Central and East European politics: changes and challenges
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield
[2022]
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| Edition: | Fifth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| ISBN: | 9781538142806 |
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| adam_text | Contents List of Illustrations v Acknowledgments xi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Central and East Europe: Turbulent Histories, Dramatic Transformations, and Twenty-First-Century Challenges 3 Zsuzsa Csergő, Daina S. Eglitis, and Pauև M. Pickering PART II: POLICIES AND ISSUES 2 Liberal, Fascist, and Communist Legacies 39 Jeffrey S. Kopstein 3 Nationalism and Its Challenges toDemocratic Governance 67 Zsuzsa Csergő andJason Wittenberg 4 Civil Society and Political Parties: Growth and Change in the Organizations Linking People and Power 99 Kevin Deegan-Krause 5 Economic Reforms and Trends 127 Sharon Fisher 6 Demography and Migration 159 Daina S. Eglitis and Michelle Kebo 7 Transitional Justice and Memory 185 Eva-Clarita Pettäi and Vello Pettäi 8 Gender Regimes Éva Fodor 213
iv CONTENTS 9 The EU and Its Newer Members: Forging Ties in Turbulent Times 235 Ronald H. Linden 10 Russia Rising: Soft and Hard Power Challenges to Security 269 Jennie L. Schulze PART III: CASE STUDIES 11 Poland 305 Jane L. Curry 12 The Czech and Slovak Republics 333 Sharon L. Wolchik 13 Hungary 365 Federigo Argentieri and Ognen Vangelov 14 The Baltic Countries 397 Daunis Auers 15 Bulgaria 427 Janusz Bugajski and Margarita Assenova 16 Romania 463 Michelle Keho 17 Albania 499 Arolda Elbasani and Seimir Elbasani 18 Former Yugoslavia and Its Successor States 525 Pauև M. Pickering andJelena Subotič 19 Ukraine 565 Paul DAnieri PART IV: CONCLUSION 20 Changes and Challenges: Three Questions 595 Zsuzsa Csergő, Daina S. Eglitis, and Paula M. Pickering Index 609 About the Contributors 623
Index Page references for figures, maps, photos, and tables are italicized. Abkhazia (Georgia), 271 abortion, 162-63, 182n44, 224, 357, 363n68, 468, 481; and Hungary, 167; and Latvia, 168; and Poland, 91, 107, 117, 162, 168, 182n40, 321, 328, 602; and Romania, 159, 169, 180nn2-3, 491, 492nl6; and Russia, 180n7 acquis communautaire (EU), 240, 432 Afghanistan, 174, 177, 587 Age of Reforms (Hungary), 366 agency (of political actors), 32, 232nl9, 285, 529 Agrarian National Union (Bulgaria), 432 Albania, 499-524; and civil society, 500, 512-13, 519, 522nn41-44; and communist period, 503, 510-12; and economic transition, 499-504, 506, 511, 513-16; and elections, 504, 506-11, 521n29, 522n37; and European Union, 500, 508, 510-12, 515-19, 521n24; and foreign policy, 502-3, 505; and NATO, 502, 508, 512; and Ottoman Empire, 500; and political institutions, 507; and political parties, 501, 507, 511-14, 518-19; and social issues, 516-18; and transitional justice, 505, 521nl4, 522n4l; and Warsaw Pact, 17-20, 502; and women, 517, 517, 523n57; and World War I, 501 Alia, Ramiz (Albania), 503 Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (ADK), 544 609 Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR), 477 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) (Hungary), 372-73, 376-77 Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz) (Hungary), 32, 91-93, 113, 175, 245, 254, 365-66, 367, 372-86, 390, 392, 392nl5, 395n84, 599, 604-5 Allied Control Commission (Hungary), 368 Antall, József (Hungary), 375-76, 386 Antonescu, Ion (Romania), 466-67, 474, 488, 491 Armenia, 184n72, 247, 249, 257 Arrow Cross Party (Hungary), 45-46, 368, 392nl5
association agreement, 257—58, 267n85, 571-73, 583 Association for Saving Bucharest, 476 Ataka (Bulgaria), 283, 437, 439-40, 442, 453, 604 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7, 9, 34nl3, 33435, 366, 526, 565-67 autocratization, 77, 537, 555 Azerbaijan, 247, 257 Babiš, Andrej, 93, 333, 345, 350-51, 358-59 Bajnai, Gordon (Hungary), 375 Balcerowicz, Leszek (Poland), 311-12, 323 Balcerowicz Plan, 316-18, 322 Baltic Way, 424nnl0-l4 Banat (Romania), 465
610 INDEX Băsescu, Traían (Romania), 195, 473, 475 Battle of White Mountain, 334 Bayer, Zsolt (Hungary see also Alliance of Young Democrats), 367, 392n7 Belarus (including Belarusian), 27, 42-43, 51, 73, 111, 247, 249, 257, 283, 327, 382, 397, 422, 567, 582, 588, 590 Belene, 439, 444 Belka, Marek (Poland), 313 Belt and Road Initiative, 253 Beneš, Eduard, (Czechoslovakia), 71, 96nl0, 336-37 Beneš Decrees, 70, 74 Berisha, Sali (Albania), 504-5, 507, 511, 514 Berkut (Ukraine), 575 Berlin Wall, 22, 63, 238, 245, 263n34, 340, 477, 603, 605 Berov, Lyuben (Bulgaria), 433 Bessarabia (Romania), 465-66 Bibó, Istaván (Hungary), 367, 392n6 Bierut, Bolesław (Poland), 307 birth rate, 166-67 Black Sea Fleet, 275, 570, 575 Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria), 453 Blue Coalition (Bulgaria), 439 Bohemia, 64n8, 336-37, 339, 342 Bokros Plan (Hungary), 131, 386 Bolshevik, 7, 48-49, 465, 467, 567 Bolshevik Republic of Councils (Hungary), 366 Borisov, Boyko (Bulgaria), 439, 441-44, 447, 455, 460n54 Boross, Péter (Hungary), 375 Bosniac-Croatian Federation, 533 Bosniacs, 76, 108, 280, 282, 527-28, 531-33, 537, 534, 541-42, 545, 554, 560n42, 561n69, 562n78 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 7, 24, 27, 73, 75—76, 81-82, 112, 118, 128, 146, 209nl, 236, 256, 299nl59, 366, 525, 529-38, 540-42, 545-49, 551-54, 559n20, 560n38, 56lnn56-68, 562nn69-74, 606 Bosnian Serb Army, 532 Brain Drain, 154, 172, 182n45, 419, 486-87, 516, 552, 555, 583 Brexit, 172-74, 255, 266n74, 287, 454 Brezhnev, Leonid, 20, 567 Brezhnev Doctrine, 58, 60 Bronze Night, 279, 284-85 Bronze Soldier (Estonia), 277, 297nl25, 299nl63, 414 Budapest (Hungary), 3, 7,
33n2, 50, 59, 9293, 98n43, 100, 108, 175, 201, 246, 253, 335,367, 369-370, 377-79,380, 385-87, 389, 391n2, 392nl5, 394n74 Bulgaria, 427-61; and civil society, 448-49; and communism, 429, 447, 450, 453, 456; and democracy, 427, 431-32, 437-38, 457nnl11, 459n30; and economic transition, 427, 429-31, 433-35, 437-39,444,447-51, 454, 460n48; and European Union (EU), 427, 431-32, 436, 438-47,449-50, 454-56, 457n9, 458n23; and foreign policy, 455; and Interwar, 428; and Macedonia, 428, 452-53, 456, 458n26; and migration, 446, 459n31, 460n51; and minorities, 429,433,446,450-52,454,457; and nationalism, 438, 454, 456; and NATO, 427, 434-38, 442-43, 449, 454-56; and Ottoman Empire, 427, 452; and political party, 437, 439-40, 443, 452-55; and political transition, 428-30, 436, 438—40, 443, 449, 451—54; and Russia, 434, 436, 440-41, 443-44,449, 454-55,458nn2223, 459n28, 460n63, 461n65; and social issues, 448-54; and transitional justice, 431, 448; and women, 438; and World War II, 428, 436 Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union, 437 Bulgarian Agrarian Union, 427 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 429 Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), 445 Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, 432 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 434, 436, 438, 440-41, 449, 455, 457n5 bureaucracy, 21, 43, 52, 313, 375 Burgas (Bulgaria), 439 Byzantium, 566 Catherine the Great, 275, 566, 573 Catholic Church, 17, 21-22, 56, 91, 101, 168, 305, 307, 310, 315-21, 327-29, 369, 567 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 18, 23, 55, 58, 61, 71, 86, 163, 171, 180ո2, 189, 199, 206, 218, 372,463-64, 468-69, 472, 474,477, 481-81, 490-91, 493nnl7-18
INDEX Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), 147 Central European University (CEU), 93, 108, 385, 388 central planning, 55, 58, 132, 337, 529 charismatic parties, 116 Chernobyl, 21, 568, 590n6 Chervenkov, Valko, 428 Churchill, Winston, 15, 368, 467 Ciorbea, Victor, 474 Citizens’ Campaign 98 (OK’98), 341, 350 Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria (GERB), 439-44, 455 Civic Circles Movement, 378, 384, 392nl9 Civic Democratic Alliance (Czech and Slovak Republics), 346 Civic Frum (Czech Republic), 339—40, 345-46 Civic Platform (PO) Poland), 121, 305, 31314, 317-18, 324 civil society (general), 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 45, 59-62, 93, 99-109, 112, 115, 120-22, 123nn2-6, 124nn10-26, 204, 247 Civil Society Committee (Bulgaria), 448 civil society diamond, 103, 122, 123nl, 124nl0 clans, 502, 512, 567 Coalition for Bulgaria, 437, 440 Cold War, 18, 25-26, 29, 31, 52, 58, 69, 71-72, 82, 178, 209, 214, 231n3, 232Ш9, 235, 237, 244, 256, 258, 260, 269, 337, 432, 443, 503, 588, 595-96, 608n29 Colectiv Club, 476, 485-86 collectivization, 17-18, 402, 428, 446, 502, 567 Cominform, 56 Committee for an Act of Historian Justice (TIB), 372 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 241, 262nl5, 418 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 135, 140, 144-45, 147, 153, 273, 419 Communist International, 51, 428 Communist Party of Central and East Europe, 376 Communist Party of Ukraine, 569 compatriot policy, 269-70, 285, 299nl69 Congress of Berlin, 7 Constantinescu, Emil, 473-74 Constantinople, 566, 586 611 Constitutional Court, 92, 190, 198, 283, 313-14, 326, 344-45, 374-75, 381-82, 392n7, 407,
410, 431, 452, 471, 490, 508-10, 521n31, 571 Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM) (EU), 240, 262n9, 432, 457n3 Copenhagen criteria, 29, 79, 240, 243 corruption, 4, 7, 19-21, 24, 31, 40, 42, 5455, 61-62, 88, 91, 107-9, 111, 114, 119, 128, 131, 138, 140, 147, 152, 155, 172, 178, 208, 240, 243, 247, 250, 278, 280, 282, 287, 290, 296nnl02-106, 309, 318, 324, 347-48, 350, 353, 358, 361, 387, 399, 412-14, 416, 419-20, 425n23, 43040, 443-44, 447-49, 452, 456, 457nn2-9, 473-76, 479, 483-86, 491, 496nn84-103, 500, 509, 515-16, 519, 521n34, 522n48, 533, 537, 539-40, 542, 544-45, 547-48, 550-51, 554-55, 56ln62, 562n90, 571, 573, 575-76, 581-82, 584, 589, 598-99, 603—4, 606 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or Comecon), 17, 56, 66n35, 131, 135-36, 237, 340, 477 Council of Europe, 29, 79, 213, 235, 236, 248, 26lnl, 289, 388, 395nn90-91, 406, 452, 482, 489, 497nl23 Council of Ministers (Albania), 507 Council of National Salvation Front (CNSF), 470-71 coup (1991), 404, 569, 596 courts (general), 43, 45, 62, 82, 119, 191, 193, 197, 202, 208, 240, 305, 313-14, 319, 327, 345, 375, 381, 387, 407, 416, 431, 452, 508, 511, 543, 546, 553 COVID-19 pandemic, 3, 127, 137, 151-52, 156, 173, 177-78, 213, 227-29, 234nn57, 243, 248, 253-54, 265nn63-65, 287, 329, 358, 363nn55֊56, 383, 415, 446-48, 459n32, 477, 488, 490, 515, 548, 551, 555, 563n93, 584, 588 Crimea, 27, 93-95, 147, 154, 236, 258, 269, 272, 274-75, 281, 283-85, 288-89, 291nl, 294nn56-64, 422, 441, 454-55, 565-66, 569-70, 572-75, 587-88, 590 Crimean Tatar Khanate, 566 critical juncture, 596-97
612 INDEX Croatia, 525; and Austro-Hungarian Empire, society, 333, 349-53, 362nn33-43; and 7; and authoritarianism, 109; and communism, 340-41, 343, 345, 349-50, communism, 560nn32-34; and democracy 352-57, 360nn8-9, 361n21, 362nn31-32; (including democratization), 24, 75, and elections, 333, 337, 340^42, 344-48, 118-19, 125n36,247, 249, 529-30, 536, 350-51, 353, 355-59; and foreign policy, 539-40, 544, 546-47, 549, 559nl8, 600; 340-41; and NATO, 339-41, 345; and and demography, 155, 161, 173, 552; and political parties, 336-37, 340, 345-50, economy, 151-52, 156, 250, 419, 548^49, 355, 358, 361nn21-23; and public 55(2-51, 555; and European Union, 128, opinion, 341, ЗбІпЗО, 362n47; and social 147, 150, 173, 236, 240, 243, 256; and issues, 354—56, 362n50; and World War fascism, 527-28; and independence, II, 336, 349 530-31; and migration, 173, 177, 561n69; and minorities, 12, 73, 75, 97nl6, Dayton Peace Accords, 27, 76, 532, 554 530, 535, 544-45, 552, 557, 563Ш01; Death rate, 161-62, 170, 254, 265n63, 354, and nationalism, 81, 86, 537, 560n32; 447, 449-50, 481, 588 and Ottoman Empire, 7; and pension Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade reform, 143; and political parties, 75-76, Agreement (DCFTA), 258, 583 117-18, 527, 540, 559nl6, 600; and Dej, Gheorghe Gheorghiu (Romania), 467 postcommunism, 116, 209nl, 561n66; and democracy: electoral, 3, 602-3, 606; liberal, social issues, 553-54; and unemployment, 3-4, 21, 40, 42-43, 48, 61, 63-64, 69, 146; and war crimes, 533, 553 88-89, 92, 94, 98n42, 104, 283-84, 290, Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 76, 120, 305, 388-90, 588, 596, 602-3,
