Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom: the trials of Nestor Lakoba
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2021
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| Schriftenreihe: | Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history
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| Beschreibung: | xiv, 248 Seiten Illustration, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781032010007 |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Trials (Misconduct in office) / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Ethnicity / Political aspects / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / History / 20th century | |
| 653 | 1 | |a Lakoba, N. A. / (Nestor Apollonovich) / 1893-1936 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Foreword by Ronald Grigor Suny Preface Abbreviations 1 Introduction viii x xiii 1 2 “Kiaraz” and the formation of an early Soviet ethnic leadership cohort 16 3 Consolidating leadership in early Soviet Abkhazia 38 4 The “Rif Revolt” 62 5 Patronage, nationality, and Tsebelda tobacco 99 6 The Mirzabekyan Commission - 1928-1929 124 7 The Deluge-1929-1930 144 8 The changing circumstances of the 1930s 181 9 Lakoba’s final trial 203 10 Identity, contestation, and memory Bibliography Index 220 239 244
Bibliography Abkhazskaya oblastnaya organizatsiya kompanii Gruzii v tsifrakh, 1921-1980 (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1980). Achugba, D.T., ed. E.A. Eshba - Slavnyi syn abkhazskogo naroda. Dokumenty i materiały (Sukhumi: Fond Pervogo Prezidenta Respubliki Abkhaziya, 2010a). Achugba, T.A., Etnicheskaya istoriya Abkhazov XIX-XX w. Etnopoliticheskie і migratsionnye aspekty (Sukhumi: Abkhazian Academy of Sciences, 2010b). Akhalaia, I.D., et al., eds., Revoliutsionnye komitety Abkhazii: Sborník dokumentov і mate rialov (Sukhumi: Abgosizdat, 1961). Anchabadze, Z.V., G.A. Dzidzariya, A.E. Kuprava, and B.E. Sagariya, (eds.), Istoriya Abkhazskoi ASSR (1917-1937) (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1983). Anchabadze, Z.V., Ocherki etnicheskoi istorii Abkhazskogo naroda (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1976). Anderson, A., Abkhaziya і Sochi. Korni konflikta. 1918-1921 (Asteroid Publishing, 2014). Argun, A., Ne nado unizhat svanov і mingrelov (grustnye novelty iz real noi zhizni) (Sukhum: No publisher indicated, 2007). Avidzba, V. Sh. ed. Abkhazskyi biograficheskii slovar (Sukhum: AbIGI, 2015). Beria, S., Moi otets Beriya. V koridorakh stalinskoi vlasti (Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002). Bgazhba, Kh., Iz istorii pis’mennosti v Abkhazii (Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1967). Bagapsh, N.V.Etnodemograficheskie protsessy v Sukhume (konets XIX-nachalo XXI w). (Sukhum: AbIGI, 2017). Blauvelt, T., “From Words to Action! Nationality Policy in Soviet Abkhazia (1921-38), in Stephen F. Jones, ed. The Making ofModern Georgia, 1918-2012 (London: Routledge, 2014a), pp. 232-262. Blauvelt, T., “Language Education and Ethnic Resentment in Soviet
Abkhazia, 1939-53,” Ab Imperio, 2020/1 (2020a), pp. 197-219. Blauvelt, T., “Military-Civil Administration and Islam in the North Caucasus, 1858-83,” Kritika, v. 11, n. 2 (Spring 2010), pp. 221-255. Blauvelt, T., “Resistance and Accommodation in the Stalinist Periphery: A Peasant Uprising in Abkhazia,” Ab Imperio, 2020/3 (2012), pp. 78-108. Blauvelt, T., “Status Shift and Mobilizational Sources in the March 1956 Events in Georgia,” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 61, n. 4 (2009), pp. 651-668. Blauvelt, T., “The ‘Mingrelian Question’: Institutional Resources and the Limits of Soviet Nationality Policy,” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 66, n. 6 (August 2014b), pp. 993-1013. Blauvelt, T, “The Caucasus in the Russian Empire,” in Galina M. Yemelainova and Lamence Broers, eds. Routledge Handbook ofthe Caucasus (London: Routledge, 2020b), 107-120. Blauvelt, T, “The Establishment of Soviet Power in Abkhazia: Ethnicity, Contestation and Clientalism in the Revolutionary Periphery,” Revolutionary Russia, v. 27, n. 1 (2014c), pp. 22-46.
240 Bibliography Blauvelt, T., “The March of the Chekists: Beria’s Secret Police Patronage Network and Soviet Crypto-Politics,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, v. 44, ո. 1 (2011), pp. 73-88. Boľshoi terror v Abkhazii (Abkhazskaya ASSR): 1937-1938 gg., 3 volumes, (Council of Europe, 2017). Bukharin, N., “Nastoyashchaya potekha і nastoyashchee muchenie” in Krasnaya nov No. 2,(1921). Chanba, S. Ya., Na puti k soznateľnosti (Stať։, zamekti. 1911-1916 gg) (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1982). Daniels, R.V. “Political Processes and Generational Change,” in Archie Brown, ed. Political Leadership in the Soviet Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), pp. 96-126. Danilov, S., Tragediya Abkhazskogo naroda, originally published in Vestnik Instituta po izucheniiu istorii i kul ’tury (Munich, 1919), and reprinted in Materiały po istorii Abkhazii (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1990). Daushvili, A., “dece’entralizac’iis proc’esebi sak’artveloshi XX saukunis 20-30-ian tslebshe,” kilo, no. 9 (2000). de Waal, T., Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (New York: University Press, 2003). Dzhikh-ogly (Dzhikhashvili), Mušto, Kavkazkoe safari Iosifa Stalina (Moscow: KRONOS, 2003). Dzidzariya, G.A., et al., Bor’ba za Sovetskuiu vlasť v Abkhazii (Sukhumi: Abgosizdat, 1957). Dzidzariya, G.A., et al., Bortsy za Sovetskuyu vlasťv Abkhazii (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1965), Dzidzariya, G.A., et al., Istorila Abkhazskoi ASSR (1917-1937) (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1983). Dzidzariya, G.A., Formirovaniye dorevoliutsionnoi abkhazskoi intelligentsil (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1979). Dzidzariya, G.A., Kiaraz
(Sukhumi: Alashara, 1981). Dzidzariya, G.A., Ocherki istorii Abkhazii. 1910-1921 (Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo, 1963). Easter, G., Reconstructing the State: Personal Networks and Elite Identity in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Fairbanks Jr., C.H. “Clientalism and the Roots of Post-Soviet Disorder,” in Ronald Grigor Suny, ed. Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 341-377. Fairbanks, Jr., C.H., “National Cadres as a Force in the Soviet System: The Evidence of Beria’s Career, 1949-53,” in Jeremy R. Azrael, ed. Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices (NY: Praeger, 1978), pp. 144-188. Filippov, S.G., Territorial’nye rukovoditeli VKP(b) v 1934-1939 (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2016). Fitzpatrick, S., Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). Fitzpatrick, S., Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Forestier-Peyrat, E., “Soviet Federalism at Work: Lessons from the Histoiy of the Transcaucasian Federation, 1923-1936”, Jahrbücher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, v. 65, n. 4 (2017), pp. 529-552.
