North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860: the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
2022
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| Series: | Perspectives in economic and social history
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xxii, 222 Seiten Karten, Diagramm |
| ISBN: | 9780367683467 |
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Contents List offigures List of tables List of maps 1 ix xi xiii About the author Preface xv xvii List of abbreviations xix Maps xxi An exploratory analysis of trade through the Danish Sound, 1670-1856 1 Introduction 1 Flows 5 Imports and exports 5 Departure and destination 8 Carriers of trade 11 Commodities 13 Exports from the Baltic 13 Imports to the Baltic 15 Framework of analysis 16 Questions 16 Hypotheses 17 Method 20 2 The Baltic as arena of a quest for North Eurasian trade North Eurasia as unit of world history 33 Leibniz and Kilburger 33 The contours of North Eurasia 35 The Baltic as border zone of North Eurasia 39 33
vi Contents 3 The emergence of the Baltic as a privileged outlet for North Eurasian trade, 1670-1721 53 Introduction 53 Threats to Dutch primacy in the Baltic 54 Navigation laws 54 Stormaktstiden 59 Mercantilism in the Baltic 60 Sweden’s isolation and Muscovy’s awakening 62 North Eurasia as transit zone for Asian goods 64 The trans-Caspian route 64 Land routes to the Khanates, India, and China 67 Perceived versus real significance 68 War and national interests 69 К regional conflict 69 Commercial interests at stake 74 4 The consolidation of the Baltic’s special role in North Eurasian trade, 1703-1766 91 Introduction 91 The creation of ‘New Amsterdam’ 95 (Re-)directing North Eurasian commodity ßows 99 British advances in North Eurasian trade 105 Friction and rapprochement 105 The Anglo-Russian commercial treaty 108 French reaction 110 5 The culmination of conflicting commercial and political interests in North Eurasian trade, 1764-1814 Introduction 124 Britain’s rise to absolute dominance 125 Regime changes in North Eurasia’s border basins 131 Partition and expansion 131 Novel commercial practices in the Baltic 133 Commercial treaties with Poland-Lithuania 135 The rise of Anglo-Prussian trade 137 The Eastern Crisis 138 The French Wars 140 Relocation, repression, and collapse 144 After Küçük Kajnarca 144 The Continental Blockade 148 After Tilsit 150 124
Contents 6 vii The reconfiguration of North Eurasian trade in the first half of the nineteenth century 168 Introduction 168 North Eurasia’s border basins in transition 169 The Corn Laws and the deposit trade 169 Structural changes in the grain trade through the Danish Sound 172 The enduring supply issues of the North Eurasian grain trade 176 The impact of Russia’s self-isolation 178 North Eurasian trade facing global competition 182 From one quest to another. 186 7 Conclusions Appendix: a note on statistics Index 198 209 211
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Ab Imperio (journal) 45ո30 Acts of Navigation 54—56, 76nl7, 94, 108,140,142,170,171,187,190nl4 Admiral Norris 74 Adrianople (treaty) 174 Adriatic Sea 47n62, 91,182 Africa 67 Ahonen, Kalevi 4 Åland Islands 72 Alaska 168 Aleksey Mikhailovich 65 Aleppo 34,65 Alexander I 150,168 Alexandria 34 Altai (mountain range) 36 Altona 152; (treaty) 62, 63 Altranstädt (treaty) 71 Amazon (river) 62 America (continent) 40, 41,125,168, 178, 204 American (War of) Independence 6, 10, 126,144,154, 200,204; see also United States American colonies 64,107,117nll5,137 American Meteorological Society 25n60 Amiens (treaty) 142 Amsterdam 12,24n47, 66, 93, 94,95,100, 116n88,134,135,199; (treaty 1717) 74,75 Amu Darya (river) 67 Amur (river) 34,68,188,189, 207 Anadyr 34 Anatolia 65, 80n93,147 Andrusovo (truce) 65 Anglo-Polish commercial treaty 139 Anglo-Prussian trade 137,141 Anglo-Russian relations; commercial treaty (1734) 102,107-109,125, 156n37, 202,203; (1766) 112,132, 203; (1797) 140; navigation convention (1801) 142; trade 105-107,112, 116n77,124,125,128-130,142,143, 148,153,155nl5,188,202,204,206 Anisimov, Maksim Yuryevich 110 Anthoine, Antoine-Ignace baron de Saint-Joseph 144,145 Arensburg (Kuressaare) 59 Arkhangelsk 18,34,55, 65, 66, 69,73, 76nl7,95-100,103,113,116n88,146, 153,174,175,180,182,188,202, 205,206 Armed Neutrality (1691,1693) 58, 78n42; (1780) 138,139; (1800) 141, 142; see also neutrality Armenian Company 65,106 Armenian merchants 18,36, 65, 66, 81nll0,95, 96,108,109, 203 Artak 152 Asia see Central Asia; East Asia Asian
goods 54, 64, 66, 67, 69,70,108, 112,133,147,150,152,198, 202, 203,207 Astrakhan 17,34,35,64-67, 74,105,106, 109,147,180,201,203 Adantic Ocean 8-11,55, 92, 93,144,169, 172,174,184,199,206 Auerstädt 148 August II 62,63,70,71,74,91 August III 131 Austria 10,65,72,74,106,107,110, 111, 117Ո104,131-133,138-140,144,147, 152,153,156n20,168,169,179,180,
212 Index 205; see also Russo-Austrian alliance and treaty; War ofAustrian Succession Austrian Netherlands 91 Azores 151 Azov (fair) 100,109; (port) 73 Bajkov 44nl3 Balkans 132 balks 128-130 Balta Liman (convention) 185 Bang, Nina Ellinger 4,6,7,23nl3, 23nl4,128 Bar (confederation) 132,156n41 bar iron 128,129,141,155nl9 barley 3,170,172-175,19Խ16 barrière de l’Est 62, 75 Bassewitscher Projekt 82nl59 Batavian Republic 129,141; see also Dutch Repubhc; Netherlands beer 135,136 Beijing 68; (second treaty) 18 Belarus 138 Belgium 7,170,183,184 Belgrade (treaty) 111 Belts (strait) 53 Berdichiv 104,105 Berdyansk 175 Berezina (canal) 176 Berlin 71,106,107,136; (decree) 149, 161n77; Company 107,109 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste 189n2 Berwick upon Tweed 77nl7 Bessarabia 133 Bialystok 104 Bilici, Faruk 16ІПІ69 Black Sea 17,18, 21,25n75,34, 35, 42, 43, 63-65, 68, 69,72-74, 98,103, 109-112,125,132,138,144,145,147, 148,150,152-154,158n89,160nl54, 168-170,174-176,178-180,182, 185-189,203-207 blockade 72,73,140,142,147,148; see abo Continental Blockade boards 55, 77 Bog, Ingomar 61 Bogdaniec 104 Bohemia 136 Bohuslän 11 Bonrepaus 58 Bordeaux 127 border basins 18, 21, 22,36-39, 41, 42, 45, 64, 69,72, 76,125,131,132, 144,145,151,152,154,169,176, 201, 204,207 borderlands 18, 19, 21,22,36-39, 41,45n33,47n61,65, 67,95,125, 151-153,169,181,207 Borgström 46n60 Borzna 104 Bosporus 112 Boyevskaya (frontier post) 104,105 Braila 185 Brandenburg(-Prussia) 53, 54,56, 60-62, 64,66,70-72,75,91,132,136 Braudel, Fernand 3, 210 Brazil 151,153 Bremen 12,73,116n89,147 Bremen andVerden (Duchies) 73 Breslau 104 Brest
148 British American Colonies 184,185, 203,206 British trade and shipping 2,12,16, 41, 42, 54, 55, 61, 63,72-75, 76nl7, 93-96,102,105-112,118nl25, 118ПІ47,125-129,131,132,135-144, 147-155,155nl9,156n37,158n79, 158n94,159n98,16ІПІ77,169,171, 180-185,187,189,190n7,194nl29, 194nl30,199—207; see also England; Great Britain; United Kingdom Brody 104,105 Bromberg (canal) 193n89 Brune, Guillaume Marie-Anne 148, 16ІПІ70 Bryansk 102,103 Bucharest (treaty) 169 Bug (river) 133,148 Bukhara 67 Bydgoszcz 136; see abo Bromberg (canal) Cajander, Aimo Kaarlo 35 Caspian Sea 18, 21,35,36,64, 65, 67,74, 80ո93, 106, 109, 148, 169,178,181, 188,202,207 Catherine I 106 Catherine II 126,132,133,139,143 Caucasus 36,133,148,169,175,179, 188,189,194nl30,207 Central Asia 65, 67, 68,74,76,105,108, 133,147,148,169,180,181,188,189, 201,203 Central Europe 113; see abo Europe Chance,J.F. 73 Channel 142 Charlesil 56,58,70 Charles III John 190n2