605-6, 536, 539-41, 547-48, 550 607nl1 Csurka, István (Hungary), 376 Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in cyberattacks, 270, 277, 288-89 Romania (DAHR), 473-74, 477 Czech Lands, 42-43, 74, 203, 237, 333-37, democratic backsliding, 4, 32-33, 89, 93, 341, 345, 346, 352, 359 95-96, 98n44,108, 152,207, 212n34, 223, Czechoslovakia, 7, 9-11, 14, 25-28, 31, 245,248, 259-60, 264n49,267nn98-101, 42, 53-54, 57, 191 199, 203, 243, 333, 290, 358, 366, 375, 381, 391, 554, 559nl6, 337-40, 360nl, 366, 373, 468; and 599, 601, 608nl8 authoritarianism, 30-31; and breakup of, Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), 73-74, 81, 97nl3, 187, 334, 360nl2, 473-74 368; and civil society, 60-61, 349; and democratic deconsolidation, 260 communism (including communist Democratic Forum Alliance (Hungary), 377 period), 17, 22, 24, 51-52, 55, 57-58, Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), 544 61, 129-30, 243, 333, 337, 340; and Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), 312-14, democracy, 43, 220, 336, 343, 346; and 316-18 dissidents, 101, 104; and economy, 53Democratic Opposition of Slovenia 54, 56, 129, 131-34, 136-40, 147; and (DEMOS), 539 interwar, 34nl8, 335; and minorities, 10, democratic party: and Albania, 187, 504; and 42, 69—71, 73; and nationalism, 73—74; Baltic countries, 405; and Bulgaria, 432, and political institutions, 342, 361n20; 435; and Czech Lands, 345; and Kosovo, and reform, 140-41; and transitional 544; and Macedonia, 77, 537; and Poland, justice, 211n21; and Velvet Divorce, 74, 311, 315-17; and Romania, 471, 473-75; 187, 198, 359, 597; and women, 217, and Serbia, 75-76; and Slovenia, 539 231n4;
and World War II, 15, 20-21, 70, Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) 336, 466—67 (Montenegro), 543 Czech Republic, 333—363; and AustroDemocratic Union for Integration (DUI), Hungarian Empire, 334-35; and civil 120, 542
INDEX democratization, 25-32, 35ո53, 68, 75, 77, 81-82, 85, 94-95, 185, 203, 210, 222, 257, 259-60, 267ոո94-95, 268ո105, 305, 318, 366, 372, 383, 404, 457nl, 474, 518-19, 521ո24, 534-36, 538, 540, 54647, 555-56, 560ո30, 565, 596-98 Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria, 437, 441 demography, 26, 28, 30, 32, 69, 72, 81, 83, 89, 95, 97n24, 98n32, 159-79, 598, 602, 607nl dependency ratio, 164-65, 181n21 détente, 502 Dimitrov, Filip (Bulgaria), 433 Dimitrov, Georgi (Bulgaria), 428 Dimitrovgrad (Bulgaria), 446 dinar, 137 disinformation, 272-73, 275, 281-82, 284, 286-87, 289, 297nnl29-133, 300nl76, 30ІПІ99, 443, 606 displacement (including displaced), 55, 75-76, 163, 275, 402, 536, 547, 56ln69, 565, 580, 587 dissent, 22, 103, 336, 339, 371-72, 464, 491, 499, 503-4, 611; and system-rejective, 20-21; and within-system, 20-21 divorce, 26, 162 Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), 567, 581 Dobruja (Bulgaria), 428, 466 Dogan, Ahmed (Bulgaria), 433, 443—44, 451 Donbas (Ukraine), 275-76, 286, 441, 567 Donetsk (Ukraine), 275, 567, 569, 572 Dubček, Alexander, 20, 22, 338-39 Dublin Agreement, 388 Dubrovnik, 531 Duda, Andrzej, 314, 319 Dzurinda, Mikuláš (Slovakia), 341 Eastern Partnership (EU), 257-58, 266n83, 267n91 Eastern Rumelia, 427 economic reform, 24, 31, 56, 127-58, 309, 311, 322, 339, 341, 386, 391, 411, 415, 425n22, 431, 433, 435, 437-38, 540, 565, 569 electoral systems, 29, 115-16, 122, 220, 374, 407, 418, 508, 510, 522n36, 536-37, 539, 547, 559nl8, 597 energy, 91, 134, 147, 238, 241, 242-43, 258, 265n55, 272, 278-80, 283, 290, 292Ш9, 613 296nl00, 298nl46, 404, 422, 436, 439-41, 444-45, 449,
454-55, 469, 515, 550, 568, 581-82; and dependence, 252, 270, 279 environment, 21, 24, 59, 203, 218, 240-41, 243, 340, 402, 410, 443, 448-49 513 Estonia, 4-5, 7, 9,23, 27-28, 35n49, 70, 199, 23ІПІ4, 263n24, 269-70, 277, 281, 283-84, 289, 295nn77-78, 298nnl36-l44, 299Ш1І60-171, 300nnl73-189, 398; and corruption, 155; and democracy, 247, 249, 399,405, 408-10, 597, 606; and demography, 161-63, 170, 178, 217, 410, 421; and economy, 134, 136, 141—41, 156, 165, 217, 222,239, 397, 400-401, 405, 415-17,419, 422, 447, 494n57; and education, 420; and energy, 279; and European Union, 93, 127, 147, 149, 245; and foreign policy, 397; and identity, 72, 83-84, 97n28, 282, 406-7; and legal reform, 191; and migration, 174, 176, 178, 182n47, 406, 418, 424nll; and minorities, 73, 82-83, 94, 96, 98nn33-45, 293n48, 295n93, 296nl21, 404, 597, 607n5; and nationalism, 81, 97n27, 403; and NATO, 276, 295n76; and pension reform, 143, 222; and political institutions, 112, 410-13, 424nnl6-21, 597; and reform, 285, 602; and security concerns, 274, 296nl 14; and social issues, 420-21; and technology, 419; and transitional justice, 186, 193, 195, 197; and unemployment, 146-, and war crimes, 205; and women, 228, 409 ethnic demography, 26, 28, 30, 32, 69, 72, 81, 83, 95, 98n32 ethnic party, 111, 452, 538, 541, 544-45 ethno-federation, 7, 26, 70-71 EU integration, 94, 128, 147, 150, 157, 475, 543 EULEX, 544, 557, 559n21, 56ln52 euro (currency), 130, 148-50, 238, 354, 378, 386, 397, 417, 445 Euromaidan (Ukraine), 257, 572, 589, 590nnl0-l4, 591nl9 European Atomic Agency, 238 European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (EBRD), 130, 158n3, 237, 262nl3, 515, 522n53, 549, 56ln55, 562nn86-89, 563nn93-94
614 INDEX European Central Bank (ECB), 149, 250 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 238 European Commission, 147, 149, 184n74, 239, 240, 244, 248, 254, 262nn6-8, 263nnl7-28, 264nn37-53, 265nn66-67, 266n83, 329, 393n26, 417, 424n20, 425n27, 432, 439, 447, 457n3, 484, 487, 543, 546, 550 European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRİ), 389 European Community (EC), 237-38, 532, 534 European Council, 79, 97n20, 236, 239, 244, 248, 265n67, 266nn76-78, 267n88, 297nl34, 314, 46ln68, 476, 486, 543 European Economic Community (EEC), 238 Europeanization, 3, 30-31, 68-69, 79, 98n28, 261, 596, 607n6 European Parliament, 3, 31, 79, 92, 120, 124n32, 177, 205, 212n39, 244, 248, 254, 263n28, 264n36, 267n90, 319, 329, 375, 377, 379, 387-88, 395n85, 407-8, 413, 440, 443, 476, 563nl05 European People’s Party (EPP), 390 European Union, 3-4, 25, 33, 33n8, 63, 68, 72, 80-82, 84, 95, 102, 124n24, 127, 160, 164, 167-68, 170, 172-75, 178, 182n31, 184n80, 186, 205, 207, 209, 213, 220, 222, 224, 229, 235-39, 244, 248, 254, 258, 261, 262nn2-l6, 263nn21-24, 264n48, 267nn86֊95, 268nl03, 274, 279-80, 284, 286-87, 305, 333, 374, 394n71, 397, 308, 416,427, 471, 475, 479, 482-83, 487, 491, 497nnll5-126, 500, 525, 530, 534, 543-44, 546, 553-55, 565, 570-71, 582-83, 596, 602, 605; and accession, 30, 77, 79, 85-88, 93, 98n31, 127, 130, 148-50, 155, 170, 173, 243, 263n22, 267nn96-100, 285, 298nl37, 357, 439, 442, 455-57, 479, 537-38, 540, 542-44, 553, 559nl6, 560n47, 599, 606; and conditionality, 29, 31—32, 79, 85, 88, 209nl, 259, 261, 267n92, 299nl66, 500, 518, 521n24, 560n36; and Eastern
Enlargement (EU), 29, 31, 63, 79, 88, 94, 530; and membership, 26, 29, 31, 86-88, 93, 128, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183n48, 186, 220, 242, 245, 256, 259, 282, 284, 296nl 11, 388, 432, 454, 475, 480, 490, 518, 521n24, 535, 540, 596-97 Euroskepticism, 128, 156, 454 Eurozone, 127, 136, 142, 148-51, 156,236, 245, 250, 324, 417, 514, 539, 550 Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), 149 exchange rates, 130, 135, 148-51 Extraordinary Congress (Bulgaria), 430 extreme-right, 118-19, 203, 350, 474 fake news, 269, 300nl77, 440 famine, 18, 34n32, 188, 467, 492n9, 567-68, 574, 590n4 fascism, 44, 46, 61, 65nnll-12, 264n52, 277, 444, 587, 596, 599 Federal Assembly: and Czechoslovak, 198, 346; and Russia, 269 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), 81 Ferdinand, Franz, 7 fertility, 159-64, 167-70, 178, 180nn7-10, 18ІППІ4-16, 225-26, 552, 595, 602 Fico, Robert (Slovakia), 206, 250, 284, 333, 344, 347-48, 351, 606 Fidesz. See Alliance of Young Democrats firewall civil society, 108-9, 122, 605, 608n26 fiscal policy, 130-31, 133-34, 138, 141-44, 149, 151, 240, 250, 378, 417, 439, 445, 447, 480, 489, 514, 516 foreign direct investment, 128, 147, 158nl3, 241, 323, 422, 445, 494nn53-56, 550 foreign policy (general): and Albania, 502-3, 505; and Bulgaria, 455; and Czech and Slovak Republics, 340; and Estonia, 294n66; and European Union, 252; and Lithuania, 422; and Poland, 219, 313-14; and Romania, 58; and Russia, 269-70, 272-73, 284, 287, 293nn27-30, 295n75, 297nnl24—125, 298nl46; and Soviet Union, 56, 58; and Ukraine, 570-71, 582, 588-89; and United States, 255; and Yugoslavia, 525, 528-29 foreign trade,
50, 65nl4, 130, 135-36, 147, 311, 514 Freedom Union (Poland), 318 friendship price (CMEA), 237 G7, 272, 292n21 Gazprom, 252, 258, 279, 295nn90-99, 440, 443
INDEX 615 Gdańsk (Poland), 57, 189, 190, 307-8, 321 gender inequality, 221, 230, 421, 517, 523n56 gender regime, 213-14, 222-23, 229-30, 231nn4-13, 232n21, 389 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 136, 147 genocide, 11, 15, 178, 191, 199-201, 204, 281, 469, 525, 529, 532-34, 554, 567, 574 Georgia, Republic of: and civil society, 109; and democracy, 247, 249՛, and European Union, 243—44, 257; and Rose, 272; and Russia, 269, 271, 276-77, 289 Gerö, Ernő, 369 glasnost, 20-21, 349, 401 Göncz, Árpád, 374 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20—21, 35, 60, 71, 129, 238, 244, 371, 404, 567-69 goulash communism, 19, 129, 370, 390 Great Depression, 306, 335, 386 Greater Romania Party, 474, 491 Greek Catholic Church, 567 gross domestic product (GDP), 127, 132-33, 137, 140-42, 149-51, 156, 165, 239, 250, 264n44, 271, 322, 324, 354, 371, 378, 385, 401, 417-20, 422, 439, 445, 447, 450, 454, 479-80, 484, 494n54, 506, 514-17, 548, 550-51, 581, 583 Gyurcsány, Ferenc (Hungary), 375, 377-79, 393n22, 395n84, 599 Hungarian Communist Party, 18, 57, 368, 371 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), 372-74, 376 Hungarian Justice and Life Party MIEP), 367 Hungarian Revolution, 20, 369, 373, 380, 392n8, 609 Hungarian Socialist Party (HSP), 92, 121, 373, 377 Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (HSWP), 369 Hungarian Status Law, 87, 98n38 Hungarian Truth and Life Party, 376—77 Hungary, 365-95; and communist period, 366-79, 383, 385, 390, 392nl5; and economic reform, 368, 370-73, 376, 378, 382-90, 392nn9-10, 395nn80-81; and elections, 368, 372-75, 377-79, 382-83, 386, 388-90, 393n22; and European Union, 374, 378, 382,
388-90, 395nn8694; and foreign policy, 366, 384-86, 388-89; and memory, 367, 369, 377; and nationalism, 379-80, 390-91, 393n35; and NATO, 374, 388; and political institutions, 369, 374-84; and political parties, 369, 372-73; and social issues, 386-87 hybrid regime, 536, 539-40, 543, 553, 600, 603, 605—6 hybrid tactics, 269, 274; and war 441, 455 Habsburg Empire, 40, 42, 46, 50, 366 The Hague, 533, 553 hard power, 255, 266, 264n35, 269-70, 272, 274, 290 health care, 18, 77, 91, 117, 140, 160, 164֊ 65, 170, 172, 218, 254, 314, 325-26, 402, 405, 419, 422, 444, 446, 449, 485, 487, 496nn93֊98, 584, 588, 599 Hitler, Adolf, 44, 336, 368, 466 HIV/AIDS, 355, 480-81 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl of, 465 Holocaust, 11-12, 14-16, 34nn20-26, 89, 162, 171, 178, 183n50, 197, 199-200, 203-5, 208-9, 336, 385, 401, 488, 491, 492nnl-8, 527, 558n4, 567, 586, 591n30, 601 Holodomor (famine/genocide), 188, 567-568 home state, 72-73, 80-81, 86 Horthy, Miklós, 46, 51, 366, 368 Iliescu, Ion, 191, 469-70, 472-75, 477 illiberal democracy, 92, 98, 104, 234, 245, 283, 305, 366, 387, 389-91, 393n40, 395n83 “imitation imperative,” 249 Independence Referendum, 78 Independent Smallholders Party, 368, 376, 392nl5 International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 209nl, 532, 540, 543, 553-54, 564nl09 international intervention, 78, 499, 507, 532, 538, 544, 556 International Monetary Fund, 128-29, 134, 151, 158nl3, 371, 378, 417, 435, 445-47, 450, 459n40, 475, 480, 494n59, 506, 514, 579, 582-84 Interwar Period, 5, 10—12, 15-16, 25, 28, 41, 45-46, 51, 56, 65nn9-24, 70, 83, 101,