Bibliography 241 Gamakharia, D. and B. Gogia, Abkhaziya - istoricheskaya oblasť Gruzii (Tbilisi: Agdgoma, 1997). Gerasimov, I., “The Great Imperial Revolution,” Ab Imperio 2, 2017, pp. 21-44. Getty, A., Practicing Stalinism: Bolsheviks, Boyars, and the Persistence of Tradition (Yale: Yale University Press, 2013). Goff, K.A., Nested Nationalism: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020). Gozhba, R. Kh. ed., Abkhaziya ֊ dokumenty i materiały (1917-1921 g.g.) (Sukhumi: GPP “Dom pechati,” 2009). Hewitt, G.B., Discordant Neighbors: A Reassessment of the Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-South Ossetian Conflicts (Leiden: Brill, 2013). Hewitt, G.B., ed., The Abkhazians: A Handbook (Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998), IV S’ezd kommunisticheskoi partii (bol’shevikov) Gruzii. Stenograficheskii otchyot (Tiflis: Zarya vostoka, 1925). Jones, S., ed. The Making ofModem Georgia, 1918-2012: The First Georgian Republic and its Successor (London: Routledge, 2014). Junge, M., and D. Muller, “Nation Building by Terror in Soviet Georgia, 1937-1938,” in Andrej Kotjarchuk and Olle Sundström, eds., Ethnic and Religious Minorities in Stalin s Soviet Union: New Dimensions ofResearch (Stockholm: Sodertoms University (Elanders), 2017), pp. 123-152. Junge, M., В. Bonwetsch and D. Muller, eds. Gruziya v puti. Teni stalinizma (Moscow: AIRO XXI, 2017). Junge, M., Chekisty Stalina: Moshch ’ i besselie (Moscow: AIRO XXI, 2017). Kaiser, C., Lived Nationality: Policy and Practice in Soviet Georgia, 1945-1978. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, 2015. Khalid, A., Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire and Revolution in the Early USSR (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015). Knight, A., Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). Kotkin, S., Stalin: Waitingfor Hitler, 1929-1941 (New York: Penguin Books, 2017). Kuprava, A.E., et al., eds. Uchastniki osvoboditel nogo dvizheniya vAbkhazii. 1917-1921 (Sukhum: Dom pechati, 2007). Kuprava, A.E., Klassovaya bor ba v Abkhazskoi derevne, 1921-1929 (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1984). Lakóba, N.A., “Iskry Otiaber’skoi revoliutsii,” originally published in К istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniya v Abkhazii (Sukhumi, 1922), pp. 21-22, reprinted in I.D. Akhalaia, et al., eds., Revoliutsionnye komitety Abkhazii: Sborník dokumentov i materialov (Sukhumi: Abgosizdat, 1961), p. 3667. Lakóba, N.A., Stat ’i і rechi (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1987). Lakóba, S., “History: 1917—1989,” in George Hewitt, ed. The Abkhazians: A Handbook, (Surrey, UK: Routledge, 1998), pp. 89-101. Lakóba, S., Ocherki istorii Abkhazii (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1990). Lakóba, S., “Ya-Koba, a ty - Lakóba,” in Bol s’ hoi terror v Abkhazii (Abkhazskaya ASSR): 1937-1938, t. 2. (Tbilisi: Council ofEurope), pp. 183-220. Lur’e, L.Ya. and L.I. Malyarov, Lavrentii Beriya. Krovavyi pragmatik. (St Petersburg: BKhB-Peterburg, 2015). Mandel’shtam, N., Vospominaniya (NY: Izdatel’stvo imeni Chekhovaß 1970). Mars, G. and Y. Altman, “The Cultural Bases of Soviet Georgia’s Second Economy,” Soviet Studies, v. 35, n. 4 (1983), pp. 546-560.
242 Bibliography Martin, T., “Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism?” in Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Stalinism: New Directions (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 348-367. Martin, T., Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001). Marykhuba, I. , ed., Abkhazskie pis ma (1947-1989). Sborník dokumentov. (Naľchik: “Eľ-Fa”, 1992). Marykhuba, I., ed., Еўет Eshba (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1997). Medvedev, R., Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences ofStalinism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), Megoran, N., “On Researching ‘Ethnic Conflict’: Epistemology, Politics, and a Central Asian Boundary Dispute,” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 59, n. 2 (2007). Merridale, C., Lenin on the Train (NY: Metropolitan Books, 2017). Muller, D., “Demography,” in G. Hewitt, ed., The Abkhazians: A Handbook (Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998), pp. 218-240. Narodnoe khozyaistvo Abkhazskoi ASSR: Statisticheskii sbomik (Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1973). Natsionaľnaya politika VKP(b) v tsifrakh (Moscow: Izdateľ stvo Kommunisticheskoi Akademii, 1930). Northrop, D., Veiled Empire: Gender Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004). Novikov, V.V., “On logichen v svoikh orientatsiyakh,” Kavkazskii sbomik, v. 8, n. 40 (2014), pp. 288-325. Pipes, R., Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (NY: Vantage Books, 1994). Rayfield, D., Edge ofEmpires: A History of Georgia (London: Reaktion Books, 2012), Rayfield, D., Stalin and his Hangmen (NY: Random House, 2004). Riga, L., The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Roeder, P.G., “Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization,” in Rachel Denber, ed. The Soviet Nationality Reader: Disintegration in Context, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 147-178. Roeder, P.G., Liberalization and ethnic entrepreneurs in the Soviet Successor States, Volume б of Working Paper, (Berkeley, CA: University of California, Center for German and European Studies, 1995). Sablin, L, and A. Semyonov, “Autonomy and Decentralization in the Global Imperial Crisis: The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in 1905-1924,” Modern Intellectual History, v. 17, n. 1 (2020), pp. 543-560. Sagariya, B.E., T.A. Achugba and V.M. Pachuliya, eds. Abkhaziya: Dokumenty svidetel stvuyut (Sukhum: Alashara, 1992). Saparov, A., From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making ofAbkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh (London: Routledge, 2014). Scott, E.R., Familiar Strangers: The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of Soviet Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2016). Semyonov, A., “The Ambiguity of Federalism as a Postimperial Political Vision: Editorial Introduction,” Ab Imperio, 2/2018, pp. 23-30. Shamba, E.K., Potokov rozhdenie (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1966). Shariya, V, Abkhazskaya tragediya (Sukhumi: Self-Published, 1994). Slezkine, Y, “The Soviet Union as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” in Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Stalinism: New Directions (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 313-347.
Bibliography 243 Smith, J., “The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle?” Europe Asia Studies, v. 50, n. 3 (May 1998), pp. 519-544. Smith, J., “Was there a Soviet Nationality Policy?” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 71, n. 6 (2019), pp. 972-993. Sturua, D.G., ed. Ocherki istorii Kommunisticheskoipartii Gruzii, v. 3 (Tbilisi: Sabchota sakartvelo, 1985). Suny, R.G., The Baku Commune, 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). Suny, R.G., The Making of the Georgian Nation, (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994). Suny, R.G., ed. Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996). Tulumdzhyan, A.O., et al., eds., Revoliutsiomye komitety Abkhazii v bor ’be zaystanovlenie i uprochenie Sovetskoi vlasti: (fevr. 1921 g. -fevr. 1922 g.) (Sukhumi: Abgiz, 1961). Vatiin, A., Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin ’s Secret Police (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016). Wälder, A.G., Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986). Weit, C., “A Fatefiil Moment: Ethnic Autonomy and Revolutionary Violence in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921),” in Stephen Jones, ed. The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012 (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 205-231.