Index Charles ХП 62, 70-73, 82nl48 Charles XIII 190ո2 Charles XIV John 190ո2 Chaunu, Pierre 4 Cheboksary 176 Cherkassk 112 Chernigov 103 Cheshire (saline district) 127 China 18,33-35,38,43ո6, 44nl3, 44ո26, 45ո29, 64, 66-69, 74, 76, 104, 105, 107, 109, 147, 152, 188, 189, 198, 199, 201,203 Chinese goods 65,103-105,116ո88 Christian, David 36 cloth 109 coal 2, 8,16,127,155nl9,200 cochineal 151 coffee 94,127 Colbert,Jean-Baptiste 55,77nl9 Compagnie des Pyrénées 55 Compagnie du Nord 55 Constantinople 17,35, 111, 112,146, 147,185,194ПІ29; (treaty) 70 Continental Blockade 7—16, 42,43, 98,125,140,142,148,149,152-154, 16ІПІ77,162n211,162n226, 200, 205 Continental System 7,149-151, 154, 205 Copenhagen 24n48, 58, 69,142,151, 172; (convention) 1; (treaty) 54 copper 67 corn 184,207 Corn Laws 169-171,184,187,190n9, 190nl0,190nl4 Cort, Henry 155nl9 Cossacks see Don Cossacks cotton fabrics and manufactures 116n88, 180,188; manufacturing 179,180; sails 183; textiles 67,179,188,194nl29; yarn 179, 180 Count Kankrin 179 Courland 58, 60, 66,70,103,110,134, 137,140,175, 203; (treaty) 8Խ114 Cracow 168 Crimea 133,139,144; War 18, 42,173, 179,185,189,207 Czartoryski family 131 damask see kitajka Danish Sound 1—9,11—22,22nl, 23nl3, 41, 42, 53-60, 62, 75, 78n50, 91-94, 112,124-130,134,138,140-144,149152,154,155Ո17,155nl9,157n61, 169,170,172-174,177,181,182,184, 213 186,198-203, 205, 206, 209, 210; dues 1,8,16,18,22n3,198,199 Danube 36,144,175,184,185,206 Danubian Principalities 133,184,185, 206; see aho Moldavia, Walachia Danzig 53,59, 64,75,76nl, 78n43, 79n59,104,110,131-140,145,154,
159n98,171-176,182,191nl6, 193n89,199,204,205 de Rodes, Johan 34,35,44n20 deals 128-130,141 Denmark 1, 8, 9,11,12, 24n48, 56-58, 62,63, 69-74,78n42, 92,116n89,141, 151,171-173,182,185,189n2, 200 Desna (river) 180 Dnepr (river) 104,105,133,148,180 Dniester (river) 148 Dobryansk 103,104 dominium maris baltici 60, 70,132 Don (river) 112,133,148,175,180, 191Ո39; Cossacks 36,112, 132, 175 Donnelly, Alton S. 67 Driault, Édouard 16ІПІ69,16ІПІ70 Droysen, Gustav von 74 Dubovka 180 Duc de Choiseul, Étienne Francois 111, 112 Ducal Prussia 58, 61, 64,71,91,132; see also East Prussia Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich 45n33 Dundee 199 Durno,James 137,139,158n79 Dutch East India 7; Company 34 Dutch Republic 11,12,16, 24n52, 36, 53-58, 60-64, 68-75,78n42,91, 94, 113,129,130,134,138,140,154,170, 200, 202; see also Batavian Republic; Netherlands DutchWar with France 11, 56 Dutch West India Company 61 dye 67,160nl38 Dzungars 68 East Asia 42,169,188 East Central Europe 41, 45n33, 47n62; see aho Europe East European history 40; see aho Europe East Frisia 12,152 East India Company 34,65,108 East Indies 184 East Pomerania 64, 71 East Prussia 21,64, 91, 110, 111, 113, 134,136,137, 203; see also Ducal Prussia
214 Index Eastern Crisis (1787-1791) 138,139, 158ո85, 204 Eastern Europe 21,40, 41,138,169; see abo Europe ‘Eastern trade’ 108 Eastland Company 12,24n48,54 Eden (treaty) 140 Egypt 42,184,185 Eklund,Asa 155nl9 Elbe (river) 36, 72,73,142,148,181 Elbing 64,71, 75,136,137,145 Elsinore (Helsingør) 1, 24n48, 25n71, 42 Elton, John 109,118Ո131 Embargo Act 149 Emperor Leopold I 61 England 53-60, 62-64,68-73, 75,76n4, 76nl7, 78n42, 79n79, 91, 95,107, 117Ո115,139,141,16ІПІ77,178 Erik VII 16 esparto 193n94 Estonia 48n24, 59, 60, 63,73 Eurasianism 36,45n33 Europe 4, 6-8,11,12,14,20,33,36, 38,39, 42, 43,45n33,53,55, 61, 65, 69,70,75,76, 79n79, 91-93, 99,100, 110,113,117Ո104,124,127,131, 140-142,144,147-154,168,172,174, 176,181-183; see also Central Europe; East Central Europe; Eastern Europe; Northeastern Europe; Northern Europe; North-West Europe; SouthEast Europe; Southern Europe; Western Europe Europe’s overseas expansion 21,38,39,65 Evans, Chris 155nl9 Exclusion Crisis 56 faience 136 Feodosia 147,175 Finkenstein (treaty) 148 Finland (Grand Duchy) 9,12, 24n48, 36,40, 47n62, 92,152,168,172,173, 193n85, 200; see also Gulf of Finland First Anglo-Dutch War 53 Fiume 193n93 Flanders 43nl flax 3,55,59, 60, 69, 97,103,112,128130,134,138,144,160nl38,182-184, 193n94,199,200 flaxseed 59 flour 42,169,170,172,173,175,178, 183-187,190n7,193nl05,206, 207 Fontainebleau (decree) 153; (treaty) 56 foodstuffs 2, 3,13-15, 25n59,42, 60,93, 133,137,169,186,189,198,206, 207 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 6,9,12, 124, 200 France 6,7,11,12,15,17, 25n74,36, 42,53-56, 58,60-62,64, 69,70, 74,
75,77n21,79n79,110-113,117nl04, 124-129,132,134,138-142,144-151, 153,159nll, 162n228,170,171,179, 182-185,190n9,198,203, 205 Frankfort (Oder) 135 Frederick III 66 Frederick the Great 132,135,156n25 Frederick William 60,61, 70,71,74 French Wars 6, 42,125,128,140-146, 154,155nl9,172,199,200, 204 fruits 67, 94 furs 104,147,188 Galaç 185 Galicia 139 Gaudin, Émile 147,16ІПІ70 Genoa 171 George I 73,75, 91,106 Georgia (kingdom) 133,148 Georgievsk (treaty) 133 Germany 47n62, 54,55, 60, 62,72, 73, 106,133,142,151,184,185,193n94; Zollverein 170 Glorious Revolution 58 gold 67 Gothenburg 11,151,152 Gotland 60 grain 2, 3,7,13,17,55,58-60, 62,78n48, 92-94, 97, 98,133-136,143,145, 160nl38,160ПІ52,169-178,181-187, 190n7,190n9,190nl0,190nl4, 190nl6,19Խ48,193nl05,194nll3, 199,200,206,207 Grand Alkanee 58,70 Great Britain 12,16,36,42,72—75, 91-95,105-108,110,112,113, 118Ո125,124,125,128,129,131, 132,134,135,137-143,149,151,154, 156n37,159n98,16Խ177,170,186, 201,202; see abo England; United Kingdom Great Divergence 40 Great Embassy 33, 43nl Great Game 19 Great Northern War 5-8,11,13,15,18, 42, 69, 79n80, 81nl 12, 91-93,97,100, 105,125,127,201
Index Greece 47ո62,144,145,170; see u/soWar of Greek Independence Greek merchants (trade) 17, 35, 100, 101, 104,112,150 Greifswald (treaty) 73 Grodno 71,104 Gulf of Bothnia 36 Gulf of Finland 60, 94, 99,137 Gulistan (treaty) 169 Gunn, Geoffrey 38 Guyana 61 Gzhatsk 98,101,103 Habsburg Empire 62,70, 79n79,91,110; see aho Holy Roman Empire Halecki, Oskar 39,45n33, 47n62 Hamburg 1,12, 62,128,137,147, 171 Hanover 70,73, 91 Hanse 5,76nl, 76n2 Hanseatic League 53, 54 Hanseatic Towns 12,59,152,185 Hansetag 1,53 Hanway,Jonas 109 Hardenberg, Karl August von 189n2 Heckscher, Eh 149,16ІПІ77,162n204 Helgoland 151 hemp 3,55, 59,60,69, 96, 97,103,112, 128-130,134,138,144,160nl38, 182-184,193n93,193n94,193n99, 199,206 hempseed 59 Herlihy, Patricia 190nl0,191n48 Hertel, Lorenz 34 Herzfeld, Margot 137,157n64 Holland 152,182,185 Holstein 62-64, 69, 82nl59,116n89,152 Holstein-Gottorf (Duchy) 63 Holy League 63,79n79 Holy Roman Empire 60, 61,72,75,149 Hormuz 34 Hösch, Edgar 159nl24 Huh 199 Hungary 47n62,183 Iberian Peninsula 199 Illyria 152,153 India 33,35, 38, 42, 64,65, 67, 68,103, 106,147,148,159nl24,183,198 infrastructure 3,19-22, 25n77,34,35, 43, 61, 94, 95, 99,100,102,113,127,145, 169,171,176-179,185-187,200-202, 205-207 Ingria 59,70,73 215 Ionian Islands 159nl24 Iran see Persia Irbit (fair) 68,102 Iredale, D.A. 2 Ireland 64, 77nl7, 206 iron 3, 60, 69,78n48,97, 99-101,112, 128-130,141,145,150,154,155nl9, 160nl38,180-183,19Խ41,192n73, 192n74,192n75,193n99,199, 200, 204 Isfahan 65 Israel, Jonathan 53, 93 Italy 47n62, 111, 153,175,183 iufti see juchten Ivanovo 180,192n70 Izmail 175 Izmailov,
Lev Vasilyevich 68 Izmir 147 James II 56, 58 Japan 18 Jassy 104; (treaty) 145,174 Jazykov 44nl3 Jena 148 Johansen, Hans Christian 4 Jones, Eric L. 38,46n60 Jones, Robert E. 160nl52 juchten 96, 97,103 jute 182-184,206 Kaffa 25n75 Kalmar 60 Kalmyks 36 Kaluga 103; (province) 103,192n75 Kama (river) 101,176, 180 Kangxi Emperor 68 Kaplan, Herbert 128,129,143,155nl5, 155nl7 Kappeler, Andreas 45n30 Kardis (treaty) 54 Karelia 73 Kargopol 96 Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein 82nl59 Karl Leopold, Duke of MecklenburgSchwerin 74 Karlsbad 33 Karlskrona 73 Kartli-Kakheti (kingdom) 133 Katarina Ivanovna 74 Kazan 17, 74,103,109,147,176,180, 201, 203; (province) 103 Kerch 63, 175
216 Index Khanates 67, 68,108,169,188,207; see also Khiva, Bukhara Kharkiv 103,104; (province) 103 Kherson 133,144,145,180; (province) 175 Khiva 67 Kiel (treaty) 168,189n2 Kilburger,Johann Philipp 33-35,44nl2, 44nl3,44n20,44n26 Kilia 25n75 Kirby, David 39 kitajka 104,105,116n88 Kniphausen 149 Kola 99 Kolberg 110 Kolomna (province) 103; (river) 101 Königsberg 62,66,103,133-135,137, 138,145,157n66,173,175,176,199 Korst, Knud 4, 6,7, 23nl3, 23nl4,128 Kostroma 180 Kotoshikhin, Grigoriy Karpovich 34 Kremenchug 180 Krinki 147 Krolevets (fair) 101,102,104 Küçük Kajnarca (treaty) 18,112,133, 144,174 Kurakin, Boris Ivanovich 73 Kurc,B.G. 44nl3 Kursk 102,103; (province) 103 Kyakhta 68,103,113,147,188; (treaty) 68 Kyiv 102,104,147; (province) 175 La Rochelle 127 Ladoga (lake) 35,101 Laishevo 176 Landsberg 104 Lange, Lorenz 68 Latin America 42, 43,151, 205 Law of Nivôse (1798) 141 Le Havre de Grâce 127 lead 67 LeDonne, John 37 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 17, 33-35, 43n2,43n5,43n6,43n9, 44nl0, 44nl2, 45n29,64, 68,198 Leipzig 135,136,194nl29 Leningrad 38 Leszczyński, Stanisław 71 Levant 54, 65,67,175; Company 34,108, 109, 111; trade 65,111,139,147 Libau 134,135,138 linea communicationis 64, 71 linen 128—130, 141; fabrics 97 linseed 3,182,184 Lisbon 151 List, Friedrich 20,25n70 Lithuania (Grand Duchy) 17,131, 137,138,158n80; see also Poland-Lithuania Liverpool 126,127,199 Livonia 59, 60, 62, 63, 69, 70,79n80,103; Livonian issue 62—64; Wars 65 Livorno 145,171,191n20 London 72,73,116n88,128,186,199 Lotman, Jurij 46n35 Louis XVIII 145 Lübeck 1,53, 92,116ո88,172,173 Mackenzie, George 73,74
