: and collective guarantee proposal, 71; and Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 67, 69; constitutional demands in, 102; on constitutional reforms, 79, 80; in Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, 12; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; German territorial disputes and, 74, 75, 77; Greek independence movement and, 163; in Holy Alliance, 31,55; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of, xx; national representation in, efforts to institute, 79; restoration of territory and population of, 76; revolutionary crisis of 1819-20 and,
Index 90, m-, rise to great power status, and realignment in European balance, 9; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 146,147,154,155, 161-62; Russian relations with, under Elizabeth, 9; on Russia s commitment to peace, 39; Saxony transferred to, 27,35, 37; secret defensive alliance against (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 27, 41,203,222Ո32,227Ո70,273Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, 16; Spanish Revolution and, 191; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25; at Troppau conferences, 102,109,115; at Verona conferences, 192-95; Vienna settlement and, 21-22,33 Pruth, battle on, 7 public opinion: Alexander Is concern about, 47,142; British government’s consideration of, 90,92, 200; European restoration and attention to, 38; Golovkin’s understanding of, 299; Kapodistrias’s understandingof, 42; Russian government’s views on, 47,200-201 Quadruple Alliance, 25, 29, 40, 61; ability to combat revolution, doubts about, 56-57; Alexander Is support for, 94; article 6 of, 53, 62,199; Austria’s preference for, 54, 56, 86; Britain’s commitment to, 40, 54, 56, 86; Castlereagh’s doubts about, 250Ո91; and Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 52, 56, 87; as defensive alliance, preserving, 68; exclusivity of, Russian diplomats on, 54, 56, 86; and general alliance, interconnectedness of, 61, 63, 64; vs. general alliance, as foundation of European political system, 54, 56, 58,59; Kapodistrias’s critique of, 56-57, 59, 94,101-2; moral force of, Russian diplomats on, 41, 61, 93, 307 100; Obreskov’s critique of, 92-94; purpose of, 61, 92; reexamining of, local circumstances and, 88; relevance of, Aix-la-
Chapelle discussions on, 65-69; Russian interpretation of, 41, 64; secret protocol at Aix-la-Chapelle, 67-68, 69; Spanish Revolution and, 100; Treaty of Chaumont and, 29, 56, 23on6, 232Ո14; use to isolate Russia, 55 Razumovskii, Andrei Kirillovich, 18, 215 religion. See Christian religion Restoration era (European restoration): Alexander I’s peace proposals of 1804 and, 23, 24; British state paper of 1805 and, 23-24; collective security in, xii, 21,127; conceptualization of, 24, 38; diplomacy of, as model for world governance, xii, 21; first major insurrection of, 166; Holy Alliance as cornerstone of, Alexander I on, 41; peacemaking in, xi-xii, 17, 20, 23, 24, 132-33,197-98; Russian conception of, 205; Russia’s critical role in, 22, 195-96,205, 207; scholarship on, xiixiii, 21-22 revolution(s): of 1848,195; allied unity and suppression of, no, in, 204; causes of, Sturdza on, 174; Christian education as barrier against, 86; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; constitutionalism and threat of, 79; contagion of, Russian diplomats on, 105,174,182,246Ո48; as criminal act, great powers on, 116,117; crisis of 1820, Russian response to, 90-91,102-9, 119-23; general alliance and protection from, arguments for, 57-58,59, 61; good governance and prevention of, 85,164; Greek independence movement viewed in context of, 149-50,159-60; Holy Alliance and
Յօ8 Index revolution(s) (continued) response to, 107-8,118; Kapodistrias on, 100-101,108; vs. liberal democratic change, 208; measures to suppress, vs. non-intervention principle, 80; Metternich on, 79, 90, 102,130; and military aggression, Russian policymakers on, 89; policy of convenience vs. policy of duty regarding, 106; Quadruple Alliance’s ability to combat, doubts about, 56-57; Russian immunity to, Sturdza on, 96; and Russian policy of reconciliation, 208; scourge of, great powers on, 164; spread of, allied efforts to prevent, 185,189,192; Sturdza on, 96,134,174; suppression of, and preservation ofpeace, 118,183-84,200; threat in 1819-20, 88, 96, 97,100-102, 134; as threat to peace, Verona circular on, 194; treaty of guarantee and prevention of, 55, 56; Troppau protocol on, 116,119. See also specific revolutions Rhine, Confederation of the, 12, 16 Richelieu, Duke of (Armand Emmanuel du Plessis), 241Ո3; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 66,233Ո23; resignation of, 88,241Ո3; return to power, 91 Ried, Treaty of, 73 Riego, Rafael, 88,168,270Ո73 Rimskii-Korsakov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 10 Rio de la Plata, 244Ո32; allied approach to conflict in, 100,177-80,181-82; Portuguese invasion of, 49,167, 168,175, 2Ć4n8; rebellion in, 244Ո32, 263Ո7 Ruffo, Prince, 139 Russia (Russian Empire): ability to mobilize human and material resources, 2, 3; absence of constitutional reform in, 201; and allied unity, support for, 64, 89, 91, no, iii, 115,118,127,130,143,152, 205; association of states under protection of, idea of, 23; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 48, 73-74; and
Britain, commercial relations of, 13,14; burden of European war falling on, 92; and Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 53, 60-64, 67, 68, 69,71-72; in Crimean War, 43,196; Decembrist Rebellion of 1825 in, 96,163,195,208; divergence from liberal democratic Europe, 207; as dominant Baltic power, 7; enlightened reformism in, 78, 82; and European order, conception of, 197, 205; and European restoration, critical role in, 22,195-96,205, 207; exceptionalism of, 96,208; in Fourth Coalition, 12; on France’s reintegration into European system, 37,38; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; and general alliance, support for, xi, 54,56-58, 60, 61-62, 71, 86,130; German Confederation and, 79, 80, 83-86, 91,119, 243Ո23; in Great Northern War, 1, 6-7; Greek independence movement and, 142,143, 152,159-60,161,163, 251Ո8,255Ո38; and Holy Alliance, 30,31,35; immunity to threat of revolution, Sturdza on, 96; institutions in, strength and stability of, 208; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of 1815, xx; Neapolitan revolution and, 102-9,112.—is, 120-22, 250Ո4; non-interference policy of, 79, 80, 83, 91,184,201; and Ottoman Empire, commitment to preservation of, 141, 143,145,151; and Ottoman Empire, history of relations with, 5, 7,140-41, 165; peace proposals of 1804, 23,24; Polish question and, 13-14, 26-27;
Index Quadruple Alliance used to isolate, 55; revolutionary crisis in Europe (i8zo) and, 90-91,101-9,119-13; rise to great power status, 1,39; in Second Coalition, 10,11; second-order powers and, 47, 60,131,100; secret defensive alliance against (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 17, 41,101,103, іііпзі, 117Ո70, 173Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and Spain, rumors about secret alliance of, 41, 43,167; and Spain, sale ofwarships to, 41,167, 175; and Spain, special relationship of, 48,177,178; Spanish Revolution and, 105,106,107,113, in, 168-75,185-86, 187,189-91,169Ո61; suspicions regarding, 33,35-46, 50,167; territorial expansion of, 4, 7-9,39; in Third Coalition, 11-11; in Thirteen Years’ War, 1,5; transformation of Muscovite tsardom into, 1, 7; and Treaty of Chaumont, 15; and Troppau conferences, 101,109-15; ultimatum to Ottoman Porte by, 141,143,144-45; at Verona conferences, 191-95; and Vienna settlement, 11-11, nonio; in war of 1811, xi, 14-16,36, 91. See ako diplomacy; military Russian-Ottoman War of 1677-81, 5 Russian-Ottoman War of 1768-74, 8 Russian-Ottoman War of i8o6֊n, 13 Russian-Ottoman War of 1818-19, 163-64 Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1811-11,140-51,165; Alexander I’s commitment to peace and, 141,148, 151; and challenges to allied unity, 133,141-43,145-48,150-51,164; plea for allied support in, 148-49,151-53; religious and nationalist excesses exposed by, 165 Russian State Archive ofAncient Acts (RGADA), xv 309 Sachsen-Coburg, Duke of, 75 Sardinia (Sardinia-Piedmont), Kingdom of: Austrian claims against, as violation of Quadruple Alliance,
40-41, 48; Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi; pacification of, 184, 191,195; revolution in, 119,139,141Ո8; Troppau conferences and, 119 Saxony, transfer to Prussian administration, 17, 35,37 Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach, Grand Duchy of, 137Ո51; student unrest in, 77-79 Schlussakte of 1810, 79,139Ո09 Schroeder, Paul W„ 10,39,106, ноші, іібпбі Schulz, Matthias, 19 Second Coalition, War of, 10-11 second-order powers: Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 70-71, 76,199, 134Ո31; Congress of Vienna and, 95; extending Quadruple Alliance to, Russian proposal for, 63; general alliance and benefits for, 55; legal rights of, great powers’ use of, ioo; Russian foreign policy and, 47, 60,131,100; tensions with great powers, 198-99; Troppau decisions and concerns of, 119 secret alliance(s): against Russia and Prussia (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 17, 41,101,103,1ИП31,117Ո70,173Ո18; between Russia and Spain, rumors about, 41, 43,167 Selim III (Ottoman sultan), 99,144Ո17 separate alliances: Alexander I’s position on, 9z; allied leaders’ commitment to prevent, 197,198; Crimean War and, 196; during Napoleonic Wars, 198 serfdom, in Russia: and military system, i, 4,17; reforms under Alexander 1,17; slavery compared to, 98 Seven Years’ War, 9-10 Sheehan, James, гз7П58 Siberia, Russian conquest of, 8
Зіо Index Sixth Coalition, i б Sked, Alan, ггбпбг slave trade, abolition of: British actions on, 48, 95,98, 242Ш9,263Ո5; Congress of Vienna on, 28,242Ո19; Netherlands and, 263Ո5; Portugal and, 263Ո5; Russia s position on, 47, 48,54; Spain and, 98,167, 243Ո25, 263Ո5; Sturdza on, 98; undecided question of, 52 Slavophilism, 96,207,208 Smith, Adam, 273Ш5 South America: Sturdza on, 97-98. See also Spanish American colonies sovereignty: as foundation of European order, xi. See also legitimate sovereignty Spain: allies’ inability to influence policies of, 178-81; assessment of conditions in 1819, 96; civil war in, 186,190,193,270Ո73; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65; Final Act of Congress ofVienna and, 47, 48,54, 166-67,176; French intervention in, 169,171,184,191; Kapodistrias on, 176,177,182-83; Napoleonic invasion of, 182, 265Ո24; political reform in, Russian calls for, 171-72,177,181,182, 183; and Russia, rumors about secret alliance of, 42, 43,167; and Russia, sale of warships, 42,167,175; and Russia, special relationship of, 48,177,178; and slave trade, abolition of, 98,167, 243Ո25,263Ո5; as threat to European peace, 91; Treaty of Chaumont on, 26; Troppau conferences and, 129. See also Spanish American colonies; Spanish constitution of 1812; Spanish Revolution of 1820 Spanish American colonies: British mediation in, proposal for, 175,17780, 268Ո50; independence of, allied position on, 195; independence of, US recognition of, 184; insurrection in, 100,166,167,175,182-84, 244Ո32,263Ո7; pacification of, allied discussions of, 175-81; Portuguese attacks on (invasion of Rio de
