The legacy of division: East and West after 1989
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Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
2020
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| Ausgabe: | Special edition for The Federal Agency for Civic Education |
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volume 10595 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction The legacy of division: East and West after 1989 1 Ferenc Laczó and Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič Staring through the mocking glass: Three misperceptions of the East-West divide since 1989 Dorothee Bohle and Béla Greskovits 11 Back to Cold War and beyond 20 Richard Sakwa The price of unity: The transformation of Germany and East Central Europe after 1989 Philipp Ther 30 Thirty years on: Germany’s unfinished unity Claus Leggewie 48 This mess of troubled times Karl Schlögel 59 The mythology of the East-West divide Jan Zielonka 70 Anxious Europe Florian Bieber 76 ‘But this is the world we live in’: Corruption, everyday managing, and civic mobilization in post-socialist Romania Jill Massino 84
VI The Legacy of Division The end of the liberal world as we know it? Two walls in 1989 97 James Wang Wests, East-Wests, and divides 104 Niall Chithelen The Great Substitution Holly Case The struggle over 1989: The rise and contestation of eastern European populism Bogdan lacob, James Mark and Tobias Rupprecht 111 123 Beyond anti-democratic temptation Marius Stan and Vladimir Tismaneanu 134 Dissidence - doubt - creativity: Revisiting 1983 Joachim von Puttkamer 144 Gendering dissent: Human rights, gender history and the road to 1989 Robert Brier 154 Creating feminism in the shadow of male heroes: That other story of 1989 Zsófia Lóránd 177 Legacies of 1989 for dissent today Barbara J. Falk 187 Of hopes and ends: Czech transformations after 1989 Ondřej Slačálek 209 Just because the map says so, doesn’t mean it’s true: Thirty years after 1989, from an island perspective Owen Hatherley The East in you never leaves Julia Sonnevend 219 227
Contents Freedom of movement: A European dialectic Jännis Panagiotidis VII 232 ‘The Romanians are coming’: Emerging divisions and enduring misperceptions in contemporary Europe Diana Georgescu 241 The two faces of European disillusionment: An end to myths about the West and the East Jarosław Kuisz 254 Go East! Aleida Assmann 264 ‘The future was next to you’: An interview with Ivan Krastev on ’89 and the end of liberal hegemony 275 ‘The distorting mirror’: A conversation between Igor Pomerantsev and Peter Pomerantsev 291 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INDEX 317
Index Acharya, Amitav, 25 Ackerman, Bruce, 288 Adamowicz, Paweł, 274η, 288 Adomo, Theodor, 64 Africa, s6,124 Algeria, 200 Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), 7g Alternative for Germany (AfD), 32, 44, 49-SO, 54, 55, 66, 67, 73, 82, 101,102,185 Americanization, 125 Amnesty International, 164,170-71 Andropov, Yuri, 144 ANO, 79, 213 Antall, József, 288 anti-communism, 126,131, 20s, 211, 256, 283, 284, 287-89 anti-fascism, 48 anti-liberalism. See ffliberalism. antipolitics, 163 antisemitism, 7g, 127,190, 204 Apartheid, 164 Applebaum, Anne, 117 Arendt, Hannah, 30, sg, 64, 202, 208 Ash, Timothy Garton, 134,191-92 Asia, 26,33,56,102,129. See also Cen tral Asia Assad, Bashar al, 66 Assmann, Aleida, 9,264,282,286-88 Attlee, Clement, 70 Austria, 72, 73, 81, 82,119,149,150, 215, 225, 228,270, 283, 286, 296 Austrian Empire. See Habsburg Mon archy authoritarianism, 49, 66,74,103,111, 127-28,137-38,141-42,148,183, 187-88,196-200, 269, 273, 284, 292; neo-authoritarianism, 113, 117, 122, 138; semi- or soft authoritarianism, 76,118; and communism, 283; and religion, 217; and technology, 203-4; competitive, 16 Babiš, Andrej, 19η, 79, 93, 102, 189, 190, 213, 2і6 backwardness, 71, 86,123,126,127, 244-46, 248, 248 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 34-35, 61 Balkans, 74, 76, 80,134, 232, 240, 243, 247-48, 283; western, 5, 11, 16-17, 80-81,140 Balkanization, 80 Baltic Sea, 20 Baltic states, 21,73,131,140,146,152, 235 Banac, Ivo, 134 Bannon, Steve 102-3, L34, 283 Băsescu, Traían, 94 Benda, Vaclav, 166,187,199 Berend, Iván T., 147 Berlin Wall, 30, 48, 229-30; fall of, 1,
8,37,46,60,70,97,103,137,228, 228, 229 Berlusconi, Silvio, 80, 225 Berman, Paul 256-57 Bihó, István, 139 hiopolitics, 283 Blair, Tony, 43 Bogoraz, Lariza, 158,160 Böick, Marcus, 32, 39 Borcuch, Jacek, 2S4-55 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 41, 76, 80 Bosnian Spring, 148 Boym, Svetlana, 82 Brecht, Bertolt, 284 Bren, Paulina, 175 Brexit, 4, 26, 47, 56, 73, 77, 78, 82, 99, 102,149, 222, 235, 293, 296 BRICS, 27 Britain, Great. See United Kingdom Brodsky, Joseph, 292, 293 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 276 Bukharin, Nikolai, 61
Index 330 Bulgaria, 46,71,73,128,130,140,145, 222,226, 235, 236,237, 240, 241, 248, 249, 251, 264, 280,282 bureaucracy, 62, 127, 141, 167, 215, 227, 2S9 Bush, George H. W., 268 Bush, George W. 119, 215 capitalism 21, 32, 61, 85-86,102-3, 112, 181-82,186, 208, 214, 217, 220, 226, 268; anti-capitalism, 148, 267, 287; crony, 211; and democracy, 11, is, 28, 33,85-86, 92-93,101,103,109,270-72,276, 287, 289, 296; financial, 33,127; in the peripheries 12-14, 248 Čaputová, Zuzana, 93,188,190 Cassin, René, 267 Catholicism, 33η, 34,72,128,132,144, іб2, 164, l66, 209, 211, 212, 217 CDU (Christian Democratic Union, Germany), 37, 44, 49 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 82, 88,130 145, 219, 242, 269, 282 Central Asia, 293 Central Europe. See under Europe Central European University (CEU), 9, 68,134,189 Charter 77,1S9,162,164,168,169,188, 268 Chicago School, 33, 35-36,44, 61 Chile, 33,129,164 China, 24-25, 27,29, 40, 65, 97-100, 102-3,108-10,111,116,124,126, 128,131, 200, 203, 213, 263, 27s, 278, 279 Chinese Communist Party, 97-99 Christian democracy, 33, 35, 37,122 Christianity, 56, 104, 105, 121, 124, 127,129,131,165,167, 240, 247, 293; see aho de-Christianization Churchill, Winston, 20, 258 civil disobedience, 130,165,189 civil rights, 52, 85, 20s, 207, 268. See cdso human rights civil society, 5, 7, 57, 13s, 179, 187, 188-89,200,203,205-8,211. See also uncivil society civilization; European, 127, 150, 247, 252; Western, 124-25, 214, 258; civilizational divide, 144, 249; civilizational hierarchies, 2,129, 246, 256 Clinton, Hillary, 123 Cold War, 2, 5, 21-23,103,129,172, 176, 276,278; imagery of,