Madeira 151 maize 175,182,184,185,206, 207 Makaryev (fair) 68,101,102 malt 172,173 Malta 159nl24 Manchus 68 Manila hemp see jute manufacturing manufactured goods 2,3,13,15,39,55,76nl7, 92-95, 99, 107,116n88,135-137,141,152-154, 169,179-181,186,187,189, 192n65, 202, 205,206 Mariupol 175 Mariya (canal) 176 Mark 136 Marseille 171,190n9 Massie, Robert K. 43nl masts 55, 76nl7,134 May-Ma-Chen 68 Mazepa, Ivan 71 Mecklenburg 12, 24n48, 62,72,74, 82nl59,105,149,200,201 Mediterranean 9,11,34,43, 111, 134, 144,148,159nl24,171,174,182,185, 187,188,193n93,205,206 Memel 103,134,135,137,138,157n66, 171,173,175,176,182,199,204; (river) 171 mercantilism 16,20, 54, 60—62,69, 75, 79n59,94,140-142,179,201 metal exports 180,192n73; wares 147 metallurgy 100,202 Milan (decrees) 149,151 Minsk 71 Mississippi 185 Mohylew 71, 103—105; (province) 175
Index Moldavia 71,139,147,184,185; see also Danubian Principalities Morshansk 103 Moscow 34,35, 65, 66,71,100, 101,103-105,147,168,180, 202; (province) 103,176 Muscovy (Grand Duchy) 17,18,33—35, 44nl0,44nl3,44nl8, 53, 54, 59, 62-69,73,75,76,76nl7,77n21, 78n57,79n79, 95,100,102,107, 192n65,198,201; Company 12, 24n48, 54 Nantes 127 Naples 138,171 Napoleon Bonaparte 7,12,141,142, 147-152,154,155,155nl9,162n228, 168,169,173,205 Narva 18, 24n48, 34,59, 60, 66, 69,70, 78n57,95-100 naval stores 2, 3, 63, 64, 69,73, 83nl67, 93,94,106,107,110,117nll5, 118ПІ47,128-130,138,139,143,144, 150,154,155,169,187,189,202, 204,206 Navigation Laws see Acts of Navigation Nebolsin, Grigorij Pavlovic 171,178, 180,181,185,190nll,193n99 Nemirov (congress) 111 Neplyuyev,Adrian Ivanovich 111 Nerchinsk (treaty) 68 Netherlands 12, 36, 43nl, 53-55,170, 171,183; see also Batavian Republic; Dutch Republic neutrality 6,10,12, 68,70-72,78n42, 82nl56, 92,110,113,134,141,141nl, 148—153,200; convention 82nl56, 113; see abo Armed Neutrality Neva (river) 92,96,100,103,172, 173, 202 Nevel 105 New Julfa 65, 66, 95,106 New York 186 Newcastle 199 Nezhin 103-105 Nicholas I 192n56 Nijmegen (treaty) 56 Nikolayev 133 NineYears’War 7,11,15, 58, 59, 62, 75 Nizhny Novgorod 176,177,180; (province) 103,192n75 Nordosteuropa 39,40,47n73,47n67, 79n80 217 Norrköping 60 North America 42, 65,108,154,185, 204 North Eurasia 17-22,33,35,36, 38,39, 41-43, 53, 54, 62, 64, 65, 68,70,72-76, 91, 93-95, 99-105,110,112,113, 114nl5,116n66,124,125,131,132, 140,143-145,147,148,150,152-155, 168-171,174,176,180-187,189, 198-207, 209 North Sea
10,11,12, 65,91, 93,116n88, 142,148,152,172, 200 North, Michael 39 Northeastern Europe 40, 47n67; see abo Europe; Nordosteuropa Northern Crisis 11 Northern Dvina (river) 98 Northern Europe 60,198; see abo Europe Northern System 131 North-West Europe 9,10,38, 54, 92; see abo Europe Norway ll,24n48,55,181,182,189n2 Notetz (river) 137 November Uprising 7-8, 98,188 Novgorod 35, 66, 96,100; (province) 103; (Republic) 17 Nyen 59,60, 66, 69,96 Nystadt (treaty) 18, 75, 91, 98,105,106 oats 3,170,172-175,177,191nl6 Ob (river) 35,44n26 Obreskov 112 Ochakiv (fortress) 109,133,138,139, 204,205 Oder (river) 24n48, 36, 91, 92,135,136, 172,173,181 Odessa 42, 145-147,152,153,160nl54, 171,174,175,186,188,19Խ28, 205-207 Ogiński (canal) 176 Ohio 185 Oka (river) 101,176,180 Okhotsk 34 Oldenburg 12,149 Olearius, Adam 34 Oliva (treaty) 54, 60 Olonets (region) 100,180,182 Onega (lake) 100 Opium War 189 Orenburg 108,180 Orinoco 62 Oryol (province) 103,175,192n75 Ostend 148; (company) 107 Osterhammel, Jürgen 39
218 Index Osteuropa 47ո73, 47ո67; see also Eastern Europe; Europe Ostmitteleuropa 39,40; see abo East Central Europe; Europe Ottoman Empire 17,25n75,33,36, 42, 63, 65, 70-73, 79n79, 95,100, 111, 112,131-133,138,139,141,148, 150,185, 189,204; see aho Black Sea; Danubian Principalities; Ottoman Porte; Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Porte 111, 112,133,138 Pacific coast 18, 34 pacta conventa 63 Palace Revolution 156n37 Palmqvist, Johan 34,44n20 Papenburg 12,149 Paris 168; treaty 152 Partitions of Poland 18,42,117nl04,131, 154,157n61,158n79, 204,205; (1772) 125,132-136,138; (1793) 140 Patkul, Johann Reinhold von 79n80 Paull 141,142,159Ո124 Penza (province) 103 Perm 102 Pernambuco 153 Pernau (Pärnu) 59, 60, 72 Persia (Iran) 18, 33,34, 64-67, 69, 76, 77, 108,109,133,148,169,180,181,188, 189,198, 199; commodities 18,34, 65, 66; silk trade 34, 35, 65-69, 95, 97,103, 106,108,109; see also silk, transit Persian Gulf 65,67, 106 Peter the Great 33, 35, 43nl, 45n33, 66, 67,71-74, 82nl55, 91,95, 96, 99,100, 106,116n89,168,198 Petterson, Niels P. 39 Philippines 183 Pillau 134,135,137 pitch 3,55,60,199 Pitt the Younger, William 139 Podolsk (province) 175 Poland 17, 41, 42,47n62,61-63, 70,71, 74, 79n79, 98,117nl04,131-133, 135-140,145,157n64,168,178, 19ІПІ6,193n85,193n89,204;5ee aho Polish-Saxon crisis; War of Polish Succession Poland-Lithuania 8, 9,16-18,36, 53,54, 58-60,62, 65, 70, 71,74,75,79n59, 79n79, 91, 92,104,105,110, 111, 125, 131-136,138,139,140,142,143,145, 154,158n79,158n89, 203-205; see also Lithuania (Grand Duchy); Poland; Partitions of Poland Polangen 153,158n94 Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth see Poland-Lithuania Polish-Saxon Crisis (1815) 168 Poltava (battle) 71, 73, 75,100; (fair) 104 Pomerania 21,24n48,59, 64, 71,91,107, 132,135,136,168,189n2 Pomeranz, Kenneth 41,46n60 Poniatowski, Stanislaw August 131,132 Portugal 129,134,138,151 Posen (province) 168 potash 3, 55 potato famine 98,174,177 Potemkin 77n21 Potemkin, Grigoriy Aleksandrovich 133 Potocki family 131 Pragmatic Sanction 107 Prussia 8, 9,12,16,21, 36, 42, 48n82, 54,56,58,59, 64,66, 71, 74, 75,103, 106-110,112,113,117Ո104,117nll5, 118nl25,124,125,129,131-145, 147,148,153-155,157n64,158n79, 159n98,168,169,171-176,180-185, 187,188,189n2,19Խ16,193n94, 198—200, 202—207; see also AngloPrussian relations; BrandenburgPrussia; Ducal Prussia Prut (battle) 72,100 Pskov 35,66, 96, 98,103 Radziwiłł family 134,137,147,153 Rasht (treaty) 106 raven duck 3,13,187 raw materials 2,3,13-16,39—42,60,75, 92-95,106-108,125,133-135,137, 154,155,169,186,189,198-201, 205-207 Razin, Stepan 66 Reading 83nl67,95 Red Sea 34, 67 Reval 34, 59, 60,72,96, 99 Rhine 181 rice 182, 206 Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de 145, 146,160nl54 Rieber, Alfred 37 Riga 59, 60, 69,70, 72,78n50, 96-99, 103,112,116n88,134,135,137,138, 153,157n55,171,175,182,199 Rijswijk (treaty) 62 Roll, Christine 44n9,44nl0, 44nl2
Index Romny 104,105 Rönnbäck, Klas 4, 40, 41, 48ո82 Rostov-on-Don 112, 175, 180 Rumyantsev, Nikolai Petrovich 147,153 Russia (Russian Empire) 1, 8, 9,12, 16-18, 21, 33-38, 40-43, 43nl, 43n9,44nl3, 43n30, 45n33, 47n62, 54, 63-76, 77nl7, 91-113,114n8, 114n21,115n58,116n76,116n77, 116n89,118Ո125,119nl55,124-134, 137-148,150-154,155nl5,155nl9, 156n36,157n64,159n98,159nll4, 159nl24,160nl54,162n211, 162n226,162n228,168-171, 173-189,190nl0,190nll, 191nl6, 191n28,191n40,191n48,192n73, 192n74,192n75,194nl30,198-207; see also Anglo-Russian relations; Muscovy, transit Rußland 40, 45n29, 45n33, 47n62 Russo-Austrian alliance and treaty 106, 117nl04,119nl55,139,144 Russo-Chinese border 68,113 Russo-Chinese relations 44nl3, 68, 8ІПІ27 Russo-Danish relations 74 Russo-Persian treaty 106 Russo-Persian War (1722-1725) 106; (1804-1813) 133,148,150; (1826֊ 1828) 133 Russo-Polish War 8 Russo-Portuguese commercial treaty 151 Russo-Prussian defensive alliance (1726) 106; (1764) 132,139 Russo-Swedish War (1741-1743) 91, 95; (1788-1790) 132; see abo Great Northern War Russo-Turkish Treaty (1711) 72 Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) 144, 145; (1787-1791) 138-145; (1806֊ 1812) 148; (1828-1829) 174 Ryazan (province) 180,192n75 Rybinsk 176-178,180 Rydén 155nl9 rye 3,59,170,172-175,186,191nl6, 193,206 Rzhev 103 Safavid Iran see Persia sail 97,183 sailcloth 3,13,187 Saint-Domingue (revolt) 127 Saint-Germain-en-Laye (treaty) 56 219 salt 2,15, 55, 94,102,126,127,152, 160nl38,199,200 Samara 176,180 Samogitia 158n94 Sandomierz (confederation) 70 Saratov 109,176, 203; province 103 Savary, Jacques 55 Saxony
