The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia:
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| Language: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Series: | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 370 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780367701765 9780367701772 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents List offigures List oftables Notes on contributors Acknowledgments Introduction: the politics of commemoration in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia ix x xi xv 1 DAVID L. HOFFMANN PARTI Soviet remembrance of the war 1 Wartime mobilizationai strategies and the origins of Soviet war memory 15 17 JONATHAN BRUNSTEDT 2 Situating Stalin in the history of theSecond World War 41 YAN MANN 3 Victory Day before the cult: war commemoration in the USSR, 1945-1965 64 MISCHA GABOWITSCH 4 Teaching and remembering the Great Patriotic War in Soviet schools 86 OLGA KONKKA 5 Representations of gender in Soviet war memorials DAVID L. HOFFMANN 107
viii Contents PART II Soviet and post-Soviet war memory 6 Veterans remember the war in Soviet and post-Soviet fiction 131 133 ANGELA BRINTLINGER 7 Lend-Lease in war and Russian memory 155 OLGA KUCHERENKO 8 Politicizing war memorialization in Soviet and post-Soviet Sevastopol 180 KARL D. QUALLS 9 World War II memories and local media in the Russian North: Velikii Novgorod and Murmansk 202 TATIANA ZHURZHENKO 10 Parades in Russian memory culture 229 YVONNE PÖRZGEN PART III Representations of the war in the Putin era 247 11 Performing memory and its limits: Vladimir Putin and the celebration of World War II in Russia 249 ELIZABETH A. WOOD 12 Holocaust discourse in Putin’s Russia as a foreign policy tool 276 ANTON WEISS-WENDT 13 The war film and memory politics in Putin’s Russia 299 STEPHEN M. NORRIS 14 Jews, gender, and just wars: remembering and rewriting the Great Patriotic War in 2015 war films 318 ADRIENNE M. HARRIS 15 The 21st-century memory of the Great Patriotic War in the “Russia - My History” Museum 340 KAREN PETRONE Index 361
Iudex Note: Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. Page numbers followed by “n” indicate a note. Abdykalykov, M. A. 25 Accursed and the Slain, The 143-144 Afisha 302 Aleksandrov, Nikolai 70 Alexievich, Svetlana 133, 301, 309 Allies, the 8,23, 76,90,156-159,161, 164, 166-169,350-352; see also Grand Alliance Almaty 86; Panfilov Guardsmen monument 107, 115-116,116 Amerika 157 analogies see historical analogies Anna ’s War 305 anti-Hitler coalition 54, 222, 239, 284; monument to 213 appropriation 46-49, 57 Arctic convoys 159, 210, 212, 222-223 Argumenty i fakty 214 Astaf’ev, Viktor 134, 141-144, 152ո56-57 Babi Yar 90, 277-278 Babi Yar 323, 328 Ballad ofa Soldier 122 Battalion 302-303 Battle for Sevastopol 183, 301-303, 318-325, 328, 333-334, 335n4 Battle of Berlin 91, 111 Battle of Kulikovo Field 31 Battle of Kursk 90, 166, 249, 255-256, 345-346 Battle of Moscow 43-45,89,114, 166,355 Battle of Stalingrad 54-56, 90,218,249, 255, 345-346 Battle of Stalingrad memorial 107, 110-114,112-113, 118 Battle of the Dnieper memorial 114-115, 114,118, 122 BBC 20 Beanpole 308-312 Bednyi, Dem’ian 19 Belarus: and the celebration of World War II253, 256; and fiction 144-149; and parades 235, 241-242; and Victory Day 64,67,70-72; and war films 301,332 Bergson, Henri 4 Beria, Lavrentii 45, 56, 161, 236 Berkhoff, Karel 22 Berlin 53, 76, 91, 97, 111, 230-238, 281-283 Bird ofPassage 144 Blandy, William (Admiral) 352,353 Blokada Leningrada 255 boarding school 258-260 Bolshevik 28 Boltin, Evgenii 50, 53 Bredov, Anatolii (monument)
203 Brest Fortress 303 Brezhnev, Leonid 1, 3,11, 31; and fiction 140; and the Great Patriotic War 97-101; and Lend-Lease 159; and representations of gender 109-110, 122-123; and Sevastopol 181, 188-189,191,195; and Stalin 56; and Victory Day 64, 67, 69, 74-78; and war films 300, 332 Brintlinger, Angela xi, 8,11 Britain see Great Britain Britamkii Soiuznik 157 Brunstedt, Jonathan xi, 6 Budapest 76 Burdzhalov, E. N. 24
362 Index Burnt By the Sun 2: Citadel 312 Bykau, Vasil’ 133֊ 135, 143-149, 152n64 campaigning 252-254 Caucasus 21 cemeteries 65, 72, 98,143,218; Miasnoi Bor 209-210,210 Central Asia 21 Central Committee 25-26, 33,41, 49, 71, 74-75, 77 Chas shakalav (The Hour ofthe Jackals) 145 Chechens 27, 66, 148, 252; Chechen war 216, 257 Cheerful Soldier, The 144 Chemetskii, Semen Aleksandrovich 235 Chicago Tribune 277 cinematic tradition, Soviet 322-323 Civil War 21, 44, 78, 190, 234, 344 coins: bearing Stalin’s portrait 254; celebrating the Arctic Convoys 159; commemorating June 24th parade 235 Cold War 76-78, 111, 123, 160-162,211, 218, 233 collective memory 4-6, 134-136, 139-141 Column of Military Glory 208, 209 Commander of Genius of the Great Patriotic War, A 48 commemoration 97-100; see also commemorative practices; war commemoration commemorative practices 69-74 Commissar 323 Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War 26 Communist Party 1-2, 17-18, 33, 65, 73 -74,97,113 community building 219-223 conservatism 216-219 COVID-19 181, 194, 240-243 Crimea 2, 180-184,186-196, 203, 206, 224; and the celebration of World War II 260-263; and Holocaust discourse 286; and war films 301-302, 318, 323 Crimean War 180-184, 186-192, 194-195, 260-261 Czechoslovakia 65, 70, 239, 262, 289, 348-349 Davis, Vicky 5 Davydov, Denis 24 Dawns are Quiet Here, The 109, 303, 318, 320-321, 327, 332, 334 Dead Don’t Feel Pain, The 145-146 Death ofStalin, The 306, 308 Deborin, Grigorii 49 Defenders of the Soviet Arctic, monument to 212 Defense ofSevastopol, The 321 Derzhavin, Nikolai 27 Dnepropetrovsk
74-75 Dobrenko, Evgeny 57, 334 Dolgaia doroga domoi (The Long Way Home)145 Donsko i, Dmitrii 19 Dreaming ofSpace 222-223 Druzhba narodov 140-141 Dubosekovo: Panfilov Guardsmen monument 107, 115,115 Dubrovskii, Aleksandr 24 Durkheim, Emile 4 Eastern Front 48, 170, 208, 284-285, 328 Edele, Mark 73, 78 Edge, The 312 Efimov, Aleksei 27 Ehrenburg, Ilya 19, 42 elementary schools 92-97 Emel’ianov, A. 53 enemies 350-352 Enemy at the Gates 301 Estonia 2, 72, 282-283, 285, 288-289 Eternal Flame 73, 96-98, 120,184, 190-191, 194-195, 242 Evening Moscow 308 exceptionalism. Russian 156-163; in flux 163-170 Falsificators ofHistory 158 Fate of a Man 133 father figure, Putin as 258-260 female fertility 121-124 fertility 121-124 fiction 133-134, 149-150; Bulat Okudzhava 136-141; Soviet images and collective memory of war 134-136; Vasil’Bykau 144-149; Viktor Astaf’ev 141-144 films see war films Finland 54-55,164, 348 First Person 255 First World War 23, 120-121.198n59, 231,349 Five-Year Plans 21 -22, 51 Fokin, N. 51, 55 Fontanka 311