la Plata), 49,167,168,175,264Ո8; Russian press on, 269Ո60; Spanish Revolution and threat to, 189; Sturdza’s analysis of, 97-98 Spanish constitution of 1812,170, 266Ո28; Alexander Is position on, 171,172, 266Ո26; Cortes and, 88,170, 2Ճ5Ո24; in Portugal, 89; restoration in Spain, 88,102,120,168,170,171,173, 184,264Ո14; Sturdza on, 174; in Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 89,102,114 Spanish Revolution of 1820, 88; Alexander Is response to, 103,122, 170-73,174,184,189-91, 267Ո29; Austrian response to, 169,186-87,188, 191; British response to, 104,127-28, 169,170,187,188,269Ո62; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; as first major insurrection of Restoration era, 166; French response to, 171,184,191, 269Ո62; great powers’ response to, 88-89, mo. ю1- 103, 168-75,186-91, 193-94, 267Ո29, 269Ո62; initial phase of, 184; Russian position on, 105,106, 107,113,122,168-75,185-86,187,18991, 269Ո62; spread of, allied concern about, 185,190; Sturdza on, 134,17374; as threat to France, 172,185,186, 190; Troppau conferences on, 109 Spanish Succession, War of, 23 Speranskii, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 13,31-32 Spina, Cardinal, 251Ш4 Stackelberg, Gustav Ottonovich, 40, 41, 215; communications with Kapodistrias, 41-43,105; post-Laibach instructions to, 136-38; on secret Russian-Spanish accord, suspicions of, 43
Index Stewart, Charles William, 12.5-16,1501191 Stewart, Robert. See în Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 141Ո3 Tatishchev, Dmitrii Pavlovich, 18, zi6; on Castlereagh, Viscount Štolbovo, Treaty of, 4 St. Petersburg, founding of, 6 British mediation proposal, 175; and St, Petersburg Protocol, 163 Strangford, Lord (Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe), 145,147,157,158,163 court, 151-54,155,157; mission to Ferdinand VII, personal relationship with, 43,178; missions to Austrian strategic restraint, Vienna settlement Spanish court, 177,178,179-80,181; at Verona conferences, 161 Teil’-fan-Seroskerken, F. V. (Theodor and, 11 Stroganov, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 18, Third Coalition, 11,111П16 Tuyll van Seroskerken), 163Ո5 to Ottoman Porte by, 141,143,144- Thirteen Years’ War, 1, 5 Thurn and Taxis, princess of, 76 45,161,165 Tilsit, Treaty of, 11-13,14,17 141,141,164,115; ultimatum delivered Struve, Genrikh Antonovich, n6, 138Ո60 Sturdza, Aleksandr Skarlatovich, n6; analyses of German affairs, 84, 96-97,139Ո09; on European political system, 134; on Greek independence movement, I5in8; ideas of, influence on Russian diplomacy, 105,113,118; “Review of the Year 1819,” 94-zoo; and Slavophilism, 96; on Spanish Revolution, 134,173-74; on Troppau protocol, 118 Tolstoy, Leo, i6,13z Trafalgar, Battle of, 11 treaties: and legitimate sovereignty, 63, 64,197-98; multiple interpretations of, 89,114; spirit vs. letter of, 116,130, 100; and territorial guarantee, 63, 64. See also specific treaties treaty obligations: Alexander I’s commitment to, 83,131,168,135Ո33; alliances and commitment to, 198;
revolutionary crisis in Europe and commitment to, 104,105,106,110; Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilevich, 10,11 Sweden: dispute with Denmark, 49-50,51,141Ո19; efforts to reassert power in Baltic region, 8; in Fourth Coalition, iz; Great Northern Russian commitment to, 35, 41, 44-45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 83,104,105,106, no, 131, 168,135Ո33 treaty of guarantee [Alliance Solidaire): War against, 1, 6-7; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; and Norway, 141019; on Russia s commitment to peace, 39; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and Treaty of 71-71,107, izz, 130; Alexander Is proposal for, 53, 60,100,131Ո17; Austrian proposal for, in, 111-14, 149Ո74; benefits of, 55, 56; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 111; Troppau discussions of, in-11. See also general alliance Trianon Tariff, 14 Štolbovo, 4 Switzerland; First Treaty of Paris and, 1ИП17; independence of, Alexander I and, 54; revolutionary upheaval of 1810 and, 100; Treaty of Chaumont on, 15 Table of Ranks, in Russia, 1 Aix-Іа-Chapelle discussions of, Troppau conferences, 101-3,109-15, 145Ո37; Alexander Is moderate policies during, 106; British rejection of decisions of, 114-19; circular
311 Troppau conferences (continued) describing results of, 117; French rejection of decisions of, 129-30; Kapodistrias’s communications prior to, 105-9; on Neapolitan revolution, response to, 109-10, 113-17,123-24,184,189; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; Preliminary Protocol of, 115-17; Russian diplomats’ defense of, 118-24; Russian expectations based on actions negotiated at, 154; and second-order powers, concerns of, 119; Sturdza’s critique of, 118; on treaty of guarantee, in-12 Tuscany, Grand Duchy of: First Treaty of Paris and, 26; Frankfurt Territorial Commission and, 166; Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 241Ո7; and Austria, treaty of 1815,103, 119,120; Austrian intervention in, 109-10,133,138,139,184,250Ո5; constitutionalism in, 89,102,114; map of, xxi; pacification of, 184,191, 192,195; Russian representative in, post-Laibach instructions to, 136-37. See also Neapolitan revolution Ukraine, 5, 7 United Nations, Vienna settlement as model for, xii, 21 United States: constitution of, 240Ո71; revolution in, lessons of, 132; Spanish American independence movement and, 184 unity, allied: Alexander I’s commitment to, 83, 89, 91,115,120,131,140, 162,174,198, 235Ո33, 261Ո96; and avoidance of war, 133,140; critical aspects of, 169,201-4; fragility of, events underscoring, 133,142-43, 145-48,150-51,164-65; friendship Index among sovereigns and, 201-4; and future progress, Russian diplomats on, 86; and moral force, 51, 86,118, 205,268Ո51; Napoleonic Wars and, Г98, 203; and peace, 44, 83, 89,162, 174,198,235Ո33; and resolution
of Russian-Ottoman war scare, 161-62; and resolution of Spanish crisis, 169-71; Russian focus on preserving, 64, 89, 91, no, ni, 115,118,127,130, 143,152, 205; and Spanish American colonies, resolution of conflict in, 177; and victory against revolution, no, in, 204; wars shattering, 271Ո87 Utrecht, treaties of, 23 Velikie Luki, Treaty of, 170 Verona conferences, 89,158-62, 253Ո27, 260Ո85; developments prior to, 184-85; general protocol of, absence of, 194; and Italian affairs, circular on, 192-95; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; and Spanish Revolution, response to, 171, 187-89,193-94 Viazma, Battle of, 15 Victor Emmanuel I (King of Sardinia), 139, 241Ո8 Vienna, Congress of (Vienna peace settlement), 10,26-30; commitment to, 45; common instructions after, 74; conference diplomacy after, 22, 29, 206, 230Ո3,274Ո29; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle as completion of, 52, 53; great powers in, 21-22, 95,220Ո7; Holy Alliance as moral component of, 34-35,224Ո48; institutional innovation of, 22; as legal system, 29-30; as model of multilateral diplomacy, xii, 21; moral dimension of, 51,205; Napoleon s return and, 28; and new understanding of European order, 21; Polish-Saxon question at, 13,26-27,
Index шщу, and political equilibrium, 37; and reorganization of Germany, 16, 72.; Russian-Ottoman disputes addressed at, 141; Russia’s legalistic and moralistic understanding of, 51, 82; scholarship on, xiii, 20-21,220П10; secret alliances after, fears of, 43-44; on slave trade, 28, 242Ո19; and strategic restraint, 22; territorial boundaries redrawn under, 27,28; unfinished business after, 47, 48,52, 72. See also Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Vienna conferences (ր8շշ), 157, ібг Vladimirescu, Tudor, 14г 313 Г32; total, potential for, 165. See also specific wars War and Peace (Tolstoy), ré, 132 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, րշ, 13, 27 Waterloo, Battle of, rr, Г7, 28 Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), Г7, 40, 231Ո9; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 60, 65, 66, 67, 69; and Spanish American colonies, mediation in, 177,178,180 Westphalia, Congress of, and European political system, xi, շր, 234Ո32 Westphalia, Kingdom of, 77 William II (King of the Netherlands), 26 Windischgrätz, prince of, 76 Wallachia: Greek revolt in, 141,143, 254Ո36; map of, xxii; Treaty of Bucharest and Russian political rights in, 144; Turkish reprisals against Christian civilians in, 141-42; withdrawal of Ottoman troops from, 155,158,159, r6o war: avoidance of, as allies’ primary goal, 133, Г40; as tool of modern progress, Württemberg, Kingdom of, 76; constitution in, 79, 80 Ypsilantis, Alexandras (Alexander Ypsilanti), Г4Г, 142, Г50, 255Ո38 Zamoyski, Adam, շր Zaporozhian Cossacks, 8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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INDEX absolute power: Alexander I and, 17,130, 131; constitutional reform reconciled with, 168; and rights of nations, 120 acting in concert {concerter)·. British policy of non-intervention and, 103; commitment to, European political system and, 152,198; meaning of, discussions on, xiii, 88,205; Russian government’s arguments for, 101. See also unity, allied Act of Confederation in Germany: and Karlsbad Decrees, 81; Russian support for, 80; Sturdza’s criticism of, 97 Adrianople, Peace of, 7 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of, 24; agreements at, 64-65, 67; ambiguities at, 71; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 73-75; basis of authorization of, 52-53; and duty of veracity, 9։; and France, restoration to great power status, 24-25, 52, 66, 70, 90; German question at, 72-86; and grand alliance, 64, 66-67; issues addressed at, 52, 61,72, 235Ո37; Kapodistrias’s report in preparation for, 53-60, 67; Military Protocol of, 69; and peacemaking, need for, 197; protocols and declaration of, 25; purpose of, 56; Quadruple Alliance and, 52,56; Russian policy at, 53, 60-64, 67, 68, 69, 71-72; second-order powers and, 70-71, 76, 199, 234Ո32; Secret Protocol of, 67-68, 69; on Spanish American colonies, pacification of, 175-77; and treaty of guarantee, Russian efforts to promote, 71-72,107,122,130; unity of alliance at, 87; Vienna settlement and, 52, 53 Akkerman, Convention of, 163 Aleksei Mikhailovich (Tsar of Russia), 4 Alexander I (Emperor of Russia), 10; absolute power of, 17,130,131; at Aix-la-Chapelle, 53, 65, 233Ո23, 235Ո33; and allied unity, commitment to, 83, 89,