Index Abbas-ogly, Adile 206-207, 218 Abkhaz language 106-107, 152, 187, 221-222, 233 Abkhaz nationalism 77, 98, 105-106, 144-145, 147-148, 151-152, 199, 208, 214-215, 228-229 Abkhaz traditional culture 5-8, 144-147, 173-174, 184-185,217 Aghniashvili, P.S. (Georgian TsK official) 34, 40, 58, 163,168-169, 171, 175, 188, 191,210,213 Agrba, Aleksei 56-59, 74, 100,134,142, 162, 194-200, 202-208, 215-217, 219, 220, 225 Agrba, Vasily 16, 22, 24, 26, 30-31, 54, 57, 74-76, 80-82, 197 Agrba, Zakhar (Gudauta dist. Party sec.) 40, 186, 201,206,216-217, 221 Akirtava, Nikolai 28-30, 33-34, 38, 40, 42-44, 49, 56-60, 63, 80-83, 85-87, 89, 94, 117-118, 197 Alaniya, Dmitri (Abkh. Commissar of Finance, dep. head of Sovnarkom) 18, 27-29, 31, 34, 40, 44, 67-70, 73-74, 76-78, 80-81, 86, 105, 162, 216 Alliluyev, Sergei 102 Amas (Amirbekov), A.S. (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 114-118, 120, 129, 131, 134, 148, 156-157, 199 Ampar, Vladimir (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Internal Affairs) 127, 132-133, 137, 150, 152, 156-157, 167,213,216 Appba (Apba), Karamon (Gudauta district Exec. Comm, chairman) 22-23, 74-76, 80, 94 Apsny kapsh (newspaper) 28, 221 Arakelyan, K.K. (Tsebelda region tobacco collective head) 116-117, 120 Argun, Aleksei (writer) 238 Asribekov, E.M. (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 65 Atarbekov, Georgy 9,18, 21-24, 28, 31, 41, 55, 59, 60, 100, 110-112, 121, 122, 199 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 32 Azatyan commission (of ZakTsIK) 68-74, 76-78, 81, 84, 87-88, 93-94, 105, 110 Babel, Isaak 14 Bagirov, Mir Jafar (First Sec. of Azer. Com. Party) 188, 194 Bakhtadze, Nikolai (Nikoloz) 21, 23, 28, 41-44, 54-56,
60, 65, 67-71, 80-94, 97, 98, 105, 131, 181, 199 Baku Commune 23, 36 Baranda, Mikheil (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 220, 221 Başarıya, Simon (scholar, first chairman of APC) 69,214, 221 Batrak (newspaper) 126 Belen’ky, A. (Commandant of the Kremlin) 101 Beniya, Zosim (Abkh. Commissar of Agriculture) 28, 40, 57, 67, 74—76, 80-82, 85-87, 90-94, 96, 97, 106, 107, 127,156, 202 Beria, Lavrenty 59, 80-83, 103-105, 127, 136, 141, 177-178, 181-183, 186, 188-200, 202-205, 210,213-215, 217, 219-222, 226, 228, 229, 233-234, 236 Beria, Sergo 217 Bigvava, Pavel (Kodori district official) 28, 34, 37, 40, 166, 171,174 Borotbysty (Ukraine) 27-28 Bukharin, Nikolai 61, 127
Index Chalmaz, Mikhail (Abkh. Obkom and TsIK member, Commissar for Land Use) 74, 76, 80-81,114,127-128,134, 151, 185-186, 205, 207-212, 214, 216 Chanba, Samson (writer, Abkh. Commissar for Enlightenment, chairman of TsIK, ed. of Apsny kapsh) 16, 27-28, 31, 34, 40, 44, 56, 69-70, 74-76, 80-81, 86-87, 90-94, 103, 130, 211,216,218,219 Chkhenkeli, Akaki 20,35 clientelism 1-5, 10-13, 38-41, 45, 93-94, 99-107, 125, 150, 153, 165-166,177178, 183, 188, 196, 222-231, 234-235 collectivization 162,164, 171-172, 183-188, 192,199,210-212 Constitution of Abkhazia, 1925 66-67, 234, 235, 238 Constitution of the Georgian Democratic Republic 27, 32, 235 Constitution of the USSR, 1924 45, 60, 63,188 Constitution of the USSR, 1936 200, 209, 214 Dameniya (Domeniya), Ermolai (chairman of Sukhum district Exec. Comm.) 18, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 40, 54, 57, 114,125, 136, 152,153,166, 169, 177 Danilov, S. 17, 22, 186 de Waal, Thomas 237, 238 Delba, Mikhail (Abkh. Commissar of Enlightenment, chairman of Supreme Soviet) 205, 209,214, 220 Devdariani, G. (dep. chairman of Georgia RKI) 167, 176 Dvali, Iosef (Tsebelda Party cell member) 116-118, 120 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 12, 99-101 Dzhikhashvili, Memet 206 Dzhikh-ogly, Emdy 206, 218 Dzhikh-ogly, Khamdi (Khemdi) 32, 205 Dzhikh-ogly, Medzhit 206-207, 216 Dzhikh-ogly, Mušto 194, 202, 204-207, 218 Dzidzariya, G. (historian) 19, 26, 233 Easter, Gerald 1 Eliava, Shalva (USSR Dep. Commissar of Foreign Trade) 40, 62, 63, 103 Emukhvari, Nikolai (Nikoloz) 20-21 Eshba, Efrem 9,17-18, 21-25, 28-34, 37-48, 52, 55-60, 62-71, 80, 82, 94, 105, 127, 136, 199, 220,223, 225 245
Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne 236 Gabliya, Mkan 56, 125, 138, 140,158 Gabunia, A.V. (Gali district Party sec., Tsebelda Party cell sec.) 81, 105, 119-121 Gartskiya, Grigory (Grisha) 126,137 Garskiya, Mikhail (Gudauta district Party sec.) 74,125-127,137,140, 150, 152, 155,165, 205, 207, 216 Gelichali, S.Kh. (Ol’ginskoe region tobacco collective head) 116-117, 120 Georgian Constituent Assembly 26-27 Georgian National Council 20 Georgian nationalism 90, 94, 98, 147, 151-152,199, 208, 226, 228-229, 232-235 Georgian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks) 7, 20, 24-7 Gerasimov, Ilya 15 Getty, Arch 236 Ghoghoberidze, Levan (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 102, 127, 152-153, 161, 163 Gobechiya, Maksim (assassinated member of Gudauta district Revkom) 56, 125, 128, 141 Goff, Krista 237 Guliya, Dmitri (writer and scholar) 28 Gunba, Ktit (Gudauta peasant agitator) 167, 177,184 Gutbrod, Hans 238 “imperial imaginary” 5, 11,15, 224 Kadyrov Report 144-150,154, 156, 162, 178, 179 Kady-Zade, ismet 64-65, 77, 80, 84, 88, 92,120, 124-127, 130, 135, 153, 160, 163, 166, 169 Kaganovich, Lazar 189 Kakhiani, Mikheil (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 66-67, 74, 81, 89, 93-94, 124-125, 127, 129, 133,134, 149, 161, 163, 168,216 Kalatozov, Aleksandr (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 68-70, 81-83, 85-86, 111, 199 Kamenev, Lev 68-69 Kardava, Samson (chairman of Merkheuli village Soviet) 22, 23, 40, 111 Karogodskaya, Mariya 29, 33 Kartozia, Samson (chairman of Abkh. TsIK) 45, 49-51, 55-56, 58, 60, 63, 220