616 INDEX 174, 333, 335-37, 345, 349, Зб0п2, 367, 400, 406, 410, 428, 466, 567, 599, 604 Iohannis, Klaus, 476 Iraq, 81, 174-77, 318 Iron Curtain, 31, 34n27, 88, 373, 489 Iron Guard (Romania), 45, 466, 476-77 Jiu Valley miners, 473, 477 John Paul II (pope), 21 Kaczyński Brothers (Poland): and Jarosław, 206-7, 284, 314, 320; and Lech, 313-14, 318-19, 327; Kádár, János, 19, 369-72, 386 Kaliningrad, 276 Karl of Hohenzollem-Sigmaringen, 465 Karta Polaka, 87 Katyn Massacre, 203, 212n38, 314 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56, 214, 218, 231n3, 369, 567 King Michael, 467, 475 kin-state, 72, 79, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 95, 97n22, 98nn32֊38, 270, 285, 389, 393nn35-36, 596 Kosovo, 525; and Albania, 78; and democratization, 79, 82, 97nl9, 146, 247, 256, 536, 538, 541, 545, 555; and demography, 75; and economic policy, 150-51, 266n79, 296nll2, 548-49; and European Union, 128, 147, 236, 281, 296nlll, 534, 544; and foreign direct investment, 146, 550՝, and human rights issues, 533; and independence, 256, 280; and minorities, 78, 526, 530, 537, 538; and national identity, 77, 529; and nationalism, 525, 529; and political institutions, 538-40, 543—44, 546-47, 555; and social issues, 552-53; and territoiy disputes, 27-28; and unemployment, 146՝, and war, 533-35, 540-42 Kosovo Assembly, 77-78 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 533, 544 Kravchuk, Leonid, 569-70, 590n8 Kuchma, Leonid (Ukraine), 111, 570-71, 576, 580 Kyiv (Ukraine), 257-58, 274-75, 566, 568, 570-74, 580, 583, 586-87, 590nl Kyivan-Rus, 566 labor markets, 31, 130, 141, 144-46, 156, 160, 172, 178, 215, 218-20, 222-23, 225-27, 325, 387, 418, 446, 517,
523n57 land reform, 9, 42, 392nl5, 501 Latvia: and corruption, 484; and democracy, 247, 249, 406, 410, 597; and demography, 12, 14, 152, 161-63, 165, 168, 170; and economic policy, 127, 134, 141, 143,14647, 149, 151-52, 222,239, 245, 447; and European Union, 83, 93, 149, 397; and independence, 23, 70, 195; and memory politics, 203, 205; and migration, 173, 176, 178; and minorities, 14-15, 27, 73, 82-83, 198, 203, 407; and nationalism, 81, 600, 604; and NATO, 94; and politics, 28, 82-83, 112-14, 118, 167, 397-420, 604; and Russia, 5, 7, 9, 27, 269-70, 274, 276, 279-83, 285-86; and social issues, 420-22, 602; and transitional justice, 188, 191, 194, 197-99, 201; and women, 4 Law and Justice Party (Pis) (Poland), 3, 32, 9193, 98n39, 117,144,156,187,206, 248, 284, 313-14, 318-19,325-26 legacies: and border changes, 595-96; and external influence, 596; and founding elections, 597; and post-1990 economic restructuring, 597-98 legitimacy, 16, 18-19, 21-22, 24, 56, 58, 67, 77, 80, 188, 207, 218, 226, 375, 402, 414, 420, 429, 448, 509, 527, 529, 543, 553, 555, 563nl09, 568, 573, 601 LGBTQIA, 91, 414, 420-21, 488-90, 55253, 585 liberalism, 40-41, 43—44, 46, 60, 65nll, 91, 305, 365, 502 Lithuania: and communism, 187, 207; and corruption, 155; and democracy, 247, 249՝, and demography, 83, 98n31, 161, 170, 397, 418; and dictatorship, 42, 152, 399; and disinformation, 281; and economic policy, 141, 143, 146-Л7, 152, 165, 193, 222, 239, 243, 279-80, 404, 419, 447, 494n57; and European Union, 127, 149, 245, 263n24, 270, 397; and independence, 23, 35n49, 279; and Jews, 15; and migration,
173, 176, 178, 182n47; and minorities, 73, 83-84, 89, 93, 406-7; and nationalism, 70, 81, 89, 270; and NATO, 276, 422; and nuclear
INDEX power, 243; and politics, 112, 115, 119, 176, 187, 191, 249, 298nl44, 400401, 405, 408-20, 422, 424nl7; and Prussia, 7; and Russia, 5, 9, 281, 286, 296nl00; and social issues, 420-21; and transitional justice, 196-99, 201, 203-5, 21 On 16; and unemployment, 146·, and USSR, 12; and women, 4-5, 165; and World War II, 401 Luhansk (Ukraine), 275, 569, 572 Maastricht Treaty, 149, 156, 238 Macedonia: and Albania, 72, 78; and civil society, 545-46, 606; and corruption, 107, 155, 547; and democratization, 75-77, 116, 119, 247, 520, 536-38, 541, 546, 603, 606; and demography, 154; and economic policy, 143, 146, 549, 551; and European Union, 128, 147,236, 256, 458n26, 543, 554, 606; and independence, 28, 456, 534-35; and migration, 175; and minorities, 24, 82, 120, 538, 542, 544; and name change/ dispute, 28, 77, 97nl7, 124n9, 256, 266n78, 455-56, 46ln68, 543, 554, 559nl3, 560n47; and nationalism, 81, 86, 600; and Ottoman Empire, 7; and politics, 427-28, 452-53, 548-49; and social issues, 552-54; and transitional justice, 209; and unemployment, 146·, and Yugoslavia, 525, 529 macroeconomic stabilization, 129-32, 134, 137-38, 140, 548, 598 Mádl, Ferenc (Hungary), 374 Maidan Revolution, 274 marriage (and marriage rate), 67, 91, 118, 160, 162-63, 179, 180nnl0-12, 224, 420, 490, 553 Marshall Plan, 236 martial law, 21, 196, 309-10, 321, 327, 371 Marx, Karl, 47-49, 65nnl7-18 Marxism-Leninism, 50, 54, 58, 337, 503 Mečiar, Vladimir (Slovakia), 85, 98n34, 111, 341-42, 346, 349-50, 355, 357 Medgyessy, Péter, 377 memory politics, 28, 207-8, 212n4l, 377, 567, 590n5, 601-2 Merkel, Angela,
245, 263n34, 390 Michael (king), 467, 475 617 migration (general), 159-83 Miloševič, Slobodan (Serbia), 77, 111, 52933, 535, 539, 543, 548, 554, 557, 605 Ministry of National Development, 382, 394n51 minorities, 12, 22, 27, 39, 41-46, 51, 69—74, 79, 81-84, 89, 91, 93-98, 116, 119, 125n36, 171, 204, 220, 240-41, 282, 295nn93֊94, 299nl70, 342, 350, 362n50, 366, 380, 387-90, 400, 404, 412, 415, 420, 422, 429, 433, 446, 450-52, 454, 457, 467-68, 470, 474, 488, 491, 517, 526, 528, 535, 537-39, 547, 552, 585, 595-96, 600, 615 Minsk Accords, 275 modernization theory, 51, 54-55 Moldova, 27, 72-73, 84, 147, 199, 243, 247249, 257, 284, 290, 295n75, 464, 495n82 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 11-12, 205, 282, 297nl26, 306, 368, 401, 403, 472 monetary policy, 130, 132-33, 135, 514 Mongols, 49, 566 Montenegro, 7, 78, 81, 112, 116, 119, 128, 143,146-47, 150, 152, 154-55, 236,247, 256, 277, 501, 525, 529, 534-35, 537, 543-44, 546, 548-55 Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik), 92, 245, 283, 367, 379-80, 383-84, 392n7 multinational state, 56, 465, 492n6, 527 Nagy, Imre (Hungary), 18, 365, 369-70, 373 nation, 21, 26, 51, 58, 67, 71-73, 80, 85, 87, 91-92, 97nn25-26, 170, 183n64, 201-2, 204, 206, 208, 269, 340, 342, ЗбОпЗ, 367, 378, 399, 406, 410, 413, 425n22, 436, 451-53, 456, 463-65, 473, 491, 492nn67, 526, 529, 539, 590nn3֊5, 600-601, 608n28 National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), 484 national bourgeoisie, 382, 294n51 national identity, 6, 65n24, 69, 84, 86, 91, 99, 118, 287, 306, 335, 393n37, 465, 528, 569, 576-77, 585-86, 591nl9, 604 nationalism (general), 24, 26, 32, 35n50, 60, 70-98, 105,
167, 174, 178, 249, 270, 299nl66, 318, 329, 279, 391, 393n35, 401, 412, 438, 454, 456, 474, 530, 535, 560, 567-68, 576, 587, 595, 601-3,
618 INDEX б07п1; and civic nationalism, 68; and ethnic nationalism (ethnonationalism), 28, 67-69, 71-73, 80, 89, 92, 94, 380-81, 525, 528, 533, 600, 604; and nationalist parties, 80, 93, 249-50, 412, 438, 442, 447, 454-55, 458n25, 473, 530, 536, 539, 546-47, 600; and protectionist nationalism, 81, 89; and substate nationalism, 80-81; and traditional nationalism, 80, 600; and transsovereign nationalism, 81 National Liberal Party (PNL), 465, 470-71, 477 national narrative, 16, 69, 204, 275 national self-determination, 25—26, 28, 73, 75, 77, 464, 580 National Salvation Front (NSF), 191 469—70, 473, 475, 480-81, 493n29 national sovereignty, 10, 25, 52, 71-72, 76, 83-84 nation-building, 9, 28, 42, 67—69, 76—77, 83— 86, 94-95, 98n38, 295n94, 299nl63, 607 nation-state model, 68 natural experiment, 259, 2б7п94 North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (general), 26-27, 76, 78, 80, 82-83, 86, 93-94, 235-36, 244, 261, 261nl, 262n2, 263n30, 270, 272, 276-84, 286-90, 294n67, 295n76, 298nl 46, 312, 340-41, 345, 374, 388, 397, 410, 422, 427, 434-38, 442-43, 449, 454-56, 459n28, 471, 474-75, 502, 508, 512, 528, 532-33, 535, 539, 544, 548, 554, 570, 597 North Macedonia, 28, 72, 77, 81-82, 86, 107, 116, 119-20, 124nn9-25, 128, Мб47, 154-55, 209nl, 236, 256, 266n78, 456, 458n26, 538, 541-43, 545-48, 551-54, 559nl3, 562n80, 600, 603, 606, 608n27 Odessa, 566 one-party rule, 16—18, 20—25, 30, 71, 94, 111, 345, 603-4 Open Society Foundation, 384—85, 394n74, 414, 482, 489 Orange Revolution, 257, 292n23, 293n28, 570-71, 575, 578-80 Orbán, Viktor (Hungaiy), 91-92, 98n40, 108, 124n28, 167, 175-76,
182n37, 183n66, 206-7, 226, 234n46, 280, 283, 348, 365-67, 373, 375, 377-86, 388-95, 486, 604, 608n22 Organisation for Economic Cooperation (OECD), 141, 172, 183, 215, 230, 234n59, 354, 357, 363nn57-58, 387, 395n80, 397, 425n31 Organization for Security and Cooperation (OSCE), 29, 79, 97, 289, 406, 482, 506, 535, 557 Orthodox Christianity, 273, 441, 449, 465, _ 484, 488, 526, 555, 566, 586 Őszöd Speech, 377-79 Ottoman Empire, 5, 7, 9, 34nl4, 40, 427, 452, 500, 566 party system, 100, 110—14, 116, 122—23, 267n94, 347-48, 357-58, 399, 411-13, 511, 538-39, 541-44, 570, 576, 578, 599 path dependence, 596, 607n2 patronage, 30, 155, 500, 511, 514-15, 51819, 521n34, 538-41, 544, 549, 575-76, 578, 598 patronalism, 576 pension reform, 130, 143-44, 151, 181nl9 People’s Christian Democrats, 376 Poland, 40, 305-32; and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7; and authoritarianism, 333; and Catholic Church, 101, 118, 328; and civil society, 105-7, 320-21, 349, 383; and communism, 24, 39, 52-55, 57-60, 62, 104, 140, 306-9; and democracy, 10, 43, 245, 247-48, 589, 604, 606; and demography, 161-63, 167-70, 220-21, 223, 225—26, 588; and dissidents, 21; and economic policy, 31, 56, 59, 127, 129-32, 136-38,140-41,143-53,237,239, 241, 250, 271, 321-24, 371,446, 583, 598; and European Union, 142, 150, 156, 172, 236, 238, 248M9, 254-55, 260, 388-89; and liberalism, 43; and migration, 172, 177-78, 251; and minorities, 9, 15, 28, 42, 45, 51, 73, 84, 89-91, 352, 397; and nationalism, 32, 72, 86-87, 93, 600-602; and national self-determination, 25; and NATO, 284, 286-87; and politics, 92-93,
INDEX 114-19, 121, 140, 305-9, 314-17, 319-20, 329, 345, 565-66, 606; and populism, 555; and postcommunism, 309-11, 358, 484, 569; and Russia, 252, 271, 276, 282, 284, 290, 582; and Russian Empire, 5; and social issues, 324-26, 421, 489-90; and transitional justice, 186-90, 193, 195-99, 201, 203-4, 206, 207; and Ukraine, 257; and USSR, 12, 17, 71, 338, 340, 567; and women, 3, 213, 219, 223, 225—27; and workers strikes, 20; and World War II, 12, 14, 46, 336, 401, 466 Polish-Lithuanian, 84, 566 Polish Peasant Party, 110, 315-16, 318 Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP), 30712,315,317 Politburo, 55, 195, 217, 429-30 political institutions, 30, 39, 208, 210n9, 220, 238, 240, 312, 342, 269, 374, 384, 398, 405, 422, 431, 464, 470, 491, 507, 535-36, 538, 545, 574, 595, 600 political parties: charisma of, 116-17; clientelism of, 116-17, 125n35, 381, 516, 598; program of, 116-117, 226-27, 312, 386, 418, 434, 436, 451, 453, 468, 477, 506, 538-40 Pope John Paul II, 21 populism, 69, 119, 123, 125n39, 128, 157, 230, 234n46, 259, 305, 379, 381, 391, 394n64, 413, 424nl7, 600, 607n8, 608nl6 poverty, 42, 47, 127-28, 131, 141, 152-54, 163, 165, 168-69, 174, 182n32, 221-21, 225-26, 233n37, 251, 322, 325, 340, 353-54, 358, 420, 436, 447, 449-50, 479, 483, 487-89, 496nnl04-105, 497nnl06111, 516, 552, 563n95, 583-84, 605 power sharing, 18, 71, 76, 266n79, 535-38, 541-42 Pozsgay, Imre, 371-73 Prague Spring, 22, 57, ЗбОпІО privatization, 30, 62, 83, 129-30, 138-40, 142-43, 145, 148, 157, 196-97, 240, 312, 323, 325, ЗЗІПІЗ, 353, 357, 386, 403, 405, 415-16, 434-35, 444-46, 478-79, 506, 513-15,