91,115,120,131,140,162,174,198, 235Ո33,261Ո96; army of, 3; Christian morality and foreign policy of, 130, 168, 204, 206-7; concessions to Napoleon, in Treaty of Tilsit, 12-13; on constitutionalism, 80,168,171, 172, 201, 240Ո71, 266Ո26; death of, 163,195; defeat of Napoleon, 17; diplomats of, 17-19,209-16; domestic policies of, 17, 20Ć; empire-building by, 27; family of, շշ6ո6ւ; foreign policy of, xii, 45-51,130-31, 205-6; and Francis I, 41, 48, 202,203; on fraternity among sovereigns, 182, 204; and Frederick William III, 27, 273Ո20; and German Confederation, organization of, 73, 74, 80, 81-83; on good governance, 38, 82-83,130,131, 164; Greek independence movement and, 142,143,145,159,163, 255Ո38; and Holy Alliance, 30, 31,32-33,35, 41, 54; idealism of, 33, 35, 204-7, 226Ո62; on Karlsbad Decrees, 81; at Laibach conferences, 138,139; and liberal reform (moderate reformism), 17,38, 78, 82-83, ։օշ֊3,130,131, 293
¿94 Alexander I (continued) 134-35,164,168,171-72; moderation of, 37, 39, 159,160,164,206, 2621199, 273Ո27; and moral force, 80,130,131, 205; and non-intervention principle, 80; and peacemaking, 19, 23,24, 40, 43, 44,132,142,148,152,162,182, 199-200; Peter the Greats foreign policy and, 220Ո7; Polish-Saxon question and, 27, 35,37, 38, 223Ո33; as pragmatic realist, 53,54, 89,109,131; and Quadruple Alliance, upholding of, 94; revolutionary crisis in Europe and, 103,107; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 142-43, 148-49,150-52,158-59; as savior of Europe, xi, 36; on separate alliances, 92; Spanish American insurrection and, 176; Spanish Revolution and, 103, 122,170-73,174,184,189-91, 267Ո29; study of foreign policy of, xiii, 22, 207; and treaty obligations, commitment to, 83,131,168, 235Ո33; and treaty of guarantee {Alliance Solidaire), 53, бо, 200,232Ո17; turn to repressive conservatism, 103,206; at Verona Congress, Г58-62; at Vienna Congress, 27, 54; war of 1812 and, 16 alliance(s): based on shared interests vs. abstractions, 92, 94; and treaty obligations, commitment to, Г98. See also general alliance; grand alliance; Quadruple Alliance; secret alliance; separate alliances Alopeus, David Maksimovich, 18,169, 180,209 American Revolution: constitution of, 240Ո71; lessons of, 132 Amiens, Treaty of, 11 Ancillon, Johann, 55, 56 Andrusovo, truce of, 5 Anna Pavlovna (sister of Alexander I), 14 Anstett, Ivan Osipovich, 18,209-10 Index Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVP RI), xiii, xv army. See military Astrakhan, khanate of, 8 Auerstadt, Battle of, 12
Augustus (Elector of Saxony), 6 Austerlitz, Battle of, 12 Austria (Austrian Empire): and Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute, 73, 74; border with Italy, First Treaty of Paris and, 26; and Britain, denial of secret alliance between, 94; and Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 67,68, 69; on constitutional reforms, 80; and France, interests regarding, 57,92-93; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; general alliance proposal of, 55-56; Greek independence movement and, 150,163; in Holy Alliance, 31; intervention in the Two Sicilies, 109-10,133,138,139, 184,250Ո5; and Italy, special interest in, 103,109; and Italy, territorial demands from, 40-41, 48, 57; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of, xx; Napoleon s invasion of, 11-12; Neapolitan revolution and, 103,104, 109-10,115,116,120,133,138,139; and Quadruple Alliance, 54, 55, 56, 86; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 145-46,147,148,149-50, 152-53,154,155,157,160,161-62, 259Ո71; Sardinian revolution and, 119, 139, 241Ո8; in Second Coalition, to, 11; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 41, 202, 222Ո32, 227Ո70, 273Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, t6; Spanish Revolution and, 169, 186-87, ։88,191; in Third Coalition, П-12; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25, 56; and treaty of guarantee,
Index proposal for, in, 112-14,2491174; and Treaty of Munich, 75; at Troppau conferences, 102,109-10,115; and Two Sicilies, treaty of 1815,103,119, no; at Verona conferences, 192-95; Vienna settlement and, 21-22, 27, 222Ո33 Azov, Ottoman fortress at, 5, 7 Baden, Grand Duchy of: and Bavaria, territorial dispute between, 48, 52,54, 73-75; constitution decreed in, 79, 80 Bagót, Charles, 157 balance of power, principle of: vs. allied unity, 83; vs. balancing of interests and obligations, 87; vs. collective guarantee, 72; vs. consensus, 22,36; vs. equilibrium, 21,39; and Westphalia state system, xi Barbary pirates: Alexander Is policy on, 47; British efforts to remove, 98-99; unresolved issue of, 52 Bashkirs, 8 Bavaria, Kingdom of, xx; anti-Jewish violence in, 79; and Baden, territorial dispute between, 48,52, 54, 73-75; constitution decreed in, 79, 80,201; overtures to Russia, treaty-based response to, 50-51 Bayly, C. A., 132 Belgium: First Treaty of Paris on, 26; French refugees in, 48-49; schism with Netherlands, 100,195 Benkendorff, Konstantin Khristoforovich, 210, 249Ո72 Bentham, Jeremy, 23 Berg, Grand Duchy of, 77 Bernstorff, Christian Gunther, 257Ո52; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69; at Hanover meeting of 1811,146; at Troppau conferences, 101 Berry, Duke of, assassination of, 91, 100,241Ո3 Bessarabia, 162 Z95 Bezotosnyi, V. M., 224Ո48 Black Sea: internationalization of, Russian interest in, 141,157,159,161; Ottoman control of, Peter the Great’s challenge to, 7; Ottoman restrictions on navigation in, 159, 161, 254Ո32; Russian right of free navigation in, 8 Borodino,
Battle of, 15 Bourbon restoration, 17,16; émigrés threatening, Russian position on, 44, 48-49; Russian government’s views on, 37,38,44-45; Treaty of Paris and, 58; vitality of, suspicions about, 88 Brazil: independence of, 2i8n88,141П6. See also Portuguese Brazil Britain: and Austria, denial of secret alliance between, 94; and Barbary pirates, efforts to suppress, 98; and collective allied action, opposition to, 127-28; and Congress of Aix-Іа-Chapelle, 52-53, 65, Ճ7, 68, 69; constitution in, 129; Continental Blockade targeting, 13,14; in Crimean War, 196; in Fourth Coalition, 12; and France, interests regarding, 57, 92; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; Greek independence movement and, 149,163,161Ո97; at Laibach conferences, 127,138; Napoleon’s plans regarding, 11,13; Neapolitan revolution and, 104,154, 246Ո44, 247Ո58,251П10; non-intervention policy of, 53, 80,103,104,187,194, 205, 268Ո44; and Ottoman Empire, commitment to preservation of, 149; peacemaking approach of, state paper of 1805 on, 23-24; and Persia, 41; policy of convenience advocated by, 106; and Quadruple Alliance, 40, 54, 56, 86; revolutionary crisis of 1819-20 and, 90,121; revolutionary threats in, 96,100; Rio de la Plata crisis and, 49; and Russia, commercial relations
гўб Index Britain (continued) of, 13,14; and Russia, suspicions about intentions of, 39-40, 43, 44; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-гг and, 142-43,145-49 152-» 155—58,160, 161-62, 259Ո71; in Second Coalition, 10; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 222Ո32, 227Ո70, 273Ո18; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and slave trade, abolition of, 48, 95, 98, 242Ո19,263Ո5; and Spanish American colonies, proposed mediation in, 175, 177-80, 268Ո50; Spanish Revolution and, 104,127-28,169,170,187,188, 269Ո62; in Third Coalition, 11; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25; Troppau deliberations and, 102,103,109, no, 121,124-29; and Vienna settlement, 21-22, 220Ш0 British-Russian Convention of 1805, 22ІП20 Brunness, Baron, 239Ո69 Bucharest, Treaty of 38, 43,141,144,165 Bulgari, Mark Nikolaevich, 168,175,184, 189-91,210, 264Ш4 Bundesakte of 1815, 79 Calabria, Duke of See Francesco Campo Chiaro, Duke of 114 Canicoff (Khanykov), Vasilii Vasilevich, 212 Carbonari (secret society), 114 Casa Irujo, Carlos-Maria-Martinez, 178,179 Castlereagh, Viscount (Robert Stewart): brother of 125; and collective allied action, opposition to, 127-28; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 52-53, 60, 65, 69; death of 260Ո85; at Hanover meetings, 146,259Ո71; Lieven’s talks with, 43, 44,104,128,129,146,149, 155-57,170; on Ottoman Empire, Christians living in, 147; and personal meetings, preference for, 155,204; on Quadruple Alliance, doubts about, 250Ո91; on restoration of Europe, 24; on revolutionary rumbles in France, 90; on revolution in Two Sicilies, 104; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 143,146;
on Saxon question, 27; Spanish American insurrection and, 176; on Spanish Revolution, 170, 265Ո22; suspicions of Russia, 40,43; on Troppau decisions, 124,128-29; and Vienna settlement, ггопю Cathcart, William, 24 Catherine (sister ofAlexander I), 14, ггбпбі Catherine II (Empress of Russia): and Alexander 1,17,27; and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioning of, 14,218Ո28; reforms of, 82,131; rise to power, 10; territorial expansion under, 8,162; victories against Ottomans, 5, 8 Cato Street conspiracy, 100,102 Caucasus, Russian expansion into, 8, 9 Cea Bermúdez, Francisco, 170, 179; on Alexander’s support for liberal constitutions, гббпгб; communications with Russian government, 170,171,172, 265Ո20, 266Ո25, гббпгб Charles Felix (King of Sardinia), 139, 241Ո8 Charles IV (King of Spain), 166,241Ո4, 265Ո24 Charles XII (King of Sweden), 6, 7 Chaumont, Treaty of, 24, 25-26, 222Ո24; Quadruple Alliance and, 29, 56, 230Ո6,232Ո14 Chernyshev, Alexander Ivanovich, 48-49, 229Ո90 Chinggis Khan, 5 Christian religion/morality: and Alexander Is foreign policy, 130,
Index Z97 i68, 204,206-7։ and benefits to civilization, Russian diplomats on, 84-86; vs. constitutionalism, Sturdza Constantine Pavlovich (Grand Prince), on, 134։ and general alliance, 86; and Holy Alliance, 3Г-32,33; personalized emperor), 34 constitution(s)/constitutionalism: politics grounded in, 87,182, 202, 204; and Russian political thought, 32,82, 86, 99; and social and political 39. 44-45. 2.2-8Ո74 Constantine the Great (Roman absence in Russia, 201; Alexander I on, 80,1Ć8,171,172, 201, 240Ո71, 1661126; in Britain, 129; in German Confederation, 79-80, 201,237Ո58; behavior in Russia, 96 Christian subjects, in Ottoman Empire: Castlereagh on, 147; Russia’s and good governance, Russian position on, 168, 201; moderate, Polish obligation to protect, 148,155,255Ո38; Turkish reprisals against, 141-42, Diet as model of, 201, 272mi; modern vs. old regime, 240Ո71; in Portugal, 143-44,160 collective guarantee {garantie solidaire): vs. balance of power, 72; general alliance and, 55, 62; Holy Alliance and, 71; after Napoleonic Wars, 123; Russian proposal for, at Aix-la-Chapelle, 71-72. See also treaty of guarantee collective security: instruments of, 29; in Restoration era, xii, 21,127; Russian conception of, 30,162,197 colonial system: as source of discontent, 96. See also Spanish American colonies concerter. See acting in concert Confederation of the Rhine, 12,16 conference diplomacy: Paul Is interest 89; in Prussia, 102; states built upon, Sturdza on, 134; in Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 89,102,114. See also liberal democratic change; Spanish constitution of 1812 Continental