246 Index Kartvelishvili, Lavrenty (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 68-70, 85-86, 102 Kavbiuro 30-31, 33, 38-40, 58, 62-63, 99, 224-225 Kavtaradze, Sergei (chairman of Georgian TsIK) 63, 103 Khalid, Adeeb 230,237 Kiaraz 18-20, 22-26, 32, 35, 38-41, 48-50, 56, 125, 127, 140, 153,157, 184-185, 225, 234 Kirov, Sergei 30-32, 125 Kiút, L.A. (Gudauta district Party sec.) 194-196, 205, 208, 216 Knight, Amy 188 Kobakhiya, Dmitri (assassinated Gudauta revolutionary) 17, 19, 76, 125,128, 138-140, 158 Kostanyan, A.A. (Georgian TsK official) 58, 86-88, 93, 97 Kotkin, Stephen 193, 204, 217 Kuibyshev, V.V. 63 Kukhaleishvili, Severian (Sukhum district comm, chair) 8, 21-23, 28-30, 41—42, 60, 213 Ladariya, Vladimir (Secretaiy ofAbkh. Party Obkom) 10, 89, 130, 137, 146, 156,177-178,188-192,194, 196-197, 201,208-216,218 Lakóba (Dzhikh-olgy), Sariya (wife of N. Lakóba) 77, 79, 81, 96, 107,130, 132, 146, 204-207, 218, 220 Lakóba (Grigoliya), Mikhail (Misha) (half-brother of N. Lakóba) 8-9, 12, 30, 32, 40, 44, 56-57, 74-82, 96, 107, 126-128,136, 140, 146, 155,156, 160, 174,205, 207, 209-216 Lakóba, Rauf (son of N. Lakóba) 128, 212, 220 Lakóba, Shakhusna (mother of N. Lakóba) 8, 56, 79, 125, 136-137, 140, 155, 165, 167,177, 218 Lakóba, Stanislav (historian) 37,194, 200-202, 204, 217, 218, 234, 238 Lakóba, Vasily (head of district militsiya) 19-20, 22, 40, 44, 55, 126,127,132, 167, 207,209-210,216,218 Lenin, V.I. 28,37, 99-101,223 Lominadze, V.V. (Beso) (Georgian TsK official) 80, 213 Lordkipanidze, T.I. (Tito) (Transcaucasian GPU official) 129,219 Lur’e, L.Ya. 202,217,219 Makharadze, Pilipe
30, 83, 99-100, 163 Malyarov, L.I. 202, 217, 219 Mandel’shtam, Nadezhda 213 Marganiya, Ivan 27, 29, 31, 34, 40, 50, 53, 69,135,216 Martin, Terry 107, 230, 231 Mdivani, Budu 60, 99-100, 205, 210 Mgeladze, Akaki 221-222,237 Mikhailov (Sanguliya) murder case 22, 28, 125-126, 128, 135-138, 140-141, 146, 150, 155-156, 164, 172-175 Mikoyan, Anastas 193 Mirtskhulava, A.I. (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 220,222 Mirzabekyan Commission 121, 124-141, 144,152, 156-157, 160, 164,166, 170, 172-173, 175 Mogilevsky, S.G. (chairman of Transcaucasian GPU) 100, 122, 199 Molotov, V.M. 12, 102,125, 189-190, 204 Muller, Daniel 14, 220-221, 236-237 Myasnikov, A.F. 122, 199 Nachkebia, N. (Abkh. Commissar of Internal Affairs) 111-112, 115-117, 139, 146, 150,153,157, 164-166, 177 nationality policy 1-5, 39, 45-49, 76-78, 90, 99, 104-107, 148-149, 151, 174, 177-178, 222-235 Nazaretyan, Amayak (head of ZKKK) 30, 40, 71, 102, 121, 124-131, 134, 141, 142, 163, 169, 175-176 Northrop, Douglas 237 Orakhelashvili, Mamia (First Sec. of Zakkraikom) 21, 29, 30, 98, 102-103, 181-182, 188, 216 Orakhelashvili, Maria 181-182 Orjonikidze, Sergo 12, 30-33, 40, 45-46, 59,60, 62-63, 68, 73-74, 80-82, 84-85, 90, 93-94, 97, 99-103,142, 154, 157, 161,163, 175, 177-178,181-183, 188-189, 192-194, 205, 223-226, 228 Pachulia, G. (head of Abkh. NKVD) 204, 235 Pankratov, V.R. 199 patronage see “clientelism” Peredeiy (Deputy AbGPU head) 162-163, 166, 168-169, 171, 174-175 Piliya, Samson (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Internal Affairs, chairman of Gudauta
Index district exec, com.) 18, 22, 35, 40, 74, 79,81, 118, 127,156, 195,216 Polonsky, V.I. 56-59, 182-183 Pravda (newspaper) 154, 184, 193, 203, 205, 219 Pshenitsyn, K.F. (TsK official) 154 Pyatakov, G.L. 209, 213 Rapava, Akvsenti 220 Rasul-zade, A.G. 129, 131-132, 134 Rayfield, Donald 96, 122, 202 “Rif Revolt” incident 62-98, 101, 103-105, 119, 127, 182, 225, 236 Riga, Liliana 15, 237 Rikhter, Zinaida 9-10 Roeder, Phillip 3, 14 Rudzutak, Yan (USSR Commissar for Railways) 102, 189 Rykov, Aleksei (chairman of USSR Sovnarkom) 102,125, 127 Saparov, Arsene 201, 237 Scott, Erik 11 Seisyan, P.A. (Tsebelda Party cell member) 118,120, 209 Semerdzhiev, Konstantin (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Justice, Dep. Prosecutor) 40, 78, 132, 205, 216 Shakryl, K. 233 Shamba, Khadzharat (chairman of Abkh. Higher Court, rep. of Georgian TsKK in Abkh.) 22, 24, 40, 127, 130, 131, 138-140, 142, 152, 156, 185 Shamil, Imam 223 Shanidze, Akaki (linguist) 221 Shcherbinin (Nersesyan), G.M. 47-48, 110-113 Sheripov, Aslanbek 18 Shervashidze, Aleksandr 17-18 Shinkuba, B. 233 Shnirelman, Viktor 237 “Silk ScarfAffair” 129-133, 141, 156, 160, 165, 172-3 Slesarenko, F.I. (worker correspondent) 126, 136, 139, 142, 155 Smith, Jeremy 3, 121 Sovetskaya Abkhaziya (newspaper) 70, 153, 195, 205, 207, 209, 216, 217 Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom) 17 Stalin, I.V. 2, 12, 40, 47, 59, 60, 68-70, 174, 176, 177, 181-183,188, 192-200, 202-204, 206, 210, 213-214, 218, 221-224, 226-230, 234,238 247 Stalinism 2-3,12, 222, 227, 231 Sturua(Vano) commission 163-177, 184, 188 Sturua, Giorgi (Georgian Party official, Secretary