4,222, 230, 248, 266, 252, 263; trium phalism, 32, 180-81, 188, 190, 193, 204, 248, 268; end of, 2,11, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29,142,188,190, 287; divide, 7-8, 20, 70, 75, 97, 104,106,145, 230, 232, 234, 251; second, 20-22, 25, 59,145, 224, 279 colonialism, 62, 167, 177, 222, 248, 252, 269, 274, 277, 292, 295; anti-colonial, 129,279; neo-colo nial, 23,124,127; post-colonial, 2, 49,101; self-colonization, 249 Comecon, 38,48 communism, communist parties, 31, 34, 49, 60, 79, 81-82, 87, 97-99, 113, 121, 124-31, 139, 141, МӘ, iSi-53,199, 210-14,219-21, 22З, 228-29, 234, 254-55, 260-61, 263, 268, 273, 276-79, 289, 296; reform communism, 132; and gender, 154-76,182,185,190-91; and nationalism, 283-84; Communist Manifesto, 120 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 48,154,174 conservatism, 3,78,84,128,129,13233,137,287 corruption, 11,17-18, 62, 6g, 78-79, 99, 130, 138, 142, 147, 191, 19Յ, 211, 263; anti-corruption move ments, 84-95, 148, 188, 190, 199-200, 252 cosmopolitanism, 124,127,129, 270, 271, 288 Crimea, 22 Crimean Tartars, 165 Croatia, 17, 73, 78,14s, 236 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 17 Cuba, 277 Cultural Revolution, 97 Cyprus, 77, 23s
Index Czech Republic, u, 40,41, 44, 45, 56, 72-73, 77, 79, 93, 102, 126, 131, 136,140,146,149,188,190, 212, 213, 21s, 216, 232, 291 Czechoslovakia, 31,36,37,38,41,128, 131,144,159,163,166,17s, 180, 187,188,190,192,19s, 196, 20s6,268, 287,291 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 66,136,259 Daniel, Julij, 160 Dawisha, Karen, 138 Dayton Agreements, 148 Debord, Guy, 59 de-Christianization, 56,137 de-industrialization, 50,101 democracy, democratization, 22, 52, 74-7S, 76-79,106,111-12, 127, 136,138,148,17s, 188, 249, 257, 259, 272, 276, 281, 287, 296; direct, 130,208,210; and the EU, 1S-16,19,269; and nationalism, 283-84; democratic movements, 190-209 demography, 120, 281, 283, 284 demographic panic, 124,281, 282 Deng Xiaoping, 97 Denmark, 79, 22s Deregulation, 12, 33, 12g, 201, 236, 272 Diner, Dan, 67 discrimination, 65,154,155,242,244, 246 dissidents, dissent, 7, 9, 48, 64,100, 128,130,136,141,144,153,15576,180,188, 203, 205, 209, 211, 212, 217, 268,269, 270, 286-89 Dmowski, Roman, 137 Donert, Celia, 174 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 111, 292 Dragnea, Liviu, 91,142 East Germany. See German Demo cratic Republic Eastern Bloc, 2, 20,22, 23, 35,49, 56, 71, 73, 92, 98, 156, 158-59, 162, 164, 165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 234, 256, 262, 268-89. See also Wasaw Pact economy, 3-5,11-15,18-19, 25-26, 31-47, S3-54, 56, 61-62, 71-72, 331 77-78, 85-88, 97-99, ιοί-з, 115, 126,128-29,139,145-47,175,19Յ, 201, 238, 257-58, 278-79, 281 Eisenstadt, S. N., 141 emigration. See migration Engels, Friedrich, 112, 210 England, 102,183,247. See also United Kingdom Engler, Wolfgang, 52 Enlightenment, 14s, 247,2s8,266,276
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 60, 64 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 67,123 Estemirova, Natalya, 69 Estonia, 72,235,236 ethno-nationalism, ethnocracy, 82, 104-6,110,118,121,123,12s, 133, 137,142,148, 281-83 Europe; central, 7,11,30,68,76,77,78, 80, 81, 92,134,144-ՏՅ, 1S4,163, 168,174, 21s, 216, 254, 255, 29193; central and eastern, 7,14,56, 72,135,136-42,154,1S7, 217, 220, 221, 224, 225, 232, 254, 275, 277, 278, 281, 283, 285, 287, 288; east central, 4, 6, 36, 42, 67, 98,102, 103, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121-22, 156η, 177-86, i8g, 199, 257-6շ; eastern, 1-9,11,12,16,18 19, 30, 31, 48, 61, 63, 70-72, 74, 84, 86, ցշ, ıoo, юг, ıo8, 123-33, 134, 140,144,158,163,165, 177, 179, 181-85,187, 188, 203, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 232-40, 241, 24849, 2Տ2 254, 2S6, 257, 2S8, 26063, 264, 266, 269, 273, 274, 278, 281, 284, 285-87, շցօ, 291-93; north-western, 77,221; southern, ЗО, 56,75,77, 82,126,145-47, 215, 225, 238, 252; southeastern, 30, 78-81,172, 236, 239, 240; west ern, 2-3,12,39,46,71,74,81,82, 97, 100-101, 104, 121, 123, 125, 126,133,137,140,169, 216, 219, 234, 236,238, 240, 242, 254,258, 262, 279,283,284, 290,294 European civilization. See under civ ilization European Parliament, 17, 72, 79, 81, 134,151
332 European People’s Party (EPP), 17,79 European Union (EU); accession to, 11-12, 15-16, 32, 39, 46, 74, 78, 79, 85, 87,139-40,183, 21s, 242, 248-49, 252, 259, 262-63; expansion of, 3, 60, 70, 93,128, 263,140; secession from, 77,225 (see also Brexit); funds, 53,56,71, 87,92, 94,146,213,215-16; pub lic support for, 91, 94,138, 26061; and migration, 8, 18, 264, 222, 235-37, 243-44, 251; and national sovereignty, 48, 270-71, 284; and human rights, 267-69; as a normative power promoting liberai democracy, 15-16,19, 94, 140-42, 149, 182, 271-72; and neoliberalism, 13-14; and illib eralism, 16-18, 81,116,120,138, 224, 265, 273; anti-EU senti ments, 49,101,116,121,124,126, 129,190, 236, 241 Europeanization, 7,15,68,78-80,190, 215,249, 262 Europeanness, 2-3,11,124, 249-50 Euroscepticism, 51, 78, 93, 208, 241, 259-61, 265 eurozone, 3,18, 73, 262 Faragé, Nigel, 241, 243, 246 Fascism, 138, 22; post-fasiscm, 71 feminism 93, 154, 161-63, 166-68, 171,174,176,177-86 Fidelis, Małgorzata, 154,174 Fidesz—Hungarian Civic Alliance, 7, 79,81,115,116,122,124,132,134, 18g, 288 Finland, 73 Five Star Movement, 102 Fortuyn, Pim, 72 Forza Italia, 17 France, 72, 73, 74, 87, 102, 121,148, 149,150,170,184, 211, 213, 225, 235, 237, 247, 250, 251, 258, 261, 289, 294 Franco, Francisco, 71,129 Frankfurt School, 178 Freedom Party (FPÖ, Austria), 72-73, 82 French Revolution, 267, 290 Index Friedman, Milton, 36, 61 Fukuyama, Francis, 6,31,63,114,142, 260, 271, 276 Galizia, Daphne Caruana, 69 Gauck, Joachim, 51 Gazeta Wyborcza, 117, 287 Gellner, Ernest, 134 gender issues, 7,124, iss-68,169-76,
177,180-86,199, 208 Geremek, Bronislaw, 134, 259,287 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 22, 31-Յ2, 36-39, 48-52, 54-57, 78, 101, 111, 125, 180 192, 206, 229, 234, 268, 270,28ı Germany, 4-5, 30-32, 35, 38-47, 48-57, 63, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 81, 97, 101-2, 125, 126, 144, 146, 149, 161-62, 213, 215, 221, 233, 235, 236-38, 240, 267, 270, 284-86, 289, 293-94; Nazi, 48, 67,150, 285; unification of, 2, 22, 31-32, 35, Зв-39, 50-56, 67, 70, 101-2,180, 270, 285 Giedroyc, Jerzy, 64 gilets jaunes, 102 Gliński, Piotr, 151 globalization, 30, 66, 68,105,112-13, 127,142,149,259, 269, 271-72 Golunov, Ivan, 131 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 23,28-29,60,67, 174,191-92 Gorbanevskaya, Natalya, 158 Gorky, Maxim, 69 Goven, Joanna, 175 Greece, 71, 77,121,146,149,189, 225 Greens, the (Germany), 42-43,161 Grillo, Beppe, 73 Gross, Jan, 287 Groys, Boris, 294 Habermas, Jürgen, 64, 210 Habsburg Monarchy, 70, 233, 258 Haider, Jörg, 72 Hartz reforms, 43-44 Havel, Vaclav, 64, 69, 130, 136, 141, 162-63, 166-68, 191, 193-94, 196-97, 211, 212, 215, 217, 268, 287, 289, 291 Hegel, Georg W. F., 210,276 Heller, Agnes, 289