548-49, 598 pro-natalism, 159, 167, 179, 182n34, 225-26 619 proportional representation, 43, 115—16, 121, 316, 342, 399, 407, 472, 508, 510, 536, 585 public diplomacy, 270-73, 287, 289, 292n23 Putin, Vladimir, 255, 269, 275, 287, 291, 294n63, 295n82, 441, 566, 570, 576 quotas, 89, 230, 264n51, 286, 528, 537, 541-42, 559nl9 Red Regime, 366-67 reflexive control, 287 refugees, 9, 11-12, 32, 81, 89, 90, 92, 108, 160-62, 166-67, 173-78, 180, 183n49, 184n78, 243, 245, 251, 264nn50֊51, 324, 327, 344, 351-52, 358, 388, 402, 448, 454, 531-32, 536, 563nl00, 591n31, 602—3, 606 regime (general), 9, 25; and change, 25, 27, 31, 82, 123n6, 202-3, 375, 385, 387, 395n84, 499, 503-4, 519, 520nl, 559n27, 595, 598, 608n26 Rezist, 486 Riga (Latvia), 12, 14, 34n22, 173, 198, 201, 281, 290-92, 295n95, 400, 403, 404, 408, 414, 419-20 Roma, 11-12, 14-15, 42, 70, 72-73, 88, 92, 153-54, 158nl5, 215, 219, 222, 226, 241, 262nl0, 350-53, 355-56, 358, 363n6l, 379-80, 384, 386-87, 389-90, 395n82, 398, 401, 442, 450, 453, 460n62, 467, 487-89, 497nl 12, 517, 526, 528, 537, 553, 555 Roman, Petre, 470, 472-73, 477-78, 494n44 Romania, 463-98; and authoritarianism, 43; and civil society, 22, 102, 480—82, 545; and communism, 17-18, 30-31, 55, 58-61, 70, 129, 195, 467-68, 603; and corruption, 119, 155, 243, 280; and democracy, 10, 86, 119, 247, 249; and demography, 152-54, 159, 161-63, 165, 167—69, 172; and economic policy, 59, 129-30, 136, 143, 146-47, 196, 220, 239, 240-41, 250, 419-20, 464, 477-80; and energy 279, 290; and European Union, 128, 150-51, 236-38, 240-41, 475, 597, 599; and migration, 171-73,
176-78, 251; and minorities, 15, 42, 45, 51, 71,
620 INDEX 73, 120, 125ո36; and nationalism, 72-73, 85-87; and national sovereignty, 72-73, 82; and Ottoman Empire, 7, 9; and politics, 117-19, 187, 195, 372-73, 428, 464-67, 470-77; and populism, 372; and revolution, 469-70; and Russia, 50, 252, 276-77, 282, 290; and social issues, 42021, 482-91, 545; and transitional justice, 199-201, 204, 206; and USSR, 17, 20, 53; and violence, 191; and women, 220, 228; and Worid War II, 12, 45-46, 401 Roundtable Accords, 312, 374 Russian Empire, 5, 7, 9, 33nll, 424n4, 566, 586 Russian Revolution, 33nl2, 50, 64, 65n23 Russification, 6, 33nll, 70-71, 84, 401 Russkiy Mir Foundation, 283, 291, 293n31 Russophones, 27, 83-84, 94-95, 299nl70, 597 Schengen, 176-77, 243, 251, 254, 263n25 securitization, 72, 94-95 separatism, 285, 471, 569, 574 Serbia, 7, 9; and civil society, 102, 109, 545—46; and conflict, 27, 77-78, 119, 243, 428, 530-35, 540; and corruption, 278; and democracy, 24, 75, 247, 249, 540, 544, 547; and economic policy, 24, 132, 143, 146-47, 151, 253, 278-79, 548-51; and elections, 539, 603; and energy, 441, 455; and ethnicity, 118-19; and European Union, 128, 147, 236, 256, 280-81, 606; and Kosovo, 533-34, 544; and migration, 175, 251; and minorities, 72-73, 118—19, 280; and nationalism, 81, 86, 536, 600, 603; and NATO, 78, 533-34; and politics, 116, 366, 526-30, 536-37, 543-44, 553֊ 55; and populism, 290; and Russia, 279, 282, 284, 290, 441; and social issues, 55255; and transitional justice, 209; and World War I, 501; and Yugoslavia, 525, 530-31 Sevastopol, 275, 569-70 sexual minorities, 3, 91, 220, 389, 420, 552, 585, 595 shock
therapy, 30, 131, 312, 322, 385, 405, 415, 479, 506, 569, 598 single pyramid system, 381-83, 393n39 Slovakia: and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7; and civil society, 109, 333, 349-52, 383; and communism, 51, 337-38; and corruption, 4, 155, 599; and democracy, 114,116, 118-21,247, 358-59, 597, 604-5; and demography, 154; and economic policy, 127, 129, 131, 137, 140^3, 145-48, 237,239, 250, 353-54, 358, 368, 480; and ethnicity, 118; and European Union, 146—47, 149, 151, 236, 238, 240, 245, 279, 388; and memory politics, 28; and migration, 251; and minorities, 26, 73, 93, 282; and nationalism, 81-82, 85-87, 89; and politics (including political institutions), 74 110, 112, 114, 118-21, 334-37, 342, 344-49, 351, 604-5; and postcommunism, 341; and Russia, 284; and social issues, 152-54, 354-57; and transitional justice, 201; and USSR, 12 Slovenia, 7, 24, 31, 75, 81, 86, 112, 114-15, 118-19, 125n36, 127, 129, 137, 139, 146, 149, 151-52, 154-56, 173, 200, 203, 210n3, 211n22, 221, 236, 238-239, 245, 247, 250, 256, 263n24, 494n57, 525, 529-30, 535-37, 539, 544-52, 554, 56nn30֊31, 597, 607n7 social contract, 18-19 soft power, 245, 248, 253-54, 259-60, 264n35, 265n60, 270, 272, 274-75, 281, 285, 287-91, 292nnn 11-26, 293nn30-45, 297nl28, 298nnl35-143, 299nnl67֊170, 300nnl87-189 Solidarity, 21-22, 25, 29, 32, 57, 71, 91, 95, 104, 120, 183n49, 196, 205, 255, 279, 288, 307-12, 316-18, 321, 323, 326-27, 330, 348, 362n36, 371, 383, 512, 607 Soros Report, 388 sovereignty, 10, 24-26, 28-29, 46, 52, 63, 71-72, 76, 82-83, 84, 87, 244, 251-52, 258-59, 284, 286, 421, 455, 501, 529, 536, 542, 570, 586
Soviet Bloc, 20, 26, 28, 30-31, 55, 57-58, 64, 66n34, 71, 127, 130, 157, 158n2, 170, 261, 309-10, 320, 386, 388, 428, 445, 597 Soviet Union, 11-12, 14-15, 18, 20, 2428, 30, 33nl 1, 49-52, 55-60, 65n29, 69-71, 73-74, 81, 84, 101, 129, 131, 136, 162, 174, 198-99, 205, 210nl0,
INDEX 211ո21, 231ո3, 232ո20, 237, 238, 247, 252, 262ոՅ, 269, 271, 282, 289, 291ո7, 299, 306, 309-10, 312, 327, 338, 340, 368-69, 371, 387, 392ո15, 397-98, 400-402, 404, 408, 410, 419, 423, 427, 463, 466-67, 469, 502-3, 525, 527-28, 530, 550, 565, 567-69, 574, 576-77, 581, 583, 586-87 sphere of interest (Russia), 565 Stalin, Joseph, 15, 17-18, 39, 49, 51-52, 56, 64nl, 205, 236, 307, 368-69, 402, 467, 502, 520, 520n7, 528 stateness problem, 27 state socialism, 17, 29-30, 94, 213, 218-19, 230, 231nn4֊10, 232nl9, 363n59, 526, 612 structural reform, 130-31, 138, 140, 156, 438, 548-49 Szálasi, Ferenc (Hungary), 46, 368 Terror House Museum, 377, 392nl5 titular nationalist, 70, 72 total fertility rate (TFR), 160-64, 167-69, 226, 552 totalitarianism, 51, 53, 64, 65nl0, 210nll, 502 Trianon Peace Treaty, 366-67, 379, 388 Trotsky, Leon, 567 Two Percent Law, 482 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 571, 575 Ukraine, 5, 7, 12, 565-94; and authoritarianism, 571-72, 587; and civil society, 109, 579-80; and communism, 24, 130; and constitution, 569-71, 574-75, 584; and corruption, 155, 280; and Crimea, 94-95, 154, 441, 454; and democracy, 119, 247, 249, 389, 603; and demography, 161, 166-, and dictatorship, 466-67, 571; and disinformation, 281, 285-86; and economic policy, 18, 30, 131-34, 137, 151, 324, 581-84; and European Union, 128, 147, 156, 236, 243-44, 257-58, 267nn86-91, 279; and famine, 34n32; and ghettos, 12; and independence, 565, 606; and memory, 573-74, 601; and migration, 327; and minorities, 257; and nationalism, 586-87; 621 and NATO, 454-55; and politics, 116, 119, 565-67, 573-78, 588-89; and
postcommunism, 569-70, 598; and Russia, 27, 93, 95, 154, 252, 269, 272, 274-77, 279, 283-85, 287-90, 440, 444, 449, 454, 572-73, 586-89, 597; and social issues, 584-86; and transitional justice, 185, 187-88, 201, 203-4; and unemployment, 146·, and USSR, 15, 17, 21, 49-50, 84, 567-69 uncivil society, 105, 108 unemployment, 91, 128, 134, 139, 141, 144-46, 153-54, 163, 170, 173, 183, 215, 218-19, 233n31, 241, 264n50, 322, 324-25, ЗЗІПІ5, 335, 34-41, 352-54, 356, 358, 387, 398, 400, 405, 417, 420, 436, 446-47, 451, 459n33, 477, 514, 548, 550, 552, 598 Union Treaty, 568 United States, 9, 15, 68, 78, 81-82, 103, 106, 116, 123-25, 162, 170-71, 18ЫЗ, 199, 208, 214, 250, 252, 254-55, 258, 260, 271, 284, 287-88, 292n26, 309, 312, 321, 329, 385, 391, 418-19, 425n23, 450, 454, 473, 491, 508, 532, 578, 583-84, 588, 607n3 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 103, 105, 107, 123-24, 549 USSR, 7, 10, 12, 15-16, 20-21, 24, 65, 129, 131, 136-37, 162, 180, 199, 237, 244, 257, 269, 294, 268, 392nl5, 401, 403, 428, 467, 470 Velvet Divorce, 74, 187, 198, 359, 597 Velvet Revolution, 187, 191, 203, 339-40 Visegrad group, 140, 149, 261, 383, 388, 391nl Volodymyr (Vladimir the Great), 566, 573 Vona, Gábor (Hungary), 379, 384 Wałęsa, Lech (Poland), 21, 104, 308, 311-12, 316, 327 Warsaw Pact, 17-18, 20-21, 56, 57, 58, 237, 338, 369, 427, 468, 502 Western Balkans, 128, 147-50, 152, 154, 156, 158nl3, 183n65, 184n78, 243, 256-57, 277, 299, 521n25, 526, 541,
622 INDEX 544, 546-47, 550, 556, 560п36, 561п49, 562ո70, 563ո91 Women’s Strike (Poland), 3, 328 World Bank, 143, 157-58, 423nl, 459n35, 479, 488-89, 496nl05, 506, 516, 550 World Trade Organization (WTO), 136, 147, 272, 514 World War I, 5, 7, 10-11, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50-51, 61, 69, 280, 306, 335, 366, 398, 400, 419, 428, 465, 501, 525-26, 567, 574, 596 World War II, 11-16, 18, 28, 39, 44, 46, 49, 51, 56, 58, 62, 64, 68-70, 74-75, 84, 89, 94, 96nll, 100, 162, 171, 174, 185, 193, 203, 205, 208, 213-17, 229, 235-36, 238, 243, 255, 269, 277, 281-82, 306, 314, 327, 336, 349, 368, 379, 384, 399, 401-2, 405, 423, 428, 436, 463, 465, 471, 488, 525, 527-28, 530, 532, 558n6, 565, 574, 586-87, 597, 601 Yalta Conference, 15 Yanukovych, Viktor, 257, 274, 570-72, 57576, 578, 585, 590n9 Yeltsin, Boris (Russia), 27, 83, 269 Yugoslavia, 525-563; and breakup of, 7, 12, 16, 23, 26-27, 29, 74, 97nl5, 280, 456, 530-32, 535, 597; and communism, 17, 19, 51, 55-58, 101, 327, 369, 525, 528-29; and corruption, 243; and democratization, 40, 75, 79, 244, 247, 544, 597, 604; and demography, 173; and economic policy, 55, 132, 137-38, 207, 237, 548; and ethnic groups, 9-11, 25, 69, 77; and European Union, 244, 256; and foreign policy, 502; and independence, 78, 539; and memory, 203, 206; and migration, 175; and minorities, 22, 69-71, 79, 83, 543; and nationalism, 73, 81, 94, 600—601; and politics, 76, 525-28, 538, 544; and transitional justice, 209, 553; and war crimes, 203, 553; and War of Yugoslav succession, 76, 530, 535, 556; and the West, 31; and World War II, 62, 336, 368, 428 Yushchenko, Viktor,
257, 570-71, 575 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr, 280, 286, 573, 576— 78, 585-86
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Contents List of Illustrations v Acknowledgments xi PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Central and East Europe: Turbulent Histories, Dramatic Transformations, and Twenty-First-Century Challenges 3 Zsuzsa Csergő, Daina S. Eglitis, and Pauև M. Pickering PART II: POLICIES AND ISSUES 2 Liberal, Fascist, and Communist Legacies 39 Jeffrey S. Kopstein 3 Nationalism and Its Challenges toDemocratic Governance 67 Zsuzsa Csergő andJason Wittenberg 4 Civil Society and Political Parties: Growth and Change in the Organizations Linking People and Power 99 Kevin Deegan-Krause 5 Economic Reforms and Trends 127 Sharon Fisher 6 Demography and Migration 159 Daina S. Eglitis and Michelle Kebo 7 Transitional Justice and Memory 185 Eva-Clarita Pettäi and Vello Pettäi 8 Gender Regimes Éva Fodor 213
iv CONTENTS 9 The EU and Its Newer Members: Forging Ties in Turbulent Times 235 Ronald H. Linden 10 Russia Rising: Soft and Hard Power Challenges to Security 269 Jennie L. Schulze PART III: CASE STUDIES 11 Poland 305 Jane L. Curry 12 The Czech and Slovak Republics 333 Sharon L. Wolchik 13 Hungary 365 Federigo Argentieri and Ognen Vangelov 14 The Baltic Countries 397 Daunis Auers 15 Bulgaria 427 Janusz Bugajski and Margarita Assenova 16 Romania 463 Michelle Keho 17 Albania 499 Arolda Elbasani and Seimir Elbasani 18 Former Yugoslavia and Its Successor States 525 Pauև M. Pickering andJelena Subotič 19 Ukraine 565 Paul DAnieri PART IV: CONCLUSION 20 Changes and Challenges: Three Questions 595 Zsuzsa Csergő, Daina S. Eglitis, and Paula M. Pickering Index 609 About the Contributors 623