Index foreign ministry (Russia) 281-286 foreign policy 290-291; and the Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; and Israel 278-281; and Russian foreign ministry’s use of the Holocaust 281-286; and the war in Ukraine 286-290 France 23, 28, 31, 155,190; and the celebration of World War II 257-259; and Holocaust discourse 277, 287; and parades 231,238-239; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348-349; and Victory Day 65-66; and war films 305, 312 Freud, Sigmund 4, 324 Front, The 44 Gabowitsch, Mischa xi, 7 Gallagher, Matthew 48-49 Gefier, M. Ia. 42 gender 107, 318, 320; male authority and female fertility 121-124; memorials and meaning 124-126; war monuments and masculinity 110-121; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 General Staff 45, 52 Golubev, Konstantin 43 Gorbachev, Mikhail 1,92, 126, 195, 211,252 Grand Alliance 47, 156, 160; monument to 162 Grande Armée 18 Great Britain 156-159, 164-165, 168-169, 221-222, 234, 239, 290 Great Patriotic War 86-87, 100-101, 318-320, 340-342, 350-352, 355-357; and attention to Jewish losses 328—333; Battle for Sevastopol 320—321 ; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; in elementary school 92-97; and Jewish representation 322-328; Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and Putin 352-355; “Russia - My History” and its narratives 342-345; and school activities 97-100; and Stalin 348-350; in 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92; truth and nostalgia 333-335; The Young Guard 321-322 Grekov, Boris 26 Grossman, Vasily 17, 32,256, 332 Halbwachs, Maurice 4, 135 Harris, Adrienne M. xi֊xii, 10 363 hero cities 67, 96-98, 195 Heroes of the Soviet Union 322;
memorial to 191, 220 historical analogies 2,22, 25,278-281 history 41-42, 56-57; appropriating the history of the war 46-49; and Khrushchev’s Thaw 49-56; situating Stalin in the war 42-45 History of the Fatherland 88 History of the Great Patriotic War ofthe Soviet Union 87 History ofthe Kazakh SSR 25-26 History ofthe Second World War 1939-1945 56 History ofthe USSR 87-88 history textbooks 87-92 Hitler, Adolf22-24, 209; and the celebration of World War II 260, 262—263; and the Great Patriotic War 89, 91, 94; and Holocaust discourse 277-279, 281, 290; and Lend-Lease 164, 168; and parades 239; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 345, 348-349, 351; and Stalin 50, 54 Hoffmann, David L. xii Holiday, The 308, 310-311 Holocaust 9-11, 121,323-324, 328-330, 332 Holocaust discourse 290-291; Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; and Israel 278-281; patriotic 304-305; Russian foreign ministry’s use of 281-286; and the war in Ukraine 286-290 Hour ofthe Jackals, The 145, 147-149 Iakovlev, Aleksei 26 I Am Twenty 135-136 ideological polarization 216-219 Imagined Communities 342 immortalization 308-312 Immortal Regiment 3, 13, 57, 221, 224, 238-239, 309; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 352-355, 354; and Sevastopol 193-195 individual memory 4-6 instrumentalization 238-240 In that Distant Forty Five 333-334 In the Fog 145-147 Iskusstvo kino 221, 300, 304 Israel 75-76, 262, 276-281, 284, 286-288, 290, 292nl3,352 Isserson, Georgii 54
364 Index Istrebiteli 163 Izvestiia 29, 310 Japan 65-66, 91,165, 348,352 Jews 278-281, 318-320; attention to Jewish losses 328-333; representation of322-328 jubilees 21-22, 97, 229, 231-232, 237-238 “Katyusha” 139 Kazakhs 25,115, 277 Kazakhstan 72, 240, 242; see also Almaty Kharkiv 65 Khmelevskii, V. A. 29 Khrushchev, Nikita 1 ; and the Great Patriotic War 88-89, 97; and LendLease 159, 167; and representations of gender 110-111, 122-124; Secret Speech 6,188, 191, 345; and Sevastopol 188-189,195; and Stalin 41, 46; Thaw 11,49-56, 88; and Victory Day 64, 67-68, 70-71, 73-75, 77 Kiev 65, 89-90, 97, 260-261,277,286; see also Kyiv Kirill (Patriarch) 3, 256 Kiriushkin 29 Kirsanov, S. 23-24 Kirschenbaum, Lisa 5, 120, 125, 308 Komanda 322 Komsomol 73, 90, 93, 98, 209, 325; commemorative rally 31 Komsomol’skaia metro station 30-31 Komsomol ’skaia pravda 214, 217-218 Konkka, Olga xii, 7, 159 Korneichuk, Aleksandr 44 Komblium 28-29 Kosmodem’ianskaia, Zoia 7,89,109,124,182 Krasnaia zvezda 41, 49-50 Krasnyi Chernomorets 182—183 Kubinka 3 Kucherenko, Olga xii, 8, 10,12 Kukryniksy 21 Kulish, V. 32 Kutuzov, Mikhail 19, 24, 29, 31, 81ո46, 253 Kyiv 67, 70, 73-75, 78, 114, 208, 334 Kyrgyzstan 115, 240, 242 Last Confession, The 322 Last Witnesses 133 Latvia 2, 72, 281-282, 284-285, 288-289,327 Lavrov, Sergei 282-284,286-287, 289 Lecture Bureau 30 Lend-Lease 155-156, 170-171; constructing the exceptionalist narrative 156-163; exceptionalism in flux 163-170 Lenin, Vladimir 19-21,24,31; and parades 232-233; and Sevastopol 186, 190,192; and Stalin 48-49, 56-57 Leningrad 21,66, 98-99,124-125, 255,
260, 341 Leningrad Affair 66-67 Leningrad Blockade 250,345-348; see also Siege of Leningrad Lenin Library 111 Lenin Mausoleum 19, 233, 243 Leonov, Leonid 19 Leshchinskii, Lev 53-54 Leviathan 311 liberation days 68-69, 72 lieux de mémoire (sites of memory) 5, 86, 232,319 Life and Fate 17, 32 Lion and the Kitten, The 23 Literaturnaia gazeta 277 Lithuania 2, 267, 276,285-286, 289 Litvinov, Maxim 54 local community 219-223 local media 202-203, 223-224; landscapes of 214-216; and local community building 219-223; local memory cultures transformed 207-214; and memory 203-205; and pluralism and conservatism 216-219; uses of World War II memory in the Russian regions 205-207 local memory 214-216 local memory cultures 207-214 Long Road Home, The 145 Loveless 311 Lukashenko, Alexander 145, 241 Lukashevich, Alexander 288 L’viv 67 Machine-Gunner Khanpasha 27 Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces 3,249, 261 Making Sense ofthe War 323 Malenkov, Georgii 45 male authority 121-124 Malinovskii, Marshal lb-11 Maloiaroslavets operation 43 Mamaev Kurgan 73, 111, 253
Index Mann, Yan xii, 6, 10 marches 230-231, 238, 329; through Velikii Novgorod 206; see also Immortal Regiment; parades Marxism-Leninism 6,19, 26, 28, 42, 50 masculinity 110-121 master narratives: in elementary school 92-97; in 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92 May Day 41, 69 May Ninth 31 media 203-205; see also local media Medinskii, Vladimir 102n21, 127n29, 221, 299-300, 302, 306-308, 310-312 Meduza 306 Medvedev, Dmitry 254, 257, 300, 306, 345 memorialization 122-125, 257, 267n86, 280; see also war memorialization memorials: and meaning 124-126; see also war memorials; and specific memorials memory 155-156,170-171, 340-342, 350-352, 355-357; constructing the exceptionalist narrative 156-163; control of 46-49; exceptionalism in flux 163-170; Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and media 203-205; persistence of 192-195; and Putin 352-355; “Russia-My History” and its narratives 342-345; and Stalin 348-350; uses in the Russian regions 205-207; see also collective memory; individual memory; local memory; memory cultures; memory politics; performing memory; remembering; war memory memory cultures 207-214, 229-230, 242-243; Moscow’s parades 232-233; parades as an object of research 230-232; parades in the time of Corona 240-242; Putin’s instrumentalization of the victory 238-240; Soviet-era parades 233-235; the Victory Parade 235-238 Memory Lessons 252,259 memory politics 299-300; immortalizing the siege 308-312; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303 Merridale, Catherine 4 Meshcheriakov, Mikhail 46 365
Miasnoi Bor 218, 223; memorial cemetery 209-210,210 Mikhalkov, Nikita 306, 308, 312 Mikhalkov, Sergei 94 milieux de mémoire 5 military service 107-110 military uniforms 257-258 Minin, Kuz’ma 19 Minsk 43, 54, 241, 321, 327, 332 Mints, Isaak 26-27 Molotov, Viacheslav 22-23, 42, 45, 54, 56 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 2, 50-51, 217, 251, 283, 285, 248 Mongolia 242 Mongols 24, 28, 344 Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad 107, 117-120,117-120 monuments see war monuments; and specific monuments Moscow 1-3,19-20, 23-25, 28-30; and Holocaust discourse 277, 279-280, 282-291; and Lend-Lease 156-157, 162-166; and parades 232-238, 241-243; and representations of gender 114-116; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 345-349, 355-357; and Sevastopol 184-185; and Stalin 41 -45; and Victory Day 64-65, 67-68, 70-71, 73-76; and war films 299-302, 305-308, 332-334 Moscow Committee 44 Moscow Counteroffensive 44, 48, 52 Mosfilm 23, 260 Motherland Calls, The (statue) 111-112,112 Murmansk 207-214; Anatolii Bredov, monument to 203; Countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, monument to 213; Defenders of the Soviet Arctic, monument to 212; Murmansk harbor workers, memorial to 211 Murmansk harbor workers, memorial to 211 Murmańsku vestnik 214—215, 221-222 mushroom cloud cake 353 myth: of the war 5,11,100, 202, 205, 223, 250, 261-262; of abolished Victory Day 64-69; of the heroic soldier 144,149; of Soviet Sevastopol 184; of the Young Guard 321, 331-332; see also Valaam Myth Nabutov, Kirill 255 Nálepka, Ján 70