63,69-72, 74, 91,110,131, 168,169 Scandinavia 9—11, 36, 40, 58,134, 170-174,181,182,189n2,200,206 Scania 74; war 56,59 Schleswig-Holstein 105 Schmidt 44nl3 Schönberg von Brenckenhoff, Franz Balthasar 135 Schroeder, Paul W 148,162n228 Schwedt (treaty) 74 Scotland 56, 57, 59,76n4 Sea ofAzov 63, 64, 111, 160nl54 Sea of Marmara 152 Second Anglo-Dutch War 53 Second Northern War 53 Seine (river) 148 sesame seeds 182,184 SevenYears’War 5, 6,15, 92,110, 112, 113,114nl, 124,126,127,131,143, 200, 203 Sevsk 102 Shah Abbas I 64, 109 Sharp, Paul 193nl08 Sheffield 181 Shelegovka (frontier) 104,105 Shklov 105 Shlisselburg 101 Shuya 180 Siberia 17, 65, 68, 69,101-103,105, 198,202 Sicily 129 Silesia 70,102,107,112,136,147; cloth 147; textile manufacturing 107 silk 34,65, 66, 67, 95, 97,103,106,109, 116n88,147; Italian 147;.see also Persia, transit Simbirsk (province) 103 Smolensk 65, 66,100,102,105; (province) 175,176 smuggling 135,150,152 Smyrna 34,65,152 soldiers’cloth 106-108 Sound Toll Chamber commodity records 4 Sound Toll Registers Ordine see STRO
220 Index Sound Toll Tables (STT) see Tabeller over skibsfart South Eurasia 19, 36, 67,148,189, 207 South-East Europe 36,40; see abo Europe Southern Europe 11, 94,126,127,129, 140,144,145; see also Europe Southern Russia 36,100,102,104,105, 112,145,160nl54,171,174,175,180; see abo Russia Spain 7, 61, 64, 70,129,134,138,185, 193n94; see aboWar of Spanish Succession Spanish Succession 7,11,63,70,72,75,91 spices 67, 94 St. Petersburg 42, 70, 72-74, 91, 94-101, 103,105,107,109, 111, 113,115n51, 116n77,116n88,128,131,134,137, 138,145,146,153,160nl52,172,175177,178,180,181,188,191n41,199, 201—203, 206; neutrality convention 92; (treaty) 74 Staraya Russa 102 steel 155nl9,181 Stettin 59,74,91,116n88,135-137,171, 172,175,182,193n89,199 Stockholm 44nl3, 60, 78n48; treaty 91 Stralsund 72 Strasbourg 153 Straubel, Rolf 157n66 STRO 3,4,22nl, 42,129,143, 157n66, 209 sugar 94,110,127,128,140,151,154,200 Sulina Channel 194nlll Sumbawa (island) 7 Sura (river) 176 Svensky Monastery (fair) 100-102 Sweden 8, 9,11,12, 24n48,34-36, 42, 47n62, 53-63, 66,69-73,75,78n42, 78n48,79n58,8ІПІ12,82nl56, 91, 92, 96,100,105,115n58,128,129, 132,138,141,151,152,156n37, 168,171-173,180-182,185,189n2, 198-201; tax-free shipping 2, 54, 56, 57, 59, 77n27 Swedish Pomerania 59, 74,132,168; see abo Pomerania Swinemünde 137 Syas (canal) 176; (river) 100 Syr Darya 67 Tabeller over skibsfart 4,6, 23nl3, 23nl4,128 Tabriz 189 Taganrog 111, 112,144,145-147,175 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de 168 tallow 3, 97,103,150,199 Tambora (volcano) 7,14, 98,174 Tambov 103; (province) 103,180,192n75 tar 3,55,60,199 Tartary 33
Tartu School 46n35 Tatars 36,133 Tbilisi 147,194nl30 tea 103-105,116n88 Tehran 147 Temernik (river) 112,119nl70 Tenerife 153 textiles 147,150,160nl38,169,181,188, 189; cotton 67,179,188,194nl29; exports 188,189; imports 179,182, 187; industry 100,188; production 154,180 The Hague 70,71,73 Third Anglo-Dutch War 9,11,15 Thirty Years’ War 61 Thorn 139,204 Tien Shan (mountain range) 36 Tiflis see Tbilisi Tikhvin (canal) 176 Tilsit (treaty) 150,153,205 timber 3, 55,59,60,62,69, 76, 99,100, 110,112,128,129,133,134,136-138, 141,144,159Ո121,160nl38,181,182, 184,187,193n89,199 Time of Troubles 65 tobacco 112,127 Tobolsk 35, 43nl3 Tönning 152 Torgau 33 Toropets 102,105 tow 183; manufactures 110 Trafalgar (battle) 148 Trångsund 60 Trans-caspian route see transit Transcaucasia 67,180,188 transit; rights and privileges 65,108,109, 112, 203; trade 21, 54, 60, 64,75,102, 136,145-147,152-154,162n211, 171,187,188, 205; route through Muscovy/Russia (trans-Caspian route) 18,35,64-66, 68, 69, 95, 104-110, 112,201-203 Trave (river) 152 Travendal (treaty 1700) 69,70, 73 Trebizond 189,194nl29, 194nl30
Index Trianon 153 Trieste 38, 91,145,171 Troebst, Stefan 40 Troitsk 180 Tsaritsyn 109, 203 Tsna (river) 35, 101 Tuchtenhagen, Ralph 40,47n71 Tula 180; (province) 103,175, 192n75 Turkey 34,36,47n62, 54,55, 95,104, 109,132,139,152,153,180,185; Company 54,109 Tuscany 129 Tver 44n25; (province) 176 Tvertsa (river) 35,101 Ukraine 71, 98,111,112,192n65, 203 Unger, Willem Sybrand 6 United Kingdom 1,9,12,14,16-19, 25, 36, 92,126,127,142,143,147,150, 151,153,154,168-172,174,175, 180-189,189n2,190n7,200,206, 207; see also Anglo-Russian relations; England; Great Britain United States 1,7,10, 36,41-43,129, 140,142,149,151,153,178,181, 184-188,193,194,205, 206; see also War of Independence Ural Mountains 17,99-102,105,113, 145, 180,181,191n41,202 Utrecht (treaty 1713) 7 Vasilsursk 176 Västervik 60 Vasylkiv 103-105 Velikiy Ustyug 175 Velikiye Luki 98 Velizh 105 Venice (Republic) 65,112,145 vermicelli 175 Veshnyakov, Aleksey Andreevich 111 Vienna 61; (congress) 168,169,189n2; (siege) 33; (treaty 1719) 75 Vilna 71,103; (province) 175 Visby 60 Vistula (river) 71, 92,136,139,148, 171-173,191,193,204 Vitebsk 103,105,175 Vladimir 103,180,192n75 Vladislavich-Ragunzinsky, Sava Lukich 68 Vladivostok 18 Vltava (Moldau) 63 221 Volga (river) 17, 65, 67,74,101-103, 109,113,148,175-177,180,191n39, 201-203 Volkhov (river) 101 Vologda 65, 98,103,182 Volyn (province) 175 von Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf 139 Voronezh (province) 103 Vyborg 60, 69, 96, 99,137 Vyshny Volochyok (canal) 35,100,101, 103,113,176 Walachia 139,147,184,185; see abo Danubian Principalities Wales 77nl7 Wallerstein, Immanuel 38
Walpole 117ПІ15 War of Greek Independence 7,174 War of Polish Succession 15, 91 War of Spanish Succession 7, 11, 75,91 War ofAustrian Succession 10,91 War of the Grand Alliance see Nine Tears’ War Warsaw 104,136; Confederation 71; Duchy 168 Warthe (river) 104 Waterloo 169 weaponry 100 Welling, George Maria 4 Weser (river) 73,142,148 Western Dvina (river) 103,175 Western Europe 5, 8,10,15,18, 33—35, 38, 43, 63,64, 68-70,72,73,76, 91, 95, 105,108,129,152,153,169-171,174, 177,180,199, 201,205, 206, 209; see also Europe Westminster (treaty 1674) 56; (convention 1756) 110 Westphalia (treaty 1648) 20, 64 wheat 3,14,42,141,170,172-175, 184-187,190n7,19Խ16,192n48, 193Ո105,194nl08,206,207 wheat flour 42,184-186,190n7, 193nl05,207 White Sea 17,18,24n48,34, 36, 66, 69, 73, 95, 96, 98,113,145,152-154,174, 175,185,188,189, 202, 204, 205 Whitworth, Charles 72 Wilder, Jan Antoni 157n64 Willem III of Orange 58 wine 2,15,55,94,199
222 Index Wismar 72, 74, 201 Witsen, Nicolaas 34,35 Wolfenbüttel 34 wool 67 woollen cloth 106,107,112, 188, 202 Yevpatoriya 175 Yug (river) 98 Zeeland 78n42 Zelva 104 Zernack, Klaus 39,40, 47n67,47n71, 72,79n80 Zlotnikov, Michail 162n211 Zubtsov 103 Yaroslavl 35,103 Yekaterinburg 102 Ґ* Bayerischer Staatsbibliothek I München |
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Contents List offigures List of tables List of maps 1 ix xi xiii About the author Preface xv xvii List of abbreviations xix Maps xxi An exploratory analysis of trade through the Danish Sound, 1670-1856 1 Introduction 1 Flows 5 Imports and exports 5 Departure and destination 8 Carriers of trade 11 Commodities 13 Exports from the Baltic 13 Imports to the Baltic 15 Framework of analysis 16 Questions 16 Hypotheses 17 Method 20 2 The Baltic as arena of a quest for North Eurasian trade North Eurasia as unit of world history 33 Leibniz and Kilburger 33 The contours of North Eurasia 35 The Baltic as border zone of North Eurasia 39 33