Index Page references for figures, maps, photos, and tables are italicized. Abkhazia (Georgia), 271 abortion, 162-63, 182n44, 224, 357, 363n68, 468, 481; and Hungary, 167; and Latvia, 168; and Poland, 91, 107, 117, 162, 168, 182n40, 321, 328, 602; and Romania, 159, 169, 180nn2-3, 491, 492nl6; and Russia, 180n7 acquis communautaire (EU), 240, 432 Afghanistan, 174, 177, 587 Age of Reforms (Hungary), 366 agency (of political actors), 32, 232nl9, 285, 529 Agrarian National Union (Bulgaria), 432 Albania, 499-524; and civil society, 500, 512-13, 519, 522nn41-44; and communist period, 503, 510-12; and economic transition, 499-504, 506, 511, 513-16; and elections, 504, 506-11, 521n29, 522n37; and European Union, 500, 508, 510-12, 515-19, 521n24; and foreign policy, 502-3, 505; and NATO, 502, 508, 512; and Ottoman Empire, 500; and political institutions, 507; and political parties, 501, 507, 511-14, 518-19; and social issues, 516-18; and transitional justice, 505, 521nl4, 522n4l; and Warsaw Pact, 17-20, 502; and women, 517, 517, 523n57; and World War I, 501 Alia, Ramiz (Albania), 503 Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (ADK), 544 609 Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR), 477 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) (Hungary), 372-73, 376-77 Alliance of Young Democrats (Fidesz) (Hungary), 32, 91-93, 113, 175, 245, 254, 365-66, 367, 372-86, 390, 392, 392nl5, 395n84, 599, 604-5 Allied Control Commission (Hungary), 368 Antall, József (Hungary), 375-76, 386 Antonescu, Ion (Romania), 466-67, 474, 488, 491 Armenia, 184n72, 247, 249, 257 Arrow Cross Party (Hungary), 45-46, 368, 392nl5
association agreement, 257—58, 267n85, 571-73, 583 Association for Saving Bucharest, 476 Ataka (Bulgaria), 283, 437, 439-40, 442, 453, 604 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7, 9, 34nl3, 33435, 366, 526, 565-67 autocratization, 77, 537, 555 Azerbaijan, 247, 257 Babiš, Andrej, 93, 333, 345, 350-51, 358-59 Bajnai, Gordon (Hungary), 375 Balcerowicz, Leszek (Poland), 311-12, 323 Balcerowicz Plan, 316-18, 322 Baltic Way, 424nnl0-l4 Banat (Romania), 465
610 INDEX Băsescu, Traían (Romania), 195, 473, 475 Battle of White Mountain, 334 Bayer, Zsolt (Hungary see also Alliance of Young Democrats), 367, 392n7 Belarus (including Belarusian), 27, 42-43, 51, 73, 111, 247, 249, 257, 283, 327, 382, 397, 422, 567, 582, 588, 590 Belene, 439, 444 Belka, Marek (Poland), 313 Belt and Road Initiative, 253 Beneš, Eduard, (Czechoslovakia), 71, 96nl0, 336-37 Beneš Decrees, 70, 74 Berisha, Sali (Albania), 504-5, 507, 511, 514 Berkut (Ukraine), 575 Berlin Wall, 22, 63, 238, 245, 263n34, 340, 477, 603, 605 Berov, Lyuben (Bulgaria), 433 Bessarabia (Romania), 465-66 Bibó, Istaván (Hungary), 367, 392n6 Bierut, Bolesław (Poland), 307 birth rate, 166-67 Black Sea Fleet, 275, 570, 575 Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria), 453 Blue Coalition (Bulgaria), 439 Bohemia, 64n8, 336-37, 339, 342 Bokros Plan (Hungary), 131, 386 Bolshevik, 7, 48-49, 465, 467, 567 Bolshevik Republic of Councils (Hungary), 366 Borisov, Boyko (Bulgaria), 439, 441-44, 447, 455, 460n54 Boross, Péter (Hungary), 375 Bosniac-Croatian Federation, 533 Bosniacs, 76, 108, 280, 282, 527-28, 531-33, 537, 534, 541-42, 545, 554, 560n42, 561n69, 562n78 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 7, 24, 27, 73, 75—76, 81-82, 112, 118, 128, 146, 209nl, 236, 256, 299nl59, 366, 525, 529-38, 540-42, 545-49, 551-54, 559n20, 560n38, 56lnn56-68, 562nn69-74, 606 Bosnian Serb Army, 532 Brain Drain, 154, 172, 182n45, 419, 486-87, 516, 552, 555, 583 Brexit, 172-74, 255, 266n74, 287, 454 Brezhnev, Leonid, 20, 567 Brezhnev Doctrine, 58, 60 Bronze Night, 279, 284-85 Bronze Soldier (Estonia), 277, 297nl25, 299nl63, 414 Budapest (Hungary), 3, 7,
33n2, 50, 59, 9293, 98n43, 100, 108, 175, 201, 246, 253, 335,367, 369-370, 377-79,380, 385-87, 389, 391n2, 392nl5, 394n74 Bulgaria, 427-61; and civil society, 448-49; and communism, 429, 447, 450, 453, 456; and democracy, 427, 431-32, 437-38, 457nnl11, 459n30; and economic transition, 427, 429-31, 433-35, 437-39,444,447-51, 454, 460n48; and European Union (EU), 427, 431-32, 436, 438-47,449-50, 454-56, 457n9, 458n23; and foreign policy, 455; and Interwar, 428; and Macedonia, 428, 452-53, 456, 458n26; and migration, 446, 459n31, 460n51; and minorities, 429,433,446,450-52,454,457; and nationalism, 438, 454, 456; and NATO, 427, 434-38, 442-43, 449, 454-56; and Ottoman Empire, 427, 452; and political party, 437, 439-40, 443, 452-55; and political transition, 428-30, 436, 438—40, 443, 449, 451—54; and Russia, 434, 436, 440-41, 443-44,449, 454-55,458nn2223, 459n28, 460n63, 461n65; and social issues, 448-54; and transitional justice, 431, 448; and women, 438; and World War II, 428, 436 Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union, 437 Bulgarian Agrarian Union, 427 Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 429 Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), 445 Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, 432 Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), 434, 436, 438, 440-41, 449, 455, 457n5 bureaucracy, 21, 43, 52, 313, 375 Burgas (Bulgaria), 439 Byzantium, 566 Catherine the Great, 275, 566, 573 Catholic Church, 17, 21-22, 56, 91, 101, 168, 305, 307, 310, 315-21, 327-29, 369, 567 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 18, 23, 55, 58, 61, 71, 86, 163, 171, 180ո2, 189, 199, 206, 218, 372,463-64, 468-69, 472, 474,477, 481-81, 490-91, 493nnl7-18
INDEX Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), 147 Central European University (CEU), 93, 108, 385, 388 central planning, 55, 58, 132, 337, 529 charismatic parties, 116 Chernobyl, 21, 568, 590n6 Chervenkov, Valko, 428 Churchill, Winston, 15, 368, 467 Ciorbea, Victor, 474 Citizens’ Campaign 98 (OK’98), 341, 350 Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria (GERB), 439-44, 455 Civic Circles Movement, 378, 384, 392nl9 Civic Democratic Alliance (Czech and Slovak Republics), 346 Civic Frum (Czech Republic), 339—40, 345-46 Civic Platform (PO) Poland), 121, 305, 31314, 317-18, 324 civil society (general), 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 45, 59-62, 93, 99-109, 112, 115, 120-22, 123nn2-6, 124nn10-26, 204, 247 Civil Society Committee (Bulgaria), 448 civil society diamond, 103, 122, 123nl, 124nl0 clans, 502, 512, 567 Coalition for Bulgaria, 437, 440 Cold War, 18, 25-26, 29, 31, 52, 58, 69, 71-72, 82, 178, 209, 214, 231n3, 232Ш9, 235, 237, 244, 256, 258, 260, 269, 337, 432, 443, 503, 588, 595-96, 608n29 Colectiv Club, 476, 485-86 collectivization, 17-18, 402, 428, 446, 502, 567 Cominform, 56 Committee for an Act of Historian Justice (TIB), 372 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 241, 262nl5, 418 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 135, 140, 144-45, 147, 153, 273, 419 Communist International, 51, 428 Communist Party of Central and East Europe, 376 Communist Party of Ukraine, 569 compatriot policy, 269-70, 285, 299nl69 Congress of Berlin, 7 Constantinescu, Emil, 473-74 Constantinople, 566, 586 611 Constitutional Court, 92, 190, 198, 283, 313-14, 326, 344-45, 374-75, 381-82, 392n7, 407,
410, 431, 452, 471, 490, 508-10, 521n31, 571 Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM) (EU), 240, 262n9, 432, 457n3 Copenhagen criteria, 29, 79, 240, 243 corruption, 4, 7, 19-21, 24, 31, 40, 42, 5455, 61-62, 88, 91, 107-9, 111, 114, 119, 128, 131, 138, 140, 147, 152, 155, 172, 178, 208, 240, 243, 247, 250, 278, 280, 282, 287, 290, 296nnl02-106, 309, 318, 324, 347-48, 350, 353, 358, 361, 387, 399, 412-14, 416, 419-20, 425n23, 43040, 443-44, 447-49, 452, 456, 457nn2-9, 473-76, 479, 483-86, 491, 496nn84-103, 500, 509, 515-16, 519, 521n34, 522n48, 533, 537, 539-40, 542, 544-45, 547-48, 550-51, 554-55, 56ln62, 562n90, 571, 573, 575-76, 581-82, 584, 589, 598-99, 603—4, 606 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or Comecon), 17, 56, 66n35, 131, 135-36, 237, 340, 477 Council of Europe, 29, 79, 213, 235, 236, 248, 26lnl, 289, 388, 395nn90-91, 406, 452, 482, 489, 497nl23 Council of Ministers (Albania), 507 Council of National Salvation Front (CNSF), 470-71 coup (1991), 404, 569, 596 courts (general), 43, 45, 62, 82, 119, 191, 193, 197, 202, 208, 240, 305, 313-14, 319, 327, 345, 375, 381, 387, 407, 416, 431, 452, 508, 511, 543, 546, 553 COVID-19 pandemic, 3, 127, 137, 151-52, 156, 173, 177-78, 213, 227-29, 234nn57, 243, 248, 253-54, 265nn63-65, 287, 329, 358, 363nn55֊56, 383, 415, 446-48, 459n32, 477, 488, 490, 515, 548, 551, 555, 563n93, 584, 588 Crimea, 27, 93-95, 147, 154, 236, 258, 269, 272, 274-75, 281, 283-85, 288-89, 291nl, 294nn56-64, 422, 441, 454-55, 565-66, 569-70, 572-75, 587-88, 590 Crimean Tatar Khanate, 566 critical juncture, 596-97
612 INDEX Croatia, 525; and Austro-Hungarian Empire, society, 333, 349-53, 362nn33-43; and 7; and authoritarianism, 109; and communism, 340-41, 343, 345, 349-50, communism, 560nn32-34; and democracy 352-57, 360nn8-9, 361n21, 362nn31-32; (including democratization), 24, 75, and elections, 333, 337, 340^42, 344-48, 118-19, 125n36,247, 249, 529-30, 536, 350-51, 353, 355-59; and foreign policy, 539-40, 544, 546-47, 549, 559nl8, 600; 340-41; and NATO, 339-41, 345; and and demography, 155, 161, 173, 552; and political parties, 336-37, 340, 345-50, economy, 151-52, 156, 250, 419, 548^49, 355, 358, 361nn21-23; and public 55(2-51, 555; and European Union, 128, opinion, 341, ЗбІпЗО, 362n47; and social 147, 150, 173, 236, 240, 243, 256; and issues, 354—56, 362n50; and World War fascism, 527-28; and independence, II, 336, 349 530-31; and migration, 173, 177, 561n69; and minorities, 12, 73, 75, 97nl6, Dayton Peace Accords, 27, 76, 532, 554 530, 535, 544-45, 552, 557, 563Ш01; Death rate, 161-62, 170, 254, 265n63, 354, and nationalism, 81, 86, 537, 560n32; 447, 449-50, 481, 588 and Ottoman Empire, 7; and pension Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade reform, 143; and political parties, 75-76, Agreement (DCFTA), 258, 583 117-18, 527, 540, 559nl6, 600; and Dej, Gheorghe Gheorghiu (Romania), 467 postcommunism, 116, 209nl, 561n66; and democracy: electoral, 3, 602-3, 606; liberal, social issues, 553-54; and unemployment, 3-4, 21, 40, 42-43, 48, 61, 63-64, 69, 146; and war crimes, 533, 553 88-89, 92, 94, 98n42, 104, 283-84, 290, Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 76, 120, 305, 388-90, 588, 596, 602-3,
605-6, 536, 539-41, 547-48, 550 607nl1 Csurka, István (Hungary), 376 Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in cyberattacks, 270, 277, 288-89 Romania (DAHR), 473-74, 477 Czech Lands, 42-43, 74, 203, 237, 333-37, democratic backsliding, 4, 32-33, 89, 93, 341, 345, 346, 352, 359 95-96, 98n44,108, 152,207, 212n34, 223, Czechoslovakia, 7, 9-11, 14, 25-28, 31, 245,248, 259-60, 264n49,267nn98-101, 42, 53-54, 57, 191 199, 203, 243, 333, 290, 358, 366, 375, 381, 391, 554, 559nl6, 337-40, 360nl, 366, 373, 468; and 599, 601, 608nl8 authoritarianism, 30-31; and breakup of, Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), 73-74, 81, 97nl3, 187, 334, 360nl2, 473-74 368; and civil society, 60-61, 349; and democratic deconsolidation, 260 communism (including communist Democratic Forum Alliance (Hungary), 377 period), 17, 22, 24, 51-52, 55, 57-58, Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), 544 61, 129-30, 243, 333, 337, 340; and Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), 312-14, democracy, 43, 220, 336, 343, 346; and 316-18 dissidents, 101, 104; and economy, 53Democratic Opposition of Slovenia 54, 56, 129, 131-34, 136-40, 147; and (DEMOS), 539 interwar, 34nl8, 335; and minorities, 10, democratic party: and Albania, 187, 504; and 42, 69—71, 73; and nationalism, 73—74; Baltic countries, 405; and Bulgaria, 432, and political institutions, 342, 361n20; 435; and Czech Lands, 345; and Kosovo, and reform, 140-41; and transitional 544; and Macedonia, 77, 537; and Poland, justice, 211n21; and Velvet Divorce, 74, 311, 315-17; and Romania, 471, 473-75; 187, 198, 359, 597; and women, 217, and Serbia, 75-76; and Slovenia, 539 231n4;
and World War II, 15, 20-21, 70, Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) 336, 466—67 (Montenegro), 543 Czech Republic, 333—363; and AustroDemocratic Union for Integration (DUI), Hungarian Empire, 334-35; and civil 120, 542