of Abkh. Party Obkom) 67, 85-87, 89-90, 92-94, 103, 114, 117-118,131,136,203,217 Suny, Ronald Grigor 230, 237 Svanidze, Nikolai (Nikoloz) (chairman of Abkh. Party Orgbiuro) 18, 21, 29-31, 37, 40-44 Tarnava, Martyn 18, 32, 40,127-128, 132-134,141,142, 156-160,164-167, 170-175,216 Tarnava, Mikhail 16,18, 25-27, 40, 142, 221 Tkvarchel’stroi coal enterprise 150, 155, 164,172, 208,218 tobacco 54-57, 108-110, 115, 124-125, 155, 183, 189-192, 209-212 Topchyan, Arzuman 109, 111, 113-120, 153 Topchyan, Markoz 109-115, 131, 135, 153 Topchyan, Pogos 109, 115-116, 153 Toroshelidze, Malakia 62,205 Transcaucasian Commissariat 18-20 Transcaucasian District Committee (Zakkraikom) 12,15, 38, 73-74, 80-85, 89, 93,129, 149, 181-182, 189, 197-198,224-225 Transcaucasian Seim 20, 22, 135 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR) 15, 41-^2, 45, 47, 60, 62-63, 66-67, 99-100, 200 Trotsky, L.D. 12, 59, 60, 100-101, 206, 213-214, 223, 234 Trudovaya Abkhaziya (newspaper) 113, 178 Tsaguriya, Mikhail 17,18, 27-29, 31, 33, 40, 50, 52-53, 56, 59, 68, 69 “Tsebelda Affair” 108-121, 125, 135, 147-150, 152-153,160-164, 166,168, 170, 174,177, 178, 222-223 Tseiba, Davit (aka Data aka Pach) (younger half-brother of N. Lakóba) 8, 79, 126, 128, 146 Tseitlin report 109, 114, 150, 153-178, 199,213,226 Tsitlidze, Shalva (chairman of Sukhum district exec, com, member of Abkh. Supreme Court Presidium) 56-59,100, 182 Tskhakaia, Mikha 30, 37, 163
248 Index Ubiriya, Aleksandr (sec. of Kodori district Party committee) 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 50, 53,218 Urushadze, Amberki (Georgian TsK official) 21, 70-71, 73, 74, 95 Vardaniya, Ignaty (Abkh. Commissar of Justice and Prosecutor, chairman of Supreme Court) 22, 24, 28, 40, 57, 74, 76, 79-82, 96, 140, 154, 157-159, 167, 205,216 Voroshilov, Klim 125,182 Vyshinsky, A.Ya. 218 Yagoda, G.G. 100 Yaroslavsky, E.M. (TsKK official) 127, 128, 176 Yezhov, Nikolai 202, 234 Zantariya, Bagrat (Kodori district Party sec., Abkh. Commissar of Enlightenment) 76, 137, 205, 207, 208, 216,217 Zarya vostoka (newspaper) 14, 149, 153, 205 Zeitunyan, Akop 23, 34, 40, 110, 112 Zhuzhunava, V.G. (head ofAbkh. NKVD) 205 Zhvania, Isaak (sec. of Zugdidi raikom) 28,33-34,41, 54, 60, 237,238 Zinoviev, Grigory 10,100 Zvanbaya, Georgy (former prince) 56-57, 74, 78-79, 126 Zvanbaya, Vladimir (rep. of Abkh. in Moscow) 56, 77, 81-82,128, 218 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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Contents Foreword by Ronald Grigor Suny Preface Abbreviations 1 Introduction viii x xiii 1 2 “Kiaraz” and the formation of an early Soviet ethnic leadership cohort 16 3 Consolidating leadership in early Soviet Abkhazia 38 4 The “Rif Revolt” 62 5 Patronage, nationality, and Tsebelda tobacco 99 6 The Mirzabekyan Commission - 1928-1929 124 7 The Deluge-1929-1930 144 8 The changing circumstances of the 1930s 181 9 Lakoba’s final trial 203 10 Identity, contestation, and memory Bibliography Index 220 239 244
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Philadelphia, PA, 2015. Khalid, A., Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire and Revolution in the Early USSR (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015). Knight, A., Beria: Stalin’s First Lieutenant (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). Kotkin, S., Stalin: Waitingfor Hitler, 1929-1941 (New York: Penguin Books, 2017). Kuprava, A.E., et al., eds. Uchastniki osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniya vAbkhazii. 1917-1921 (Sukhum: Dom pechati, 2007). Kuprava, A.E., Klassovaya bor 'ba v Abkhazskoi derevne, 1921-1929 (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1984). Lakóba, N.A., “Iskry Otiaber’skoi revoliutsii,” originally published in К istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniya v Abkhazii (Sukhumi, 1922), pp. 21-22, reprinted in I.D. Akhalaia, et al., eds., Revoliutsionnye komitety Abkhazii: Sborník dokumentov i materialov (Sukhumi: Abgosizdat, 1961), p. 3667. Lakóba, N.A., Stat ’i і rechi (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1987). Lakóba, S., “History: 1917—1989,” in George Hewitt, ed. The Abkhazians: A Handbook, (Surrey, UK: Routledge, 1998), pp. 89-101. Lakóba, S., Ocherki istorii Abkhazii (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1990). Lakóba, S., “Ya-Koba, a ty - Lakóba,” in Bol s’ hoi terror v Abkhazii (Abkhazskaya ASSR): 1937-1938, t. 2. (Tbilisi: Council ofEurope), pp. 183-220. Lur’e, L.Ya. and L.I. Malyarov, Lavrentii Beriya. Krovavyi pragmatik. (St Petersburg: BKhB-Peterburg, 2015). Mandel’shtam, N., Vospominaniya (NY: Izdatel’stvo imeni Chekhovaß 1970). Mars, G. and Y. Altman, “The Cultural Bases of Soviet Georgia’s Second Economy,” Soviet Studies, v. 35, n. 4 (1983), pp. 546-560.