Blockade, Napoleon and, I3.J4 Cortes, Spanish: and call for return of Ferdinand VII, 265Ո24; constitution of 1812 and, 88,170, 265Ո24; and relations with colonies, 183; and resolution to Spanish Revolution, m 174-75 Cossacks, 4-5, 6 Courland, emancipation of serfs in, 17 in, 23; revolutionary threat and, 90; after Vienna settlement, 22, 29, 206, Crimea, Russian expansion into, 7 Crimean Khanate: ongoing threats from, 230Ո3, 274Ո29 5; Russian protectorate over, 8 Crimean War: cause of, Russia on, 43; former allies in, 196; Russian army prior to outbreak of, 3 Czartoryski, Adam Ezhi, 18, 23, 210 conscription, Russia’s system of, 1-2, 3. 4.6 consensus: allied, diplomatic pressure in form of, 74; vs. balance of power, 22,36; system of, Vienna peace settlement and, 22 conservative principles: and Alexander I’s foreign policy, 21,130-31,147,176, 205-6; and allied unity, 53; of Final Act of Congress of Vienna, 60-61; and Holy Alliance, 30,32-33,91; Spanish Revolution threatening, 193 Danubian Principalities. See Moldavia; Wallachia Decazes, Elie, 91, 241Ո3 Decembrist Rebellion of 1825, 96,163, 195, 208 de Madariaga, Isabel, 218Ո28 democracy. See liberal democratic change
Z98 Index Denmark: in Great Northern War, 6, goal of, 198; and moral force, 61; 7; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; Peter Ill’s Quadruple Alliance vs. general planned campaign against, 10; tensions alliance as foundation of, 54,56, 58, with Sweden, 49-50,51, 95, Z4zni9 59; vulnerabilities and limitations of, Deulino armistice (1618), 4 166; as work of Divine Providence, Russian memorandum on, 60. See diplomacy, European: Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, z8; French also general alliance; grand alliance; as language of, 19, zz; legal framework Quadruple Alliance European restoration. See Restoration era for, Z5; of Restoration era, as model for world governance, xii, zi European Union, Congress ofVienna as model for, xii, zi diplomacy, Russian: adherence to treaty Eylau, Battle of, iz obligations in, 35, 41, 44-45, 46, 48, 49,51, 83,104,105,10Ճ, no, 131,168, family: German Confederation Z35n33; Alexander I and, xii, zz, 45-51, 130-31, Z05-6; European political compared to, 83; as model for political relationships, 87; moral principles of system as cornerstone of, xi, 60-61; flexibility in, 64; pragmatism in, 53, 54, and Holy Alliance, 118 Ferdinand I (King of the Two Sicilies), 89,109,131; principles for conducting, Z4in7; allied intervention and, 109, 50-51; scholarship on, xiii, zz 113,190; brother of, Ζ4ΙΠ4; and Francis diplomats: Alexander Is, 17-19, Z09-16; I, treaty of 1815,103,119; at Laibach ranks of, ΖΖ3Π4Ζ. See also specific names conferences, 117, IZ9,135,136,137, Dolgorukii, Dmitril Ivanovich, 18, zn Z48n6z; and political reconstruction, d’Ouvray, General, plan
for, 137,139; restoration of, 133, 135, Ζ53ΠΖ7; son of, 133,134; Spanish Eastern Question, 140; Russian vs. constitution of 181Z accepted by, Austro-British interests regarding, 89, ioz, 114 146. See also Ottoman Empire Ferdinand III (Grand Duke of education: Christian, as barrier against Tuscany), z6 revolution, 86; and moral reform, 108; Ferdinand VII (King of Spain), z6; surveillance of, Russian government's Alexander Is communications critique of, 85 with, 176,179, i8i-8z; blame for Elizabeth (Empress of Russia), 9-10 revolution, 168,173-74; British Elizabeth Alekseevna (Empress of mediation proposal and, 175,178, Russia), 73, zz6n6i 180; constitution of 181Z accepted equilibrium, political: vs. balance of by, 88, ioz, izo, 168,170,171,173, power, zi, 39; Congress ofVienna 184, z64ni4; constitution of 181z and, 37 renounced by, 191; father of, Z4in4; Estonia: emancipation of serfs in, 17; Napoleonic invasion and, z65nz4; Russian acquisition of, 7 Portuguese attacks on Spanish European political system: Congress American territories and, 168; of Westphalia and, xi, zi, Ζ34Π3ζ; as rebellion in American colonies and, cornerstone of Russian diplomacy, xi, 175,176; restoration of, 170,171, i8z, 60-61; division of, Sturdza on, 134;
Index 1641113,166Ո24; Tatishchev’s personal relationship with, 43,178; Verona decisions and, 189; as virtual prisoner of revolution, 190 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, 2.5,18-19; as general alliance, 61-61; Ottoman Empire and, 38; sovereignty based on, Russian respect for, So, 81; Spain’s accession to, 47, 48,166-67; Spanish refusal to accept, 166,176; and treaty of guarantee, 111 Finland, 7,18 Fourth Coalition, 12 France: assessment of conditions in (1818-19), 57 96; Austrian interests regarding, 91-93; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 74; British interests regarding, 91; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 65, 67-68; in Crimean War, 196; debt of, retiring, 65,133Ո15; First Treaty of Paris and, 16,36; in grand alliance, 64, 66-67, 68; Greek independence movement and, 163; intervention in Spain, 169, 171,184,191; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; military occupation of, ending, 65, 69; Neapolitan revolution and, 104,154,147Ո57, 247Ո58,151П10; political stability in, allied concern about, 90-91,100,188,141Ո3; refugees and threats to stability of, 44, 48-49; reintegration into European system, importance of, 37,38,136,129m; restoration to great power status, 24-25,52, 66, 70, 90,198; return to revolution in 1830,195, 233Ո19; Russian alliance with, advocacy for, 91, 93, 94; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-21 and, 154-55,161-61; Second Treaty of Paris and, 29; in secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia (1815), 27, 221Ո32,127Ո70, 273Ш8; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; 2-99 Spanish American insurrection and, 176; Spanish Revolution as threat to,
172,185,186,190; Treaty of Paris and obligations of, 58; Troppau deliberations and, 102,109, no, in, 129-30; in War of Second Coalition, π. See also Bourbon restoration; French Revolution; Napoleonic Wars Francesco (Duke of Calabria): Ferdinand’s letter to, 135,137; Laibach conferences and, 135; Neapolitan revolution and, 133,134; Spanish constitution of 1812 accepted by, 89 Francis I (Emperor of Austria): Alexander I and, 41, 48, 202, 203; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; and Ferdinand I, treaty of 1815,103,119; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 166; and Holy Alliance, 31,33; negotiations with Sardinia, 41, 48; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 142,154 Frankfurt Diet, 28, 76, 77, 80; and Karlsbad Decrees, 79, 81, 83 Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72, 79; common instruction attached to, 74; General Act of, 72, 75,166,229Ո89, 230Ո7; German territorial disputes and, 74-75; line of succession finalized by, 166,229Ո89,230Ո7 Frederick II the Great (King of Prussia), 3, 9. ю Frederick IV (King of Denmark), 6 Frederick William III (King of Prussia), 12; and Alexander I, 27, 273Ո20; at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; defeat of Napoleon, 17; German territorial disputes and, 74, 75; and Holy Alliance, 31, 34; on national representation, 79; Polish question and, 27 freedom: Russian policies respecting, 38, 82. See also liberal democratic change
300 Index freedom of speech/press: German Confederation and, 78, 84, 85; restrictions on, Russian government’s critique of, 85; in Spanish America, 183 French, as language of diplomacy, 19, 22 French Revolution: allied union and delivery from, 119; constitution of, 240Ո71; moral catastrophe associated with, 85; and war as tool of progress, 132 Friedland, Battle of, 12 friendship, among rulers: and allied unity, 201-4; and Holy Alliance, 32, 33; and peacemaking, 87,182,204 Fuľ, K. L. (Karl Ludwig August Phull), 248Ո70 Gallo, Duke of (Martsio Mastrilli), 135-36 general alliance: Austrian proposal for, 55,56; and collective guarantee {garantie solidaire), 55, 62; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 64; Congress ofVienna and, 61-62; exclusion of revolutionary states from, 106,113, 116; vs. grand alliance, 95,198; Holy Alliance and, 55, 56, 58, 59, 67,71, 86; Kapodistrias’s call for creation of, 57-58, 59; and moral force, 61; objections to, 58, 60; and Quadruple Alliance, interconnectedness of, 61, 63, 64; vs. Quadruple Alliance, as foundation of European political system, 54, 56, 58, 59; and revolution, protection from, 57-58, 59, 61; Russian position on, xi, 54, 56-58, 60, 61-62, 71, 86,130; treaty of guarantee and, 122; union of great powers as core of, 91 George IV (King of England): controversy surrounding, 100,102; and Holy Alliance, 31; Lieven on, 40; Troppau decisions and, 124 German Confederation: Alexander I’s vision for, 73, 74, 80, 81-83; anti-Jewish violence in, 79, 97, 243Ո22; arming against Russia, concern about, 49, 55; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle on, 72-86;
Congress ofVienna on, 26,28, 72; constitutionalism in, 79-80, 201, 237Ո58; First Treaty of Paris on, 26; great powers and, 200; map of, xx; revolutionary threats in, 77-79,100; Russian ministry’s memorandum on, 83-86; Russia’s policy ofnon interference in, 79, 80, 83, 91,119, 243Ո23; Schlussakte of 1820 and, 79; student unrest in, 77-79, 206; Sturdza’s analysis of, 84, 96-97, 239Ո69; territorial disputes in, 73-77; Treaty of Chaumont on, 25. See aho specific kingdoms/duchies German unification (Germanisme), Russian concern about, 43 Golitsyn, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 16 Golovkin, Iurii Aleksandrovich, 146,149, 150,180,198, 211, 246Ո42; Alexander I’s instructions to, 202-3; on allied relationships, 203-4;on tensions between great and second-order powers, 198-99 good governance: Alexander I on, 38, 82-83, г3° tļi, 164; concept of, ІОІ, 200; constitutionalism and, Russian position on, 168, 201; to counter disorder, Russia’s call for, 130,164,168 grand alliance: Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 64, 66-67, 68; vs. general alliance, 198; and preservation of peace, 101; and response to revolutionary crisis in Europe, 104; Russian interest in, xi, 93 Great Northern War, 1, 6-7 Greece, as independent monarchy, 164, 255Ո39