Index Helsinki Accords, 159,169, 234, 268, 269 Helsinki Committees, 161, 268, 288 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 283 Hassner, Pierre, 139 Hobbes, Thomas, 247 Hocke, Björn, 12s Holmes, Stephen, 8, 92,120, 265-67, 269-74, 27S 27б 279, 282 Holocaust, 1S0-S2,191 homo sovieticus, 291 homophobia, 183,190 homosexuality. See LGBT Hong Kong, 131,197 Horkheimer, Max, 64 Horn, Gyula, 132 Houellebecq, Michel, 149 House of Terror, 132 Hron, Madelaine, 155 human rights, 95, IS4-76, 182, 234, 269,286-87; and foreign policy, 266-67; opposition to 203, 279, 288. See also civil rights Hungary, 9,11,17,38,41,43,56,71,73, 74, 79, 81,102,104,107,112-13, 115-122, 124-2S, 128, 132, 137, 138,140,144,146, 147-48,149, 152, 174, 179-80, 181, 183-84, 188,189,191,197, 203, 204, 206, 213, 224, 225, 227-31, 232, 23s, 259, 260, 265, 281, 282-84, 286, 287, 288, 289,292, 296 identitarianism, 4g, 202 identity politics, 271 illiberalism, 11,15-18,72-84,105-10, 114-18,120-33,138,142,188-91, 201-S, 207-8, 225, 265, 269-70, 275, 278, 281-82, 296 immigration. See migration imperialism, 65,85,127,221,267,274, 286 India, 2S, 26, 27,116,250, 292 individualism, 144 individualization, 271 inequality, 105,113, 212-13, 216, 224 230,243; global, 184, 201; social, 43, 52, 66, 82, ցշ, 193, 212, 217, structural, ss, 244 Iraq, 24,119,201,204; war in, 105,124 333 Ireland, 12, 81, 222,235, 237 Iron Curtain, 2,3,20,48, 64,144,145, 180,186, 234, 238, 239, 255, 256, 2S7, 262, 268 Islam, 27,49,125,240,293; Muslims, 56, 72,121,124,125 Islamic State, 27, 66, 201 Islamophobia, 102, 208, 284 Italy, 17, 47, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80,102,
146,149, iso, 162,168, 204, 225, 236, 238, 250 Jedwabne massacre, 152 Jews, 150,152,165,220, 233 Jowitt, Ken, 139-40 Judt, Tony, 134-36 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 6, 72, 78, 112, 113, 115-17, 120, 122, 126, 132, 137,142,150,189, 259-60, 274, 277, 281,284, 288 Kaczyński, Lech, 116,132 Kádár, János, 122,174, 289 Kaldor, Mary, 154,163 Kaplan, Robert, 80 Kaufmann, Sylvie, 139 Kellner, Petr, 212-13 Kenney, Padraic, 175,192,195 Keys, Barbara, 171 Khrushchev, Nikita, 72 Kimmage, Michael, 266 Kiossev, Alexander, 249 Kis, János, 187, 289 Kissinger, Henry, 134 Klaus, Václav, 36, 38,136 Kleptocracy, 62, 69,79,138 Kohl, Helmut, 38, 42, 50, 60,144 Kołakowski, Leszek, 64,135-36,166 Kołodko, Grzegorz, 35 Kosovo, 100 Kőszeg, Ferenc, 288 Kotkin, Stephen, 61, 287 Kovács, János Mátyás, 134 Kovėsi, Laura Codruţa, 90, 94 Krastev, Ivan, 8-9, 48, 92,100,120, 264-67, 269-274, 275-90 Kravchenko, Viktor, 64 Krytyka Polityczna, 130,223 Kuciak, Ján, 69,148,190 Kundera, Milan, 7, 64,144-46,149Si, 153, 256, 292-93
334 Kuroń, Gaja, i6i Kuroń, Jacek, 130,161,166,168,187, 287 Kuus, Мегуе, 248 labour relations, labour market, I3֊i5,35,42-46,5շ, 54,172,222, 244, 281 Labour Party (UK), 43,73, 226 Laclau, Ernesto, 26 Laqueur, Walter, 74 Latin America, 26, 32, 33 Latvia, 11,71,72,77,128,222,225,235, 236, 292 Le Carré, John, 222, 262 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 72 Le Pen, Marine, 125,150 Lebow, Katherine, 174 LeftEast, 226 Lega (Italy), 77,102 Leggewie, Claus, 5,48,101 Lenin Shipyard (Gdańsk), 268 Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov, 21g, 224, 268; Leninism, 13s, 138,140 Lennon Walls, 131 LGBT, 164,183, 252 liberalism, 103,114-15,120,127,133, 190, ідз, 2о8, 263, 2бѕ, 272, 279, 286,288; civic, 136,140, ւցշ; and dissidence, 63-64,127-28; and nationalism, ıs, 66, 270-71; ordoliberalism, 35. See also neo liberalism liberal democracy, 3,5-6, 8,15,31,47, S3, 79, 82, 84, 86, g8, gg, 101, 103-s, 107,117,120,128-29,133, 141,148-49,182,190, 205, 217, 265,269, 271, 276, 278-79 Linke, die, 49, 67 Lithuania, 72,14s, 152,165, 222, 235, 236,237 Litvinov, Pavel, 158 Lübbe, Hermann, 51 Lübbe-Wolff, Gertrude, 272 Lukács School, 178 Macedonia (North), 134 Machcewicz, Paweł, 151 Macron, Emmanuel, 74 Magyar Nemzet, 117 Maidan protests, 130 Index Malta, 235 Mao Zedong, 97 March of Justice, 130 Margalit, Avishai, 265 markets, market economy. See capi talism Martial Law (Poland), 130,144,159, 206, 223 Marx, Karl, 62, 69,112,120, 202, 294 Marxism, 13s, 178,182, 276, 294 May, Theresa, 222 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 166, շտ6 Mearsheimer, John, 25 Medvedev, Kirill, 226 memory politics, 150-52,191 Mencinger, Jože, 77 Merkel, Angela, 51,
67,72,124 messianism, 138 Mexico, 102 Michnik, Adam, 64,166,187,206,267, 287, 289 Middle East, 124 Mieroszewski, Juliusz, 260 migration, S5, 66, 81, 8s, 89,102,124, 147, !49,153,201-2,232-40,25S, 265, 273; East European to West, M, 18, 37-38,46,54,120-21,145, 209-10, 222, 227-28, 235-38, 241-52, 292-93; of Jews from the Soviet Union, 165; anti-migrant discourse, 6,11,72-73,79, 115,119,191, 217, 281 militarization, 20-21, 202 Miloševič, Slobodan, 1,131,135, 203, 284 Milosz, Czeslaw, 64 Milward, Alan, 15η Mladenovič, Lepa, 184-85 Modernization, 14,31,45,62, 67,128, 255, 258, 261, 267 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 151 Mrozik, Agnieszka, 185 multiculturalism, 3,124,125, 266 multipolarity, 25,27 Mungiu, Cristian, 84η Museum of the Second World War (Gdańsk), 150-51,274η Museum of the Ulma Family, 152 Nadrealisti (The Surrealists), 76
Index Nagy, Imre, 13г Năstase, Adrian, gi Nathans, Benjamin, 16s nationalism 14-is, 48,68,94,99-102, 118-19, 121, 123-25, 127, 137, շօ8, 22$, 238, 270, 273, 281, 285, 293; economic, 11, 18-19; leftwing, 73; Romantic, 283 nativism, 102,123,125, 225 NATO, 142, 266; accession to, 138, 199, 242, 259, 262; enlargement of, 22,248; operations in Serbia, 100; and Russia, 21-22, 24, 29, 152,199 Nazism, 51, 67, 101, 150, 151, 233, 285-86. See also under Germany Němcová, Dana, 159 neoliberalism, 84-87, ios-6, 11s, 116-18,191,193, 225, 270, 286, 288. See also liberalism Népszabadság, 117 Netherlands, 72,73, 80,121, 215, 237, 261 Neumann, Franz, 64 Non-Aligned Movement, 27 North Korea, 277 Norway, 237 Norwid, Cyprian, 258 Obama, Barack, 109, 266,275 Orbán, Viktor, 6, 17, 72-73, 78, 82, 102, 104, 112-20, 122, 124-26, 129,132,134,137-38,142,14950,189, 224, 232, 259, 274, 277, 281-284, 288-290 orientalism, 250η, 295 Orthodoxy, 144 OSCE, 122 Palach, Jan, 268 Party for Freedom (Netherlands), 80 Pegida, 49, 55-56,101 Penn, Shana, 1S5,159,162 People’s Party (Partido Popular, Spain), 71 periphery, 12-13, 7i, 83,146-47, 215, 243,247-48,2S2 peripherization, 126,132 Piketty, Thomas, 213 Pinochet, Augusto, 33,129 335 PiS (Law and Justice), 81,112,116,124, 132,137,259, 288 pluralism, 26,76,84, 86,87,130,200, 211, 280, 282 Poland, 11, 34-35, 37, З8,40,41,43,44, 56, 60, 61,70-74, 81, 98,112-113, 116-18, 120, 124-25, 128, 130, 132, 137-38, 140, 144, 146-47, 149, 151-52, 157, 159, 161-62, 164-66,170,17S, 180,184,18791, 203, 206, 213, 223, 235-З9, 2S4,256-62,265,267,274η, 279, շ8շ, 28з, 286, 287, 289,