vi Contents 3 The emergence of the Baltic as a privileged outlet for North Eurasian trade, 1670-1721 53 Introduction 53 Threats to Dutch primacy in the Baltic 54 Navigation laws 54 Stormaktstiden 59 Mercantilism in the Baltic 60 Sweden’s isolation and Muscovy’s awakening 62 North Eurasia as transit zone for Asian goods 64 The trans-Caspian route 64 Land routes to the Khanates, India, and China 67 Perceived versus real significance 68 War and national interests 69 К regional conflict 69 Commercial interests at stake 74 4 The consolidation of the Baltic’s special role in North Eurasian trade, 1703-1766 91 Introduction 91 The creation of ‘New Amsterdam’ 95 (Re-)directing North Eurasian commodity ßows 99 British advances in North Eurasian trade 105 Friction and rapprochement 105 The Anglo-Russian commercial treaty 108 French reaction 110 5 The culmination of conflicting commercial and political interests in North Eurasian trade, 1764-1814 Introduction 124 Britain’s rise to absolute dominance 125 Regime changes in North Eurasia’s border basins 131 Partition and expansion 131 Novel commercial practices in the Baltic 133 Commercial treaties with Poland-Lithuania 135 The rise of Anglo-Prussian trade 137 The Eastern Crisis 138 The French Wars 140 Relocation, repression, and collapse 144 After Küçük Kajnarca 144 The Continental Blockade 148 After Tilsit 150 124
Contents 6 vii The reconfiguration of North Eurasian trade in the first half of the nineteenth century 168 Introduction 168 North Eurasia’s border basins in transition 169 The Corn Laws and the deposit trade 169 Structural changes in the grain trade through the Danish Sound 172 The enduring supply issues of the North Eurasian grain trade 176 The impact of Russia’s self-isolation 178 North Eurasian trade facing global competition 182 From one quest to another. 186 7 Conclusions Appendix: a note on statistics Index 198 209 211
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Ab Imperio (journal) 45ո30 Acts of Navigation 54—56, 76nl7, 94, 108,140,142,170,171,187,190nl4 Admiral Norris 74 Adrianople (treaty) 174 Adriatic Sea 47n62, 91,182 Africa 67 Ahonen, Kalevi 4 Åland Islands 72 Alaska 168 Aleksey Mikhailovich 65 Aleppo 34,65 Alexander I 150,168 Alexandria 34 Altai (mountain range) 36 Altona 152; (treaty) 62, 63 Altranstädt (treaty) 71 Amazon (river) 62 America (continent) 40, 41,125,168, 178, 204 American (War of) Independence 6, 10, 126,144,154, 200,204; see also United States American colonies 64,107,117nll5,137 American Meteorological Society 25n60 Amiens (treaty) 142 Amsterdam 12,24n47, 66, 93, 94,95,100, 116n88,134,135,199; (treaty 1717) 74,75 Amu Darya (river) 67 Amur (river) 34,68,188,189, 207 Anadyr 34 Anatolia 65, 80n93,147 Andrusovo (truce) 65 Anglo-Polish commercial treaty 139 Anglo-Prussian trade 137,141 Anglo-Russian relations; commercial treaty (1734) 102,107-109,125, 156n37, 202,203; (1766) 112,132, 203; (1797) 140; navigation convention (1801) 142; trade 105-107,112, 116n77,124,125,128-130,142,143, 148,153,155nl5,188,202,204,206 Anisimov, Maksim Yuryevich 110 Anthoine, Antoine-Ignace baron de Saint-Joseph 144,145 Arensburg (Kuressaare) 59 Arkhangelsk 18,34,55, 65, 66, 69,73, 76nl7,95-100,103,113,116n88,146, 153,174,175,180,182,188,202, 205,206 Armed Neutrality (1691,1693) 58, 78n42; (1780) 138,139; (1800) 141, 142; see also neutrality Armenian Company 65,106 Armenian merchants 18,36, 65, 66, 81nll0,95, 96,108,109, 203 Artak 152 Asia see Central Asia; East Asia Asian
goods 54, 64, 66, 67, 69,70,108, 112,133,147,150,152,198, 202, 203,207 Astrakhan 17,34,35,64-67, 74,105,106, 109,147,180,201,203 Adantic Ocean 8-11,55, 92, 93,144,169, 172,174,184,199,206 Auerstädt 148 August II 62,63,70,71,74,91 August III 131 Austria 10,65,72,74,106,107,110, 111, 117Ո104,131-133,138-140,144,147, 152,153,156n20,168,169,179,180,
212 Index 205; see also Russo-Austrian alliance and treaty; War ofAustrian Succession Austrian Netherlands 91 Azores 151 Azov (fair) 100,109; (port) 73 Bajkov 44nl3 Balkans 132 balks 128-130 Balta Liman (convention) 185 Bang, Nina Ellinger 4,6,7,23nl3, 23nl4,128 Bar (confederation) 132,156n41 bar iron 128,129,141,155nl9 barley 3,170,172-175,19Խ16 barrière de l’Est 62, 75 Bassewitscher Projekt 82nl59 Batavian Republic 129,141; see also Dutch Repubhc; Netherlands beer 135,136 Beijing 68; (second treaty) 18 Belarus 138 Belgium 7,170,183,184 Belgrade (treaty) 111 Belts (strait) 53 Berdichiv 104,105 Berdyansk 175 Berezina (canal) 176 Berlin 71,106,107,136; (decree) 149, 161n77; Company 107,109 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste 189n2 Berwick upon Tweed 77nl7 Bessarabia 133 Bialystok 104 Bilici, Faruk 16ІПІ69 Black Sea 17,18, 21,25n75,34, 35, 42, 43, 63-65, 68, 69,72-74, 98,103, 109-112,125,132,138,144,145,147, 148,150,152-154,158n89,160nl54, 168-170,174-176,178-180,182, 185-189,203-207 blockade 72,73,140,142,147,148; see abo Continental Blockade boards 55, 77 Bog, Ingomar 61 Bogdaniec 104 Bohemia 136 Bohuslän 11 Bonrepaus 58 Bordeaux 127 border basins 18, 21, 22,36-39, 41, 42, 45, 64, 69,72, 76,125,131,132, 144,145,151,152,154,169,176, 201, 204,207 borderlands 18, 19, 21,22,36-39, 41,45n33,47n61,65, 67,95,125, 151-153,169,181,207 Borgström 46n60 Borzna 104 Bosporus 112 Boyevskaya (frontier post) 104,105 Braila 185 Brandenburg(-Prussia) 53, 54,56, 60-62, 64,66,70-72,75,91,132,136 Braudel, Fernand 3, 210 Brazil 151,153 Bremen 12,73,116n89,147 Bremen andVerden (Duchies) 73 Breslau 104 Brest
148 British American Colonies 184,185, 203,206 British trade and shipping 2,12,16, 41, 42, 54, 55, 61, 63,72-75, 76nl7, 93-96,102,105-112,118nl25, 118ПІ47,125-129,131,132,135-144, 147-155,155nl9,156n37,158n79, 158n94,159n98,16ІПІ77,169,171, 180-185,187,189,190n7,194nl29, 194nl30,199—207; see also England; Great Britain; United Kingdom Brody 104,105 Bromberg (canal) 193n89 Brune, Guillaume Marie-Anne 148, 16ІПІ70 Bryansk 102,103 Bucharest (treaty) 169 Bug (river) 133,148 Bukhara 67 Bydgoszcz 136; see abo Bromberg (canal) Cajander, Aimo Kaarlo 35 Caspian Sea 18, 21,35,36,64, 65, 67,74, 80ո93, 106, 109, 148, 169,178,181, 188,202,207 Catherine I 106 Catherine II 126,132,133,139,143 Caucasus 36,133,148,169,175,179, 188,189,194nl30,207 Central Asia 65, 67, 68,74,76,105,108, 133,147,148,169,180,181,188,189, 201,203 Central Europe 113; see abo Europe Chance,J.F. 73 Channel 142 Charlesil 56,58,70 Charles III John 190n2
Index Charles ХП 62, 70-73, 82nl48 Charles XIII 190ո2 Charles XIV John 190ո2 Chaunu, Pierre 4 Cheboksary 176 Cherkassk 112 Chernigov 103 Cheshire (saline district) 127 China 18,33-35,38,43ո6, 44nl3, 44ո26, 45ո29, 64, 66-69, 74, 76, 104, 105, 107, 109, 147, 152, 188, 189, 198, 199, 201,203 Chinese goods 65,103-105,116ո88 Christian, David 36 cloth 109 coal 2, 8,16,127,155nl9,200 cochineal 151 coffee 94,127 Colbert,Jean-Baptiste 55,77nl9 Compagnie des Pyrénées 55 Compagnie du Nord 55 Constantinople 17,35, 111, 112,146, 147,185,194ПІ29; (treaty) 70 Continental Blockade 7—16, 42,43, 98,125,140,142,148,149,152-154, 16ІПІ77,162n211,162n226, 200, 205 Continental System 7,149-151, 154, 205 Copenhagen 24n48, 58, 69,142,151, 172; (convention) 1; (treaty) 54 copper 67 corn 184,207 Corn Laws 169-171,184,187,190n9, 190nl0,190nl4 Cort, Henry 155nl9 Cossacks see Don Cossacks cotton fabrics and manufactures 116n88, 180,188; manufacturing 179,180; sails 183; textiles 67,179,188,194nl29; yarn 179, 180 Count Kankrin 179 Courland 58, 60, 66,70,103,110,134, 137,140,175, 203; (treaty) 8Խ114 Cracow 168 Crimea 133,139,144; War 18, 42,173, 179,185,189,207 Czartoryski family 131 damask see kitajka Danish Sound 1—9,11—22,22nl, 23nl3, 41, 42, 53-60, 62, 75, 78n50, 91-94, 112,124-130,134,138,140-144,149152,154,155Ո17,155nl9,157n61, 169,170,172-174,177,181,182,184, 213 186,198-203, 205, 206, 209, 210; dues 1,8,16,18,22n3,198,199 Danube 36,144,175,184,185,206 Danubian Principalities 133,184,185, 206; see aho Moldavia, Walachia Danzig 53,59, 64,75,76nl, 78n43, 79n59,104,110,131-140,145,154,