366 Index Napoleon 18,22-23,29, 209, 242, 344 Napoleonie wars 231 narratives 135, 143-144, 163, 181, 202-204,207, 217, 311, 318-319, 323-324, 342-345; see also master narratives Na strazhe Zapoliar ’ia 215 National Bolshevism 343 National Interest, The 262 NATO 2, 148, 238, 278, 281, 289 Nazi airstrikes, memorial to victims of 211 Nazi Germany 1-2,47,138,158, 206, 262; and Holocaust discourse 277-280, 283,286,289-290; and parades 229, 233-235,239,243; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348,350; and Victory Day 75-76; and war films 318 Nepovtorimoe (Not to be Repeated) 236 Nevskii, Aleksandr 19, 24, 29, 343 New York Times 302 Nezavisimaia gazeta 311 Nicholas И 2,225n27, 265n27 1941 jubilee 21 Nora, Pierne 5-6,86, 312 Norris, Stephen M. xii, 10, 12, 319 nostalgia 333-335 Novaia Novgorodskaia gazeta (NNG) 214-215,219-221 Novaia gazeta 303 Novgorod see Velikii Novgorod Novgorodskie vedomosti 214, 217 Novgorodskii Komsomolets 209 Novorossiisk 73,191 Nuradilov, Khanpasha 27 October Revolution 1, 20-22, 28, 32,42, 78, 234 October Revolution Day 72 Okudzhava, Bulat 134, 136-141,149 On Media Memory 203-204 On the Great Patriotic War ofthe Soviet Union 55 Oskotskii, V. 32 Panfilov Guardsmen 44-45, 89-90, 95-97,182, 219, 221, 355; monuments 107,114-116,115-116, 125, 127n28; movie 306 Pankratova, Anna 25-27, 86-88 pan-Slavism 18 Parade, The 229 parades 229-230, 242-243,257-258; of Moscow 232-233; as an object of research 230-232; and Putin’s instrumentalization of the victory 238-240; of the Soviet era 233-235; in the time of Corona 240-242; the Victory Parade 235-238; see also
specific parades Paradise 305, 312 Parad Pobedy 234 Parker, Ralph 20 Patriot 216, 219 Patriotic War of 1812 18,23,27 patriotism: counteracting 308-312; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303 Patriotism ofDespair 250 Pavlichenko, Liudmila 108,183, 301-302, 320-321,323, 325-328,351 Pavlov, Dmitrii 43, 54 People’s Commissar of Defense 52-54 Peregon 163 perestroika 66, 88,92, 133,136, 204, 211-213 performing memory 249-252, 260-263; the early war presidency and campaigning without campaigning 252-254; parades and military uniforms 257-258; personalizing connection to World War II 254-256; Putin as father figure 258-260; sanctifying Putin’s connection to World War II 256-257 persistence of memory 192-195 personalization 254-256 Pervyi kanal 318, 320 Peter the Great 24, 242, 251, 343 Petrone, Karen xiii, 10, 12 Pietà 113 Piskaryovskoye Cemetery 124, 260 pluralism 216-219 Poland 2, 65; and the celebration of World War II249, 256, 262-263; and fiction 144-145; and Holocaust discourse 279, 285-287, 289; and parades 234, 237,239-240; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348-350, 352; and war films 319, 333 polarization 216-219 Politburo 45, 111 politicization 180-181,195-196; and examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; and postwar rebuilding
Index 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 politics of commemoration 1-4; individual memory and collective remembrance 4-6 Popov, Aleksei 80n20 Popov, Georgii 30 Popov, Grigoril 165-166 Popov, Sergei 335n2 Pörzgen, Yvonne xiii, 9 Pospelov, Petr 29, 50 posterity 181-184 Pozharskii, Dmitrii 19 Pravda (newspaper) 22, 28-30, 90,158; and Holocaust discourse 276-278; and Stalin 41-44,47, 50; and Victory Day 76-77 presidency 252-254 public opinion 75-76,161, 207, 217, 224, 282 Putin, Vladimir 1-3, 5,11-12, 57, 160-161,163,180,193-195. 205, 238-240, 249-252, 260-263, 290-291, 299-300, 352-355; display of354; the early war presidency and campaigning without campaigning 252-254; as father figure 258-260; and the Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; immortalizing the siege 308-312; and Israel 278-281; parades and military uniforms 257-258; personalizing connection to World War II254-256; and Russian foreign ministry’s use of the Holocaust 281-286; sanctifying Putin’s connection to World War II256-257; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; and the war in Ukraine 286-290; and women warriors defending the motherland 301-303 Qualls, Karl D. xiii, 8 Razin (Colonel) 47 rebuilding 184-187 reception: of war films 10,12, 300; of wartime propaganda 24; of war memorials 125; of “Russia-My History” Museum exhibits 355-357 Red Army 2,4,19-25, 28; and the Great Patriotic War 89-92, 94-95; and Holocaust discourse 279-288; 367 and Lend-Lease 156-157,164-168; and parades 231-232, 235-237; and representations of gender 108,110-111, 117,125; and the “Russia - My
History” Museum 346; and Sevastopol 188; and Stalin 41-45,47-49, 51-55; and Victory Day 67-68, 73; and war films 304,312, 327-331,335 Redozubov, Sergei 95-96 Red Pathfinders 98-99 regional media 214-216, 219-223; see also local media religious commemorative practices 69-74 remembering 86-87, 100-101, 318-320; attention to Jewish losses 328-333; Battle for Sevastopol 320-321; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; in elementary school 92-97; and Jewish representation 322-328; and school activities 97-100; and 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92; truth and nostalgia 333-335; The Young Guard 321-322 Remembrance Days 72 representations 107; Jewish 322-324; male authority and female fertility 121-124; memorials and meaning 124-126; war monuments and masculinity 110-121; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 Revolution Day 66, 68-69 Road to Berlin 318 Romania 65,145, 239, 289, 326 Rossiiskaia gazeta 262, 282-283, 308 Rozhdenie Pobedy 255 Russia. Kremlin. Putin. 195-196 “Russia - My History” Museum 340-342; from allies and to enemies 350-352; and the heroic Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and its narratives 342-345; Putin and the Great Patriotic War 352-355; reception 355-357; and the role of Stalin 348-350 Russian Armed Forces 3, 9, 261 Russian Civil War 21 Russian Foreign Ministry 3,281-286,291 Russian national patriotism 19 Russian Orthodox Church 2-3, 71, 81n46, 125; and the celebration of World War II256, 261; and the “Russia ֊ My History” Museum 340-346, 356-357; and the Russian North 202, 207-208, 221; and Sevastopol 192-193