շցշ Polanyi, Karl, 61 politicai correctness, 124 Politkovskaya, Anna, 69 Pollack, Detlef, 157 Ponta, Victor, 90 populism 26,72-74, 82, 94,111,12333, 202, 216-17, 282, 285 post-socialism, 18, 80, 82,86,87,243, 248, 252 Potsdam agreement, 27, 70 Prague Spring, 31 Praxis school, 135,178 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni, 61 Primakov, Yevgeny, 27 Protestantism, 51, 72 Prussia, 70, 258 Public Against Violence (Verejnosť proti násiliu), 131 Putin, Vladimir, 29, si, 66-67,72,103, 116,123,138,150,152,189,199, 273, 278 Pyzik, Agata, 222 racism, 3, 6,49, so, 105,119,121,138, 142,202, 210, 222, 246,250 Radio Free Europe, 204, 291 Radio Liberty. See Radio Free Europe Ranke, Leopold von, 61 Reagan, Ronald, 145, 270, 294 religion, 62,72,164-67,176,195,200, 220, 245, 268, 271 Republican Party (USA), 123,124,227 Rhodes, Ben, 275 Riemen, Rob, 138 Roma people, 8, 210, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248,250
Index 336 Romania, 46, 71, 72, 73, 78, 81, 84, 86-95։ 118, 120, 136, 138-141, 142, 145,148-49, 219, 222, 226, 235 236-38, 240, 241-52. 269 Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD), 79, 90-92, 94 Romanticism, 258, 283 Romaszewski, Zbigniew, 161 Romaszewski, Zofia, 161 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 258 Roşia Montană mine, 90 rule of law, is, 17,47,78,124,130,141, 148-49,193-94, 201, 260 Rumsfeld, Donald, 124 Rupnik, Jacques, 134 Russia 3,7, g, 20-24,26-29, 36,61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 99,100,103,107,11s16,126,12g, 131,138-39,144, ISO, 152, 158, 172, 19Յ, 199, 203-4, 206, 213, 217, 224, 233, 247, 258, 273, 275, 277-79, 291-96 Sachs, Jeffrey, 12, 61 Sachse, Carola, 15s Sakharov, Andrej, 64 Salvini, Matteo, 12s, 150 Sarmatism, 258 Scandinavia, 43, 21s Šćepanović, Vera, 14 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 35 Schengen area, 65,149 Schmidt, Mária, 283 Schöpflin, George (György), 115,134 Schröder, Gerhard, 42, 67 Schulze, Ingo, 271 Schüssel, Wolfgang, 72 Schwarzenberg, Karel, 193, 212 Securitate, 87 Serbia, 1,100,119,128,131,137,232 sexism, 186, 202, 24$ sexual abuse, 186,155, 282 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 27 Shleifer, Andrei, 31,46 shock therapy, 4, 30-31, 35-36, 39-40,46-47, 287 Sierakowski, Sławomir, 116, Sighet Museum, 152 Šiklová, Jiřina, 169 Silesia, 70 Sima Guang, 99 Singapore, 129 Slovakia, 40,44,71,73,81,93,130,140, 146,188,190, 213, 222, 232, 233 Slovenia, 74, 77,140,225,23s Smer, 130 Smolensk accident, 115,132 Snyder, Timothy, 107,111,113 socialism, 86,11s, 118,122,128,142, 146-47,163,172-75,178,182,185, 220, 224-25,234,243,248,270 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 42, 49
Solidarity (Solidarność, Poland), 34-35, 60, 98,118,128,130,132, 157,159,161-62,172η, i88, 204, 206η, 223, 268, 298, 274η, 287, 289 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 64, 69,160, 166, 2Э4 Sonderweg, 38, 67 Soros, George, 124,134, 204 South Africa, 27,164 sovereignism, 18,19, 48, 66, 78,127, 129,191, 284 Soviet Bloc. See Eastern Bloc; see aho Warsaw Pact Soviet system, 23,48,63,98,114,116, 154,165,175,181, 206, 234, 265, 268, 276, 289 Soviet Union, 21,23,39,60,62,64,67, 70-71, 78, 98, 99-100,129,131, 145, 151, 154, i57֊6i, 165, 170, 174, 191, 216, 219-20, 224, 229, 237,256,258,261,277,285,29192, 295 Sovietization, 116,257 Spain, 71, 72, 77, 111, 129,146, 225, 236, 237, 238 S lal in, Josif Jughashvili, 70, 220, 258; Stalinism, 151,173-75,176,185, 220 Stansell, Christine, 184 Stephan, Anke, 163 stereotype, 67, 74, 80,127, 161, 181, 240, 245, 246, 262 Stiks, Igor, 80 Stilnović, Mladen, 180 Strache, Heinz-Christian, 150,
Index Streeck, Wolfgang, 271-72 Sweden, 73,169, 222, 225, 235 Switzerland, 121,146, 215 Syria, 66, 89,195η, 204, 243, 245n Syriza, 77 Talmon, Jacob L., 138 Tamás, Gáspár Miklós, 269, 273, 289 Teodorovici, Eugen, 238 Thatcher, Margaret, 102, 225, 270; Thatcherism, 32,34 Tiananmen Square, 1, 97-100, 200 Tolstoy, Leon, 292 Tory Party, 246, 247 totalitarianism, 63, 64,138,144,157, 166-68,191, 276 Toynbee, Arnold, 121-22 transition 25, 56, 61-63, 78-83,12729,135-36,139-41,179-80,193, 257,278,28s, 287; from authori tarian rule, 200 Transylvania, 118,145, 248 Treisman, Daniel, 31, 46 Troeltsch, Ernst, 65 Trotsky, Leon, 219-20, 224, 281; Trotskyism, 219-20, 224 Truman, Harry S., 70 Trump, Donald, 47, 66, 68, 99, 102, 108-10, 124, 134, 149, 184, 189, 224, 227, 27s, 278-79, 286, 29596 Turkey, 113,116,123,197 Tusk, Donald, 116, 259 Tygodnik Mazowsze, 159,162 UKIP, 236, 241, 245 Ukraine, 22, 46, 66, 67, 68,118,130, 152, 198η, 21ց, 238, 239, 293-94 uncivil society, 287 United Kingdom, 8,47,72,73,74,102, 113,170, 213, 21s, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 233, 2ՅՏ, 237, 241-42, 244-47, 249, 250, 251, 252, 258, 292 United Nations, 22-24, 29,159,169, 204, 247 United States of America (USA), 24-26, 29, 32, 44, 66, 68, 74, 97-98, 100, 102, 104, 108-110, 337 114,123,126,134,138,139,169, 171,184,19s, 204-5,21S, 221,225, 227-31, 233, 234, 257, 262, 26668,275, 278-79, 284, 286, 296 Velikanova, Tatyana, 158 Velvet Revolution, 130-31, 188,192, 194-9S, 198, 206, 209, 216-17 Viereck, Peter, 137 Visegrad states, 41,119,232, 23s, 239, 255, 262 völkisch, 49,125 Vučić, Aleksandar, 131 Waigel, Theo, 35
Walentynowicz, Anna, 159,173Ո65 Wałęsa, Lech, 132, 289 Warsaw Pact, 48, 224, 267, 268 Washington Consensus, 32-34, 39 welfare state, 42, 51, 53, 57, 66, 224, 271 West Germany. See Germany westernization, 7,44, 51,127,129,134 271, 287 Wielgohs, Jan, 157 Wilczek reforms, 34 Wilders, Geert, 80 Women Against Violence (NANE), 179 women’s movements, women’s rights, 15s, 161,163,165,170,172, 176,177-78,174-85,252. See also feminism World War 1,142, 267 World War II, 22, 27, 28, 47, 150-52, 256, 261, 283, 286 xenophobia, 3, 8, 49, So, 54. 55, 65, 74, 137,190, 202, 208, 232, 247, 273 Xi Jinping, 110,123 XidanWall, 97 Yalta, treaty of, 22, 24, 27, 48 Yeltsin, Boris, 28-29, 99 Yugoslav wars, 24, 60, 68,76, 81,118, 137,140, 215, 248, 283 Yugoslavia, 76-77, 81,13s, 142,178֊ 79, 180,181, 182, 184,186, 224, 225, 234, 239 Zeman, Miloš, 126, 296 Zhivkov, Todor, 130 Zinik, Zinovy, 295 Bayerisch: Staatsbibliothek Münchs