Greek independence movement, 140, 141; Alexander I’s position on, 142, 143, Г45,159,163,251Ո8, 255Ո38; allied policies regarding, 133,162-63,164, 261Ո92; British response to, 149,163, 261Ո97; Russian response to, 142,143, 152,159-60,161,163,251Ո8, 255Ո38; viewed as part of revolutionary crisis in Europe, 149-50,159-60 Grigorios V, Patriarch, 142 Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, xiii Grotius, Hugo, 233Ո23 Habsburg Empire. See Austria Hanover, Kingdom of, 70, 234Ո32 Hanover meetings (1821), 146,259Ո71 Hardenberg, Karl August von: at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 60, 65, 69, 75; and national representation, efforts to institute, 79; at Troppau conferences, 102 Hep! Hep! riots, 79 Heraclius (Roman emperor), 34 Hessen, Grand Duchy of, 72, 75,76, 77 Hohenlinden, Battle of, 11 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, principality of, 76 Holland. See Netherlands Holy Alliance (Treaty of 14/26 September 1815), 25,30-35; Alexander Is commitment to, 41,54; Christian principles and, 31-32,33; and collective guarantee, 71; concerns of non-Christian powers regarding, 33; conservative precepts and, 32-33; contemporary dismissals of, 226Ո62; date of signing, choice of, 34; and duty of veracity, 84, 91,107; and general alliance, Russian position on, 55,56, 58, 59, 67, 71, 86; Kapodistrias on, 55, 56, 58,59, Г07-8; as moral component of Vienna settlement, 34-35, 224Ո48; and moral force, 80, 205; and peacemaking, 30,31,33,101; Prussia’s commitment to, 55; and religious coexistence, idea of, 165; and response to revolutionary crisis in Europe, 107-8,118; Russian diplomats on, 30,31,33, 85,107-8; scholarship on,
224Ո48, 224Ո51, 226Ո62; signatories to, 30; Sturdza on, 118; and Troppau conferences, 102,116 Ikenberry.John, 220П10 inertia, principle of: and Ottoman Empire, 99; in Russian foreign policy, 50 inheritance, rights of, Frankfurt Territorial Commission and, 72, 229Ո89, 230Ո7 Ionian Islands: British protectorate over, 244Ո28; Kapodistrias in, 18; Napoleonic Wars and, 13; United States of, 223Ո40 Italinskii, Andrei Iakovlevich, 18,211, 246Ո47 Italy: allied actions in, motivations for, 192; Austria’s special interest in, 103,109; border with Austria, First Treaty of Paris and, 26; constitutional movement in, 89; map of, xx, xxi; pacification of, Laibach conferences and, 133,136-39; political conditions in 1819, Sturdza on, 97; revolutions in, 100,185; Treaty of Chaumont on, 25-26. See also specific kingdoms/duchies Jarrett, Mark, 21 Jena, Battle of, 12 Jerome Bonaparte, 77 Jews: rights of, undecided question of, 52; violence against, in Germany, 79, 97, 243Ո22 John VI (King of Portugal), 89, 241Ո6 Joseph Bonaparte, 182, 265Ո24
Зої Kamenskii, Alexander, ii8niB Kapodistrias, Ioannis Antonovich, i8, 40, in, 232Ո16; Alexander Is rift with, 164; communications with Constantine Pavlovich, 44-45; communications with Lieven, 147-49, 2-04; communications with Stackelberg, 41-43,105; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69; correspondence with Sturdza, 173; on general alliance, Austrian proposal for, 55-56; on general alliance, call for creation of, 57-58, 59; on German Confederation, 84; Golovkin’s report to, 203-4; Greek independence movement and, 260Ո85; on Holy Alliance, 55,56, 58,59,107-8; idealism combined with pragmatism of, 109; on public opinion, 42; on Quadruple Alliance, critique of, 56-57,59,94, 101-2; report in preparation for Aix-la-Chapelle, 53-60, 67; report in preparation for Troppau, 105-9; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; on revolutionary threats in 1820, 100-101; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 145,147-49; on secret treaty ofJanuary 1815, 41; on Spain and Spanish American colonies, 176, 177,182-83; at Troppau conferences, 102,109, no, in-15; on Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 184 Karl August (Grand Duke of SaxonyWeimar-Eisenach), 77-78, 237Ո53 Karlsbad Decrees, 79,80, 81; Russian diplomats on, 83, 85, 97,243Ո23 Khanykov (Canicoff), Vasilii Vasilevich, 212 Kiel, Treaty of, 49-50 Kissinger, Henry, 22, 53, 220Ш0, 232Ш7, 253Ո25 Kobier, Gerhard, 236Ո46 Kochubei, V. P., 249Ո73 Index Kotzebue, August von, 79, 97 Kozlovskii, Petr Borisovich, 212 Kuchuk Kainardji, Treaty of, 144, 255Ո37 Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 15 Laibach conferences: British participation in, 127,138;
Ferdinand I at, 117,129,135,136,137,248Ո62; formal closure of, 139; Greek independence movement and, 142; and intervention in Naples, 133-35,137,184,192; Italian states invited to, 135,136; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; and pacification of Italy, 133, 136-40; Russian expectations based on actions negotiated at, 154; Sardinian king’s appeal to, 241Ո8; Verona conferences as follow-up to, 192 Latin America: emancipation of, 184,195. See also Spanish American colonies LeDonne, John P., 9 legitimate sovereignty: and constitutionalism, Alexander I on, 80; divine authority and, 84, 86; general alliance and, 55; and intervention, questions of, in, 140; and peacemaking, 200; revolution as violation of, 137,163; treaties and fidelity to, 63, 64,197-98 Leipzig, Battle of the Nations at, 16 liberal democratic change: Alexander I and, 17,38,78, 82-83, 102-3, 130, I31,134-35, ։б4, i68,171-72; allied intervention in Naples and, 133-34; enlightened monarchy and, vision of, 183,186; good governance and, 130,168; grand alliance needed to prevent, Metternich on, 198; monarchs accepting, 89; process of accommodation to, 20; vs. revolution, 208; in Spain, calls for, 171-72,177, 181,182,183. See also constitution(s)/ constitutionalism
Index Lieven, Christoph Andreevich, 18, гіг; on British suspicions of Russia, 39-40, 43; Hanover meeting of 182.1 and, 146, 147; Nesselrode’s communications with, 180; revolutionary rumbles in France and, 90; revolution in Two Sicilies and, 104; Russian-Ottoman war scare of і8гі-гг and, 146,147-49, 155—57; talks with Castlereagh, 43, 44,104, іг8, іг9,146,149, 155-57,170, го4; Troppau discussions and, іг4, ігб Lieven, Dominic, 15 Liven, Khristofor Andreevich. See Lieven, Christoph Andreevich Livonia: emancipation of serfs in, 17; Russian acquisition of, 7 Lombardy-Venetia, Kingdom of, xxi, 246Ո42 London, Treaty of, 163 London Protocol, 164 Louis XVI (King of France), 17 Louis XVIII (King of France), 17, 26; and grand alliance, 66; and Holy Alliance, 31; Napoleon’s return and, г8; Spanish Revolution and, 169,191; threats to regime of, 90, юг Lunéville, Treaty of, π Maloiaroslavets, Battle of, 15 Marengo, Battle of, 11 Marie Louise (Archduchess of Austria), 14, ібб, гг9п89, гзоп7 Marie Louise (Spanish infante), 48,166, гг9п89, гзіП7 Mazepa, Ivan, 6 Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von: at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 53, бо, 65, 69; on grand alliance, 198; on Greek independence movement, 150; at Hanover meetings of i8zi, 146, г59П7і; insurrection in Spanish 303 American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 136; on Neapolitan revolution, response to, 109-10,114,115,133,136,138, Z53nz5; on revolutionary threat, 79, 90, юг, 130; Russian-Ottoman war scare of і8гі-гг and, 145,146,149,154,158, 160, гбіП9г; on Saxon question, г7; at Troppau conferences, юг, 109-10
military, Russian: centralized command structure of, 4; components of, 3; mass conscription and, i-z, 3, 4, 6; peacetime preservation of, 3-4, 43; reforms under Peter the Great, 1, 5, 6; serfdom and, 1, 4,17; size in i8th century, 3; tenacity of, г, 3; victory over French citizen army, го8 Military Historical Archive, xiii Minorca, island of, 4г Mitzen, Jennifer, zi Mochenigo (Mocenigo), Georgii Dmitrievich, гіг, Z48n7i Modena, 139 Moldavia: Greek revolt in, 141,143, г54пзб; map of, xxii; Treaty of Bucharest and Russian political rights in, 144; Turkish reprisals against Christian civilians in, i4i~4Z; withdrawal of Ottoman troops from, 155,158,159,160 Montevideo. See Rio de la Plata Montmorency, Mathieu de, on Spanish Revolution, 185,186 moral force/authority: Alexander I’s emphasis on, 80,130,131, Z05; allied unity and, 51, 86,118, го5, г68п5і; European political system and, 61; and exercise of political power, zoz; existing treaties and, Russian diplomats on, 64; of government, Russian insistence on, 82, 91; Holy Alliance and, 80, 205; and peace, preservation of, 51, 67,127,205; public
304 moral force/authority (continued) opinion and, Kapodistrias on, 42; of Quadruple Alliance, Russian diplomats on, 41, 61, 93,100; Russian government’s preference for, 80, 86, 91,105, 200; Vienna settlement and, 51,205 Moscow, decision to leave to Napoleon, 15,16 Munich, Treaty of, 48, 73, 74 Muscovite tsardom: conflicts with neighbors, 4-5; limited military capability of, 5; transformation into Russian Empire, 1 Naples, Kingdom of: in Second Coalition, 10. See also Neapolitan revolution; Two Sicilies, Kingdom of Napoleon Bonaparte, 11; Alexander Is concessions to, in Treaty of Tilsit, 12-13; and Continental Blockade, 13, 14; defeat and removal from power, 16-17,26; final defeat of, 17,25; invasion of Austria, 11-12; invasion of Russia (war of 1812), xi, 14-16,36; and Kingdom of Westphalia, 77; mastery over Western and Central Europe, 12; military accomplishments of, disunity among opponents and, 198; planned invasion of England, 11; return to power in March 1815,17,27-28, 64; second abdication of, 17, 28; threat to European order, 38, 52; wife of, 14, 166,230Ո7 Napoleonic Wars, 11-17; and allied unity, 198,203; collective guarantee of territorial reconstruction after, 123; experience of, and response to Neapolitan revolution, 118; Fourth Coalition, 12; moral catastrophe associated with, 85; peacemaking after, xi-xii, 17,20,132-33; and potential for total war, 165; Russia’s success in, Index factors responsible for, 2; separate alliances during, 198; Sixth Coalition, 16; Third Coalition, 11,22mi6 Neapolitan revolution, 89,101,102,103; allied plan for response to, Troppau
conferences and, 109-10,113-17,12324,184,189; Austrian response to, 103, 104,109-10,115,116,120,133,138,139; British response to, 104,154, 246Ո44, 247Ո58,251Ш0; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; Duke of Campo Chiaro on, 114; experience of Napoleonic Wars and judgment on, 118; French response to, 104,154, 247Ո57,247Ո58, 251Ш0; Laibach discussions of 133-35, 137, 184; pacification of, Sturdza on, 134; public perception of allied response to, implications for peace in Europe, 140; Russian response to, 102-9, ոշ-15, 120-22,250Ո4 Nelson, Horatio, π Nesselrode, Karl Vasilevich, 18,212-13; on allied unity, key principles of, 169; appeal for British involvement, 124,125,126,127; circular dispatch on Spain (1819), 180-81; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 69,75,76; on constitutionalist trend, 102; correspondence with Cea Bermúdez, 170,2661125; correspondence with Pozzo di Borgo, 180, 270Ո75; efforts to assuage allied suspicions of Russia, 40-41, 43, 44; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; RussianOttoman War of 1828-29 and, 163; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 146,147,149,150-52,157; Spanish Revolution and, 168,169,170; Tatishchev's reports to, 178; at Troppau conferences, 102,109, IIO, 111-11 Netherlands, Kingdom of: Belgian schism with, 100,195; Congress of