159n98,171-176,182,191nl6, 193n89,199,204,205 de Rodes, Johan 34,35,44n20 deals 128-130,141 Denmark 1, 8, 9,11,12, 24n48, 56-58, 62,63, 69-74,78n42, 92,116n89,141, 151,171-173,182,185,189n2, 200 Desna (river) 180 Dnepr (river) 104,105,133,148,180 Dniester (river) 148 Dobryansk 103,104 dominium maris baltici 60, 70,132 Don (river) 112,133,148,175,180, 191Ո39; Cossacks 36,112, 132, 175 Donnelly, Alton S. 67 Driault, Édouard 16ІПІ69,16ІПІ70 Droysen, Gustav von 74 Dubovka 180 Duc de Choiseul, Étienne Francois 111, 112 Ducal Prussia 58, 61, 64,71,91,132; see also East Prussia Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich 45n33 Dundee 199 Durno,James 137,139,158n79 Dutch East India 7; Company 34 Dutch Republic 11,12,16, 24n52, 36, 53-58, 60-64, 68-75,78n42,91, 94, 113,129,130,134,138,140,154,170, 200, 202; see also Batavian Republic; Netherlands DutchWar with France 11, 56 Dutch West India Company 61 dye 67,160nl38 Dzungars 68 East Asia 42,169,188 East Central Europe 41, 45n33, 47n62; see aho Europe East European history 40; see aho Europe East Frisia 12,152 East India Company 34,65,108 East Indies 184 East Pomerania 64, 71 East Prussia 21,64, 91, 110, 111, 113, 134,136,137, 203; see also Ducal Prussia
214 Index Eastern Crisis (1787-1791) 138,139, 158ո85, 204 Eastern Europe 21,40, 41,138,169; see abo Europe ‘Eastern trade’ 108 Eastland Company 12,24n48,54 Eden (treaty) 140 Egypt 42,184,185 Eklund,Asa 155nl9 Elbe (river) 36, 72,73,142,148,181 Elbing 64,71, 75,136,137,145 Elsinore (Helsingør) 1, 24n48, 25n71, 42 Elton, John 109,118Ո131 Embargo Act 149 Emperor Leopold I 61 England 53-60, 62-64,68-73, 75,76n4, 76nl7, 78n42, 79n79, 91, 95,107, 117Ո115,139,141,16ІПІ77,178 Erik VII 16 esparto 193n94 Estonia 48n24, 59, 60, 63,73 Eurasianism 36,45n33 Europe 4, 6-8,11,12,14,20,33,36, 38,39, 42, 43,45n33,53,55, 61, 65, 69,70,75,76, 79n79, 91-93, 99,100, 110,113,117Ո104,124,127,131, 140-142,144,147-154,168,172,174, 176,181-183; see also Central Europe; East Central Europe; Eastern Europe; Northeastern Europe; Northern Europe; North-West Europe; SouthEast Europe; Southern Europe; Western Europe Europe’s overseas expansion 21,38,39,65 Evans, Chris 155nl9 Exclusion Crisis 56 faience 136 Feodosia 147,175 Finkenstein (treaty) 148 Finland (Grand Duchy) 9,12, 24n48, 36,40, 47n62, 92,152,168,172,173, 193n85, 200; see also Gulf of Finland First Anglo-Dutch War 53 Fiume 193n93 Flanders 43nl flax 3,55,59, 60, 69, 97,103,112,128130,134,138,144,160nl38,182-184, 193n94,199,200 flaxseed 59 flour 42,169,170,172,173,175,178, 183-187,190n7,193nl05,206, 207 Fontainebleau (decree) 153; (treaty) 56 foodstuffs 2, 3,13-15, 25n59,42, 60,93, 133,137,169,186,189,198,206, 207 Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 6,9,12, 124, 200 France 6,7,11,12,15,17, 25n74,36, 42,53-56, 58,60-62,64, 69,70, 74,
75,77n21,79n79,110-113,117nl04, 124-129,132,134,138-142,144-151, 153,159nll, 162n228,170,171,179, 182-185,190n9,198,203, 205 Frankfort (Oder) 135 Frederick III 66 Frederick the Great 132,135,156n25 Frederick William 60,61, 70,71,74 French Wars 6, 42,125,128,140-146, 154,155nl9,172,199,200, 204 fruits 67, 94 furs 104,147,188 Galaç 185 Galicia 139 Gaudin, Émile 147,16ІПІ70 Genoa 171 George I 73,75, 91,106 Georgia (kingdom) 133,148 Georgievsk (treaty) 133 Germany 47n62, 54,55, 60, 62,72, 73, 106,133,142,151,184,185,193n94; Zollverein 170 Glorious Revolution 58 gold 67 Gothenburg 11,151,152 Gotland 60 grain 2, 3,7,13,17,55,58-60, 62,78n48, 92-94, 97, 98,133-136,143,145, 160nl38,160ПІ52,169-178,181-187, 190n7,190n9,190nl0,190nl4, 190nl6,19Խ48,193nl05,194nll3, 199,200,206,207 Grand Alkanee 58,70 Great Britain 12,16,36,42,72—75, 91-95,105-108,110,112,113, 118Ո125,124,125,128,129,131, 132,134,135,137-143,149,151,154, 156n37,159n98,16Խ177,170,186, 201,202; see abo England; United Kingdom Great Divergence 40 Great Embassy 33, 43nl Great Game 19 Great Northern War 5-8,11,13,15,18, 42, 69, 79n80, 81nl 12, 91-93,97,100, 105,125,127,201
Index Greece 47ո62,144,145,170; see u/soWar of Greek Independence Greek merchants (trade) 17, 35, 100, 101, 104,112,150 Greifswald (treaty) 73 Grodno 71,104 Gulf of Bothnia 36 Gulf of Finland 60, 94, 99,137 Gulistan (treaty) 169 Gunn, Geoffrey 38 Guyana 61 Gzhatsk 98,101,103 Habsburg Empire 62,70, 79n79,91,110; see aho Holy Roman Empire Halecki, Oskar 39,45n33, 47n62 Hamburg 1,12, 62,128,137,147, 171 Hanover 70,73, 91 Hanse 5,76nl, 76n2 Hanseatic League 53, 54 Hanseatic Towns 12,59,152,185 Hansetag 1,53 Hanway,Jonas 109 Hardenberg, Karl August von 189n2 Heckscher, Eh 149,16ІПІ77,162n204 Helgoland 151 hemp 3,55, 59,60,69, 96, 97,103,112, 128-130,134,138,144,160nl38, 182-184,193n93,193n94,193n99, 199,206 hempseed 59 Herlihy, Patricia 190nl0,191n48 Hertel, Lorenz 34 Herzfeld, Margot 137,157n64 Holland 152,182,185 Holstein 62-64, 69, 82nl59,116n89,152 Holstein-Gottorf (Duchy) 63 Holy League 63,79n79 Holy Roman Empire 60, 61,72,75,149 Hormuz 34 Hösch, Edgar 159nl24 Huh 199 Hungary 47n62,183 Iberian Peninsula 199 Illyria 152,153 India 33,35, 38, 42, 64,65, 67, 68,103, 106,147,148,159nl24,183,198 infrastructure 3,19-22, 25n77,34,35, 43, 61, 94, 95, 99,100,102,113,127,145, 169,171,176-179,185-187,200-202, 205-207 Ingria 59,70,73 215 Ionian Islands 159nl24 Iran see Persia Irbit (fair) 68,102 Iredale, D.A. 2 Ireland 64, 77nl7, 206 iron 3, 60, 69,78n48,97, 99-101,112, 128-130,141,145,150,154,155nl9, 160nl38,180-183,19Խ41,192n73, 192n74,192n75,193n99,199, 200, 204 Isfahan 65 Israel, Jonathan 53, 93 Italy 47n62, 111, 153,175,183 iufti see juchten Ivanovo 180,192n70 Izmail 175 Izmailov,
Lev Vasilyevich 68 Izmir 147 James II 56, 58 Japan 18 Jassy 104; (treaty) 145,174 Jazykov 44nl3 Jena 148 Johansen, Hans Christian 4 Jones, Eric L. 38,46n60 Jones, Robert E. 160nl52 juchten 96, 97,103 jute 182-184,206 Kaffa 25n75 Kalmar 60 Kalmyks 36 Kaluga 103; (province) 103,192n75 Kama (river) 101,176, 180 Kangxi Emperor 68 Kaplan, Herbert 128,129,143,155nl5, 155nl7 Kappeler, Andreas 45n30 Kardis (treaty) 54 Karelia 73 Kargopol 96 Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein 82nl59 Karl Leopold, Duke of MecklenburgSchwerin 74 Karlsbad 33 Karlskrona 73 Kartli-Kakheti (kingdom) 133 Katarina Ivanovna 74 Kazan 17, 74,103,109,147,176,180, 201, 203; (province) 103 Kerch 63, 175
216 Index Khanates 67, 68,108,169,188,207; see also Khiva, Bukhara Kharkiv 103,104; (province) 103 Kherson 133,144,145,180; (province) 175 Khiva 67 Kiel (treaty) 168,189n2 Kilburger,Johann Philipp 33-35,44nl2, 44nl3,44n20,44n26 Kilia 25n75 Kirby, David 39 kitajka 104,105,116n88 Kniphausen 149 Kola 99 Kolberg 110 Kolomna (province) 103; (river) 101 Königsberg 62,66,103,133-135,137, 138,145,157n66,173,175,176,199 Korst, Knud 4, 6,7, 23nl3, 23nl4,128 Kostroma 180 Kotoshikhin, Grigoriy Karpovich 34 Kremenchug 180 Krinki 147 Krolevets (fair) 101,102,104 Küçük Kajnarca (treaty) 18,112,133, 144,174 Kurakin, Boris Ivanovich 73 Kurc,B.G. 44nl3 Kursk 102,103; (province) 103 Kyakhta 68,103,113,147,188; (treaty) 68 Kyiv 102,104,147; (province) 175 La Rochelle 127 Ladoga (lake) 35,101 Laishevo 176 Landsberg 104 Lange, Lorenz 68 Latin America 42, 43,151, 205 Law of Nivôse (1798) 141 Le Havre de Grâce 127 lead 67 LeDonne, John 37 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 17, 33-35, 43n2,43n5,43n6,43n9, 44nl0, 44nl2, 45n29,64, 68,198 Leipzig 135,136,194nl29 Leningrad 38 Leszczyński, Stanisław 71 Levant 54, 65,67,175; Company 34,108, 109, 111; trade 65,111,139,147 Libau 134,135,138 linea communicationis 64, 71 linen 128—130, 141; fabrics 97 linseed 3,182,184 Lisbon 151 List, Friedrich 20,25n70 Lithuania (Grand Duchy) 17,131, 137,138,158n80; see also Poland-Lithuania Liverpool 126,127,199 Livonia 59, 60, 62, 63, 69, 70,79n80,103; Livonian issue 62—64; Wars 65 Livorno 145,171,191n20 London 72,73,116n88,128,186,199 Lotman, Jurij 46n35 Louis XVIII 145 Lübeck 1,53, 92,116ո88,172,173 Mackenzie, George 73,74
Madeira 151 maize 175,182,184,185,206, 207 Makaryev (fair) 68,101,102 malt 172,173 Malta 159nl24 Manchus 68 Manila hemp see jute manufacturing manufactured goods 2,3,13,15,39,55,76nl7, 92-95, 99, 107,116n88,135-137,141,152-154, 169,179-181,186,187,189, 192n65, 202, 205,206 Mariupol 175 Mariya (canal) 176 Mark 136 Marseille 171,190n9 Massie, Robert K. 43nl masts 55, 76nl7,134 May-Ma-Chen 68 Mazepa, Ivan 71 Mecklenburg 12, 24n48, 62,72,74, 82nl59,105,149,200,201 Mediterranean 9,11,34,43, 111, 134, 144,148,159nl24,171,174,182,185, 187,188,193n93,205,206 Memel 103,134,135,137,138,157n66, 171,173,175,176,182,199,204; (river) 171 mercantilism 16,20, 54, 60—62,69, 75, 79n59,94,140-142,179,201 metal exports 180,192n73; wares 147 metallurgy 100,202 Milan (decrees) 149,151 Minsk 71 Mississippi 185 Mohylew 71, 103—105; (province) 175