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Contents Acknowledgements ix Introduction The legacy of division: East and West after 1989 1 Ferenc Laczó and Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič Staring through the mocking glass: Three misperceptions of the East-West divide since 1989 Dorothee Bohle and Béla Greskovits 11 Back to Cold War and beyond 20 Richard Sakwa The price of unity: The transformation of Germany and East Central Europe after 1989 Philipp Ther 30 Thirty years on: Germany’s unfinished unity Claus Leggewie 48 This mess of troubled times Karl Schlögel 59 The mythology of the East-West divide Jan Zielonka 70 Anxious Europe Florian Bieber 76 ‘But this is the world we live in’: Corruption, everyday managing, and civic mobilization in post-socialist Romania Jill Massino 84
VI The Legacy of Division The end of the liberal world as we know it? Two walls in 1989 97 James Wang Wests, East-Wests, and divides 104 Niall Chithelen The Great Substitution Holly Case The struggle over 1989: The rise and contestation of eastern European populism Bogdan lacob, James Mark and Tobias Rupprecht 111 123 Beyond anti-democratic temptation Marius Stan and Vladimir Tismaneanu 134 Dissidence - doubt - creativity: Revisiting 1983 Joachim von Puttkamer 144 Gendering dissent: Human rights, gender history and the road to 1989 Robert Brier 154 Creating feminism in the shadow of male heroes: That other story of 1989 Zsófia Lóránd 177 Legacies of 1989 for dissent today Barbara J. Falk 187 Of hopes and ends: Czech transformations after 1989 Ondřej Slačálek 209 Just because the map says so, doesn’t mean it’s true: Thirty years after 1989, from an island perspective Owen Hatherley The East in you never leaves Julia Sonnevend 219 227
Contents Freedom of movement: A European dialectic Jännis Panagiotidis VII 232 ‘The Romanians are coming’: Emerging divisions and enduring misperceptions in contemporary Europe Diana Georgescu 241 The two faces of European disillusionment: An end to myths about the West and the East Jarosław Kuisz 254 Go East! Aleida Assmann 264 ‘The future was next to you’: An interview with Ivan Krastev on ’89 and the end of liberal hegemony 275 ‘The distorting mirror’: A conversation between Igor Pomerantsev and Peter Pomerantsev 291 BIBLIOGRAPHY 298 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INDEX 317
Index Acharya, Amitav, 25 Ackerman, Bruce, 288 Adamowicz, Paweł, 274η, 288 Adomo, Theodor, 64 Africa, s6,124 Algeria, 200 Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), 7g Alternative for Germany (AfD), 32, 44, 49-SO, 54, 55, 66, 67, 73, 82, 101,102,185 Americanization, 125 Amnesty International, 164,170-71 Andropov, Yuri, 144 ANO, 79, 213 Antall, József, 288 anti-communism, 126,131, 20s, 211, 256, 283, 284, 287-89 anti-fascism, 48 anti-liberalism. See ffliberalism. antipolitics, 163 antisemitism, 7g, 127,190, 204 Apartheid, 164 Applebaum, Anne, 117 Arendt, Hannah, 30, sg, 64, 202, 208 Ash, Timothy Garton, 134,191-92 Asia, 26,33,56,102,129. See also Cen tral Asia Assad, Bashar al, 66 Assmann, Aleida, 9,264,282,286-88 Attlee, Clement, 70 Austria, 72, 73, 81, 82,119,149,150, 215, 225, 228,270, 283, 286, 296 Austrian Empire. See Habsburg Mon archy authoritarianism, 49, 66,74,103,111, 127-28,137-38,141-42,148,183, 187-88,196-200, 269, 273, 284, 292; neo-authoritarianism, 113, 117, 122, 138; semi- or soft authoritarianism, 76,118; and communism, 283; and religion, 217; and technology, 203-4; competitive, 16 Babiš, Andrej, 19η, 79, 93, 102, 189, 190, 213, 2і6 backwardness, 71, 86,123,126,127, 244-46, 248, 248 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 34-35, 61 Balkans, 74, 76, 80,134, 232, 240, 243, 247-48, 283; western, 5, 11, 16-17, 80-81,140 Balkanization, 80 Baltic Sea, 20 Baltic states, 21,73,131,140,146,152, 235 Banac, Ivo, 134 Bannon, Steve 102-3, L34, 283 Băsescu, Traían, 94 Benda, Vaclav, 166,187,199 Berend, Iván T., 147 Berlin Wall, 30, 48, 229-30; fall of, 1,
8,37,46,60,70,97,103,137,228, 228, 229 Berlusconi, Silvio, 80, 225 Berman, Paul 256-57 Bihó, István, 139 hiopolitics, 283 Blair, Tony, 43 Bogoraz, Lariza, 158,160 Böick, Marcus, 32, 39 Borcuch, Jacek, 2S4-55 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 41, 76, 80 Bosnian Spring, 148 Boym, Svetlana, 82 Brecht, Bertolt, 284 Bren, Paulina, 175 Brexit, 4, 26, 47, 56, 73, 77, 78, 82, 99, 102,149, 222, 235, 293, 296 BRICS, 27 Britain, Great. See United Kingdom Brodsky, Joseph, 292, 293 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 276 Bukharin, Nikolai, 61
Index 330 Bulgaria, 46,71,73,128,130,140,145, 222,226, 235, 236,237, 240, 241, 248, 249, 251, 264, 280,282 bureaucracy, 62, 127, 141, 167, 215, 227, 2S9 Bush, George H. W., 268 Bush, George W. 119, 215 capitalism 21, 32, 61, 85-86,102-3, 112, 181-82,186, 208, 214, 217, 220, 226, 268; anti-capitalism, 148, 267, 287; crony, 211; and democracy, 11, is, 28, 33,85-86, 92-93,101,103,109,270-72,276, 287, 289, 296; financial, 33,127; in the peripheries 12-14, 248 Čaputová, Zuzana, 93,188,190 Cassin, René, 267 Catholicism, 33η, 34,72,128,132,144, іб2, 164, l66, 209, 211, 212, 217 CDU (Christian Democratic Union, Germany), 37, 44, 49 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 82, 88,130 145, 219, 242, 269, 282 Central Asia, 293 Central Europe. See under Europe Central European University (CEU), 9, 68,134,189 Charter 77,1S9,162,164,168,169,188, 268 Chicago School, 33, 35-36,44, 61 Chile, 33,129,164 China, 24-25, 27,29, 40, 65, 97-100, 102-3,108-10,111,116,124,126, 128,131, 200, 203, 213, 263, 27s, 278, 279 Chinese Communist Party, 97-99 Christian democracy, 33, 35, 37,122 Christianity, 56, 104, 105, 121, 124, 127,129,131,165,167, 240, 247, 293; see aho de-Christianization Churchill, Winston, 20, 258 civil disobedience, 130,165,189 civil rights, 52, 85, 20s, 207, 268. See cdso human rights civil society, 5, 7, 57, 13s, 179, 187, 188-89,200,203,205-8,211. See also uncivil society civilization; European, 127, 150, 247, 252; Western, 124-25, 214, 258; civilizational divide, 144, 249; civilizational hierarchies, 2,129, 246, 256 Clinton, Hillary, 123 Cold War, 2, 5, 21-23,103,129,172, 176, 276,278; imagery of,