368 Index Russia: The Story of War 344 Russo-Japanese War 23 sanctification 256-257 Saving Leningrad 308-310 Saving Private Ryan 302, 308 school activities 97-100 schools, elementary 92-97 secular commemorative practices 69-74 Sevastopol 180-181,195-196; and examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; and postwar rebuilding 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 Sevastopol istoricheskie mesta і pamiatniki 188 Sevastopoľskaia gazeta 192 Sevastopoľskaiapravda 192 Severnyi rabochii 222 Shaposhnikov, Boris 45 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr 20, 27-28 Shchusev, A. V. 30 Shelest, Petro 74-76 Shepherd and Shepherdess 141—143 Shoah 111 Shoigu, Sergei 194, 249, 261-262 Short Biography of Stalin 50, 96 Siberia 67, 141-143, 164 Siege of Leningrad 9, 89, 125, 209, 249; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 346-347; and war films 300, 308-312 Simonov, Konstantin 19, 42 Slava Sevastopolia 192 Sobibor 304-305, 312 Sokolovskii, Vasilii 50, 52 Son of the Regiment 95 Soviet Army Day 68, 72 Soviet-German war 18 Soviet Military Economy in the Great Patriotic War, The 158 Stalin, Joseph 41-42, 56-57, 348-350; appropriating the history of the war 46-49; “great ancestors” speech 19-20, 24, 30-31; and Khrushchev’s Thaw 49-56; situating Stalin in the war 42—45; and Victory Day 64-69 Stalingrad 21, 45, 48, 54, 124, 165-166, 186, 202; see also Battle of Stalingrad Stalingrad (film) 261, 303 Stalingrad (novel) 32 Star, The 319 Starinov, Ilia 53 stereotypes: gender 107,109-110, 120-121, 126; Jewish 305, 321, 324-328 Supreme Command 43 Suvorov, Aleksandr 19, 24, 31,108,
253 Suvorovets (newspaper) 29 Suvorov Military Boarding School 344 Sverdlovsk 25 Swan Lake 308 Sweden 28, 211, 280 Talenskii, N. 47 Tallinn 67, 283, 288 tanks 306-308 Tanks for Stalin 307 Tarle, E. V. 23, 27 TASS 23, 52, 55, 261 teaching 86-87, 100-101; elementary school 92-97; and school activities 97-100; and 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92 Teaching History in the Context of the Great Patriotic War 86 Tel’pukhovskii, Boris 49 Teutonic Knights 28 textbooks 87-92 Timoshenko, Semion 55 Tolstoi, Aleksei 19 Tolstoy, Lev 180 travel guidebooks 187-191 Treptower Park 91, 111 True Storyfor Children, A 94 truth 333-335 tsarist era 2, 6, 19-28, 229,234-235, 250-252,319 Tula 31, 73 Tumarkin, Nina 1, 101, 321 Two Patriotic Wars, The 23 Two Soldiers 333 Tygodnik Powszechny 237 Ukraine 2, 17, 21, 115; and the celebration of World War II 252, 256, 260-261; and fiction 141-142, 145; and Holocaust discourse 277, 281, 284-291; and parades 237, 240; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 349; and the Russian North 206, 208, 221; and Victory Day 64. 67, 70-75; and war films 299, 301-302, 307, 318-326, 328-330, 332-335; see also Sevastopol United States 23, 123, 136, 238; and the celebration of World War II 256—257,
Index 262; and Holocaust discourse 276-278, 282-284, 290; and Lend-Lease 156-161, 164-170; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 350-352; and Victory Day 75-76; and war films 301-302, 308, 320, 328, 333, 336n25 Unwomanly Face of War, The 309 urban biography 187-191 USSR see Soviet Union Valaana Myth 66 Vasiľevich, K. V. 24 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr 45, 52 Vechernii Murmansk2 A Velikii Novgorod 202, 206, 207-214, 220, 223-224; see also Column of Military Glory; Heroes of the Soviet Union; Miasnoi Bor veterans 4, 46, 49, 64, 68, 72-73, 78-79, 96-101,133-134,149-150,187, 192-194, 204-205, 212, 218-220, 222-223, 242, 251-255; Bulat Okudzhava 136-141; Soviet images and collective memory of war 134-136; Vasil’Bykau 144-149; Viktor Astaf’ev 141-144 victory, instrumentalization of 238-240 Victory Banner 67, 193 Victory Day 1, 3, 30, 240-241, 249-251, 254, 257-258; and fiction 146; and the Great Patriotic War 87, 97, 100-101; and Holocaust discourse 289-290; the myth that Stalin abolished Victory Day 64-69; pre-1965 commemorative practices 69-74; return as a workfree holiday in 1965 74-79; and the Russian North 202, 214-216, 223 -224; and Sevastopol 180-181, 193-195; and Stalin 46; and war films 310, 320 Victory Day parades 65, 74-75, 223, 235-238, 240-241, 257-258; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 352-353; and Sevastopol 193-194 Victory Park memorial 1-2, 12n3, 73, 125, 340-341 Vietnam 77, 241 Vladivostok 73, 340 Voennyi Vstrechnvi Marsh 242 Volgograd 2-3, 73, 96-97, 218,253; see also Battle of Stalingrad memorial Volokolamsk Highway 76 369 Voroshilov, Kliment 48, 55-56, 188-189,
236 Vuchetich, Evgenii 111-114 war commemoration 1-2, 5, 11-12, 64-69, 72, 74, 78, 121, 125 war films 299-300, 318-320; and attention to Jewish losses 328-333; Battle for Sevastopol 320-321; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; immortalizing the siege 308-312; and Jewish representation 322-328; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; and truth and nostalgia 333-335; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303; The Young Guard 321-322 war memorialization 2-5, 109-111, 124,180-181,195-196; examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; postwar rebuilding 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 war memorials 71, 75, 78, 98,107,183, 190, 202, 250, 283; male authority and female fertility 121-124; and masculinity 110-121; and meaning 124-126; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 war memory 18, 202-205, 223-224, 219-223; and local community building 219-223; and local memory cultures 207-214; and pluralism and conservatism 216-219; and regional media landscapes 214-216; uses of 205-207 war monuments 110-121, 124-125 Warsaw 65 wartime mobilizational strategies 18-20, 22-23,31-33 Wehrmacht 19, 25,208; and the Great Patriotic War 89, 95; and parades 232, 235-237; and Stalin 43-47, 51, 54; and war films 309 Weiner, Amir 5, 304, 323 Weiss֊Wendt, Anton xiii, 9-10 Werth, Alexander 20 Western Front 43, 76-77, 90 White Tiger 312 Winter War 54-55 women’s military service 107-110, 301-303 Wood, Elizabeth A. xiii, 9,12
370 Index work-free holidays 74-79 World War 123,120-121, 198n59, 231,349 wreath-laying 68, 208 Young Guard, The 7, 90, 318-325, 328-334 youth organizations 206 Yurchak, Alexei 41 Yad Vashem 277-280, 286 Yekelchyk, Serhy 25 Yeltsin, Boris 1-2,195; and the celebration of World War II251 -254, 257-258,265n30; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 354-355 Young Guard, The 90, 95, 329-332 Zaslavskii, D. 24 Zemlianka 258—259 Zhdanov, Andrei 27-28 Zhenya, Zhenechka 139 Zhukov, Georgii 43, 52, 55, 75, 166-167, 236 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana xiii-xiv, 8-9,12 Bayerische i Staatsbibliothek München J
The Memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia This volume showcases important new research on World War II memory, both in the Soviet Union and in Russia today. Through an examination of war remembrance in its various forms—official histories, school textbooks, museums, monuments, literature, films, and Victory Day parades—chapters illustrate how the heroic narrative of the war was established in Soviet times and how it continues to shape war memorialization under Putin. This war narrative resonates with the Russian population due to decades of Soviet commemoration, which continued virtually uninterrupted into the post-Soviet period. Major themes of the volume include the use of World War II memory for political legitimation and patriotic mobilization; the striking continuities between Soviet and post-Soviet commemorative practices; the place of Holocaust memorialization in contemporary Russia; Putin’s invocation of the war to bolster national pride and international prestige; and the relationship between individual memory and collective remembrance. Authored by an international group of distinguished specialists, this collection is ideal for scholars of Russia across a range of disciplines, including history, political science, sociology, and cultural studies.