INDEX democratization, 25-32, 35ո53, 68, 75, 77, 81-82, 85, 94-95, 185, 203, 210, 222, 257, 259-60, 267ոո94-95, 268ո105, 305, 318, 366, 372, 383, 404, 457nl, 474, 518-19, 521ո24, 534-36, 538, 540, 54647, 555-56, 560ո30, 565, 596-98 Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria, 437, 441 demography, 26, 28, 30, 32, 69, 72, 81, 83, 89, 95, 97n24, 98n32, 159-79, 598, 602, 607nl dependency ratio, 164-65, 181n21 détente, 502 Dimitrov, Filip (Bulgaria), 433 Dimitrov, Georgi (Bulgaria), 428 Dimitrovgrad (Bulgaria), 446 dinar, 137 disinformation, 272-73, 275, 281-82, 284, 286-87, 289, 297nnl29-133, 300nl76, 30ІПІ99, 443, 606 displacement (including displaced), 55, 75-76, 163, 275, 402, 536, 547, 56ln69, 565, 580, 587 dissent, 22, 103, 336, 339, 371-72, 464, 491, 499, 503-4, 611; and system-rejective, 20-21; and within-system, 20-21 divorce, 26, 162 Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), 567, 581 Dobruja (Bulgaria), 428, 466 Dogan, Ahmed (Bulgaria), 433, 443—44, 451 Donbas (Ukraine), 275-76, 286, 441, 567 Donetsk (Ukraine), 275, 567, 569, 572 Dubček, Alexander, 20, 22, 338-39 Dublin Agreement, 388 Dubrovnik, 531 Duda, Andrzej, 314, 319 Dzurinda, Mikuláš (Slovakia), 341 Eastern Partnership (EU), 257-58, 266n83, 267n91 Eastern Rumelia, 427 economic reform, 24, 31, 56, 127-58, 309, 311, 322, 339, 341, 386, 391, 411, 415, 425n22, 431, 433, 435, 437-38, 540, 565, 569 electoral systems, 29, 115-16, 122, 220, 374, 407, 418, 508, 510, 522n36, 536-37, 539, 547, 559nl8, 597 energy, 91, 134, 147, 238, 241, 242-43, 258, 265n55, 272, 278-80, 283, 290, 292Ш9, 613 296nl00, 298nl46, 404, 422, 436, 439-41, 444-45, 449,
454-55, 469, 515, 550, 568, 581-82; and dependence, 252, 270, 279 environment, 21, 24, 59, 203, 218, 240-41, 243, 340, 402, 410, 443, 448-49 513 Estonia, 4-5, 7, 9,23, 27-28, 35n49, 70, 199, 23ІПІ4, 263n24, 269-70, 277, 281, 283-84, 289, 295nn77-78, 298nnl36-l44, 299Ш1І60-171, 300nnl73-189, 398; and corruption, 155; and democracy, 247, 249, 399,405, 408-10, 597, 606; and demography, 161-63, 170, 178, 217, 410, 421; and economy, 134, 136, 141—41, 156, 165, 217, 222,239, 397, 400-401, 405, 415-17,419, 422, 447, 494n57; and education, 420; and energy, 279; and European Union, 93, 127, 147, 149, 245; and foreign policy, 397; and identity, 72, 83-84, 97n28, 282, 406-7; and legal reform, 191; and migration, 174, 176, 178, 182n47, 406, 418, 424nll; and minorities, 73, 82-83, 94, 96, 98nn33-45, 293n48, 295n93, 296nl21, 404, 597, 607n5; and nationalism, 81, 97n27, 403; and NATO, 276, 295n76; and pension reform, 143, 222; and political institutions, 112, 410-13, 424nnl6-21, 597; and reform, 285, 602; and security concerns, 274, 296nl 14; and social issues, 420-21; and technology, 419; and transitional justice, 186, 193, 195, 197; and unemployment, 146-, and war crimes, 205; and women, 228, 409 ethnic demography, 26, 28, 30, 32, 69, 72, 81, 83, 95, 98n32 ethnic party, 111, 452, 538, 541, 544-45 ethno-federation, 7, 26, 70-71 EU integration, 94, 128, 147, 150, 157, 475, 543 EULEX, 544, 557, 559n21, 56ln52 euro (currency), 130, 148-50, 238, 354, 378, 386, 397, 417, 445 Euromaidan (Ukraine), 257, 572, 589, 590nnl0-l4, 591nl9 European Atomic Agency, 238 European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (EBRD), 130, 158n3, 237, 262nl3, 515, 522n53, 549, 56ln55, 562nn86-89, 563nn93-94
614 INDEX European Central Bank (ECB), 149, 250 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 238 European Commission, 147, 149, 184n74, 239, 240, 244, 248, 254, 262nn6-8, 263nnl7-28, 264nn37-53, 265nn66-67, 266n83, 329, 393n26, 417, 424n20, 425n27, 432, 439, 447, 457n3, 484, 487, 543, 546, 550 European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRİ), 389 European Community (EC), 237-38, 532, 534 European Council, 79, 97n20, 236, 239, 244, 248, 265n67, 266nn76-78, 267n88, 297nl34, 314, 46ln68, 476, 486, 543 European Economic Community (EEC), 238 Europeanization, 3, 30-31, 68-69, 79, 98n28, 261, 596, 607n6 European Parliament, 3, 31, 79, 92, 120, 124n32, 177, 205, 212n39, 244, 248, 254, 263n28, 264n36, 267n90, 319, 329, 375, 377, 379, 387-88, 395n85, 407-8, 413, 440, 443, 476, 563nl05 European People’s Party (EPP), 390 European Union, 3-4, 25, 33, 33n8, 63, 68, 72, 80-82, 84, 95, 102, 124n24, 127, 160, 164, 167-68, 170, 172-75, 178, 182n31, 184n80, 186, 205, 207, 209, 213, 220, 222, 224, 229, 235-39, 244, 248, 254, 258, 261, 262nn2-l6, 263nn21-24, 264n48, 267nn86֊95, 268nl03, 274, 279-80, 284, 286-87, 305, 333, 374, 394n71, 397, 308, 416,427, 471, 475, 479, 482-83, 487, 491, 497nnll5-126, 500, 525, 530, 534, 543-44, 546, 553-55, 565, 570-71, 582-83, 596, 602, 605; and accession, 30, 77, 79, 85-88, 93, 98n31, 127, 130, 148-50, 155, 170, 173, 243, 263n22, 267nn96-100, 285, 298nl37, 357, 439, 442, 455-57, 479, 537-38, 540, 542-44, 553, 559nl6, 560n47, 599, 606; and conditionality, 29, 31—32, 79, 85, 88, 209nl, 259, 261, 267n92, 299nl66, 500, 518, 521n24, 560n36; and Eastern
Enlargement (EU), 29, 31, 63, 79, 88, 94, 530; and membership, 26, 29, 31, 86-88, 93, 128, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183n48, 186, 220, 242, 245, 256, 259, 282, 284, 296nl 11, 388, 432, 454, 475, 480, 490, 518, 521n24, 535, 540, 596-97 Euroskepticism, 128, 156, 454 Eurozone, 127, 136, 142, 148-51, 156,236, 245, 250, 324, 417, 514, 539, 550 Exchange Rate Mechanism II (ERM II), 149 exchange rates, 130, 135, 148-51 Extraordinary Congress (Bulgaria), 430 extreme-right, 118-19, 203, 350, 474 fake news, 269, 300nl77, 440 famine, 18, 34n32, 188, 467, 492n9, 567-68, 574, 590n4 fascism, 44, 46, 61, 65nnll-12, 264n52, 277, 444, 587, 596, 599 Federal Assembly: and Czechoslovak, 198, 346; and Russia, 269 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), 81 Ferdinand, Franz, 7 fertility, 159-64, 167-70, 178, 180nn7-10, 18ІППІ4-16, 225-26, 552, 595, 602 Fico, Robert (Slovakia), 206, 250, 284, 333, 344, 347-48, 351, 606 Fidesz. See Alliance of Young Democrats firewall civil society, 108-9, 122, 605, 608n26 fiscal policy, 130-31, 133-34, 138, 141-44, 149, 151, 240, 250, 378, 417, 439, 445, 447, 480, 489, 514, 516 foreign direct investment, 128, 147, 158nl3, 241, 323, 422, 445, 494nn53-56, 550 foreign policy (general): and Albania, 502-3, 505; and Bulgaria, 455; and Czech and Slovak Republics, 340; and Estonia, 294n66; and European Union, 252; and Lithuania, 422; and Poland, 219, 313-14; and Romania, 58; and Russia, 269-70, 272-73, 284, 287, 293nn27-30, 295n75, 297nnl24—125, 298nl46; and Soviet Union, 56, 58; and Ukraine, 570-71, 582, 588-89; and United States, 255; and Yugoslavia, 525, 528-29 foreign trade,
50, 65nl4, 130, 135-36, 147, 311, 514 Freedom Union (Poland), 318 friendship price (CMEA), 237 G7, 272, 292n21 Gazprom, 252, 258, 279, 295nn90-99, 440, 443
INDEX 615 Gdańsk (Poland), 57, 189, 190, 307-8, 321 gender inequality, 221, 230, 421, 517, 523n56 gender regime, 213-14, 222-23, 229-30, 231nn4-13, 232n21, 389 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 136, 147 genocide, 11, 15, 178, 191, 199-201, 204, 281, 469, 525, 529, 532-34, 554, 567, 574 Georgia, Republic of: and civil society, 109; and democracy, 247, 249՛, and European Union, 243—44, 257; and Rose, 272; and Russia, 269, 271, 276-77, 289 Gerö, Ernő, 369 glasnost, 20-21, 349, 401 Göncz, Árpád, 374 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 20—21, 35, 60, 71, 129, 238, 244, 371, 404, 567-69 goulash communism, 19, 129, 370, 390 Great Depression, 306, 335, 386 Greater Romania Party, 474, 491 Greek Catholic Church, 567 gross domestic product (GDP), 127, 132-33, 137, 140-42, 149-51, 156, 165, 239, 250, 264n44, 271, 322, 324, 354, 371, 378, 385, 401, 417-20, 422, 439, 445, 447, 450, 454, 479-80, 484, 494n54, 506, 514-17, 548, 550-51, 581, 583 Gyurcsány, Ferenc (Hungary), 375, 377-79, 393n22, 395n84, 599 Hungarian Communist Party, 18, 57, 368, 371 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), 372-74, 376 Hungarian Justice and Life Party MIEP), 367 Hungarian Revolution, 20, 369, 373, 380, 392n8, 609 Hungarian Socialist Party (HSP), 92, 121, 373, 377 Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (HSWP), 369 Hungarian Status Law, 87, 98n38 Hungarian Truth and Life Party, 376—77 Hungary, 365-95; and communist period, 366-79, 383, 385, 390, 392nl5; and economic reform, 368, 370-73, 376, 378, 382-90, 392nn9-10, 395nn80-81; and elections, 368, 372-75, 377-79, 382-83, 386, 388-90, 393n22; and European Union, 374, 378, 382,
388-90, 395nn8694; and foreign policy, 366, 384-86, 388-89; and memory, 367, 369, 377; and nationalism, 379-80, 390-91, 393n35; and NATO, 374, 388; and political institutions, 369, 374-84; and political parties, 369, 372-73; and social issues, 386-87 hybrid regime, 536, 539-40, 543, 553, 600, 603, 605—6 hybrid tactics, 269, 274; and war 441, 455 Habsburg Empire, 40, 42, 46, 50, 366 The Hague, 533, 553 hard power, 255, 266, 264n35, 269-70, 272, 274, 290 health care, 18, 77, 91, 117, 140, 160, 164֊ 65, 170, 172, 218, 254, 314, 325-26, 402, 405, 419, 422, 444, 446, 449, 485, 487, 496nn93֊98, 584, 588, 599 Hitler, Adolf, 44, 336, 368, 466 HIV/AIDS, 355, 480-81 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Karl of, 465 Holocaust, 11-12, 14-16, 34nn20-26, 89, 162, 171, 178, 183n50, 197, 199-200, 203-5, 208-9, 336, 385, 401, 488, 491, 492nnl-8, 527, 558n4, 567, 586, 591n30, 601 Holodomor (famine/genocide), 188, 567-568 home state, 72-73, 80-81, 86 Horthy, Miklós, 46, 51, 366, 368 Iliescu, Ion, 191, 469-70, 472-75, 477 illiberal democracy, 92, 98, 104, 234, 245, 283, 305, 366, 387, 389-91, 393n40, 395n83 “imitation imperative,” 249 Independence Referendum, 78 Independent Smallholders Party, 368, 376, 392nl5 International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 209nl, 532, 540, 543, 553-54, 564nl09 international intervention, 78, 499, 507, 532, 538, 544, 556 International Monetary Fund, 128-29, 134, 151, 158nl3, 371, 378, 417, 435, 445-47, 450, 459n40, 475, 480, 494n59, 506, 514, 579, 582-84 Interwar Period, 5, 10—12, 15-16, 25, 28, 41, 45-46, 51, 56, 65nn9-24, 70, 83, 101,
616 INDEX 174, 333, 335-37, 345, 349, Зб0п2, 367, 400, 406, 410, 428, 466, 567, 599, 604 Iohannis, Klaus, 476 Iraq, 81, 174-77, 318 Iron Curtain, 31, 34n27, 88, 373, 489 Iron Guard (Romania), 45, 466, 476-77 Jiu Valley miners, 473, 477 John Paul II (pope), 21 Kaczyński Brothers (Poland): and Jarosław, 206-7, 284, 314, 320; and Lech, 313-14, 318-19, 327; Kádár, János, 19, 369-72, 386 Kaliningrad, 276 Karl of Hohenzollem-Sigmaringen, 465 Karta Polaka, 87 Katyn Massacre, 203, 212n38, 314 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56, 214, 218, 231n3, 369, 567 King Michael, 467, 475 kin-state, 72, 79, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 95, 97n22, 98nn32֊38, 270, 285, 389, 393nn35-36, 596 Kosovo, 525; and Albania, 78; and democratization, 79, 82, 97nl9, 146, 247, 256, 536, 538, 541, 545, 555; and demography, 75; and economic policy, 150-51, 266n79, 296nll2, 548-49; and European Union, 128, 147, 236, 281, 296nlll, 534, 544; and foreign direct investment, 146, 550՝, and human rights issues, 533; and independence, 256, 280; and minorities, 78, 526, 530, 537, 538; and national identity, 77, 529; and nationalism, 525, 529; and political institutions, 538-40, 543—44, 546-47, 555; and social issues, 552-53; and territoiy disputes, 27-28; and unemployment, 146՝, and war, 533-35, 540-42 Kosovo Assembly, 77-78 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 533, 544 Kravchuk, Leonid, 569-70, 590n8 Kuchma, Leonid (Ukraine), 111, 570-71, 576, 580 Kyiv (Ukraine), 257-58, 274-75, 566, 568, 570-74, 580, 583, 586-87, 590nl Kyivan-Rus, 566 labor markets, 31, 130, 141, 144-46, 156, 160, 172, 178, 215, 218-20, 222-23, 225-27, 325, 387, 418, 446, 517,
523n57 land reform, 9, 42, 392nl5, 501 Latvia: and corruption, 484; and democracy, 247, 249, 406, 410, 597; and demography, 12, 14, 152, 161-63, 165, 168, 170; and economic policy, 127, 134, 141, 143,14647, 149, 151-52, 222,239, 245, 447; and European Union, 83, 93, 149, 397; and independence, 23, 70, 195; and memory politics, 203, 205; and migration, 173, 176, 178; and minorities, 14-15, 27, 73, 82-83, 198, 203, 407; and nationalism, 81, 600, 604; and NATO, 94; and politics, 28, 82-83, 112-14, 118, 167, 397-420, 604; and Russia, 5, 7, 9, 27, 269-70, 274, 276, 279-83, 285-86; and social issues, 420-22, 602; and transitional justice, 188, 191, 194, 197-99, 201; and women, 4 Law and Justice Party (Pis) (Poland), 3, 32, 9193, 98n39, 117,144,156,187,206, 248, 284, 313-14, 318-19,325-26 legacies: and border changes, 595-96; and external influence, 596; and founding elections, 597; and post-1990 economic restructuring, 597-98 legitimacy, 16, 18-19, 21-22, 24, 56, 58, 67, 77, 80, 188, 207, 218, 226, 375, 402, 414, 420, 429, 448, 509, 527, 529, 543, 553, 555, 563nl09, 568, 573, 601 LGBTQIA, 91, 414, 420-21, 488-90, 55253, 585 liberalism, 40-41, 43—44, 46, 60, 65nll, 91, 305, 365, 502 Lithuania: and communism, 187, 207; and corruption, 155; and democracy, 247, 249՝, and demography, 83, 98n31, 161, 170, 397, 418; and dictatorship, 42, 152, 399; and disinformation, 281; and economic policy, 141, 143, 146-Л7, 152, 165, 193, 222, 239, 243, 279-80, 404, 419, 447, 494n57; and European Union, 127, 149, 245, 263n24, 270, 397; and independence, 23, 35n49, 279; and Jews, 15; and migration,