4,222, 230, 248, 266, 252, 263; trium phalism, 32, 180-81, 188, 190, 193, 204, 248, 268; end of, 2,11, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29,142,188,190, 287; divide, 7-8, 20, 70, 75, 97, 104,106,145, 230, 232, 234, 251; second, 20-22, 25, 59,145, 224, 279 colonialism, 62, 167, 177, 222, 248, 252, 269, 274, 277, 292, 295; anti-colonial, 129,279; neo-colo nial, 23,124,127; post-colonial, 2, 49,101; self-colonization, 249 Comecon, 38,48 communism, communist parties, 31, 34, 49, 60, 79, 81-82, 87, 97-99, 113, 121, 124-31, 139, 141, МӘ, iSi-53,199, 210-14,219-21, 22З, 228-29, 234, 254-55, 260-61, 263, 268, 273, 276-79, 289, 296; reform communism, 132; and gender, 154-76,182,185,190-91; and nationalism, 283-84; Communist Manifesto, 120 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 48,154,174 conservatism, 3,78,84,128,129,13233,137,287 corruption, 11,17-18, 62, 6g, 78-79, 99, 130, 138, 142, 147, 191, 19Յ, 211, 263; anti-corruption move ments, 84-95, 148, 188, 190, 199-200, 252 cosmopolitanism, 124,127,129, 270, 271, 288 Crimea, 22 Crimean Tartars, 165 Croatia, 17, 73, 78,14s, 236 Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), 17 Cuba, 277 Cultural Revolution, 97 Cyprus, 77, 23s
Index Czech Republic, u, 40,41, 44, 45, 56, 72-73, 77, 79, 93, 102, 126, 131, 136,140,146,149,188,190, 212, 213, 21s, 216, 232, 291 Czechoslovakia, 31,36,37,38,41,128, 131,144,159,163,166,17s, 180, 187,188,190,192,19s, 196, 20s6,268, 287,291 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 66,136,259 Daniel, Julij, 160 Dawisha, Karen, 138 Dayton Agreements, 148 Debord, Guy, 59 de-Christianization, 56,137 de-industrialization, 50,101 democracy, democratization, 22, 52, 74-7S, 76-79,106,111-12, 127, 136,138,148,17s, 188, 249, 257, 259, 272, 276, 281, 287, 296; direct, 130,208,210; and the EU, 1S-16,19,269; and nationalism, 283-84; democratic movements, 190-209 demography, 120, 281, 283, 284 demographic panic, 124,281, 282 Deng Xiaoping, 97 Denmark, 79, 22s Deregulation, 12, 33, 12g, 201, 236, 272 Diner, Dan, 67 discrimination, 65,154,155,242,244, 246 dissidents, dissent, 7, 9, 48, 64,100, 128,130,136,141,144,153,15576,180,188, 203, 205, 209, 211, 212, 217, 268,269, 270, 286-89 Dmowski, Roman, 137 Donert, Celia, 174 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 111, 292 Dragnea, Liviu, 91,142 East Germany. See German Demo cratic Republic Eastern Bloc, 2, 20,22, 23, 35,49, 56, 71, 73, 92, 98, 156, 158-59, 162, 164, 165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 234, 256, 262, 268-89. See also Wasaw Pact economy, 3-5,11-15,18-19, 25-26, 31-47, S3-54, 56, 61-62, 71-72, 331 77-78, 85-88, 97-99, ιοί-з, 115, 126,128-29,139,145-47,175,19Յ, 201, 238, 257-58, 278-79, 281 Eisenstadt, S. N., 141 emigration. See migration Engels, Friedrich, 112, 210 England, 102,183,247. See also United Kingdom Engler, Wolfgang, 52 Enlightenment, 14s, 247,2s8,266,276
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 60, 64 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 67,123 Estemirova, Natalya, 69 Estonia, 72,235,236 ethno-nationalism, ethnocracy, 82, 104-6,110,118,121,123,12s, 133, 137,142,148, 281-83 Europe; central, 7,11,30,68,76,77,78, 80, 81, 92,134,144-ՏՅ, 1S4,163, 168,174, 21s, 216, 254, 255, 29193; central and eastern, 7,14,56, 72,135,136-42,154,1S7, 217, 220, 221, 224, 225, 232, 254, 275, 277, 278, 281, 283, 285, 287, 288; east central, 4, 6, 36, 42, 67, 98,102, 103, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121-22, 156η, 177-86, i8g, 199, 257-6շ; eastern, 1-9,11,12,16,18 19, 30, 31, 48, 61, 63, 70-72, 74, 84, 86, ցշ, ıoo, юг, ıo8, 123-33, 134, 140,144,158,163,165, 177, 179, 181-85,187, 188, 203, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 232-40, 241, 24849, 2Տ2 254, 2S6, 257, 2S8, 26063, 264, 266, 269, 273, 274, 278, 281, 284, 285-87, շցօ, 291-93; north-western, 77,221; southern, ЗО, 56,75,77, 82,126,145-47, 215, 225, 238, 252; southeastern, 30, 78-81,172, 236, 239, 240; west ern, 2-3,12,39,46,71,74,81,82, 97, 100-101, 104, 121, 123, 125, 126,133,137,140,169, 216, 219, 234, 236,238, 240, 242, 254,258, 262, 279,283,284, 290,294 European civilization. See under civ ilization European Parliament, 17, 72, 79, 81, 134,151
332 European People’s Party (EPP), 17,79 European Union (EU); accession to, 11-12, 15-16, 32, 39, 46, 74, 78, 79, 85, 87,139-40,183, 21s, 242, 248-49, 252, 259, 262-63; expansion of, 3, 60, 70, 93,128, 263,140; secession from, 77,225 (see also Brexit); funds, 53,56,71, 87,92, 94,146,213,215-16; pub lic support for, 91, 94,138, 26061; and migration, 8, 18, 264, 222, 235-37, 243-44, 251; and national sovereignty, 48, 270-71, 284; and human rights, 267-69; as a normative power promoting liberai democracy, 15-16,19, 94, 140-42, 149, 182, 271-72; and neoliberalism, 13-14; and illib eralism, 16-18, 81,116,120,138, 224, 265, 273; anti-EU senti ments, 49,101,116,121,124,126, 129,190, 236, 241 Europeanization, 7,15,68,78-80,190, 215,249, 262 Europeanness, 2-3,11,124, 249-50 Euroscepticism, 51, 78, 93, 208, 241, 259-61, 265 eurozone, 3,18, 73, 262 Faragé, Nigel, 241, 243, 246 Fascism, 138, 22; post-fasiscm, 71 feminism 93, 154, 161-63, 166-68, 171,174,176,177-86 Fidelis, Małgorzata, 154,174 Fidesz—Hungarian Civic Alliance, 7, 79,81,115,116,122,124,132,134, 18g, 288 Finland, 73 Five Star Movement, 102 Fortuyn, Pim, 72 Forza Italia, 17 France, 72, 73, 74, 87, 102, 121,148, 149,150,170,184, 211, 213, 225, 235, 237, 247, 250, 251, 258, 261, 289, 294 Franco, Francisco, 71,129 Frankfurt School, 178 Freedom Party (FPÖ, Austria), 72-73, 82 French Revolution, 267, 290 Index Friedman, Milton, 36, 61 Fukuyama, Francis, 6,31,63,114,142, 260, 271, 276 Galizia, Daphne Caruana, 69 Gauck, Joachim, 51 Gazeta Wyborcza, 117, 287 Gellner, Ernest, 134 gender issues, 7,124, iss-68,169-76,
177,180-86,199, 208 Geremek, Bronislaw, 134, 259,287 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 22, 31-Յ2, 36-39, 48-52, 54-57, 78, 101, 111, 125, 180 192, 206, 229, 234, 268, 270,28ı Germany, 4-5, 30-32, 35, 38-47, 48-57, 63, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 81, 97, 101-2, 125, 126, 144, 146, 149, 161-62, 213, 215, 221, 233, 235, 236-38, 240, 267, 270, 284-86, 289, 293-94; Nazi, 48, 67,150, 285; unification of, 2, 22, 31-32, 35, Зв-39, 50-56, 67, 70, 101-2,180, 270, 285 Giedroyc, Jerzy, 64 gilets jaunes, 102 Gliński, Piotr, 151 globalization, 30, 66, 68,105,112-13, 127,142,149,259, 269, 271-72 Golunov, Ivan, 131 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 23,28-29,60,67, 174,191-92 Gorbanevskaya, Natalya, 158 Gorky, Maxim, 69 Goven, Joanna, 175 Greece, 71, 77,121,146,149,189, 225 Greens, the (Germany), 42-43,161 Grillo, Beppe, 73 Gross, Jan, 287 Groys, Boris, 294 Habermas, Jürgen, 64, 210 Habsburg Monarchy, 70, 233, 258 Haider, Jörg, 72 Hartz reforms, 43-44 Havel, Vaclav, 64, 69, 130, 136, 141, 162-63, 166-68, 191, 193-94, 196-97, 211, 212, 215, 217, 268, 287, 289, 291 Hegel, Georg W. F., 210,276 Heller, Agnes, 289