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Contents List offigures List oftables Notes on contributors Acknowledgments Introduction: the politics of commemoration in the Soviet Union and contemporary Russia ix x xi xv 1 DAVID L. HOFFMANN PARTI Soviet remembrance of the war 1 Wartime mobilizationai strategies and the origins of Soviet war memory 15 17 JONATHAN BRUNSTEDT 2 Situating Stalin in the history of theSecond World War 41 YAN MANN 3 Victory Day before the cult: war commemoration in the USSR, 1945-1965 64 MISCHA GABOWITSCH 4 Teaching and remembering the Great Patriotic War in Soviet schools 86 OLGA KONKKA 5 Representations of gender in Soviet war memorials DAVID L. HOFFMANN 107
viii Contents PART II Soviet and post-Soviet war memory 6 Veterans remember the war in Soviet and post-Soviet fiction 131 133 ANGELA BRINTLINGER 7 Lend-Lease in war and Russian memory 155 OLGA KUCHERENKO 8 Politicizing war memorialization in Soviet and post-Soviet Sevastopol 180 KARL D. QUALLS 9 World War II memories and local media in the Russian North: Velikii Novgorod and Murmansk 202 TATIANA ZHURZHENKO 10 Parades in Russian memory culture 229 YVONNE PÖRZGEN PART III Representations of the war in the Putin era 247 11 Performing memory and its limits: Vladimir Putin and the celebration of World War II in Russia 249 ELIZABETH A. WOOD 12 Holocaust discourse in Putin’s Russia as a foreign policy tool 276 ANTON WEISS-WENDT 13 The war film and memory politics in Putin’s Russia 299 STEPHEN M. NORRIS 14 Jews, gender, and just wars: remembering and rewriting the Great Patriotic War in 2015 war films 318 ADRIENNE M. HARRIS 15 The 21st-century memory of the Great Patriotic War in the “Russia - My History” Museum 340 KAREN PETRONE Index 361
Iudex Note: Page numbers in italic indicate a figure and page numbers in bold indicate a table on the corresponding page. Page numbers followed by “n” indicate a note. Abdykalykov, M. A. 25 Accursed and the Slain, The 143-144 Afisha 302 Aleksandrov, Nikolai 70 Alexievich, Svetlana 133, 301, 309 Allies, the 8,23, 76,90,156-159,161, 164, 166-169,350-352; see also Grand Alliance Almaty 86; Panfilov Guardsmen monument 107, 115-116,116 Amerika 157 analogies see historical analogies Anna ’s War 305 anti-Hitler coalition 54, 222, 239, 284; monument to 213 appropriation 46-49, 57 Arctic convoys 159, 210, 212, 222-223 Argumenty i fakty 214 Astaf’ev, Viktor 134, 141-144, 152ո56-57 Babi Yar 90, 277-278 Babi Yar 323, 328 Ballad ofa Soldier 122 Battalion 302-303 Battle for Sevastopol 183, 301-303, 318-325, 328, 333-334, 335n4 Battle of Berlin 91, 111 Battle of Kulikovo Field 31 Battle of Kursk 90, 166, 249, 255-256, 345-346 Battle of Moscow 43-45,89,114, 166,355 Battle of Stalingrad 54-56, 90,218,249, 255, 345-346 Battle of Stalingrad memorial 107, 110-114,112-113, 118 Battle of the Dnieper memorial 114-115, 114,118, 122 BBC 20 Beanpole 308-312 Bednyi, Dem’ian 19 Belarus: and the celebration of World War II253, 256; and fiction 144-149; and parades 235, 241-242; and Victory Day 64,67,70-72; and war films 301,332 Bergson, Henri 4 Beria, Lavrentii 45, 56, 161, 236 Berkhoff, Karel 22 Berlin 53, 76, 91, 97, 111, 230-238, 281-283 Bird ofPassage 144 Blandy, William (Admiral) 352,353 Blokada Leningrada 255 boarding school 258-260 Bolshevik 28 Boltin, Evgenii 50, 53 Bredov, Anatolii (monument)
203 Brest Fortress 303 Brezhnev, Leonid 1, 3,11, 31; and fiction 140; and the Great Patriotic War 97-101; and Lend-Lease 159; and representations of gender 109-110, 122-123; and Sevastopol 181, 188-189,191,195; and Stalin 56; and Victory Day 64, 67, 69, 74-78; and war films 300, 332 Brintlinger, Angela xi, 8,11 Britain see Great Britain Britamkii Soiuznik 157 Brunstedt, Jonathan xi, 6 Budapest 76 Burdzhalov, E. N. 24
362 Index Burnt By the Sun 2: Citadel 312 Bykau, Vasil’ 133֊ 135, 143-149, 152n64 campaigning 252-254 Caucasus 21 cemeteries 65, 72, 98,143,218; Miasnoi Bor 209-210,210 Central Asia 21 Central Committee 25-26, 33,41, 49, 71, 74-75, 77 Chas shakalav (The Hour ofthe Jackals) 145 Chechens 27, 66, 148, 252; Chechen war 216, 257 Cheerful Soldier, The 144 Chemetskii, Semen Aleksandrovich 235 Chicago Tribune 277 cinematic tradition, Soviet 322-323 Civil War 21, 44, 78, 190, 234, 344 coins: bearing Stalin’s portrait 254; celebrating the Arctic Convoys 159; commemorating June 24th parade 235 Cold War 76-78, 111, 123, 160-162,211, 218, 233 collective memory 4-6, 134-136, 139-141 Column of Military Glory 208, 209 Commander of Genius of the Great Patriotic War, A 48 commemoration 97-100; see also commemorative practices; war commemoration commemorative practices 69-74 Commissar 323 Commission on the History of the Great Patriotic War 26 Communist Party 1-2, 17-18, 33, 65, 73 -74,97,113 community building 219-223 conservatism 216-219 COVID-19 181, 194, 240-243 Crimea 2, 180-184,186-196, 203, 206, 224; and the celebration of World War II 260-263; and Holocaust discourse 286; and war films 301-302, 318, 323 Crimean War 180-184, 186-192, 194-195, 260-261 Czechoslovakia 65, 70, 239, 262, 289, 348-349 Davis, Vicky 5 Davydov, Denis 24 Dawns are Quiet Here, The 109, 303, 318, 320-321, 327, 332, 334 Dead Don’t Feel Pain, The 145-146 Death ofStalin, The 306, 308 Deborin, Grigorii 49 Defenders of the Soviet Arctic, monument to 212 Defense ofSevastopol, The 321 Derzhavin, Nikolai 27 Dnepropetrovsk
74-75 Dobrenko, Evgeny 57, 334 Dolgaia doroga domoi (The Long Way Home)145 Donsko i, Dmitrii 19 Dreaming ofSpace 222-223 Druzhba narodov 140-141 Dubosekovo: Panfilov Guardsmen monument 107, 115,115 Dubrovskii, Aleksandr 24 Durkheim, Emile 4 Eastern Front 48, 170, 208, 284-285, 328 Edele, Mark 73, 78 Edge, The 312 Efimov, Aleksei 27 Ehrenburg, Ilya 19, 42 elementary schools 92-97 Emel’ianov, A. 53 enemies 350-352 Enemy at the Gates 301 Estonia 2, 72, 282-283, 285, 288-289 Eternal Flame 73, 96-98, 120,184, 190-191, 194-195, 242 Evening Moscow 308 exceptionalism. Russian 156-163; in flux 163-170 Falsificators ofHistory 158 Fate of a Man 133 father figure, Putin as 258-260 female fertility 121-124 fertility 121-124 fiction 133-134, 149-150; Bulat Okudzhava 136-141; Soviet images and collective memory of war 134-136; Vasil’Bykau 144-149; Viktor Astaf’ev 141-144 films see war films Finland 54-55,164, 348 First Person 255 First World War 23, 120-121.198n59, 231,349 Five-Year Plans 21 -22, 51 Fokin, N. 51, 55 Fontanka 311
Index foreign ministry (Russia) 281-286 foreign policy 290-291; and the Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; and Israel 278-281; and Russian foreign ministry’s use of the Holocaust 281-286; and the war in Ukraine 286-290 France 23, 28, 31, 155,190; and the celebration of World War II 257-259; and Holocaust discourse 277, 287; and parades 231,238-239; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348-349; and Victory Day 65-66; and war films 305, 312 Freud, Sigmund 4, 324 Front, The 44 Gabowitsch, Mischa xi, 7 Gallagher, Matthew 48-49 Gefier, M. Ia. 42 gender 107, 318, 320; male authority and female fertility 121-124; memorials and meaning 124-126; war monuments and masculinity 110-121; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 General Staff 45, 52 Golubev, Konstantin 43 Gorbachev, Mikhail 1,92, 126, 195, 211,252 Grand Alliance 47, 156, 160; monument to 162 Grande Armée 18 Great Britain 156-159, 164-165, 168-169, 221-222, 234, 239, 290 Great Patriotic War 86-87, 100-101, 318-320, 340-342, 350-352, 355-357; and attention to Jewish losses 328—333; Battle for Sevastopol 320—321 ; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; in elementary school 92-97; and Jewish representation 322-328; Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and Putin 352-355; “Russia - My History” and its narratives 342-345; and school activities 97-100; and Stalin 348-350; in 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92; truth and nostalgia 333-335; The Young Guard 321-322 Grekov, Boris 26 Grossman, Vasily 17, 32,256, 332 Halbwachs, Maurice 4, 135 Harris, Adrienne M. xi֊xii, 10 363 hero cities 67, 96-98, 195 Heroes of the Soviet Union 322;