173, 176, 178, 182n47; and minorities, 73, 83-84, 89, 93, 406-7; and nationalism, 70, 81, 89, 270; and NATO, 276, 422; and nuclear
INDEX power, 243; and politics, 112, 115, 119, 176, 187, 191, 249, 298nl44, 400401, 405, 408-20, 422, 424nl7; and Prussia, 7; and Russia, 5, 9, 281, 286, 296nl00; and social issues, 420-21; and transitional justice, 196-99, 201, 203-5, 21 On 16; and unemployment, 146·, and USSR, 12; and women, 4-5, 165; and World War II, 401 Luhansk (Ukraine), 275, 569, 572 Maastricht Treaty, 149, 156, 238 Macedonia: and Albania, 72, 78; and civil society, 545-46, 606; and corruption, 107, 155, 547; and democratization, 75-77, 116, 119, 247, 520, 536-38, 541, 546, 603, 606; and demography, 154; and economic policy, 143, 146, 549, 551; and European Union, 128, 147,236, 256, 458n26, 543, 554, 606; and independence, 28, 456, 534-35; and migration, 175; and minorities, 24, 82, 120, 538, 542, 544; and name change/ dispute, 28, 77, 97nl7, 124n9, 256, 266n78, 455-56, 46ln68, 543, 554, 559nl3, 560n47; and nationalism, 81, 86, 600; and Ottoman Empire, 7; and politics, 427-28, 452-53, 548-49; and social issues, 552-54; and transitional justice, 209; and unemployment, 146·, and Yugoslavia, 525, 529 macroeconomic stabilization, 129-32, 134, 137-38, 140, 548, 598 Mádl, Ferenc (Hungary), 374 Maidan Revolution, 274 marriage (and marriage rate), 67, 91, 118, 160, 162-63, 179, 180nnl0-12, 224, 420, 490, 553 Marshall Plan, 236 martial law, 21, 196, 309-10, 321, 327, 371 Marx, Karl, 47-49, 65nnl7-18 Marxism-Leninism, 50, 54, 58, 337, 503 Mečiar, Vladimir (Slovakia), 85, 98n34, 111, 341-42, 346, 349-50, 355, 357 Medgyessy, Péter, 377 memory politics, 28, 207-8, 212n4l, 377, 567, 590n5, 601-2 Merkel, Angela,
245, 263n34, 390 Michael (king), 467, 475 617 migration (general), 159-83 Miloševič, Slobodan (Serbia), 77, 111, 52933, 535, 539, 543, 548, 554, 557, 605 Ministry of National Development, 382, 394n51 minorities, 12, 22, 27, 39, 41-46, 51, 69—74, 79, 81-84, 89, 91, 93-98, 116, 119, 125n36, 171, 204, 220, 240-41, 282, 295nn93֊94, 299nl70, 342, 350, 362n50, 366, 380, 387-90, 400, 404, 412, 415, 420, 422, 429, 433, 446, 450-52, 454, 457, 467-68, 470, 474, 488, 491, 517, 526, 528, 535, 537-39, 547, 552, 585, 595-96, 600, 615 Minsk Accords, 275 modernization theory, 51, 54-55 Moldova, 27, 72-73, 84, 147, 199, 243, 247249, 257, 284, 290, 295n75, 464, 495n82 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 11-12, 205, 282, 297nl26, 306, 368, 401, 403, 472 monetary policy, 130, 132-33, 135, 514 Mongols, 49, 566 Montenegro, 7, 78, 81, 112, 116, 119, 128, 143,146-47, 150, 152, 154-55, 236,247, 256, 277, 501, 525, 529, 534-35, 537, 543-44, 546, 548-55 Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik), 92, 245, 283, 367, 379-80, 383-84, 392n7 multinational state, 56, 465, 492n6, 527 Nagy, Imre (Hungary), 18, 365, 369-70, 373 nation, 21, 26, 51, 58, 67, 71-73, 80, 85, 87, 91-92, 97nn25-26, 170, 183n64, 201-2, 204, 206, 208, 269, 340, 342, ЗбОпЗ, 367, 378, 399, 406, 410, 413, 425n22, 436, 451-53, 456, 463-65, 473, 491, 492nn67, 526, 529, 539, 590nn3֊5, 600-601, 608n28 National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA), 484 national bourgeoisie, 382, 294n51 national identity, 6, 65n24, 69, 84, 86, 91, 99, 118, 287, 306, 335, 393n37, 465, 528, 569, 576-77, 585-86, 591nl9, 604 nationalism (general), 24, 26, 32, 35n50, 60, 70-98, 105,
167, 174, 178, 249, 270, 299nl66, 318, 329, 279, 391, 393n35, 401, 412, 438, 454, 456, 474, 530, 535, 560, 567-68, 576, 587, 595, 601-3,
618 INDEX б07п1; and civic nationalism, 68; and ethnic nationalism (ethnonationalism), 28, 67-69, 71-73, 80, 89, 92, 94, 380-81, 525, 528, 533, 600, 604; and nationalist parties, 80, 93, 249-50, 412, 438, 442, 447, 454-55, 458n25, 473, 530, 536, 539, 546-47, 600; and protectionist nationalism, 81, 89; and substate nationalism, 80-81; and traditional nationalism, 80, 600; and transsovereign nationalism, 81 National Liberal Party (PNL), 465, 470-71, 477 national narrative, 16, 69, 204, 275 national self-determination, 25—26, 28, 73, 75, 77, 464, 580 National Salvation Front (NSF), 191 469—70, 473, 475, 480-81, 493n29 national sovereignty, 10, 25, 52, 71-72, 76, 83-84 nation-building, 9, 28, 42, 67—69, 76—77, 83— 86, 94-95, 98n38, 295n94, 299nl63, 607 nation-state model, 68 natural experiment, 259, 2б7п94 North Adantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (general), 26-27, 76, 78, 80, 82-83, 86, 93-94, 235-36, 244, 261, 261nl, 262n2, 263n30, 270, 272, 276-84, 286-90, 294n67, 295n76, 298nl 46, 312, 340-41, 345, 374, 388, 397, 410, 422, 427, 434-38, 442-43, 449, 454-56, 459n28, 471, 474-75, 502, 508, 512, 528, 532-33, 535, 539, 544, 548, 554, 570, 597 North Macedonia, 28, 72, 77, 81-82, 86, 107, 116, 119-20, 124nn9-25, 128, Мб47, 154-55, 209nl, 236, 256, 266n78, 456, 458n26, 538, 541-43, 545-48, 551-54, 559nl3, 562n80, 600, 603, 606, 608n27 Odessa, 566 one-party rule, 16—18, 20—25, 30, 71, 94, 111, 345, 603-4 Open Society Foundation, 384—85, 394n74, 414, 482, 489 Orange Revolution, 257, 292n23, 293n28, 570-71, 575, 578-80 Orbán, Viktor (Hungaiy), 91-92, 98n40, 108, 124n28, 167, 175-76,
182n37, 183n66, 206-7, 226, 234n46, 280, 283, 348, 365-67, 373, 375, 377-86, 388-95, 486, 604, 608n22 Organisation for Economic Cooperation (OECD), 141, 172, 183, 215, 230, 234n59, 354, 357, 363nn57-58, 387, 395n80, 397, 425n31 Organization for Security and Cooperation (OSCE), 29, 79, 97, 289, 406, 482, 506, 535, 557 Orthodox Christianity, 273, 441, 449, 465, _ 484, 488, 526, 555, 566, 586 Őszöd Speech, 377-79 Ottoman Empire, 5, 7, 9, 34nl4, 40, 427, 452, 500, 566 party system, 100, 110—14, 116, 122—23, 267n94, 347-48, 357-58, 399, 411-13, 511, 538-39, 541-44, 570, 576, 578, 599 path dependence, 596, 607n2 patronage, 30, 155, 500, 511, 514-15, 51819, 521n34, 538-41, 544, 549, 575-76, 578, 598 patronalism, 576 pension reform, 130, 143-44, 151, 181nl9 People’s Christian Democrats, 376 Poland, 40, 305-32; and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7; and authoritarianism, 333; and Catholic Church, 101, 118, 328; and civil society, 105-7, 320-21, 349, 383; and communism, 24, 39, 52-55, 57-60, 62, 104, 140, 306-9; and democracy, 10, 43, 245, 247-48, 589, 604, 606; and demography, 161-63, 167-70, 220-21, 223, 225—26, 588; and dissidents, 21; and economic policy, 31, 56, 59, 127, 129-32, 136-38,140-41,143-53,237,239, 241, 250, 271, 321-24, 371,446, 583, 598; and European Union, 142, 150, 156, 172, 236, 238, 248M9, 254-55, 260, 388-89; and liberalism, 43; and migration, 172, 177-78, 251; and minorities, 9, 15, 28, 42, 45, 51, 73, 84, 89-91, 352, 397; and nationalism, 32, 72, 86-87, 93, 600-602; and national self-determination, 25; and NATO, 284, 286-87; and politics, 92-93,
INDEX 114-19, 121, 140, 305-9, 314-17, 319-20, 329, 345, 565-66, 606; and populism, 555; and postcommunism, 309-11, 358, 484, 569; and Russia, 252, 271, 276, 282, 284, 290, 582; and Russian Empire, 5; and social issues, 324-26, 421, 489-90; and transitional justice, 186-90, 193, 195-99, 201, 203-4, 206, 207; and Ukraine, 257; and USSR, 12, 17, 71, 338, 340, 567; and women, 3, 213, 219, 223, 225—27; and workers strikes, 20; and World War II, 12, 14, 46, 336, 401, 466 Polish-Lithuanian, 84, 566 Polish Peasant Party, 110, 315-16, 318 Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP), 30712,315,317 Politburo, 55, 195, 217, 429-30 political institutions, 30, 39, 208, 210n9, 220, 238, 240, 312, 342, 269, 374, 384, 398, 405, 422, 431, 464, 470, 491, 507, 535-36, 538, 545, 574, 595, 600 political parties: charisma of, 116-17; clientelism of, 116-17, 125n35, 381, 516, 598; program of, 116-117, 226-27, 312, 386, 418, 434, 436, 451, 453, 468, 477, 506, 538-40 Pope John Paul II, 21 populism, 69, 119, 123, 125n39, 128, 157, 230, 234n46, 259, 305, 379, 381, 391, 394n64, 413, 424nl7, 600, 607n8, 608nl6 poverty, 42, 47, 127-28, 131, 141, 152-54, 163, 165, 168-69, 174, 182n32, 221-21, 225-26, 233n37, 251, 322, 325, 340, 353-54, 358, 420, 436, 447, 449-50, 479, 483, 487-89, 496nnl04-105, 497nnl06111, 516, 552, 563n95, 583-84, 605 power sharing, 18, 71, 76, 266n79, 535-38, 541-42 Pozsgay, Imre, 371-73 Prague Spring, 22, 57, ЗбОпІО privatization, 30, 62, 83, 129-30, 138-40, 142-43, 145, 148, 157, 196-97, 240, 312, 323, 325, ЗЗІПІЗ, 353, 357, 386, 403, 405, 415-16, 434-35, 444-46, 478-79, 506, 513-15,
548-49, 598 pro-natalism, 159, 167, 179, 182n34, 225-26 619 proportional representation, 43, 115—16, 121, 316, 342, 399, 407, 472, 508, 510, 536, 585 public diplomacy, 270-73, 287, 289, 292n23 Putin, Vladimir, 255, 269, 275, 287, 291, 294n63, 295n82, 441, 566, 570, 576 quotas, 89, 230, 264n51, 286, 528, 537, 541-42, 559nl9 Red Regime, 366-67 reflexive control, 287 refugees, 9, 11-12, 32, 81, 89, 90, 92, 108, 160-62, 166-67, 173-78, 180, 183n49, 184n78, 243, 245, 251, 264nn50֊51, 324, 327, 344, 351-52, 358, 388, 402, 448, 454, 531-32, 536, 563nl00, 591n31, 602—3, 606 regime (general), 9, 25; and change, 25, 27, 31, 82, 123n6, 202-3, 375, 385, 387, 395n84, 499, 503-4, 519, 520nl, 559n27, 595, 598, 608n26 Rezist, 486 Riga (Latvia), 12, 14, 34n22, 173, 198, 201, 281, 290-92, 295n95, 400, 403, 404, 408, 414, 419-20 Roma, 11-12, 14-15, 42, 70, 72-73, 88, 92, 153-54, 158nl5, 215, 219, 222, 226, 241, 262nl0, 350-53, 355-56, 358, 363n6l, 379-80, 384, 386-87, 389-90, 395n82, 398, 401, 442, 450, 453, 460n62, 467, 487-89, 497nl 12, 517, 526, 528, 537, 553, 555 Roman, Petre, 470, 472-73, 477-78, 494n44 Romania, 463-98; and authoritarianism, 43; and civil society, 22, 102, 480—82, 545; and communism, 17-18, 30-31, 55, 58-61, 70, 129, 195, 467-68, 603; and corruption, 119, 155, 243, 280; and democracy, 10, 86, 119, 247, 249; and demography, 152-54, 159, 161-63, 165, 167—69, 172; and economic policy, 59, 129-30, 136, 143, 146-47, 196, 220, 239, 240-41, 250, 419-20, 464, 477-80; and energy 279, 290; and European Union, 128, 150-51, 236-38, 240-41, 475, 597, 599; and migration, 171-73,
176-78, 251; and minorities, 15, 42, 45, 51, 71,
620 INDEX 73, 120, 125ո36; and nationalism, 72-73, 85-87; and national sovereignty, 72-73, 82; and Ottoman Empire, 7, 9; and politics, 117-19, 187, 195, 372-73, 428, 464-67, 470-77; and populism, 372; and revolution, 469-70; and Russia, 50, 252, 276-77, 282, 290; and social issues, 42021, 482-91, 545; and transitional justice, 199-201, 204, 206; and USSR, 17, 20, 53; and violence, 191; and women, 220, 228; and Worid War II, 12, 45-46, 401 Roundtable Accords, 312, 374 Russian Empire, 5, 7, 9, 33nll, 424n4, 566, 586 Russian Revolution, 33nl2, 50, 64, 65n23 Russification, 6, 33nll, 70-71, 84, 401 Russkiy Mir Foundation, 283, 291, 293n31 Russophones, 27, 83-84, 94-95, 299nl70, 597 Schengen, 176-77, 243, 251, 254, 263n25 securitization, 72, 94-95 separatism, 285, 471, 569, 574 Serbia, 7, 9; and civil society, 102, 109, 545—46; and conflict, 27, 77-78, 119, 243, 428, 530-35, 540; and corruption, 278; and democracy, 24, 75, 247, 249, 540, 544, 547; and economic policy, 24, 132, 143, 146-47, 151, 253, 278-79, 548-51; and elections, 539, 603; and energy, 441, 455; and ethnicity, 118-19; and European Union, 128, 147, 236, 256, 280-81, 606; and Kosovo, 533-34, 544; and migration, 175, 251; and minorities, 72-73, 118—19, 280; and nationalism, 81, 86, 536, 600, 603; and NATO, 78, 533-34; and politics, 116, 366, 526-30, 536-37, 543-44, 553֊ 55; and populism, 290; and Russia, 279, 282, 284, 290, 441; and social issues, 55255; and transitional justice, 209; and World War I, 501; and Yugoslavia, 525, 530-31 Sevastopol, 275, 569-70 sexual minorities, 3, 91, 220, 389, 420, 552, 585, 595 shock