Index Moldavia 71,139,147,184,185; see also Danubian Principalities Morshansk 103 Moscow 34,35, 65, 66,71,100, 101,103-105,147,168,180, 202; (province) 103,176 Muscovy (Grand Duchy) 17,18,33—35, 44nl0,44nl3,44nl8, 53, 54, 59, 62-69,73,75,76,76nl7,77n21, 78n57,79n79, 95,100,102,107, 192n65,198,201; Company 12, 24n48, 54 Nantes 127 Naples 138,171 Napoleon Bonaparte 7,12,141,142, 147-152,154,155,155nl9,162n228, 168,169,173,205 Narva 18, 24n48, 34,59, 60, 66, 69,70, 78n57,95-100 naval stores 2, 3, 63, 64, 69,73, 83nl67, 93,94,106,107,110,117nll5, 118ПІ47,128-130,138,139,143,144, 150,154,155,169,187,189,202, 204,206 Navigation Laws see Acts of Navigation Nebolsin, Grigorij Pavlovic 171,178, 180,181,185,190nll,193n99 Nemirov (congress) 111 Neplyuyev,Adrian Ivanovich 111 Nerchinsk (treaty) 68 Netherlands 12, 36, 43nl, 53-55,170, 171,183; see also Batavian Republic; Dutch Republic neutrality 6,10,12, 68,70-72,78n42, 82nl56, 92,110,113,134,141,141nl, 148—153,200; convention 82nl56, 113; see abo Armed Neutrality Neva (river) 92,96,100,103,172, 173, 202 Nevel 105 New Julfa 65, 66, 95,106 New York 186 Newcastle 199 Nezhin 103-105 Nicholas I 192n56 Nijmegen (treaty) 56 Nikolayev 133 NineYears’War 7,11,15, 58, 59, 62, 75 Nizhny Novgorod 176,177,180; (province) 103,192n75 Nordosteuropa 39,40,47n73,47n67, 79n80 217 Norrköping 60 North America 42, 65,108,154,185, 204 North Eurasia 17-22,33,35,36, 38,39, 41-43, 53, 54, 62, 64, 65, 68,70,72-76, 91, 93-95, 99-105,110,112,113, 114nl5,116n66,124,125,131,132, 140,143-145,147,148,150,152-155, 168-171,174,176,180-187,189, 198-207, 209 North Sea
10,11,12, 65,91, 93,116n88, 142,148,152,172, 200 North, Michael 39 Northeastern Europe 40, 47n67; see abo Europe; Nordosteuropa Northern Crisis 11 Northern Dvina (river) 98 Northern Europe 60,198; see abo Europe Northern System 131 North-West Europe 9,10,38, 54, 92; see abo Europe Norway ll,24n48,55,181,182,189n2 Notetz (river) 137 November Uprising 7-8, 98,188 Novgorod 35, 66, 96,100; (province) 103; (Republic) 17 Nyen 59,60, 66, 69,96 Nystadt (treaty) 18, 75, 91, 98,105,106 oats 3,170,172-175,177,191nl6 Ob (river) 35,44n26 Obreskov 112 Ochakiv (fortress) 109,133,138,139, 204,205 Oder (river) 24n48, 36, 91, 92,135,136, 172,173,181 Odessa 42, 145-147,152,153,160nl54, 171,174,175,186,188,19Խ28, 205-207 Ogiński (canal) 176 Ohio 185 Oka (river) 101,176,180 Okhotsk 34 Oldenburg 12,149 Olearius, Adam 34 Oliva (treaty) 54, 60 Olonets (region) 100,180,182 Onega (lake) 100 Opium War 189 Orenburg 108,180 Orinoco 62 Oryol (province) 103,175,192n75 Ostend 148; (company) 107 Osterhammel, Jürgen 39
218 Index Osteuropa 47ո73, 47ո67; see also Eastern Europe; Europe Ostmitteleuropa 39,40; see abo East Central Europe; Europe Ottoman Empire 17,25n75,33,36, 42, 63, 65, 70-73, 79n79, 95,100, 111, 112,131-133,138,139,141,148, 150,185, 189,204; see aho Black Sea; Danubian Principalities; Ottoman Porte; Russo-Turkish War Ottoman Porte 111, 112,133,138 Pacific coast 18, 34 pacta conventa 63 Palace Revolution 156n37 Palmqvist, Johan 34,44n20 Papenburg 12,149 Paris 168; treaty 152 Partitions of Poland 18,42,117nl04,131, 154,157n61,158n79, 204,205; (1772) 125,132-136,138; (1793) 140 Patkul, Johann Reinhold von 79n80 Paull 141,142,159Ո124 Penza (province) 103 Perm 102 Pernambuco 153 Pernau (Pärnu) 59, 60, 72 Persia (Iran) 18, 33,34, 64-67, 69, 76, 77, 108,109,133,148,169,180,181,188, 189,198, 199; commodities 18,34, 65, 66; silk trade 34, 35, 65-69, 95, 97,103, 106,108,109; see also silk, transit Persian Gulf 65,67, 106 Peter the Great 33, 35, 43nl, 45n33, 66, 67,71-74, 82nl55, 91,95, 96, 99,100, 106,116n89,168,198 Petterson, Niels P. 39 Philippines 183 Pillau 134,135,137 pitch 3,55,60,199 Pitt the Younger, William 139 Podolsk (province) 175 Poland 17, 41, 42,47n62,61-63, 70,71, 74, 79n79, 98,117nl04,131-133, 135-140,145,157n64,168,178, 19ІПІ6,193n85,193n89,204;5ee aho Polish-Saxon crisis; War of Polish Succession Poland-Lithuania 8, 9,16-18,36, 53,54, 58-60,62, 65, 70, 71,74,75,79n59, 79n79, 91, 92,104,105,110, 111, 125, 131-136,138,139,140,142,143,145, 154,158n79,158n89, 203-205; see also Lithuania (Grand Duchy); Poland; Partitions of Poland Polangen 153,158n94 Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth see Poland-Lithuania Polish-Saxon Crisis (1815) 168 Poltava (battle) 71, 73, 75,100; (fair) 104 Pomerania 21,24n48,59, 64, 71,91,107, 132,135,136,168,189n2 Pomeranz, Kenneth 41,46n60 Poniatowski, Stanislaw August 131,132 Portugal 129,134,138,151 Posen (province) 168 potash 3, 55 potato famine 98,174,177 Potemkin 77n21 Potemkin, Grigoriy Aleksandrovich 133 Potocki family 131 Pragmatic Sanction 107 Prussia 8, 9,12,16,21, 36, 42, 48n82, 54,56,58,59, 64,66, 71, 74, 75,103, 106-110,112,113,117Ո104,117nll5, 118nl25,124,125,129,131-145, 147,148,153-155,157n64,158n79, 159n98,168,169,171-176,180-185, 187,188,189n2,19Խ16,193n94, 198—200, 202—207; see also AngloPrussian relations; BrandenburgPrussia; Ducal Prussia Prut (battle) 72,100 Pskov 35,66, 96, 98,103 Radziwiłł family 134,137,147,153 Rasht (treaty) 106 raven duck 3,13,187 raw materials 2,3,13-16,39—42,60,75, 92-95,106-108,125,133-135,137, 154,155,169,186,189,198-201, 205-207 Razin, Stepan 66 Reading 83nl67,95 Red Sea 34, 67 Reval 34, 59, 60,72,96, 99 Rhine 181 rice 182, 206 Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de 145, 146,160nl54 Rieber, Alfred 37 Riga 59, 60, 69,70, 72,78n50, 96-99, 103,112,116n88,134,135,137,138, 153,157n55,171,175,182,199 Rijswijk (treaty) 62 Roll, Christine 44n9,44nl0, 44nl2
Index Romny 104,105 Rönnbäck, Klas 4, 40, 41, 48ո82 Rostov-on-Don 112, 175, 180 Rumyantsev, Nikolai Petrovich 147,153 Russia (Russian Empire) 1, 8, 9,12, 16-18, 21, 33-38, 40-43, 43nl, 43n9,44nl3, 43n30, 45n33, 47n62, 54, 63-76, 77nl7, 91-113,114n8, 114n21,115n58,116n76,116n77, 116n89,118Ո125,119nl55,124-134, 137-148,150-154,155nl5,155nl9, 156n36,157n64,159n98,159nll4, 159nl24,160nl54,162n211, 162n226,162n228,168-171, 173-189,190nl0,190nll, 191nl6, 191n28,191n40,191n48,192n73, 192n74,192n75,194nl30,198-207; see also Anglo-Russian relations; Muscovy, transit Rußland 40, 45n29, 45n33, 47n62 Russo-Austrian alliance and treaty 106, 117nl04,119nl55,139,144 Russo-Chinese border 68,113 Russo-Chinese relations 44nl3, 68, 8ІПІ27 Russo-Danish relations 74 Russo-Persian treaty 106 Russo-Persian War (1722-1725) 106; (1804-1813) 133,148,150; (1826֊ 1828) 133 Russo-Polish War 8 Russo-Portuguese commercial treaty 151 Russo-Prussian defensive alliance (1726) 106; (1764) 132,139 Russo-Swedish War (1741-1743) 91, 95; (1788-1790) 132; see abo Great Northern War Russo-Turkish Treaty (1711) 72 Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) 144, 145; (1787-1791) 138-145; (1806֊ 1812) 148; (1828-1829) 174 Ryazan (province) 180,192n75 Rybinsk 176-178,180 Rydén 155nl9 rye 3,59,170,172-175,186,191nl6, 193,206 Rzhev 103 Safavid Iran see Persia sail 97,183 sailcloth 3,13,187 Saint-Domingue (revolt) 127 Saint-Germain-en-Laye (treaty) 56 219 salt 2,15, 55, 94,102,126,127,152, 160nl38,199,200 Samara 176,180 Samogitia 158n94 Sandomierz (confederation) 70 Saratov 109,176, 203; province 103 Savary, Jacques 55 Saxony
63,69-72, 74, 91,110,131, 168,169 Scandinavia 9—11, 36, 40, 58,134, 170-174,181,182,189n2,200,206 Scania 74; war 56,59 Schleswig-Holstein 105 Schmidt 44nl3 Schönberg von Brenckenhoff, Franz Balthasar 135 Schroeder, Paul W 148,162n228 Schwedt (treaty) 74 Scotland 56, 57, 59,76n4 Sea ofAzov 63, 64, 111, 160nl54 Sea of Marmara 152 Second Anglo-Dutch War 53 Second Northern War 53 Seine (river) 148 sesame seeds 182,184 SevenYears’War 5, 6,15, 92,110, 112, 113,114nl, 124,126,127,131,143, 200, 203 Sevsk 102 Shah Abbas I 64, 109 Sharp, Paul 193nl08 Sheffield 181 Shelegovka (frontier) 104,105 Shklov 105 Shlisselburg 101 Shuya 180 Siberia 17, 65, 68, 69,101-103,105, 198,202 Sicily 129 Silesia 70,102,107,112,136,147; cloth 147; textile manufacturing 107 silk 34,65, 66, 67, 95, 97,103,106,109, 116n88,147; Italian 147;.see also Persia, transit Simbirsk (province) 103 Smolensk 65, 66,100,102,105; (province) 175,176 smuggling 135,150,152 Smyrna 34,65,152 soldiers’cloth 106-108 Sound Toll Chamber commodity records 4 Sound Toll Registers Ordine see STRO