242 Bibliography Martin, T., “Modernization or Neo-Traditionalism?” in Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Stalinism: New Directions (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 348-367. Martin, T., Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001). Marykhuba, I.', ed., Abkhazskie pis'ma (1947-1989). Sborník dokumentov. (Naľchik: “Eľ-Fa”, 1992). Marykhuba, I., ed., Еўет Eshba (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1997). Medvedev, R., Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences ofStalinism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), Megoran, N., “On Researching ‘Ethnic Conflict’: Epistemology, Politics, and a Central Asian Boundary Dispute,” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 59, n. 2 (2007). Merridale, C., Lenin on the Train (NY: Metropolitan Books, 2017). Muller, D., “Demography,” in G. Hewitt, ed., The Abkhazians: A Handbook (Surrey: Curzon Press, 1998), pp. 218-240. Narodnoe khozyaistvo Abkhazskoi ASSR: Statisticheskii sbomik (Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1973). Natsionaľnaya politika VKP(b) v tsifrakh (Moscow: Izdateľ stvo Kommunisticheskoi Akademii, 1930). Northrop, D., Veiled Empire: Gender Power in Stalinist Central Asia (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004). Novikov, V.V., “On logichen v svoikh orientatsiyakh,” Kavkazskii sbomik, v. 8, n. 40 (2014), pp. 288-325. Pipes, R., Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime (NY: Vantage Books, 1994). Rayfield, D., Edge ofEmpires: A History of Georgia (London: Reaktion Books, 2012), Rayfield, D., Stalin and his Hangmen (NY: Random House, 2004). Riga, L., The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012). Roeder, P.G., “Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization,” in Rachel Denber, ed. The Soviet Nationality Reader: Disintegration in Context, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 147-178. Roeder, P.G., Liberalization and ethnic entrepreneurs in the Soviet Successor States, Volume б of Working Paper, (Berkeley, CA: University of California, Center for German and European Studies, 1995). Sablin, L, and A. Semyonov, “Autonomy and Decentralization in the Global Imperial Crisis: The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union in 1905-1924,” Modern Intellectual History, v. 17, n. 1 (2020), pp. 543-560. Sagariya, B.E., T.A. Achugba and V.M. Pachuliya, eds. Abkhaziya: Dokumenty svidetel 'stvuyut (Sukhum: Alashara, 1992). Saparov, A., From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making ofAbkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh (London: Routledge, 2014). Scott, E.R., Familiar Strangers: The Georgian Diaspora and the Evolution of Soviet Empire (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2016). Semyonov, A., “The Ambiguity of Federalism as a Postimperial Political Vision: Editorial Introduction,” Ab Imperio, 2/2018, pp. 23-30. Shamba, E.K., Potokov rozhdenie (Sukhumi: Alashara, 1966). Shariya, V, Abkhazskaya tragediya (Sukhumi: Self-Published, 1994). Slezkine, Y, “The Soviet Union as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” in Sheila Fitzpatrick, ed., Stalinism: New Directions (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 313-347.
Bibliography 243 Smith, J., “The Georgian Affair of 1922. Policy failure, Personality Clash or Power Struggle?” Europe Asia Studies, v. 50, n. 3 (May 1998), pp. 519-544. Smith, J., “Was there a Soviet Nationality Policy?” Europe-Asia Studies, v. 71, n. 6 (2019), pp. 972-993. Sturua, D.G., ed. Ocherki istorii Kommunisticheskoipartii Gruzii, v. 3 (Tbilisi: Sabchota sakartvelo, 1985). Suny, R.G., The Baku Commune, 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). Suny, R.G., The Making of the Georgian Nation, (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994). Suny, R.G., ed. Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1996). Tulumdzhyan, A.O., et al., eds., Revoliutsiomye komitety Abkhazii v bor ’be zaystanovlenie i uprochenie Sovetskoi vlasti: (fevr. 1921 g. -fevr. 1922 g.) (Sukhumi: Abgiz, 1961). Vatiin, A., Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin ’s Secret Police (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016). Wälder, A.G., Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986). Weit, C., “A Fatefiil Moment: Ethnic Autonomy and Revolutionary Violence in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921),” in Stephen Jones, ed. The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012 (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 205-231.
Index Abbas-ogly, Adile 206-207, 218 Abkhaz language 106-107, 152, 187, 221-222, 233 Abkhaz nationalism 77, 98, 105-106, 144-145, 147-148, 151-152, 199, 208, 214-215, 228-229 Abkhaz traditional culture 5-8, 144-147, 173-174, 184-185,217 Aghniashvili, P.S. (Georgian TsK official) 34, 40, 58, 163,168-169, 171, 175, 188, 191,210,213 Agrba, Aleksei 56-59, 74, 100,134,142, 162, 194-200, 202-208, 215-217, 219, 220, 225 Agrba, Vasily 16, 22, 24, 26, 30-31, 54, 57, 74-76, 80-82, 197 Agrba, Zakhar (Gudauta dist. Party sec.) 40, 186, 201,206,216-217, 221 Akirtava, Nikolai 28-30, 33-34, 38, 40, 42-44, 49, 56-60, 63, 80-83, 85-87, 89, 94, 117-118, 197 Alaniya, Dmitri (Abkh. Commissar of Finance, dep. head of Sovnarkom) 18, 27-29, 31, 34, 40, 44, 67-70, 73-74, 76-78, 80-81, 86, 105, 162, 216 Alliluyev, Sergei 102 Amas (Amirbekov), A.S. (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 114-118, 120, 129, 131, 134, 148, 156-157, 199 Ampar, Vladimir (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Internal Affairs) 127, 132-133, 137, 150, 152, 156-157, 167,213,216 Appba (Apba), Karamon (Gudauta district Exec. Comm, chairman) 22-23, 74-76, 80, 94 Apsny kapsh (newspaper) 28, 221 Arakelyan, K.K. (Tsebelda region tobacco collective head) 116-117, 120 Argun, Aleksei (writer) 238 Asribekov, E.M. (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 65 Atarbekov, Georgy 9,18, 21-24, 28, 31, 41, 55, 59, 60, 100, 110-112, 121, 122, 199 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 32 Azatyan commission (of ZakTsIK) 68-74, 76-78, 81, 84, 87-88, 93-94, 105, 110 Babel, Isaak 14 Bagirov, Mir Jafar (First Sec. of Azer. Com. Party) 188, 194 Bakhtadze, Nikolai (Nikoloz) 21, 23, 28, 41-44, 54-56,