Index Aix-la-Chapelle and, 67,69,234Ո32; First Treaty of Paris on, 26; French émigrés in, and threat to French restoration, 48-49; Napoleon’s annexation of, 14; recognition of constitutional government in Naples, 118; and slave trade, abolition of, 263Ո5; Treaty of Chaumont on, 26 Nicholas I (Emperor of Russia), 133,163 Nikolai, Pavel Andreevich, 145,213, 305 British commitment to, 147,149; preservation of, Russian commitment to, 141,143,145,151; and Russia, history of relations with, 5, 7,140-41, 165; Russia’s relations with, as source of allied concern, 42, 43, 49; Russia’s ultimatum to, 142,143,144-45, 150, 154; in Second Coalition, 10; treaty violations by, Russia on, 43. See also under Russian-Ottoman War 257Ո49 non-intervention: British policy of, 53, 80, ioļ, 104,187,194,205, 268044; Russian policy of, 79, 80, 83, 91,184, 201 Norway: First Treaty of Paris and, 222Ո27; Sweden and, 242Ո19; Treaty ofKiel and, 49 Novosil’tsev, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 23,24, 213, 221Ո20 Nystad, Treaty of, 7 Obreskov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 91-94, 213-14 Oldenburg, Duchy of, 14, 75 Orik, O. V., 21 Osterhammel, Jürgen, 195,271Ո86, 271Ո87 Ottoman Empire: and Barbary states, 52, 98; British commitment to preservation of, 147,149; British mediation in relations with Russia, 40; Christian subjects in, reprisals against, 141-42,143-44,160; Christian subjects in, Russia’s obligation to protect, 148,155; Europe’s relations with, Sturdza on, 99; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 38; and German Confederation, 55; Great Northern War and, 7; Greek independence movement and, 140, 141; Holy
Alliance and concerns of, 33; map of, xx, xxii; preservation of, Pahlen (Palen), Fedor Petrovich, 201, 214 Papal states: Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi; revolution and, 246Ո47, 251Ш4 Paris, First Treaty of, 25, 26; France after, 26,36 Paris, Second Treaty of, 25, 29; article 4 of, 65; article 5 of, 52, 62,199; Spanish refusal to accept, 166 Parma, dispute over, 230Ո7 Paul I (Emperor of Russia), 10, и, 23 peace/peacemaking: Alexander I and, 19, 23, 24, 40, 43, 44,132,142,148, 152,162,182,199-200; allied unity and, 44, 83, 89,162,174,198, 235Ո33; British state paper of 1805 and, 23-24; in conceptual history of diplomacy, xiii; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 67, 69-70; fraternity among sovereigns and, 87,182, 204; good governance and, 164; grand alliance and, 101; Holy Alliance and, 30, 31, 33,101; issues threatening, in 1819, 95; moral force and, 51, 67,127, 205; perpetual, Enlightenment ideas of, 23; as primary purpose of European alliance, 201; principles guiding, 67, 199-200; in Restoration era, xi-xii, 17, 20, 23,24,132-33,197-98; revolution as threat to, Verona circular on, 194; revolution suppression and, 118, 183-84, 200; Russian policymakers
306 Index peace/peacemaking (continued) and, гг, 6j, 133,199-2.00; Spanish Revolution as challenge to, 166; Treaty of Chaumont and, 15; truth and, Kapodistrias on, 107; after War of the Spanish Succession, 23; work required to sustain, 197,198 Pepe, Guglielmo, 89 Persia: Britain and, 42; Russia and, 7, 49, 141; Sturdza on, 99 Peter I the Great (Emperor of Russia), 1; army of, 3; foreign policy of, influence on Alexander 1,220Ո7; and Great Northern War, 1, 6-7; political instability after death of, 9; reforms under, i, 2, 5, 6; security challenges inherited by, 5 Peter III (Emperor of Russia), 10 Phull, Karl Ludwig August (Fuľ, K. L.), 248Ո70 Piedmont: map of, xxi; pacification of, 184,192,195. See also Sardinia Pini, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 214, 265Ո16 Pitt, William, the Younger, 23-24 Pius VII, Pope: Laibach conferences and, 248Ո67; rejection of Holy Alliance by, 31 pluralism, Russian diplomats’ understanding of, 86 Poland, Kingdom of: conflicts with Muscovy, 4-5; in Great Northern War, 6; map of, xx; rebellion against Russian rule, 195; restoration of, Alexander Is influence and, 54; and RussianOttoman War of 1677-81, 5; Russia’s position in, as source of allied concern, 42; Thirteen Years’ War against, 2, 5 Poletika, Peter Ivanovich, 18, 214 Polish Diet, as model of moderate constitutionalism, 202, 272Ш1 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, partitioning of, 8,14, 26,218Ո28 Polish question, 13-14, 26-27 Poltava, Battle of, 7 Portugal: at Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 65; invasion of Rio de la Plata, 49, 167,168,175,264Ո8; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; revolution in, allied response
to, 105,106,107,113,127-28; in Second Coalition, 10; and slave trade, abolition of, 263Ո5; Spanish Revolution and, 185; support for Spanish constitution in, 89 Portuguese Brazil, invasion of Rio de la Plata, 49, 244Ո32; allied efforts to resolve, 100,177-80,181-82 Pozzo di Borgo, Karl Osipovich, 18, 215; Alexander Is instructions to, 91; Kapodistrias’s instructions to, 231П10; Nesselrode’s communications with, 180,270Ո75; on revolutionary upheaval, 102; on Spanish crisis, resolution of, 174-75 press: Russian, on Spanish American colonies, 2Ć9n6o; use in conduct of diplomacy, 266Ո25. See also freedom of speech/press Pressburg, Treaty of, 12 Prussia: and collective guarantee proposal, 71; and Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 67, 69; constitutional demands in, 102; on constitutional reforms, 79, 80; in Fourth Coalition against Napoleon, 12; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; German territorial disputes and, 74, 75, 77; Greek independence movement and, 163; in Holy Alliance, 31,55; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of, xx; national representation in, efforts to institute, 79; restoration of territory and population of, 76; revolutionary crisis of 1819-20 and,
Index 90, m-, rise to great power status, and realignment in European balance, 9; Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1821-22 and, 146,147,154,155, 161-62; Russian relations with, under Elizabeth, 9; on Russia's commitment to peace, 39; Saxony transferred to, 27,35, 37; secret defensive alliance against (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 27, 41,203,222Ո32,227Ո70,273Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, 16; Spanish Revolution and, 191; and Treaty of Chaumont, 25; at Troppau conferences, 102,109,115; at Verona conferences, 192-95; Vienna settlement and, 21-22,33 Pruth, battle on, 7 public opinion: Alexander Is concern about, 47,142; British government’s consideration of, 90,92, 200; European restoration and attention to, 38; Golovkin’s understanding of, 299; Kapodistrias’s understandingof, 42; Russian government’s views on, 47,200-201 Quadruple Alliance, 25, 29, 40, 61; ability to combat revolution, doubts about, 56-57; Alexander Is support for, 94; article 6 of, 53, 62,199; Austria’s preference for, 54, 56, 86; Britain’s commitment to, 40, 54, 56, 86; Castlereagh’s doubts about, 250Ո91; and Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 52, 56, 87; as defensive alliance, preserving, 68; exclusivity of, Russian diplomats on, 54, 56, 86; and general alliance, interconnectedness of, 61, 63, 64; vs. general alliance, as foundation of European political system, 54, 56, 58,59; Kapodistrias’s critique of, 56-57, 59, 94,101-2; moral force of, Russian diplomats on, 41, 61, 93, 307 100; Obreskov’s critique of, 92-94; purpose of, 61, 92; reexamining of, local circumstances and, 88; relevance of, Aix-la-
Chapelle discussions on, 65-69; Russian interpretation of, 41, 64; secret protocol at Aix-la-Chapelle, 67-68, 69; Spanish Revolution and, 100; Treaty of Chaumont and, 29, 56, 23on6, 232Ո14; use to isolate Russia, 55 Razumovskii, Andrei Kirillovich, 18, 215 religion. See Christian religion Restoration era (European restoration): Alexander I’s peace proposals of 1804 and, 23, 24; British state paper of 1805 and, 23-24; collective security in, xii, 21,127; conceptualization of, 24, 38; diplomacy of, as model for world governance, xii, 21; first major insurrection of, 166; Holy Alliance as cornerstone of, Alexander I on, 41; peacemaking in, xi-xii, 17, 20, 23, 24, 132-33,197-98; Russian conception of, 205; Russia’s critical role in, 22, 195-96,205, 207; scholarship on, xiixiii, 21-22 revolution(s): of 1848,195; allied unity and suppression of, no, in, 204; causes of, Sturdza on, 174; Christian education as barrier against, 86; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; constitutionalism and threat of, 79; contagion of, Russian diplomats on, 105,174,182,246Ո48; as criminal act, great powers on, 116,117; crisis of 1820, Russian response to, 90-91,102-9, 119-23; general alliance and protection from, arguments for, 57-58,59, 61; good governance and prevention of, 85,164; Greek independence movement viewed in context of, 149-50,159-60; Holy Alliance and
Յօ8 Index revolution(s) (continued) response to, 107-8,118; Kapodistrias on, 100-101,108; vs. liberal democratic change, 208; measures to suppress, vs. non-intervention principle, 80; Metternich on, 79, 90, 102,130; and military aggression, Russian policymakers on, 89; policy of convenience vs. policy of duty regarding, 106; Quadruple Alliance’s ability to combat, doubts about, 56-57; Russian immunity to, Sturdza on, 96; and Russian policy of reconciliation, 208; scourge of, great powers on, 164; spread of, allied efforts to prevent, 185,189,192; Sturdza on, 96,134,174; suppression of, and preservation ofpeace, 118,183-84,200; threat in 1819-20, 88, 96, 97,100-102, 134; as threat to peace, Verona circular on, 194; treaty of guarantee and prevention of, 55, 56; Troppau protocol on, 116,119. See also specific revolutions Rhine, Confederation of the, 12, 16 Richelieu, Duke of (Armand Emmanuel du Plessis), 241Ո3; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65, 66,233Ո23; resignation of, 88,241Ո3; return to power, 91 Ried, Treaty of, 73 Riego, Rafael, 88,168,270Ո73 Rimskii-Korsakov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 10 Rio de la Plata, 244Ո32; allied approach to conflict in, 100,177-80,181-82; Portuguese invasion of, 49,167, 168,175, 2Ć4n8; rebellion in, 244Ո32, 263Ո7 Ruffo, Prince, 139 Russia (Russian Empire): ability to mobilize human and material resources, 2, 3; absence of constitutional reform in, 201; and allied unity, support for, 64, 89, 91, no, iii, 115,118,127,130,143,152, 205; association of states under protection of, idea of, 23; Baden-Bavarian territorial dispute and, 48, 73-74; and