220 Index Sound Toll Tables (STT) see Tabeller over skibsfart South Eurasia 19, 36, 67,148,189, 207 South-East Europe 36,40; see abo Europe Southern Europe 11, 94,126,127,129, 140,144,145; see also Europe Southern Russia 36,100,102,104,105, 112,145,160nl54,171,174,175,180; see abo Russia Spain 7, 61, 64, 70,129,134,138,185, 193n94; see aboWar of Spanish Succession Spanish Succession 7,11,63,70,72,75,91 spices 67, 94 St. Petersburg 42, 70, 72-74, 91, 94-101, 103,105,107,109, 111, 113,115n51, 116n77,116n88,128,131,134,137, 138,145,146,153,160nl52,172,175177,178,180,181,188,191n41,199, 201—203, 206; neutrality convention 92; (treaty) 74 Staraya Russa 102 steel 155nl9,181 Stettin 59,74,91,116n88,135-137,171, 172,175,182,193n89,199 Stockholm 44nl3, 60, 78n48; treaty 91 Stralsund 72 Strasbourg 153 Straubel, Rolf 157n66 STRO 3,4,22nl, 42,129,143, 157n66, 209 sugar 94,110,127,128,140,151,154,200 Sulina Channel 194nlll Sumbawa (island) 7 Sura (river) 176 Svensky Monastery (fair) 100-102 Sweden 8, 9,11,12, 24n48,34-36, 42, 47n62, 53-63, 66,69-73,75,78n42, 78n48,79n58,8ІПІ12,82nl56, 91, 92, 96,100,105,115n58,128,129, 132,138,141,151,152,156n37, 168,171-173,180-182,185,189n2, 198-201; tax-free shipping 2, 54, 56, 57, 59, 77n27 Swedish Pomerania 59, 74,132,168; see abo Pomerania Swinemünde 137 Syas (canal) 176; (river) 100 Syr Darya 67 Tabeller over skibsfart 4,6, 23nl3, 23nl4,128 Tabriz 189 Taganrog 111, 112,144,145-147,175 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de 168 tallow 3, 97,103,150,199 Tambora (volcano) 7,14, 98,174 Tambov 103; (province) 103,180,192n75 tar 3,55,60,199 Tartary 33
Tartu School 46n35 Tatars 36,133 Tbilisi 147,194nl30 tea 103-105,116n88 Tehran 147 Temernik (river) 112,119nl70 Tenerife 153 textiles 147,150,160nl38,169,181,188, 189; cotton 67,179,188,194nl29; exports 188,189; imports 179,182, 187; industry 100,188; production 154,180 The Hague 70,71,73 Third Anglo-Dutch War 9,11,15 Thirty Years’ War 61 Thorn 139,204 Tien Shan (mountain range) 36 Tiflis see Tbilisi Tikhvin (canal) 176 Tilsit (treaty) 150,153,205 timber 3, 55,59,60,62,69, 76, 99,100, 110,112,128,129,133,134,136-138, 141,144,159Ո121,160nl38,181,182, 184,187,193n89,199 Time of Troubles 65 tobacco 112,127 Tobolsk 35, 43nl3 Tönning 152 Torgau 33 Toropets 102,105 tow 183; manufactures 110 Trafalgar (battle) 148 Trångsund 60 Trans-caspian route see transit Transcaucasia 67,180,188 transit; rights and privileges 65,108,109, 112, 203; trade 21, 54, 60, 64,75,102, 136,145-147,152-154,162n211, 171,187,188, 205; route through Muscovy/Russia (trans-Caspian route) 18,35,64-66, 68, 69, 95, 104-110, 112,201-203 Trave (river) 152 Travendal (treaty 1700) 69,70, 73 Trebizond 189,194nl29, 194nl30
Index Trianon 153 Trieste 38, 91,145,171 Troebst, Stefan 40 Troitsk 180 Tsaritsyn 109, 203 Tsna (river) 35, 101 Tuchtenhagen, Ralph 40,47n71 Tula 180; (province) 103,175, 192n75 Turkey 34,36,47n62, 54,55, 95,104, 109,132,139,152,153,180,185; Company 54,109 Tuscany 129 Tver 44n25; (province) 176 Tvertsa (river) 35,101 Ukraine 71, 98,111,112,192n65, 203 Unger, Willem Sybrand 6 United Kingdom 1,9,12,14,16-19, 25, 36, 92,126,127,142,143,147,150, 151,153,154,168-172,174,175, 180-189,189n2,190n7,200,206, 207; see also Anglo-Russian relations; England; Great Britain United States 1,7,10, 36,41-43,129, 140,142,149,151,153,178,181, 184-188,193,194,205, 206; see also War of Independence Ural Mountains 17,99-102,105,113, 145, 180,181,191n41,202 Utrecht (treaty 1713) 7 Vasilsursk 176 Västervik 60 Vasylkiv 103-105 Velikiy Ustyug 175 Velikiye Luki 98 Velizh 105 Venice (Republic) 65,112,145 vermicelli 175 Veshnyakov, Aleksey Andreevich 111 Vienna 61; (congress) 168,169,189n2; (siege) 33; (treaty 1719) 75 Vilna 71,103; (province) 175 Visby 60 Vistula (river) 71, 92,136,139,148, 171-173,191,193,204 Vitebsk 103,105,175 Vladimir 103,180,192n75 Vladislavich-Ragunzinsky, Sava Lukich 68 Vladivostok 18 Vltava (Moldau) 63 221 Volga (river) 17, 65, 67,74,101-103, 109,113,148,175-177,180,191n39, 201-203 Volkhov (river) 101 Vologda 65, 98,103,182 Volyn (province) 175 von Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf 139 Voronezh (province) 103 Vyborg 60, 69, 96, 99,137 Vyshny Volochyok (canal) 35,100,101, 103,113,176 Walachia 139,147,184,185; see abo Danubian Principalities Wales 77nl7 Wallerstein, Immanuel 38
Walpole 117ПІ15 War of Greek Independence 7,174 War of Polish Succession 15, 91 War of Spanish Succession 7, 11, 75,91 War ofAustrian Succession 10,91 War of the Grand Alliance see Nine Tears’ War Warsaw 104,136; Confederation 71; Duchy 168 Warthe (river) 104 Waterloo 169 weaponry 100 Welling, George Maria 4 Weser (river) 73,142,148 Western Dvina (river) 103,175 Western Europe 5, 8,10,15,18, 33—35, 38, 43, 63,64, 68-70,72,73,76, 91, 95, 105,108,129,152,153,169-171,174, 177,180,199, 201,205, 206, 209; see also Europe Westminster (treaty 1674) 56; (convention 1756) 110 Westphalia (treaty 1648) 20, 64 wheat 3,14,42,141,170,172-175, 184-187,190n7,19Խ16,192n48, 193Ո105,194nl08,206,207 wheat flour 42,184-186,190n7, 193nl05,207 White Sea 17,18,24n48,34, 36, 66, 69, 73, 95, 96, 98,113,145,152-154,174, 175,185,188,189, 202, 204, 205 Whitworth, Charles 72 Wilder, Jan Antoni 157n64 Willem III of Orange 58 wine 2,15,55,94,199
222 Index Wismar 72, 74, 201 Witsen, Nicolaas 34,35 Wolfenbüttel 34 wool 67 woollen cloth 106,107,112, 188, 202 Yevpatoriya 175 Yug (river) 98 Zeeland 78n42 Zelva 104 Zernack, Klaus 39,40, 47n67,47n71, 72,79n80 Zlotnikov, Michail 162n211 Zubtsov 103 Yaroslavl 35,103 Yekaterinburg 102 Ґ* Bayerischer Staatsbibliothek I München |
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| spelling | Scheltjens, Werner 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)140285725 aut North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea Werner Scheltjens London ; New York Routledge 2022 xxii, 222 Seiten Karten, Diagramm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Perspectives in economic and social history Geschichte 1660-1860 gnd rswk-swf Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd rswk-swf Ostseeraum (DE-588)4137210-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostseeraum (DE-588)4137210-4 g Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 s Geschichte 1660-1860 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-367-68348-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-13704-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032786400&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032786400&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Scheltjens, Werner 1978- North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4065365-1 (DE-588)4137210-4 |
| title | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea |
| title_auth | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea |
| title_exact_search | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea |
| title_exact_search_txtP | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea |
| title_full | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea Werner Scheltjens |
| title_fullStr | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea Werner Scheltjens |
| title_full_unstemmed | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea Werner Scheltjens |
| title_short | North Eurasian trade in world history, 1660-1860 |
| title_sort | north eurasian trade in world history 1660 1860 the economic and political importance of the baltic sea |
| title_sub | the economic and political importance of the Baltic Sea |
| topic | Welthandel (DE-588)4065365-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Welthandel Ostseeraum |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032786400&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032786400&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT scheltjenswerner northeurasiantradeinworldhistory16601860theeconomicandpoliticalimportanceofthebalticsea |