Index Helsinki Accords, 159,169, 234, 268, 269 Helsinki Committees, 161, 268, 288 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 283 Hassner, Pierre, 139 Hobbes, Thomas, 247 Hocke, Björn, 12s Holmes, Stephen, 8, 92,120, 265-67, 269-74, 27S 27б 279, 282 Holocaust, 1S0-S2,191 homo sovieticus, 291 homophobia, 183,190 homosexuality. See LGBT Hong Kong, 131,197 Horkheimer, Max, 64 Horn, Gyula, 132 Houellebecq, Michel, 149 House of Terror, 132 Hron, Madelaine, 155 human rights, 95, IS4-76, 182, 234, 269,286-87; and foreign policy, 266-67; opposition to 203, 279, 288. See also civil rights Hungary, 9,11,17,38,41,43,56,71,73, 74, 79, 81,102,104,107,112-13, 115-122, 124-2S, 128, 132, 137, 138,140,144,146, 147-48,149, 152, 174, 179-80, 181, 183-84, 188,189,191,197, 203, 204, 206, 213, 224, 225, 227-31, 232, 23s, 259, 260, 265, 281, 282-84, 286, 287, 288, 289,292, 296 identitarianism, 4g, 202 identity politics, 271 illiberalism, 11,15-18,72-84,105-10, 114-18,120-33,138,142,188-91, 201-S, 207-8, 225, 265, 269-70, 275, 278, 281-82, 296 immigration. See migration imperialism, 65,85,127,221,267,274, 286 India, 2S, 26, 27,116,250, 292 individualism, 144 individualization, 271 inequality, 105,113, 212-13, 216, 224 230,243; global, 184, 201; social, 43, 52, 66, 82, ցշ, 193, 212, 217," structural, ss, 244 Iraq, 24,119,201,204; war in, 105,124 333 Ireland, 12, 81, 222,235, 237 Iron Curtain, 2,3,20,48, 64,144,145, 180,186, 234, 238, 239, 255, 256, 2S7, 262, 268 Islam, 27,49,125,240,293; Muslims, 56, 72,121,124,125 Islamic State, 27, 66, 201 Islamophobia, 102, 208, 284 Italy, 17, 47, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80,102,
146,149, iso, 162,168, 204, 225, 236, 238, 250 Jedwabne massacre, 152 Jews, 150,152,165,220, 233 Jowitt, Ken, 139-40 Judt, Tony, 134-36 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 6, 72, 78, 112, 113, 115-17, 120, 122, 126, 132, 137,142,150,189, 259-60, 274, 277, 281,284, 288 Kaczyński, Lech, 116,132 Kádár, János, 122,174, 289 Kaldor, Mary, 154,163 Kaplan, Robert, 80 Kaufmann, Sylvie, 139 Kellner, Petr, 212-13 Kenney, Padraic, 175,192,195 Keys, Barbara, 171 Khrushchev, Nikita, 72 Kimmage, Michael, 266 Kiossev, Alexander, 249 Kis, János, 187, 289 Kissinger, Henry, 134 Klaus, Václav, 36, 38,136 Kleptocracy, 62, 69,79,138 Kohl, Helmut, 38, 42, 50, 60,144 Kołakowski, Leszek, 64,135-36,166 Kołodko, Grzegorz, 35 Kosovo, 100 Kőszeg, Ferenc, 288 Kotkin, Stephen, 61, 287 Kovács, János Mátyás, 134 Kovėsi, Laura Codruţa, 90, 94 Krastev, Ivan, 8-9, 48, 92,100,120, 264-67, 269-274, 275-90 Kravchenko, Viktor, 64 Krytyka Polityczna, 130,223 Kuciak, Ján, 69,148,190 Kundera, Milan, 7, 64,144-46,149Si, 153, 256, 292-93
334 Kuroń, Gaja, i6i Kuroń, Jacek, 130,161,166,168,187, 287 Kuus, Мегуе, 248 labour relations, labour market, I3֊i5,35,42-46,5շ, 54,172,222, 244, 281 Labour Party (UK), 43,73, 226 Laclau, Ernesto, 26 Laqueur, Walter, 74 Latin America, 26, 32, 33 Latvia, 11,71,72,77,128,222,225,235, 236, 292 Le Carré, John, 222, 262 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 72 Le Pen, Marine, 125,150 Lebow, Katherine, 174 LeftEast, 226 Lega (Italy), 77,102 Leggewie, Claus, 5,48,101 Lenin Shipyard (Gdańsk), 268 Lenin, Vladimir Ulyanov, 21g, 224, 268; Leninism, 13s, 138,140 Lennon Walls, 131 LGBT, 164,183, 252 liberalism, 103,114-15,120,127,133, 190, ідз, 2о8, 263, 2бѕ, 272, 279, 286,288; civic, 136,140, ւցշ; and dissidence, 63-64,127-28; and nationalism, ıs, 66, 270-71; ordoliberalism, 35. See also neo liberalism liberal democracy, 3,5-6, 8,15,31,47, S3, 79, 82, 84, 86, g8, gg, 101, 103-s, 107,117,120,128-29,133, 141,148-49,182,190, 205, 217, 265,269, 271, 276, 278-79 Linke, die, 49, 67 Lithuania, 72,14s, 152,165, 222, 235, 236,237 Litvinov, Pavel, 158 Lübbe, Hermann, 51 Lübbe-Wolff, Gertrude, 272 Lukács School, 178 Macedonia (North), 134 Machcewicz, Paweł, 151 Macron, Emmanuel, 74 Magyar Nemzet, 117 Maidan protests, 130 Index Malta, 235 Mao Zedong, 97 March of Justice, 130 Margalit, Avishai, 265 markets, market economy. See capi talism Martial Law (Poland), 130,144,159, 206, 223 Marx, Karl, 62, 69,112,120, 202, 294 Marxism, 13s, 178,182, 276, 294 May, Theresa, 222 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 166, շտ6 Mearsheimer, John, 25 Medvedev, Kirill, 226 memory politics, 150-52,191 Mencinger, Jože, 77 Merkel, Angela, 51,
67,72,124 messianism, 138 Mexico, 102 Michnik, Adam, 64,166,187,206,267, 287, 289 Middle East, 124 Mieroszewski, Juliusz, 260 migration, S5, 66, 81, 8s, 89,102,124, 147, !49,153,201-2,232-40,25S, 265, 273; East European to West, M, 18, 37-38,46,54,120-21,145, 209-10, 222, 227-28, 235-38, 241-52, 292-93; of Jews from the Soviet Union, 165; anti-migrant discourse, 6,11,72-73,79, 115,119,191, 217, 281 militarization, 20-21, 202 Miloševič, Slobodan, 1,131,135, 203, 284 Milosz, Czeslaw, 64 Milward, Alan, 15η Mladenovič, Lepa, 184-85 Modernization, 14,31,45,62, 67,128, 255, 258, 261, 267 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 151 Mrozik, Agnieszka, 185 multiculturalism, 3,124,125, 266 multipolarity, 25,27 Mungiu, Cristian, 84η Museum of the Second World War (Gdańsk), 150-51,274η Museum of the Ulma Family, 152 Nadrealisti (The Surrealists), 76
Index Nagy, Imre, 13г Năstase, Adrian, gi Nathans, Benjamin, 16s nationalism 14-is, 48,68,94,99-102, 118-19, 121, 123-25, 127, 137, շօ8, 22$, 238, 270, 273, 281, 285, 293; economic, 11, 18-19; leftwing, 73; Romantic, 283 nativism, 102,123,125, 225 NATO, 142, 266; accession to, 138, 199, 242, 259, 262; enlargement of, 22,248; operations in Serbia, 100; and Russia, 21-22, 24, 29, 152,199 Nazism, 51, 67, 101, 150, 151, 233, 285-86. See also under Germany Němcová, Dana, 159 neoliberalism, 84-87, ios-6, 11s, 116-18,191,193, 225, 270, 286, 288. See also liberalism Népszabadság, 117 Netherlands, 72,73, 80,121, 215, 237, 261 Neumann, Franz, 64 Non-Aligned Movement, 27 North Korea, 277 Norway, 237 Norwid, Cyprian, 258 Obama, Barack, 109, 266,275 Orbán, Viktor, 6, 17, 72-73, 78, 82, 102, 104, 112-20, 122, 124-26, 129,132,134,137-38,142,14950,189, 224, 232, 259, 274, 277, 281-284, 288-290 orientalism, 250η, 295 Orthodoxy, 144 OSCE, 122 Palach, Jan, 268 Party for Freedom (Netherlands), 80 Pegida, 49, 55-56,101 Penn, Shana, 1S5,159,162 People’s Party (Partido Popular, Spain), 71 periphery, 12-13, 7i, 83,146-47, 215, 243,247-48,2S2 peripherization, 126,132 Piketty, Thomas, 213 Pinochet, Augusto, 33,129 335 PiS (Law and Justice), 81,112,116,124, 132,137,259, 288 pluralism, 26,76,84, 86,87,130,200, 211, 280, 282 Poland, 11, 34-35, 37, З8,40,41,43,44, 56, 60, 61,70-74, 81, 98,112-113, 116-18, 120, 124-25, 128, 130, 132, 137-38, 140, 144, 146-47, 149, 151-52, 157, 159, 161-62, 164-66,170,17S, 180,184,18791, 203, 206, 213, 223, 235-З9, 2S4,256-62,265,267,274η, 279, շ8շ, 28з, 286, 287, 289,