60, 65, 67-71, 80-94, 97, 98, 105, 131, 181, 199 Baku Commune 23, 36 Baranda, Mikheil (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 220, 221 Başarıya, Simon (scholar, first chairman of APC) 69,214, 221 Batrak (newspaper) 126 Belen’ky, A. (Commandant of the Kremlin) 101 Beniya, Zosim (Abkh. Commissar of Agriculture) 28, 40, 57, 67, 74—76, 80-82, 85-87, 90-94, 96, 97, 106, 107, 127,156, 202 Beria, Lavrenty 59, 80-83, 103-105, 127, 136, 141, 177-178, 181-183, 186, 188-200, 202-205, 210,213-215, 217, 219-222, 226, 228, 229, 233-234, 236 Beria, Sergo 217 Bigvava, Pavel (Kodori district official) 28, 34, 37, 40, 166, 171,174 Borotbysty (Ukraine) 27-28 Bukharin, Nikolai 61, 127
Index Chalmaz, Mikhail (Abkh. Obkom and TsIK member, Commissar for Land Use) 74, 76, 80-81,114,127-128,134, 151, 185-186, 205, 207-212, 214, 216 Chanba, Samson (writer, Abkh. Commissar for Enlightenment, chairman of TsIK, ed. of Apsny kapsh) 16, 27-28, 31, 34, 40, 44, 56, 69-70, 74-76, 80-81, 86-87, 90-94, 103, 130, 211,216,218,219 Chkhenkeli, Akaki 20,35 clientelism 1-5, 10-13, 38-41, 45, 93-94, 99-107, 125, 150, 153, 165-166,177178, 183, 188, 196, 222-231, 234-235 collectivization 162,164, 171-172, 183-188, 192,199,210-212 Constitution of Abkhazia, 1925 66-67, 234, 235, 238 Constitution of the Georgian Democratic Republic 27, 32, 235 Constitution of the USSR, 1924 45, 60, 63,188 Constitution of the USSR, 1936 200, 209, 214 Dameniya (Domeniya), Ermolai (chairman of Sukhum district Exec. Comm.) 18, 22, 23, 28, 30, 32, 40, 54, 57, 114,125, 136, 152,153,166, 169, 177 Danilov, S. 17, 22, 186 de Waal, Thomas 237, 238 Delba, Mikhail (Abkh. Commissar of Enlightenment, chairman of Supreme Soviet) 205, 209,214, 220 Devdariani, G. (dep. chairman of Georgia RKI) 167, 176 Dvali, Iosef (Tsebelda Party cell member) 116-118, 120 Dzerzhinsky, Felix 12, 99-101 Dzhikhashvili, Memet 206 Dzhikh-ogly, Emdy 206, 218 Dzhikh-ogly, Khamdi (Khemdi) 32, 205 Dzhikh-ogly, Medzhit 206-207, 216 Dzhikh-ogly, Mušto 194, 202, 204-207, 218 Dzidzariya, G. (historian) 19, 26, 233 Easter, Gerald 1 Eliava, Shalva (USSR Dep. Commissar of Foreign Trade) 40, 62, 63, 103 Emukhvari, Nikolai (Nikoloz) 20-21 Eshba, Efrem 9,17-18, 21-25, 28-34, 37-48, 52, 55-60, 62-71, 80, 82, 94, 105, 127, 136, 199, 220,223, 225 245
Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne 236 Gabliya, Mkan 56, 125, 138, 140,158 Gabunia, A.V. (Gali district Party sec., Tsebelda Party cell sec.) 81, 105, 119-121 Gartskiya, Grigory (Grisha) 126,137 Garskiya, Mikhail (Gudauta district Party sec.) 74,125-127,137,140, 150, 152, 155,165, 205, 207, 216 Gelichali, S.Kh. (Ol’ginskoe region tobacco collective head) 116-117, 120 Georgian Constituent Assembly 26-27 Georgian National Council 20 Georgian nationalism 90, 94, 98, 147, 151-152,199, 208, 226, 228-229, 232-235 Georgian Social Democratic Party (Mensheviks) 7, 20, 24-7 Gerasimov, Ilya 15 Getty, Arch 236 Ghoghoberidze, Levan (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 102, 127, 152-153, 161, 163 Gobechiya, Maksim (assassinated member of Gudauta district Revkom) 56, 125, 128, 141 Goff, Krista 237 Guliya, Dmitri (writer and scholar) 28 Gunba, Ktit (Gudauta peasant agitator) 167, 177,184 Gutbrod, Hans 238 “imperial imaginary” 5, 11,15, 224 Kadyrov Report 144-150,154, 156, 162, 178, 179 Kady-Zade, ismet 64-65, 77, 80, 84, 88, 92,120, 124-127, 130, 135, 153, 160, 163, 166, 169 Kaganovich, Lazar 189 Kakhiani, Mikheil (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 66-67, 74, 81, 89, 93-94, 124-125, 127, 129, 133,134, 149, 161, 163, 168,216 Kalatozov, Aleksandr (Sec. of Abkh. Party Obkom) 68-70, 81-83, 85-86, 111, 199 Kamenev, Lev 68-69 Kardava, Samson (chairman of Merkheuli village Soviet) 22, 23, 40, 111 Karogodskaya, Mariya 29, 33 Kartozia, Samson (chairman of Abkh. TsIK) 45, 49-51, 55-56, 58, 60, 63, 220
246 Index Kartvelishvili, Lavrenty (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 68-70, 85-86, 102 Kavbiuro 30-31, 33, 38-40, 58, 62-63, 99, 224-225 Kavtaradze, Sergei (chairman of Georgian TsIK) 63, 103 Khalid, Adeeb 230,237 Kiaraz 18-20, 22-26, 32, 35, 38-41, 48-50, 56, 125, 127, 140, 153,157, 184-185, 225, 234 Kirov, Sergei 30-32, 125 Kiút, L.A. (Gudauta district Party sec.) 194-196, 205, 208, 216 Knight, Amy 188 Kobakhiya, Dmitri (assassinated Gudauta revolutionary) 17, 19, 76, 125,128, 138-140, 158 Kostanyan, A.A. (Georgian TsK official) 58, 86-88, 93, 97 Kotkin, Stephen 193, 204, 217 Kuibyshev, V.V. 63 Kukhaleishvili, Severian (Sukhum district comm, chair) 8, 21-23, 28-30, 41—42, 60, 213 Ladariya, Vladimir (Secretaiy ofAbkh. Party Obkom) 10, 89, 130, 137, 146, 156,177-178,188-192,194, 196-197, 201,208-216,218 Lakóba (Dzhikh-olgy), Sariya (wife of N. Lakóba) 77, 79, 81, 96, 107,130, 132, 146, 204-207, 218, 220 Lakóba (Grigoliya), Mikhail (Misha) (half-brother of N. Lakóba) 8-9, 12, 30, 32, 40, 44, 56-57, 74-82, 96, 107, 126-128,136, 140, 146, 155,156, 160, 174,205, 207, 209-216 Lakóba, Rauf (son of N. Lakóba) 128, 212, 220 Lakóba, Shakhusna (mother of N. Lakóba) 8, 56, 79, 125, 136-137, 140, 155, 165, 167,177, 218 Lakóba, Stanislav (historian) 37,194, 200-202, 204, 217, 218, 234, 238 Lakóba, Vasily (head of district militsiya) 19-20, 22, 40, 44, 55, 126,127,132, 167, 207,209-210,216,218 Lenin, V.I. 28,37, 99-101,223 Lominadze, V.V. (Beso) (Georgian TsK official) 80, 213 Lordkipanidze, T.I. (Tito) (Transcaucasian GPU official) 129,219 Lur’e, L.Ya. 202,217,219 Makharadze, Pilipe