Britain, commercial relations of, 13,14; burden of European war falling on, 92; and Congress ofAix-la-Chapelle, 53, 60-64, 67, 68, 69,71-72; in Crimean War, 43,196; Decembrist Rebellion of 1825 in, 96,163,195,208; divergence from liberal democratic Europe, 207; as dominant Baltic power, 7; enlightened reformism in, 78, 82; and European order, conception of, 197, 205; and European restoration, critical role in, 22,195-96,205, 207; exceptionalism of, 96,208; in Fourth Coalition, 12; on France’s reintegration into European system, 37,38; and Frankfurt Territorial Commission, 72; and general alliance, support for, xi, 54,56-58, 60, 61-62, 71, 86,130; German Confederation and, 79, 80, 83-86, 91,119, 243Ո23; in Great Northern War, 1, 6-7; Greek independence movement and, 142,143, 152,159-60,161,163, 251Ո8,255Ո38; and Holy Alliance, 30,31,35; immunity to threat of revolution, Sturdza on, 96; institutions in, strength and stability of, 208; insurrection in Spanish American colonies and, 176; at Laibach conferences, 135,138,139; map of 1815, xx; Neapolitan revolution and, 102-9,112.—is, 120-22, 250Ո4; non-interference policy of, 79, 80, 83, 91,184,201; and Ottoman Empire, commitment to preservation of, 141, 143,145,151; and Ottoman Empire, history of relations with, 5, 7,140-41, 165; peace proposals of 1804, 23,24; Polish question and, 13-14, 26-27;
Index Quadruple Alliance used to isolate, 55; revolutionary crisis in Europe (i8zo) and, 90-91,101-9,119-13; rise to great power status, 1,39; in Second Coalition, 10,11; second-order powers and, 47, 60,131,100; secret defensive alliance against (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 17, 41,101,103, іііпзі, 117Ո70, 173Ո18; in Seven Years’ War, 9-10; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and Spain, rumors about secret alliance of, 41, 43,167; and Spain, sale ofwarships to, 41,167, 175; and Spain, special relationship of, 48,177,178; Spanish Revolution and, 105,106,107,113, in, 168-75,185-86, 187,189-91,169Ո61; suspicions regarding, 33,35-46, 50,167; territorial expansion of, 4, 7-9,39; in Third Coalition, 11-11; in Thirteen Years’ War, 1,5; transformation of Muscovite tsardom into, 1, 7; and Treaty of Chaumont, 15; and Troppau conferences, 101,109-15; ultimatum to Ottoman Porte by, 141,143,144-45; at Verona conferences, 191-95; and Vienna settlement, 11-11, nonio; in war of 1811, xi, 14-16,36, 91. See ako diplomacy; military Russian-Ottoman War of 1677-81, 5 Russian-Ottoman War of 1768-74, 8 Russian-Ottoman War of i8o6֊n, 13 Russian-Ottoman War of 1818-19, 163-64 Russian-Ottoman war scare of 1811-11,140-51,165; Alexander I’s commitment to peace and, 141,148, 151; and challenges to allied unity, 133,141-43,145-48,150-51,164; plea for allied support in, 148-49,151-53; religious and nationalist excesses exposed by, 165 Russian State Archive ofAncient Acts (RGADA), xv 309 Sachsen-Coburg, Duke of, 75 Sardinia (Sardinia-Piedmont), Kingdom of: Austrian claims against, as violation of Quadruple Alliance,
40-41, 48; Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi; pacification of, 184, 191,195; revolution in, 119,139,141Ո8; Troppau conferences and, 119 Saxony, transfer to Prussian administration, 17, 35,37 Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach, Grand Duchy of, 137Ո51; student unrest in, 77-79 Schlussakte of 1810, 79,139Ո09 Schroeder, Paul W„ 10,39,106, ноші, іібпбі Schulz, Matthias, 19 Second Coalition, War of, 10-11 second-order powers: Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle and, 70-71, 76,199, 134Ո31; Congress of Vienna and, 95; extending Quadruple Alliance to, Russian proposal for, 63; general alliance and benefits for, 55; legal rights of, great powers’ use of, ioo; Russian foreign policy and, 47, 60,131,100; tensions with great powers, 198-99; Troppau decisions and concerns of, 119 secret alliance(s): against Russia and Prussia (Treaty ofJanuary 1815), 17, 41,101,103,1ИП31,117Ո70,173Ո18; between Russia and Spain, rumors about, 41, 43,167 Selim III (Ottoman sultan), 99,144Ո17 separate alliances: Alexander I’s position on, 9z; allied leaders’ commitment to prevent, 197,198; Crimean War and, 196; during Napoleonic Wars, 198 serfdom, in Russia: and military system, i, 4,17; reforms under Alexander 1,17; slavery compared to, 98 Seven Years’ War, 9-10 Sheehan, James, гз7П58 Siberia, Russian conquest of, 8
Зіо Index Sixth Coalition, i б Sked, Alan, ггбпбг slave trade, abolition of: British actions on, 48, 95,98, 242Ш9,263Ո5; Congress of Vienna on, 28,242Ո19; Netherlands and, 263Ո5; Portugal and, 263Ո5; Russia's position on, 47, 48,54; Spain and, 98,167, 243Ո25, 263Ո5; Sturdza on, 98; undecided question of, 52 Slavophilism, 96,207,208 Smith, Adam, 273Ш5 South America: Sturdza on, 97-98. See also Spanish American colonies sovereignty: as foundation of European order, xi. See also legitimate sovereignty Spain: allies’ inability to influence policies of, 178-81; assessment of conditions in 1819, 96; civil war in, 186,190,193,270Ո73; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65; Final Act of Congress ofVienna and, 47, 48,54, 166-67,176; French intervention in, 169,171,184,191; Kapodistrias on, 176,177,182-83; Napoleonic invasion of, 182, 265Ո24; political reform in, Russian calls for, 171-72,177,181,182, 183; and Russia, rumors about secret alliance of, 42, 43,167; and Russia, sale of warships, 42,167,175; and Russia, special relationship of, 48,177,178; and slave trade, abolition of, 98,167, 243Ո25,263Ո5; as threat to European peace, 91; Treaty of Chaumont on, 26; Troppau conferences and, 129. See also Spanish American colonies; Spanish constitution of 1812; Spanish Revolution of 1820 Spanish American colonies: British mediation in, proposal for, 175,17780, 268Ո50; independence of, allied position on, 195; independence of, US recognition of, 184; insurrection in, 100,166,167,175,182-84, 244Ո32,263Ո7; pacification of, allied discussions of, 175-81; Portuguese attacks on (invasion of Rio de
la Plata), 49,167,168,175,264Ո8; Russian press on, 269Ո60; Spanish Revolution and threat to, 189; Sturdza’s analysis of, 97-98 Spanish constitution of 1812,170, 266Ո28; Alexander Is position on, 171,172, 266Ո26; Cortes and, 88,170, 2Ճ5Ո24; in Portugal, 89; restoration in Spain, 88,102,120,168,170,171,173, 184,264Ո14; Sturdza on, 174; in Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 89,102,114 Spanish Revolution of 1820, 88; Alexander Is response to, 103,122, 170-73,174,184,189-91, 267Ո29; Austrian response to, 169,186-87,188, 191; British response to, 104,127-28, 169,170,187,188,269Ո62; collective allied action in response to, British opposition to, 127-28; as first major insurrection of Restoration era, 166; French response to, 171,184,191, 269Ո62; great powers’ response to, 88-89, mo. ю1- 103, 168-75,186-91, 193-94, 267Ո29, 269Ո62; initial phase of, 184; Russian position on, 105,106, 107,113,122,168-75,185-86,187,18991, 269Ո62; spread of, allied concern about, 185,190; Sturdza on, 134,17374; as threat to France, 172,185,186, 190; Troppau conferences on, 109 Spanish Succession, War of, 23 Speranskii, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 13,31-32 Spina, Cardinal, 251Ш4 Stackelberg, Gustav Ottonovich, 40, 41, 215; communications with Kapodistrias, 41-43,105; post-Laibach instructions to, 136-38; on secret Russian-Spanish accord, suspicions of, 43
Index Stewart, Charles William, 12.5-16,1501191 Stewart, Robert. See în Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 141Ո3 Tatishchev, Dmitrii Pavlovich, 18, zi6; on Castlereagh, Viscount Štolbovo, Treaty of, 4 St. Petersburg, founding of, 6 British mediation proposal, 175; and St, Petersburg Protocol, 163 Strangford, Lord (Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe), 145,147,157,158,163 court, 151-54,155,157; mission to Ferdinand VII, personal relationship with, 43,178; missions to Austrian strategic restraint, Vienna settlement Spanish court, 177,178,179-80,181; at Verona conferences, 161 Teil’-fan-Seroskerken, F. V. (Theodor and, 11 Stroganov, Grigorii Aleksandrovich, 18, Third Coalition, 11,111П16 Tuyll van Seroskerken), 163Ո5 to Ottoman Porte by, 141,143,144- Thirteen Years’ War, 1, 5 Thurn and Taxis, princess of, 76 45,161,165 Tilsit, Treaty of, 11-13,14,17 141,141,164,115; ultimatum delivered Struve, Genrikh Antonovich, n6, 138Ո60 Sturdza, Aleksandr Skarlatovich, n6; analyses of German affairs, 84, 96-97,139Ո09; on European political system, 134; on Greek independence movement, I5in8; ideas of, influence on Russian diplomacy, 105,113,118; “Review of the Year 1819,” 94-zoo; and Slavophilism, 96; on Spanish Revolution, 134,173-74; on Troppau protocol, 118 Tolstoy, Leo, i6,13z Trafalgar, Battle of, 11 treaties: and legitimate sovereignty, 63, 64,197-98; multiple interpretations of, 89,114; spirit vs. letter of, 116,130, 100; and territorial guarantee, 63, 64. See also specific treaties treaty obligations: Alexander I’s commitment to, 83,131,168,135Ո33; alliances and commitment to, 198;
revolutionary crisis in Europe and commitment to, 104,105,106,110; Suvorov, Aleksandr Vasilevich, 10,11 Sweden: dispute with Denmark, 49-50,51,141Ո19; efforts to reassert power in Baltic region, 8; in Fourth Coalition, iz; Great Northern Russian commitment to, 35, 41, 44-45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 83,104,105,106, no, 131, 168,135Ո33 treaty of guarantee [Alliance Solidaire): War against, 1, 6-7; in Napoleonic Wars, 13; and Norway, 141019; on Russia's commitment to peace, 39; in Sixth Coalition, 16; and Treaty of 71-71,107, izz, 130; Alexander Is proposal for, 53, 60,100,131Ո17; Austrian proposal for, in, 111-14, 149Ո74; benefits of, 55, 56; Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and, 111; Troppau discussions of, in-11. See also general alliance Trianon Tariff, 14 Štolbovo, 4 Switzerland; First Treaty of Paris and, 1ИП17; independence of, Alexander I and, 54; revolutionary upheaval of 1810 and, 100; Treaty of Chaumont on, 15 Table of Ranks, in Russia, 1 Aix-Іа-Chapelle discussions of, Troppau conferences, 101-3,109-15, 145Ո37; Alexander Is moderate policies during, 106; British rejection of decisions of, 114-19; circular
311 Troppau conferences (continued) describing results of, 117; French rejection of decisions of, 129-30; Kapodistrias’s communications prior to, 105-9; on Neapolitan revolution, response to, 109-10, 113-17,123-24,184,189; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; Preliminary Protocol of, 115-17; Russian diplomats’ defense of, 118-24; Russian expectations based on actions negotiated at, 154; and second-order powers, concerns of, 119; Sturdza’s critique of, 118; on treaty of guarantee, in-12 Tuscany, Grand Duchy of: First Treaty of Paris and, 26; Frankfurt Territorial Commission and, 166; Laibach conferences and, 139; map of, xxi Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 241Ո7; and Austria, treaty of 1815,103, 119,120; Austrian intervention in, 109-10,133,138,139,184,250Ո5; constitutionalism in, 89,102,114; map of, xxi; pacification of, 184,191, 192,195; Russian representative in, post-Laibach instructions to, 136-37. See also Neapolitan revolution Ukraine, 5, 7 United Nations, Vienna settlement as model for, xii, 21 United States: constitution of, 240Ո71; revolution in, lessons of, 132; Spanish American independence movement and, 184 unity, allied: Alexander I’s commitment to, 83, 89, 91,115,120,131,140, 162,174,198, 235Ո33, 261Ո96; and avoidance of war, 133,140; critical aspects of, 169,201-4; fragility of, events underscoring, 133,142-43, 145-48,150-51,164-65; friendship Index among sovereigns and, 201-4; and future progress, Russian diplomats on, 86; and moral force, 51, 86,118, 205,268Ո51; Napoleonic Wars and, Г98, 203; and peace, 44, 83, 89,162, 174,198,235Ո33; and resolution