memorial to 191, 220 historical analogies 2,22, 25,278-281 history 41-42, 56-57; appropriating the history of the war 46-49; and Khrushchev’s Thaw 49-56; situating Stalin in the war 42-45 History of the Fatherland 88 History of the Great Patriotic War ofthe Soviet Union 87 History ofthe Kazakh SSR 25-26 History ofthe Second World War 1939-1945 56 History ofthe USSR 87-88 history textbooks 87-92 Hitler, Adolf22-24, 209; and the celebration of World War II 260, 262—263; and the Great Patriotic War 89, 91, 94; and Holocaust discourse 277-279, 281, 290; and Lend-Lease 164, 168; and parades 239; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 345, 348-349, 351; and Stalin 50, 54 Hoffmann, David L. xii Holiday, The 308, 310-311 Holocaust 9-11, 121,323-324, 328-330, 332 Holocaust discourse 290-291; Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; and Israel 278-281; patriotic 304-305; Russian foreign ministry’s use of 281-286; and the war in Ukraine 286-290 Hour ofthe Jackals, The 145, 147-149 Iakovlev, Aleksei 26 I Am Twenty 135-136 ideological polarization 216-219 Imagined Communities 342 immortalization 308-312 Immortal Regiment 3, 13, 57, 221, 224, 238-239, 309; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 352-355, 354; and Sevastopol 193-195 individual memory 4-6 instrumentalization 238-240 In that Distant Forty Five 333-334 In the Fog 145-147 Iskusstvo kino 221, 300, 304 Israel 75-76, 262, 276-281, 284, 286-288, 290, 292nl3,352 Isserson, Georgii 54
364 Index Istrebiteli 163 Izvestiia 29, 310 Japan 65-66, 91,165, 348,352 Jews 278-281, 318-320; attention to Jewish losses 328-333; representation of322-328 jubilees 21-22, 97, 229, 231-232, 237-238 “Katyusha” 139 Kazakhs 25,115, 277 Kazakhstan 72, 240, 242; see also Almaty Kharkiv 65 Khmelevskii, V. A. 29 Khrushchev, Nikita 1 ; and the Great Patriotic War 88-89, 97; and LendLease 159, 167; and representations of gender 110-111, 122-124; Secret Speech 6,188, 191, 345; and Sevastopol 188-189,195; and Stalin 41, 46; Thaw 11,49-56, 88; and Victory Day 64, 67-68, 70-71, 73-75, 77 Kiev 65, 89-90, 97, 260-261,277,286; see also Kyiv Kirill (Patriarch) 3, 256 Kiriushkin 29 Kirsanov, S. 23-24 Kirschenbaum, Lisa 5, 120, 125, 308 Komanda 322 Komsomol 73, 90, 93, 98, 209, 325; commemorative rally 31 Komsomol’skaia metro station 30-31 Komsomol ’skaia pravda 214, 217-218 Konkka, Olga xii, 7, 159 Korneichuk, Aleksandr 44 Komblium 28-29 Kosmodem’ianskaia, Zoia 7,89,109,124,182 Krasnaia zvezda 41, 49-50 Krasnyi Chernomorets 182—183 Kubinka 3 Kucherenko, Olga xii, 8, 10,12 Kukryniksy 21 Kulish, V. 32 Kutuzov, Mikhail 19, 24, 29, 31, 81ո46, 253 Kyiv 67, 70, 73-75, 78, 114, 208, 334 Kyrgyzstan 115, 240, 242 Last Confession, The 322 Last Witnesses 133 Latvia 2, 72, 281-282, 284-285, 288-289,327 Lavrov, Sergei 282-284,286-287, 289 Lecture Bureau 30 Lend-Lease 155-156, 170-171; constructing the exceptionalist narrative 156-163; exceptionalism in flux 163-170 Lenin, Vladimir 19-21,24,31; and parades 232-233; and Sevastopol 186, 190,192; and Stalin 48-49, 56-57 Leningrad 21,66, 98-99,124-125, 255,
260, 341 Leningrad Affair 66-67 Leningrad Blockade 250,345-348; see also Siege of Leningrad Lenin Library 111 Lenin Mausoleum 19, 233, 243 Leonov, Leonid 19 Leshchinskii, Lev 53-54 Leviathan 311 liberation days 68-69, 72 lieux de mémoire (sites of memory) 5, 86, 232,319 Life and Fate 17, 32 Lion and the Kitten, The 23 Literaturnaia gazeta 277 Lithuania 2, 267, 276,285-286, 289 Litvinov, Maxim 54 local community 219-223 local media 202-203, 223-224; landscapes of 214-216; and local community building 219-223; local memory cultures transformed 207-214; and memory 203-205; and pluralism and conservatism 216-219; uses of World War II memory in the Russian regions 205-207 local memory 214-216 local memory cultures 207-214 Long Road Home, The 145 Loveless 311 Lukashenko, Alexander 145, 241 Lukashevich, Alexander 288 L’viv 67 Machine-Gunner Khanpasha 27 Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces 3,249, 261 Making Sense ofthe War 323 Malenkov, Georgii 45 male authority 121-124 Malinovskii, Marshal lb-11 Maloiaroslavets operation 43 Mamaev Kurgan 73, 111, 253
Index Mann, Yan xii, 6, 10 marches 230-231, 238, 329; through Velikii Novgorod 206; see also Immortal Regiment; parades Marxism-Leninism 6,19, 26, 28, 42, 50 masculinity 110-121 master narratives: in elementary school 92-97; in 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92 May Day 41, 69 May Ninth 31 media 203-205; see also local media Medinskii, Vladimir 102n21, 127n29, 221, 299-300, 302, 306-308, 310-312 Meduza 306 Medvedev, Dmitry 254, 257, 300, 306, 345 memorialization 122-125, 257, 267n86, 280; see also war memorialization memorials: and meaning 124-126; see also war memorials; and specific memorials memory 155-156,170-171, 340-342, 350-352, 355-357; constructing the exceptionalist narrative 156-163; control of 46-49; exceptionalism in flux 163-170; Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and media 203-205; persistence of 192-195; and Putin 352-355; “Russia-My History” and its narratives 342-345; and Stalin 348-350; uses in the Russian regions 205-207; see also collective memory; individual memory; local memory; memory cultures; memory politics; performing memory; remembering; war memory memory cultures 207-214, 229-230, 242-243; Moscow’s parades 232-233; parades as an object of research 230-232; parades in the time of Corona 240-242; Putin’s instrumentalization of the victory 238-240; Soviet-era parades 233-235; the Victory Parade 235-238 Memory Lessons 252,259 memory politics 299-300; immortalizing the siege 308-312; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303 Merridale, Catherine 4 Meshcheriakov, Mikhail 46 365
Miasnoi Bor 218, 223; memorial cemetery 209-210,210 Mikhalkov, Nikita 306, 308, 312 Mikhalkov, Sergei 94 milieux de mémoire 5 military service 107-110 military uniforms 257-258 Minin, Kuz’ma 19 Minsk 43, 54, 241, 321, 327, 332 Mints, Isaak 26-27 Molotov, Viacheslav 22-23, 42, 45, 54, 56 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 2, 50-51, 217, 251, 283, 285, 248 Mongolia 242 Mongols 24, 28, 344 Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad 107, 117-120,117-120 monuments see war monuments; and specific monuments Moscow 1-3,19-20, 23-25, 28-30; and Holocaust discourse 277, 279-280, 282-291; and Lend-Lease 156-157, 162-166; and parades 232-238, 241-243; and representations of gender 114-116; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 345-349, 355-357; and Sevastopol 184-185; and Stalin 41 -45; and Victory Day 64-65, 67-68, 70-71, 73-76; and war films 299-302, 305-308, 332-334 Moscow Committee 44 Moscow Counteroffensive 44, 48, 52 Mosfilm 23, 260 Motherland Calls, The (statue) 111-112,112 Murmansk 207-214; Anatolii Bredov, monument to 203; Countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, monument to 213; Defenders of the Soviet Arctic, monument to 212; Murmansk harbor workers, memorial to 211 Murmansk harbor workers, memorial to 211 Murmańsku vestnik 214—215, 221-222 mushroom cloud cake 353 myth: of the war 5,11,100, 202, 205, 223, 250, 261-262; of abolished Victory Day 64-69; of the heroic soldier 144,149; of Soviet Sevastopol 184; of the Young Guard 321, 331-332; see also Valaam Myth Nabutov, Kirill 255 Nálepka, Ján 70