therapy, 30, 131, 312, 322, 385, 405, 415, 479, 506, 569, 598 single pyramid system, 381-83, 393n39 Slovakia: and Austro-Hungarian Empire, 7; and civil society, 109, 333, 349-52, 383; and communism, 51, 337-38; and corruption, 4, 155, 599; and democracy, 114,116, 118-21,247, 358-59, 597, 604-5; and demography, 154; and economic policy, 127, 129, 131, 137, 140^3, 145-48, 237,239, 250, 353-54, 358, 368, 480; and ethnicity, 118; and European Union, 146—47, 149, 151, 236, 238, 240, 245, 279, 388; and memory politics, 28; and migration, 251; and minorities, 26, 73, 93, 282; and nationalism, 81-82, 85-87, 89; and politics (including political institutions), 74 110, 112, 114, 118-21, 334-37, 342, 344-49, 351, 604-5; and postcommunism, 341; and Russia, 284; and social issues, 152-54, 354-57; and transitional justice, 201; and USSR, 12 Slovenia, 7, 24, 31, 75, 81, 86, 112, 114-15, 118-19, 125n36, 127, 129, 137, 139, 146, 149, 151-52, 154-56, 173, 200, 203, 210n3, 211n22, 221, 236, 238-239, 245, 247, 250, 256, 263n24, 494n57, 525, 529-30, 535-37, 539, 544-52, 554, 56nn30֊31, 597, 607n7 social contract, 18-19 soft power, 245, 248, 253-54, 259-60, 264n35, 265n60, 270, 272, 274-75, 281, 285, 287-91, 292nnn 11-26, 293nn30-45, 297nl28, 298nnl35-143, 299nnl67֊170, 300nnl87-189 Solidarity, 21-22, 25, 29, 32, 57, 71, 91, 95, 104, 120, 183n49, 196, 205, 255, 279, 288, 307-12, 316-18, 321, 323, 326-27, 330, 348, 362n36, 371, 383, 512, 607 Soros Report, 388 sovereignty, 10, 24-26, 28-29, 46, 52, 63, 71-72, 76, 82-83, 84, 87, 244, 251-52, 258-59, 284, 286, 421, 455, 501, 529, 536, 542, 570, 586
Soviet Bloc, 20, 26, 28, 30-31, 55, 57-58, 64, 66n34, 71, 127, 130, 157, 158n2, 170, 261, 309-10, 320, 386, 388, 428, 445, 597 Soviet Union, 11-12, 14-15, 18, 20, 2428, 30, 33nl 1, 49-52, 55-60, 65n29, 69-71, 73-74, 81, 84, 101, 129, 131, 136, 162, 174, 198-99, 205, 210nl0,
INDEX 211ո21, 231ո3, 232ո20, 237, 238, 247, 252, 262ոՅ, 269, 271, 282, 289, 291ո7, 299, 306, 309-10, 312, 327, 338, 340, 368-69, 371, 387, 392ո15, 397-98, 400-402, 404, 408, 410, 419, 423, 427, 463, 466-67, 469, 502-3, 525, 527-28, 530, 550, 565, 567-69, 574, 576-77, 581, 583, 586-87 sphere of interest (Russia), 565 Stalin, Joseph, 15, 17-18, 39, 49, 51-52, 56, 64nl, 205, 236, 307, 368-69, 402, 467, 502, 520, 520n7, 528 stateness problem, 27 state socialism, 17, 29-30, 94, 213, 218-19, 230, 231nn4֊10, 232nl9, 363n59, 526, 612 structural reform, 130-31, 138, 140, 156, 438, 548-49 Szálasi, Ferenc (Hungary), 46, 368 Terror House Museum, 377, 392nl5 titular nationalist, 70, 72 total fertility rate (TFR), 160-64, 167-69, 226, 552 totalitarianism, 51, 53, 64, 65nl0, 210nll, 502 Trianon Peace Treaty, 366-67, 379, 388 Trotsky, Leon, 567 Two Percent Law, 482 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 571, 575 Ukraine, 5, 7, 12, 565-94; and authoritarianism, 571-72, 587; and civil society, 109, 579-80; and communism, 24, 130; and constitution, 569-71, 574-75, 584; and corruption, 155, 280; and Crimea, 94-95, 154, 441, 454; and democracy, 119, 247, 249, 389, 603; and demography, 161, 166-, and dictatorship, 466-67, 571; and disinformation, 281, 285-86; and economic policy, 18, 30, 131-34, 137, 151, 324, 581-84; and European Union, 128, 147, 156, 236, 243-44, 257-58, 267nn86-91, 279; and famine, 34n32; and ghettos, 12; and independence, 565, 606; and memory, 573-74, 601; and migration, 327; and minorities, 257; and nationalism, 586-87; 621 and NATO, 454-55; and politics, 116, 119, 565-67, 573-78, 588-89; and
postcommunism, 569-70, 598; and Russia, 27, 93, 95, 154, 252, 269, 272, 274-77, 279, 283-85, 287-90, 440, 444, 449, 454, 572-73, 586-89, 597; and social issues, 584-86; and transitional justice, 185, 187-88, 201, 203-4; and unemployment, 146·, and USSR, 15, 17, 21, 49-50, 84, 567-69 uncivil society, 105, 108 unemployment, 91, 128, 134, 139, 141, 144-46, 153-54, 163, 170, 173, 183, 215, 218-19, 233n31, 241, 264n50, 322, 324-25, ЗЗІПІ5, 335, 34-41, 352-54, 356, 358, 387, 398, 400, 405, 417, 420, 436, 446-47, 451, 459n33, 477, 514, 548, 550, 552, 598 Union Treaty, 568 United States, 9, 15, 68, 78, 81-82, 103, 106, 116, 123-25, 162, 170-71, 18ЫЗ, 199, 208, 214, 250, 252, 254-55, 258, 260, 271, 284, 287-88, 292n26, 309, 312, 321, 329, 385, 391, 418-19, 425n23, 450, 454, 473, 491, 508, 532, 578, 583-84, 588, 607n3 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 103, 105, 107, 123-24, 549 USSR, 7, 10, 12, 15-16, 20-21, 24, 65, 129, 131, 136-37, 162, 180, 199, 237, 244, 257, 269, 294, 268, 392nl5, 401, 403, 428, 467, 470 Velvet Divorce, 74, 187, 198, 359, 597 Velvet Revolution, 187, 191, 203, 339-40 Visegrad group, 140, 149, 261, 383, 388, 391nl Volodymyr (Vladimir the Great), 566, 573 Vona, Gábor (Hungary), 379, 384 Wałęsa, Lech (Poland), 21, 104, 308, 311-12, 316, 327 Warsaw Pact, 17-18, 20-21, 56, 57, 58, 237, 338, 369, 427, 468, 502 Western Balkans, 128, 147-50, 152, 154, 156, 158nl3, 183n65, 184n78, 243, 256-57, 277, 299, 521n25, 526, 541,
622 INDEX 544, 546-47, 550, 556, 560п36, 561п49, 562ո70, 563ո91 Women’s Strike (Poland), 3, 328 World Bank, 143, 157-58, 423nl, 459n35, 479, 488-89, 496nl05, 506, 516, 550 World Trade Organization (WTO), 136, 147, 272, 514 World War I, 5, 7, 10-11, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50-51, 61, 69, 280, 306, 335, 366, 398, 400, 419, 428, 465, 501, 525-26, 567, 574, 596 World War II, 11-16, 18, 28, 39, 44, 46, 49, 51, 56, 58, 62, 64, 68-70, 74-75, 84, 89, 94, 96nll, 100, 162, 171, 174, 185, 193, 203, 205, 208, 213-17, 229, 235-36, 238, 243, 255, 269, 277, 281-82, 306, 314, 327, 336, 349, 368, 379, 384, 399, 401-2, 405, 423, 428, 436, 463, 465, 471, 488, 525, 527-28, 530, 532, 558n6, 565, 574, 586-87, 597, 601 Yalta Conference, 15 Yanukovych, Viktor, 257, 274, 570-72, 57576, 578, 585, 590n9 Yeltsin, Boris (Russia), 27, 83, 269 Yugoslavia, 525-563; and breakup of, 7, 12, 16, 23, 26-27, 29, 74, 97nl5, 280, 456, 530-32, 535, 597; and communism, 17, 19, 51, 55-58, 101, 327, 369, 525, 528-29; and corruption, 243; and democratization, 40, 75, 79, 244, 247, 544, 597, 604; and demography, 173; and economic policy, 55, 132, 137-38, 207, 237, 548; and ethnic groups, 9-11, 25, 69, 77; and European Union, 244, 256; and foreign policy, 502; and independence, 78, 539; and memory, 203, 206; and migration, 175; and minorities, 22, 69-71, 79, 83, 543; and nationalism, 73, 81, 94, 600—601; and politics, 76, 525-28, 538, 544; and transitional justice, 209, 553; and war crimes, 203, 553; and War of Yugoslav succession, 76, 530, 535, 556; and the West, 31; and World War II, 62, 336, 368, 428 Yushchenko, Viktor,
257, 570-71, 575 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr, 280, 286, 573, 576— 78, 585-86 |
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| author2 | Eglitis, Daina Stukuls Pickering, Paula M. 1966- |
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| author_facet | Eglitis, Daina Stukuls Pickering, Paula M. 1966- |
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| classification_rvk | MG 80086 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1271464134 (DE-599)BVBBV047398210 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| edition | Fifth edition |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047398210 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:51:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:11:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538142806 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032799370 |
| oclc_num | 1271464134 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | xii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210929 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Central and East European politics changes and challenges edited by Zsuzsa Csergö (Queen's University), Daina S. Eglitis (George Washington University), Paula M. Pickering (William & Mary) Fifth edition Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield [2022] © 2022 xii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier bicssc / Political ideologies bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Comparative Politics bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / General European Union - Europe, Central European Union - Europe, Eastern Democracy - Europe, Eastern Post-communism - Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern - Politics and government - 1989- Europe, Central - Politics and government - 1989- Post-communism - Europe, Central Democracy - Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s DE-604 Csergo, Zsuzsa Sonstige (DE-588)173931189 oth Eglitis, Daina Stukuls (DE-588)1044138734 edt Pickering, Paula M. 1966- (DE-588)134167082 edt Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799370&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Central and East European politics changes and challenges bicssc / Political ideologies bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Comparative Politics bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / General European Union - Europe, Central European Union - Europe, Eastern Democracy - Europe, Eastern Post-communism - Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern - Politics and government - 1989- Europe, Central - Politics and government - 1989- Post-communism - Europe, Central Democracy - Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Central and East European politics changes and challenges |
| title_auth | Central and East European politics changes and challenges |
| title_exact_search | Central and East European politics changes and challenges |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Central and East European politics changes and challenges |
| title_full | Central and East European politics changes and challenges edited by Zsuzsa Csergö (Queen's University), Daina S. Eglitis (George Washington University), Paula M. Pickering (William & Mary) |
| title_fullStr | Central and East European politics changes and challenges edited by Zsuzsa Csergö (Queen's University), Daina S. Eglitis (George Washington University), Paula M. Pickering (William & Mary) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Central and East European politics changes and challenges edited by Zsuzsa Csergö (Queen's University), Daina S. Eglitis (George Washington University), Paula M. Pickering (William & Mary) |
| title_short | Central and East European politics |
| title_sort | central and east european politics changes and challenges |
| title_sub | changes and challenges |
| topic | bicssc / Political ideologies bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Comparative Politics bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / General European Union - Europe, Central European Union - Europe, Eastern Democracy - Europe, Eastern Post-communism - Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern - Politics and government - 1989- Europe, Central - Politics and government - 1989- Post-communism - Europe, Central Democracy - Europe, Central Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | bicssc / Political ideologies bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Comparative Politics bisacsh / POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Ideologies / General European Union - Europe, Central European Union - Europe, Eastern Democracy - Europe, Eastern Post-communism - Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern - Politics and government - 1989- Europe, Central - Politics and government - 1989- Post-communism - Europe, Central Democracy - Europe, Central Politik Osteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032799370&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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