of Russian-Ottoman war scare, 161-62; and resolution of Spanish crisis, 169-71; Russian focus on preserving, 64, 89, 91, no, ni, 115,118,127,130, 143,152, 205; and Spanish American colonies, resolution of conflict in, 177; and victory against revolution, no, in, 204; wars shattering, 271Ո87 Utrecht, treaties of, 23 Velikie Luki, Treaty of, 170 Verona conferences, 89,158-62, 253Ո27, 260Ո85; developments prior to, 184-85; general protocol of, absence of, 194; and Italian affairs, circular on, 192-95; need for active peacemaking highlighted by, 197; and Spanish Revolution, response to, 171, 187-89,193-94 Viazma, Battle of, 15 Victor Emmanuel I (King of Sardinia), 139, 241Ո8 Vienna, Congress of (Vienna peace settlement), 10,26-30; commitment to, 45; common instructions after, 74; conference diplomacy after, 22, 29, 206, 230Ո3,274Ո29; Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle as completion of, 52, 53; great powers in, 21-22, 95,220Ո7; Holy Alliance as moral component of, 34-35,224Ո48; institutional innovation of, 22; as legal system, 29-30; as model of multilateral diplomacy, xii, 21; moral dimension of, 51,205; Napoleon's return and, 28; and new understanding of European order, 21; Polish-Saxon question at, 13,26-27,
Index шщу, and political equilibrium, 37; and reorganization of Germany, 16, 72.; Russian-Ottoman disputes addressed at, 141; Russia’s legalistic and moralistic understanding of, 51, 82; scholarship on, xiii, 20-21,220П10; secret alliances after, fears of, 43-44; on slave trade, 28, 242Ո19; and strategic restraint, 22; territorial boundaries redrawn under, 27,28; unfinished business after, 47, 48,52, 72. See also Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Vienna conferences (ր8շշ), 157, ібг Vladimirescu, Tudor, 14г 313 Г32; total, potential for, 165. See also specific wars War and Peace (Tolstoy), ré, 132 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, րշ, 13, 27 Waterloo, Battle of, rr, Г7, 28 Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), Г7, 40, 231Ո9; at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 60, 65, 66, 67, 69; and Spanish American colonies, mediation in, 177,178,180 Westphalia, Congress of, and European political system, xi, շր, 234Ո32 Westphalia, Kingdom of, 77 William II (King of the Netherlands), 26 Windischgrätz, prince of, 76 Wallachia: Greek revolt in, 141,143, 254Ո36; map of, xxii; Treaty of Bucharest and Russian political rights in, 144; Turkish reprisals against Christian civilians in, 141-42; withdrawal of Ottoman troops from, 155,158,159, r6o war: avoidance of, as allies’ primary goal, 133, Г40; as tool of modern progress, Württemberg, Kingdom of, 76; constitution in, 79, 80 Ypsilantis, Alexandras (Alexander Ypsilanti), Г4Г, 142, Г50, 255Ո38 Zamoyski, Adam, շր Zaporozhian Cossacks, 8 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Franklin A. “Enlightenment and Religion in Russian Education in the Reign of Tsar Alexander I.” History ofEducation Quarterly 32, no. 3 (Fall 1992): 343-60. Waresquiel, Emmanuel de. Talleyrand, le prince immobile. Paris: Fayard, 2006. Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization ofRural France, 18701914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976. Webster, Charles K., ed. British Diplomacy 1813-181S· Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction ofEurope. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1921. ----- 1 “Disarmament Proposals in 1816.” The Contemporary Review, no. 683 (November 1922): 621-7 ----- і The Foreign Policy ofCastlereagh 181S-1822. Voi. 2: Britain and the European Alli ance. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1963. Werner, Michael, and Bénédicte Zimmermann. “Beyond Comparison: Histoire Croisée and the Challenge of Reflexivity.” History and Theory 45, no. 1 (February 2006): 30-50. White, Eugene N. “Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Na poleonic Reparations.” European Review ofEconomic History 5, no. 3 (2001): 337-65.
Bibliography 291 Whitman James Q. The Verdict ofBattle: The Law of Victory and the Making ofMod ern War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 201г. Whittaker, Cynthia Hyla. Russian Monarchy: Eighteenth-Century Rulers and Writers in Political Dialogue. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003. Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. “The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and Russia’s Proposal for a Treaty of Guarantee.” Journal ofModern Russian History and Histo riography 12 (2019): 245-62. -------- . From Serfto Russian Soldier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990. ---------. The Play ofIdeas in Russian Enlightenment Theater. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003. -------- . Religion and Enlightenment in Catherinian Russia: The Teachings ofMetropolitan Platon. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2013. -----. “Russian Diplomacy as Enlightenment Project: The Holy Alliance and the Vi enna Settlement, 1815-1823.” In Vek Prosveshcheniia. Vypusk 6: Chto takoe Prosveshchenie? Novye otvety na staryi vopros. (Moscow: Nauka, 2018), 208-18. -----. Russia’s Age ofSerfdom 1641-1861. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. ----- . Social Identity in Imperial Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997. Wołoch, Isser. The New Regime: Transformations ofthe French Civic Order, 1789 -1820s. New York: Norton, 1994. Wortman, Richard S. Scenarios ofPower: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from. Peter the Great to the Abdication ofNicholas II. 1 voi. abridged. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006. Zamoyski, Adam. Rites ofPeace:
The Fall ofNapoleon and the Congress of Vienna. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Zorin, Andrei. Kormia dvuglavogo orla. Literatura іgosudarstvennaia ideologiia v Rossit v posledné treti XVIII-pervoi treti XIX veka. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2001. Zürcher, Erik-Jan, ed. Fightingfor a Living: A Comparative History ofMilitary Labour iSOO-2000. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2013. |
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| author | Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109871529 |
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| contents | Introduction : Russia as a Great Power in Europe -- Pacification and Peace (1815-17) -- Completion of the General Alliance (1817-20) -- Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (1820-21) -- To Act in Concert (1821-22) -- Spain and the European System (1820-23) -- Conclusion : Russia's European Diplomacy |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047424007 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:57:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501756016 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032826528 |
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| physical | xix, 313 Seiten Karten |
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| publishDate | 2021 |
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| publisher | Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press |
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| series2 | NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies |
| spelling | Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling Verfasser (DE-588)109871529 aut From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter Ithaca ; London Northern Illinois University Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press 2021 xix, 313 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier NIU series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian studies Introduction : Russia as a Great Power in Europe -- Pacification and Peace (1815-17) -- Completion of the General Alliance (1817-20) -- Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (1820-21) -- To Act in Concert (1821-22) -- Spain and the European System (1820-23) -- Conclusion : Russia's European Diplomacy "The book analyzes Emperor Alexander I's foreign policy in the years 1815-23, a critical period in the European restorations that followed the victory over Napoleon. It highlights Russia's integration into European society, understanding of European order, contribution to peacemaking, and perspective on what it meant to act in concert"-- Aleksandr I. Russland, Zar 1777-1825 (DE-588)118501852 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1815-1823 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia / Foreign relations / 1801-1825 Russia / History / Alexander I, 1801-1825 Europe / Foreign relations / 1815-1871 Russia / Foreign relations / Europe Europe / Foreign relations / Russia Diplomatic relations Europe Russia 1801-1871 History Aleksandr I. Russland, Zar 1777-1825 (DE-588)118501852 p Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1815-1823 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-5649-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-5603-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826528&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032826528&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon Introduction : Russia as a Great Power in Europe -- Pacification and Peace (1815-17) -- Completion of the General Alliance (1817-20) -- Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (1820-21) -- To Act in Concert (1821-22) -- Spain and the European System (1820-23) -- Conclusion : Russia's European Diplomacy Aleksandr I. Russland, Zar 1777-1825 (DE-588)118501852 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
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| title | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |
| title_auth | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |
| title_exact_search | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |
| title_exact_search_txtP | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |
| title_full | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter |
| title_fullStr | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter |
| title_full_unstemmed | From victory to peace Russian diplomacy after Napoleon Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter |
| title_short | From victory to peace |
| title_sort | from victory to peace russian diplomacy after napoleon |
| title_sub | Russian diplomacy after Napoleon |
| topic | Aleksandr I. Russland, Zar 1777-1825 (DE-588)118501852 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aleksandr I. Russland, Zar 1777-1825 Außenpolitik Russland |
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