366 Index Napoleon 18,22-23,29, 209, 242, 344 Napoleonie wars 231 narratives 135, 143-144, 163, 181, 202-204,207, 217, 311, 318-319, 323-324, 342-345; see also master narratives Na strazhe Zapoliar ’ia 215 National Bolshevism 343 National Interest, The 262 NATO 2, 148, 238, 278, 281, 289 Nazi airstrikes, memorial to victims of 211 Nazi Germany 1-2,47,138,158, 206, 262; and Holocaust discourse 277-280, 283,286,289-290; and parades 229, 233-235,239,243; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348,350; and Victory Day 75-76; and war films 318 Nepovtorimoe (Not to be Repeated) 236 Nevskii, Aleksandr 19, 24, 29, 343 New York Times 302 Nezavisimaia gazeta 311 Nicholas И 2,225n27, 265n27 1941 jubilee 21 Nora, Pierne 5-6,86, 312 Norris, Stephen M. xii, 10, 12, 319 nostalgia 333-335 Novaia Novgorodskaia gazeta (NNG) 214-215,219-221 Novaia gazeta 303 Novgorod see Velikii Novgorod Novgorodskie vedomosti 214, 217 Novgorodskii Komsomolets 209 Novorossiisk 73,191 Nuradilov, Khanpasha 27 October Revolution 1, 20-22, 28, 32,42, 78, 234 October Revolution Day 72 Okudzhava, Bulat 134, 136-141,149 On Media Memory 203-204 On the Great Patriotic War ofthe Soviet Union 55 Oskotskii, V. 32 Panfilov Guardsmen 44-45, 89-90, 95-97,182, 219, 221, 355; monuments 107,114-116,115-116, 125, 127n28; movie 306 Pankratova, Anna 25-27, 86-88 pan-Slavism 18 Parade, The 229 parades 229-230, 242-243,257-258; of Moscow 232-233; as an object of research 230-232; and Putin’s instrumentalization of the victory 238-240; of the Soviet era 233-235; in the time of Corona 240-242; the Victory Parade 235-238; see also
specific parades Paradise 305, 312 Parad Pobedy 234 Parker, Ralph 20 Patriot 216, 219 Patriotic War of 1812 18,23,27 patriotism: counteracting 308-312; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303 Patriotism ofDespair 250 Pavlichenko, Liudmila 108,183, 301-302, 320-321,323, 325-328,351 Pavlov, Dmitrii 43, 54 People’s Commissar of Defense 52-54 Peregon 163 perestroika 66, 88,92, 133,136, 204, 211-213 performing memory 249-252, 260-263; the early war presidency and campaigning without campaigning 252-254; parades and military uniforms 257-258; personalizing connection to World War II 254-256; Putin as father figure 258-260; sanctifying Putin’s connection to World War II 256-257 persistence of memory 192-195 personalization 254-256 Pervyi kanal 318, 320 Peter the Great 24, 242, 251, 343 Petrone, Karen xiii, 10, 12 Pietà 113 Piskaryovskoye Cemetery 124, 260 pluralism 216-219 Poland 2, 65; and the celebration of World War II249, 256, 262-263; and fiction 144-145; and Holocaust discourse 279, 285-287, 289; and parades 234, 237,239-240; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 348-350, 352; and war films 319, 333 polarization 216-219 Politburo 45, 111 politicization 180-181,195-196; and examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; and postwar rebuilding
Index 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 politics of commemoration 1-4; individual memory and collective remembrance 4-6 Popov, Aleksei 80n20 Popov, Georgii 30 Popov, Grigoril 165-166 Popov, Sergei 335n2 Pörzgen, Yvonne xiii, 9 Pospelov, Petr 29, 50 posterity 181-184 Pozharskii, Dmitrii 19 Pravda (newspaper) 22, 28-30, 90,158; and Holocaust discourse 276-278; and Stalin 41-44,47, 50; and Victory Day 76-77 presidency 252-254 public opinion 75-76,161, 207, 217, 224, 282 Putin, Vladimir 1-3, 5,11-12, 57, 160-161,163,180,193-195. 205, 238-240, 249-252, 260-263, 290-291, 299-300, 352-355; display of354; the early war presidency and campaigning without campaigning 252-254; as father figure 258-260; and the Holocaust as a non-subject 276-278; immortalizing the siege 308-312; and Israel 278-281; parades and military uniforms 257-258; personalizing connection to World War II254-256; and Russian foreign ministry’s use of the Holocaust 281-286; sanctifying Putin’s connection to World War II256-257; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; and the war in Ukraine 286-290; and women warriors defending the motherland 301-303 Qualls, Karl D. xiii, 8 Razin (Colonel) 47 rebuilding 184-187 reception: of war films 10,12, 300; of wartime propaganda 24; of war memorials 125; of “Russia-My History” Museum exhibits 355-357 Red Army 2,4,19-25, 28; and the Great Patriotic War 89-92, 94-95; and Holocaust discourse 279-288; 367 and Lend-Lease 156-157,164-168; and parades 231-232, 235-237; and representations of gender 108,110-111, 117,125; and the “Russia - My
History” Museum 346; and Sevastopol 188; and Stalin 41-45,47-49, 51-55; and Victory Day 67-68, 73; and war films 304,312, 327-331,335 Redozubov, Sergei 95-96 Red Pathfinders 98-99 regional media 214-216, 219-223; see also local media religious commemorative practices 69-74 remembering 86-87, 100-101, 318-320; attention to Jewish losses 328-333; Battle for Sevastopol 320-321; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; in elementary school 92-97; and Jewish representation 322-328; and school activities 97-100; and 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92; truth and nostalgia 333-335; The Young Guard 321-322 Remembrance Days 72 representations 107; Jewish 322-324; male authority and female fertility 121-124; memorials and meaning 124-126; war monuments and masculinity 110-121; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 Revolution Day 66, 68-69 Road to Berlin 318 Romania 65,145, 239, 289, 326 Rossiiskaia gazeta 262, 282-283, 308 Rozhdenie Pobedy 255 Russia. Kremlin. Putin. 195-196 “Russia - My History” Museum 340-342; from allies and to enemies 350-352; and the heroic Leningrad Blockade 345-348; and its narratives 342-345; Putin and the Great Patriotic War 352-355; reception 355-357; and the role of Stalin 348-350 Russian Armed Forces 3, 9, 261 Russian Civil War 21 Russian Foreign Ministry 3,281-286,291 Russian national patriotism 19 Russian Orthodox Church 2-3, 71, 81n46, 125; and the celebration of World War II256, 261; and the “Russia ֊ My History” Museum 340-346, 356-357; and the Russian North 202, 207-208, 221; and Sevastopol 192-193
368 Index Russia: The Story of War 344 Russo-Japanese War 23 sanctification 256-257 Saving Leningrad 308-310 Saving Private Ryan 302, 308 school activities 97-100 schools, elementary 92-97 secular commemorative practices 69-74 Sevastopol 180-181,195-196; and examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; and postwar rebuilding 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 Sevastopol istoricheskie mesta і pamiatniki 188 Sevastopoľskaia gazeta 192 Sevastopoľskaiapravda 192 Severnyi rabochii 222 Shaposhnikov, Boris 45 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr 20, 27-28 Shchusev, A. V. 30 Shelest, Petro 74-76 Shepherd and Shepherdess 141—143 Shoah 111 Shoigu, Sergei 194, 249, 261-262 Short Biography of Stalin 50, 96 Siberia 67, 141-143, 164 Siege of Leningrad 9, 89, 125, 209, 249; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 346-347; and war films 300, 308-312 Simonov, Konstantin 19, 42 Slava Sevastopolia 192 Sobibor 304-305, 312 Sokolovskii, Vasilii 50, 52 Son of the Regiment 95 Soviet Army Day 68, 72 Soviet-German war 18 Soviet Military Economy in the Great Patriotic War, The 158 Stalin, Joseph 41-42, 56-57, 348-350; appropriating the history of the war 46-49; “great ancestors” speech 19-20, 24, 30-31; and Khrushchev’s Thaw 49-56; situating Stalin in the war 42—45; and Victory Day 64-69 Stalingrad 21, 45, 48, 54, 124, 165-166, 186, 202; see also Battle of Stalingrad Stalingrad (film) 261, 303 Stalingrad (novel) 32 Star, The 319 Starinov, Ilia 53 stereotypes: gender 107,109-110, 120-121, 126; Jewish 305, 321, 324-328 Supreme Command 43 Suvorov, Aleksandr 19, 24, 31,108,
253 Suvorovets (newspaper) 29 Suvorov Military Boarding School 344 Sverdlovsk 25 Swan Lake 308 Sweden 28, 211, 280 Talenskii, N. 47 Tallinn 67, 283, 288 tanks 306-308 Tanks for Stalin 307 Tarle, E. V. 23, 27 TASS 23, 52, 55, 261 teaching 86-87, 100-101; elementary school 92-97; and school activities 97-100; and 10th-grade history textbooks 87-92 Teaching History in the Context of the Great Patriotic War 86 Tel’pukhovskii, Boris 49 Teutonic Knights 28 textbooks 87-92 Timoshenko, Semion 55 Tolstoi, Aleksei 19 Tolstoy, Lev 180 travel guidebooks 187-191 Treptower Park 91, 111 True Storyfor Children, A 94 truth 333-335 tsarist era 2, 6, 19-28, 229,234-235, 250-252,319 Tula 31, 73 Tumarkin, Nina 1, 101, 321 Two Patriotic Wars, The 23 Two Soldiers 333 Tygodnik Powszechny 237 Ukraine 2, 17, 21, 115; and the celebration of World War II 252, 256, 260-261; and fiction 141-142, 145; and Holocaust discourse 277, 281, 284-291; and parades 237, 240; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 349; and the Russian North 206, 208, 221; and Victory Day 64. 67, 70-75; and war films 299, 301-302, 307, 318-326, 328-330, 332-335; see also Sevastopol United States 23, 123, 136, 238; and the celebration of World War II 256—257,