շցշ Polanyi, Karl, 61 politicai correctness, 124 Politkovskaya, Anna, 69 Pollack, Detlef, 157 Ponta, Victor, 90 populism 26,72-74, 82, 94,111,12333, 202, 216-17, 282, 285 post-socialism, 18, 80, 82,86,87,243, 248, 252 Potsdam agreement, 27, 70 Prague Spring, 31 Praxis school, 135,178 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni, 61 Primakov, Yevgeny, 27 Protestantism, 51, 72 Prussia, 70, 258 Public Against Violence (Verejnosť proti násiliu), 131 Putin, Vladimir, 29, si, 66-67,72,103, 116,123,138,150,152,189,199, 273, 278 Pyzik, Agata, 222 racism, 3, 6,49, so, 105,119,121,138, 142,202, 210, 222, 246,250 Radio Free Europe, 204, 291 Radio Liberty. See Radio Free Europe Ranke, Leopold von, 61 Reagan, Ronald, 145, 270, 294 religion, 62,72,164-67,176,195,200, 220, 245, 268, 271 Republican Party (USA), 123,124,227 Rhodes, Ben, 275 Riemen, Rob, 138 Roma people, 8, 210, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248,250
Index 336 Romania, 46, 71, 72, 73, 78, 81, 84, 86-95։ 118, 120, 136, 138-141, 142, 145,148-49, 219, 222, 226, 235 236-38, 240, 241-52. 269 Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD), 79, 90-92, 94 Romanticism, 258, 283 Romaszewski, Zbigniew, 161 Romaszewski, Zofia, 161 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 258 Roşia Montană mine, 90 rule of law, is, 17,47,78,124,130,141, 148-49,193-94, 201, 260 Rumsfeld, Donald, 124 Rupnik, Jacques, 134 Russia 3,7, g, 20-24,26-29, 36,61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 99,100,103,107,11s16,126,12g, 131,138-39,144, ISO, 152, 158, 172, 19Յ, 199, 203-4, 206, 213, 217, 224, 233, 247, 258, 273, 275, 277-79, 291-96 Sachs, Jeffrey, 12, 61 Sachse, Carola, 15s Sakharov, Andrej, 64 Salvini, Matteo, 12s, 150 Sarmatism, 258 Scandinavia, 43, 21s Šćepanović, Vera, 14 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 35 Schengen area, 65,149 Schmidt, Mária, 283 Schöpflin, George (György), 115,134 Schröder, Gerhard, 42, 67 Schulze, Ingo, 271 Schüssel, Wolfgang, 72 Schwarzenberg, Karel, 193, 212 Securitate, 87 Serbia, 1,100,119,128,131,137,232 sexism, 186, 202, 24$ sexual abuse, 186,155, 282 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 27 Shleifer, Andrei, 31,46 shock therapy, 4, 30-31, 35-36, 39-40,46-47, 287 Sierakowski, Sławomir, 116, Sighet Museum, 152 Šiklová, Jiřina, 169 Silesia, 70 Sima Guang, 99 Singapore, 129 Slovakia, 40,44,71,73,81,93,130,140, 146,188,190, 213, 222, 232, 233 Slovenia, 74, 77,140,225,23s Smer, 130 Smolensk accident, 115,132 Snyder, Timothy, 107,111,113 socialism, 86,11s, 118,122,128,142, 146-47,163,172-75,178,182,185, 220, 224-25,234,243,248,270 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 42, 49
Solidarity (Solidarność, Poland), 34-35, 60, 98,118,128,130,132, 157,159,161-62,172η, i88, 204, 206η, 223, 268, 298, 274η, 287, 289 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 64, 69,160, 166, 2Э4 Sonderweg, 38, 67 Soros, George, 124,134, 204 South Africa, 27,164 sovereignism, 18,19, 48, 66, 78,127, 129,191, 284 Soviet Bloc. See Eastern Bloc; see aho Warsaw Pact Soviet system, 23,48,63,98,114,116, 154,165,175,181, 206, 234, 265, 268, 276, 289 Soviet Union, 21,23,39,60,62,64,67, 70-71, 78, 98, 99-100,129,131, 145, 151, 154, i57֊6i, 165, 170, 174, 191, 216, 219-20, 224, 229, 237,256,258,261,277,285,29192, 295 Sovietization, 116,257 Spain, 71, 72, 77, 111, 129,146, 225, 236, 237, 238 S lal in, Josif Jughashvili, 70, 220, 258; Stalinism, 151,173-75,176,185, 220 Stansell, Christine, 184 Stephan, Anke, 163 stereotype, 67, 74, 80,127, 161, 181, 240, 245, 246, 262 Stiks, Igor, 80 Stilnović, Mladen, 180 Strache, Heinz-Christian, 150,
Index Streeck, Wolfgang, 271-72 Sweden, 73,169, 222, 225, 235 Switzerland, 121,146, 215 Syria, 66, 89,195η, 204, 243, 245n Syriza, 77 Talmon, Jacob L., 138 Tamás, Gáspár Miklós, 269, 273, 289 Teodorovici, Eugen, 238 Thatcher, Margaret, 102, 225, 270; Thatcherism, 32,34 Tiananmen Square, 1, 97-100, 200 Tolstoy, Leon, 292 Tory Party, 246, 247 totalitarianism, 63, 64,138,144,157, 166-68,191, 276 Toynbee, Arnold, 121-22 transition 25, 56, 61-63, 78-83,12729,135-36,139-41,179-80,193, 257,278,28s, 287; from authori tarian rule, 200 Transylvania, 118,145, 248 Treisman, Daniel, 31, 46 Troeltsch, Ernst, 65 Trotsky, Leon, 219-20, 224, 281; Trotskyism, 219-20, 224 Truman, Harry S., 70 Trump, Donald, 47, 66, 68, 99, 102, 108-10, 124, 134, 149, 184, 189, 224, 227, 27s, 278-79, 286, 29596 Turkey, 113,116,123,197 Tusk, Donald, 116, 259 Tygodnik Mazowsze, 159,162 UKIP, 236, 241, 245 Ukraine, 22, 46, 66, 67, 68,118,130, 152, 198η, 21ց, 238, 239, 293-94 uncivil society, 287 United Kingdom, 8,47,72,73,74,102, 113,170, 213, 21s, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 233, 2ՅՏ, 237, 241-42, 244-47, 249, 250, 251, 252, 258, 292 United Nations, 22-24, 29,159,169, 204, 247 United States of America (USA), 24-26, 29, 32, 44, 66, 68, 74, 97-98, 100, 102, 104, 108-110, 337 114,123,126,134,138,139,169, 171,184,19s, 204-5,21S, 221,225, 227-31, 233, 234, 257, 262, 26668,275, 278-79, 284, 286, 296 Velikanova, Tatyana, 158 Velvet Revolution, 130-31, 188,192, 194-9S, 198, 206, 209, 216-17 Viereck, Peter, 137 Visegrad states, 41,119,232, 23s, 239, 255, 262 völkisch, 49,125 Vučić, Aleksandar, 131 Waigel, Theo, 35
Walentynowicz, Anna, 159,173Ո65 Wałęsa, Lech, 132, 289 Warsaw Pact, 48, 224, 267, 268 Washington Consensus, 32-34, 39 welfare state, 42, 51, 53, 57, 66, 224, 271 West Germany. See Germany westernization, 7,44, 51,127,129,134 271, 287 Wielgohs, Jan, 157 Wilczek reforms, 34 Wilders, Geert, 80 Women Against Violence (NANE), 179 women’s movements, women’s rights, 15s, 161,163,165,170,172, 176,177-78,174-85,252. See also feminism World War 1,142, 267 World War II, 22, 27, 28, 47, 150-52, 256, 261, 283, 286 xenophobia, 3, 8, 49, So, 54. 55, 65, 74, 137,190, 202, 208, 232, 247, 273 Xi Jinping, 110,123 XidanWall, 97 Yalta, treaty of, 22, 24, 27, 48 Yeltsin, Boris, 28-29, 99 Yugoslav wars, 24, 60, 68,76, 81,118, 137,140, 215, 248, 283 Yugoslavia, 76-77, 81,13s, 142,178֊ 79, 180,181, 182, 184,186, 224, 225, 234, 239 Zeman, Miloš, 126, 296 Zhivkov, Todor, 130 Zinik, Zinovy, 295 Bayerisch: Staatsbibliothek Münchs
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| title | The legacy of division East and West after 1989 |
| title_auth | The legacy of division East and West after 1989 |
| title_exact_search | The legacy of division East and West after 1989 |
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| title_full | The legacy of division East and West after 1989 Ferenc Laczó, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič (eds.) |
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| title_short | The legacy of division |
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