Index 262; and Holocaust discourse 276-278, 282-284, 290; and Lend-Lease 156-161, 164-170; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 350-352; and Victory Day 75-76; and war films 301-302, 308, 320, 328, 333, 336n25 Unwomanly Face of War, The 309 urban biography 187-191 USSR see Soviet Union Valaana Myth 66 Vasiľevich, K. V. 24 Vasilevskii, Aleksandr 45, 52 Vechernii Murmansk2\ A Velikii Novgorod 202, 206, 207-214, 220, 223-224; see also Column of Military Glory; Heroes of the Soviet Union; Miasnoi Bor veterans 4, 46, 49, 64, 68, 72-73, 78-79, 96-101,133-134,149-150,187, 192-194, 204-205, 212, 218-220, 222-223, 242, 251-255; Bulat Okudzhava 136-141; Soviet images and collective memory of war 134-136; Vasil’Bykau 144-149; Viktor Astaf’ev 141-144 victory, instrumentalization of 238-240 Victory Banner 67, 193 Victory Day 1, 3, 30, 240-241, 249-251, 254, 257-258; and fiction 146; and the Great Patriotic War 87, 97, 100-101; and Holocaust discourse 289-290; the myth that Stalin abolished Victory Day 64-69; pre-1965 commemorative practices 69-74; return as a workfree holiday in 1965 74-79; and the Russian North 202, 214-216, 223 -224; and Sevastopol 180-181, 193-195; and Stalin 46; and war films 310, 320 Victory Day parades 65, 74-75, 223, 235-238, 240-241, 257-258; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 352-353; and Sevastopol 193-194 Victory Park memorial 1-2, 12n3, 73, 125, 340-341 Vietnam 77, 241 Vladivostok 73, 340 Voennyi Vstrechnvi Marsh 242 Volgograd 2-3, 73, 96-97, 218,253; see also Battle of Stalingrad memorial Volokolamsk Highway 76 369 Voroshilov, Kliment 48, 55-56, 188-189,
236 Vuchetich, Evgenii 111-114 war commemoration 1-2, 5, 11-12, 64-69, 72, 74, 78, 121, 125 war films 299-300, 318-320; and attention to Jewish losses 328-333; Battle for Sevastopol 320-321; The Dawns are Quiet Here 321; immortalizing the siege 308-312; and Jewish representation 322-328; scripting a patriotic Holocaust 304-305; supervising patriotic tanks 306-308; and truth and nostalgia 333-335; women warriors defend the motherland 301-303; The Young Guard 321-322 war memorialization 2-5, 109-111, 124,180-181,195-196; examples for posterity 181-184; persistence of memory and the return of Russia 192-195; postwar rebuilding 184-187; and travel guidebooks 187-191 war memorials 71, 75, 78, 98,107,183, 190, 202, 250, 283; male authority and female fertility 121-124; and masculinity 110-121; and meaning 124-126; women’s military service and its postwar erasure 107-110 war memory 18, 202-205, 223-224, 219-223; and local community building 219-223; and local memory cultures 207-214; and pluralism and conservatism 216-219; and regional media landscapes 214-216; uses of 205-207 war monuments 110-121, 124-125 Warsaw 65 wartime mobilizational strategies 18-20, 22-23,31-33 Wehrmacht 19, 25,208; and the Great Patriotic War 89, 95; and parades 232, 235-237; and Stalin 43-47, 51, 54; and war films 309 Weiner, Amir 5, 304, 323 Weiss֊Wendt, Anton xiii, 9-10 Werth, Alexander 20 Western Front 43, 76-77, 90 White Tiger 312 Winter War 54-55 women’s military service 107-110, 301-303 Wood, Elizabeth A. xiii, 9,12
370 Index work-free holidays 74-79 World War 123,120-121, 198n59, 231,349 wreath-laying 68, 208 Young Guard, The 7, 90, 318-325, 328-334 youth organizations 206 Yurchak, Alexei 41 Yad Vashem 277-280, 286 Yekelchyk, Serhy 25 Yeltsin, Boris 1-2,195; and the celebration of World War II251 -254, 257-258,265n30; and the “Russia - My History” Museum 354-355 Young Guard, The 90, 95, 329-332 Zaslavskii, D. 24 Zemlianka 258—259 Zhdanov, Andrei 27-28 Zhenya, Zhenechka 139 Zhukov, Georgii 43, 52, 55, 75, 166-167, 236 Zhurzhenko, Tatiana xiii-xiv, 8-9,12 Bayerische i Staatsbibliothek München J
The Memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia This volume showcases important new research on World War II memory, both in the Soviet Union and in Russia today. Through an examination of war remembrance in its various forms—official histories, school textbooks, museums, monuments, literature, films, and Victory Day parades—chapters illustrate how the heroic narrative of the war was established in Soviet times and how it continues to shape war memorialization under Putin. This war narrative resonates with the Russian population due to decades of Soviet commemoration, which continued virtually uninterrupted into the post-Soviet period. Major themes of the volume include the use of World War II memory for political legitimation and patriotic mobilization; the striking continuities between Soviet and post-Soviet commemorative practices; the place of Holocaust memorialization in contemporary Russia; Putin’s invocation of the war to bolster national pride and international prestige; and the relationship between individual memory and collective remembrance. Authored by an international group of distinguished specialists, this collection is ideal for scholars of Russia across a range of disciplines, including history, political science, sociology, and cultural studies. |
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| era | Geschichte 1945-2020 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-2020 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV047339662 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:34:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:09:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367701765 9780367701772 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032742089 |
| oclc_num | 1269394640 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-B1595 DE-521 DE-12 DE-384 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-B1595 DE-521 DE-12 DE-384 DE-29 |
| physical | xvi, 370 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220110 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe |
| spelling | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia edited by David L. Hoffmann London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xvi, 370 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge histories of Central and Eastern Europe Geschichte 1945-2020 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 s Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Geschichte 1945-2020 z DE-604 Hoffmann, David L. 1961- (DE-588)124516327 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-14491-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)1041864515 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia |
| title_auth | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia |
| title_exact_search | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia |
| title_full | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia edited by David L. Hoffmann |
| title_fullStr | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia edited by David L. Hoffmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia edited by David L. Hoffmann |
| title_short | The memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia |
| title_sort | the memory of the second world war in soviet and post soviet russia |
| topic | Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd |
| topic_facet | Zweiter Weltkrieg Kollektives Gedächtnis Geschichtspolitik Russland Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032742089&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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