30, 83, 99-100, 163 Malyarov, L.I. 202, 217, 219 Mandel’shtam, Nadezhda 213 Marganiya, Ivan 27, 29, 31, 34, 40, 50, 53, 69,135,216 Martin, Terry 107, 230, 231 Mdivani, Budu 60, 99-100, 205, 210 Mgeladze, Akaki 221-222,237 Mikhailov (Sanguliya) murder case 22, 28, 125-126, 128, 135-138, 140-141, 146, 150, 155-156, 164, 172-175 Mikoyan, Anastas 193 Mirtskhulava, A.I. (First Sec. of Georgian Com. Party) 220,222 Mirzabekyan Commission 121, 124-141, 144,152, 156-157, 160, 164,166, 170, 172-173, 175 Mogilevsky, S.G. (chairman of Transcaucasian GPU) 100, 122, 199 Molotov, V.M. 12, 102,125, 189-190, 204 Muller, Daniel 14, 220-221, 236-237 Myasnikov, A.F. 122, 199 Nachkebia, N. (Abkh. Commissar of Internal Affairs) 111-112, 115-117, 139, 146, 150,153,157, 164-166, 177 nationality policy 1-5, 39, 45-49, 76-78, 90, 99, 104-107, 148-149, 151, 174, 177-178, 222-235 Nazaretyan, Amayak (head of ZKKK) 30, 40, 71, 102, 121, 124-131, 134, 141, 142, 163, 169, 175-176 Northrop, Douglas 237 Orakhelashvili, Mamia (First Sec. of Zakkraikom) 21, 29, 30, 98, 102-103, 181-182, 188, 216 Orakhelashvili, Maria 181-182 Orjonikidze, Sergo 12, 30-33, 40, 45-46, 59,60, 62-63, 68, 73-74, 80-82, 84-85, 90, 93-94, 97, 99-103,142, 154, 157, 161,163, 175, 177-178,181-183, 188-189, 192-194, 205, 223-226, 228 Pachulia, G. (head of Abkh. NKVD) 204, 235 Pankratov, V.R. 199 patronage see “clientelism” Peredeiy (Deputy AbGPU head) 162-163, 166, 168-169, 171, 174-175 Piliya, Samson (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Internal Affairs, chairman of Gudauta
Index district exec, com.) 18, 22, 35, 40, 74, 79,81, 118, 127,156, 195,216 Polonsky, V.I. 56-59, 182-183 Pravda (newspaper) 154, 184, 193, 203, 205, 219 Pshenitsyn, K.F. (TsK official) 154 Pyatakov, G.L. 209, 213 Rapava, Akvsenti 220 Rasul-zade, A.G. 129, 131-132, 134 Rayfield, Donald 96, 122, 202 “Rif Revolt” incident 62-98, 101, 103-105, 119, 127, 182, 225, 236 Riga, Liliana 15, 237 Rikhter, Zinaida 9-10 Roeder, Phillip 3, 14 Rudzutak, Yan (USSR Commissar for Railways) 102, 189 Rykov, Aleksei (chairman of USSR Sovnarkom) 102,125, 127 Saparov, Arsene 201, 237 Scott, Erik 11 Seisyan, P.A. (Tsebelda Party cell member) 118,120, 209 Semerdzhiev, Konstantin (Abkh. Dep. Commissar of Justice, Dep. Prosecutor) 40, 78, 132, 205, 216 Shakryl, K. 233 Shamba, Khadzharat (chairman of Abkh. Higher Court, rep. of Georgian TsKK in Abkh.) 22, 24, 40, 127, 130, 131, 138-140, 142, 152, 156, 185 Shamil, Imam 223 Shanidze, Akaki (linguist) 221 Shcherbinin (Nersesyan), G.M. 47-48, 110-113 Sheripov, Aslanbek 18 Shervashidze, Aleksandr 17-18 Shinkuba, B. 233 Shnirelman, Viktor 237 “Silk ScarfAffair” 129-133, 141, 156, 160, 165, 172-3 Slesarenko, F.I. (worker correspondent) 126, 136, 139, 142, 155 Smith, Jeremy 3, 121 Sovetskaya Abkhaziya (newspaper) 70, 153, 195, 205, 207, 209, 216, 217 Special Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom) 17 Stalin, I.V. 2, 12, 40, 47, 59, 60, 68-70, 174, 176, 177, 181-183,188, 192-200, 202-204, 206, 210, 213-214, 218, 221-224, 226-230, 234,238 247 Stalinism 2-3,12, 222, 227, 231 Sturua(Vano) commission 163-177, 184, 188 Sturua, Giorgi (Georgian Party official, Secretary
of Abkh. Party Obkom) 67, 85-87, 89-90, 92-94, 103, 114, 117-118,131,136,203,217 Suny, Ronald Grigor 230, 237 Svanidze, Nikolai (Nikoloz) (chairman of Abkh. Party Orgbiuro) 18, 21, 29-31, 37, 40-44 Tarnava, Martyn 18, 32, 40,127-128, 132-134,141,142, 156-160,164-167, 170-175,216 Tarnava, Mikhail 16,18, 25-27, 40, 142, 221 Tkvarchel’stroi coal enterprise 150, 155, 164,172, 208,218 tobacco 54-57, 108-110, 115, 124-125, 155, 183, 189-192, 209-212 Topchyan, Arzuman 109, 111, 113-120, 153 Topchyan, Markoz 109-115, 131, 135, 153 Topchyan, Pogos 109, 115-116, 153 Toroshelidze, Malakia 62,205 Transcaucasian Commissariat 18-20 Transcaucasian District Committee (Zakkraikom) 12,15, 38, 73-74, 80-85, 89, 93,129, 149, 181-182, 189, 197-198,224-225 Transcaucasian Seim 20, 22, 135 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (ZSFSR) 15, 41-^2, 45, 47, 60, 62-63, 66-67, 99-100, 200 Trotsky, L.D. 12, 59, 60, 100-101, 206, 213-214, 223, 234 Trudovaya Abkhaziya (newspaper) 113, 178 Tsaguriya, Mikhail 17,18, 27-29, 31, 33, 40, 50, 52-53, 56, 59, 68, 69 “Tsebelda Affair” 108-121, 125, 135, 147-150, 152-153,160-164, 166,168, 170, 174,177, 178, 222-223 Tseiba, Davit (aka Data aka Pach) (younger half-brother of N. Lakóba) 8, 79, 126, 128, 146 Tseitlin report 109, 114, 150, 153-178, 199,213,226 Tsitlidze, Shalva (chairman of Sukhum district exec, com, member of Abkh. Supreme Court Presidium) 56-59,100, 182 Tskhakaia, Mikha 30, 37, 163
248 Index Ubiriya, Aleksandr (sec. of Kodori district Party committee) 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 50, 53,218 Urushadze, Amberki (Georgian TsK official) 21, 70-71, 73, 74, 95 Vardaniya, Ignaty (Abkh. Commissar of Justice and Prosecutor, chairman of Supreme Court) 22, 24, 28, 40, 57, 74, 76, 79-82, 96, 140, 154, 157-159, 167, 205,216 Voroshilov, Klim 125,182 Vyshinsky, A.Ya. 218 Yagoda, G.G. 100 Yaroslavsky, E.M. (TsKK official) 127, 128, 176 Yezhov, Nikolai 202, 234 Zantariya, Bagrat (Kodori district Party sec., Abkh. Commissar of Enlightenment) 76, 137, 205, 207, 208, 216,217 Zarya vostoka (newspaper) 14, 149, 153, 205 Zeitunyan, Akop 23, 34, 40, 110, 112 Zhuzhunava, V.G. (head ofAbkh. NKVD) 205 Zhvania, Isaak (sec. of Zugdidi raikom) 28,33-34,41, 54, 60, 237,238 Zinoviev, Grigory 10,100 Zvanbaya, Georgy (former prince) 56-57, 74, 78-79, 126 Zvanbaya, Vladimir (rep. of Abkh. in Moscow) 56, 77, 81-82,128, 218 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Abchasien (DE-588)4084629-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Abchasien |
| id | DE-604.BV047336702 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:32:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:09:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032010007 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032739203 |
| oclc_num | 1261744974 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xiv, 248 Seiten Illustration, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20211029 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history |
| series2 | Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history |
| spelling | Blauvelt, Timothy K. Verfasser (DE-588)115234448X aut Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba Timothy K. Blauvelt London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2021 xiv, 248 Seiten Illustration, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history 2 Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovič 1893-1936 (DE-588)1244511323 gnd rswk-swf Klientelismus (DE-588)4323377-6 gnd rswk-swf Abchasien (DE-588)4084629-5 gnd rswk-swf Lakoba, N. A. / (Nestor Apollonovich) / 1893-1936 Abkhazia (Georgia) / Politics and government / 20th century Abkhazia (Georgia) / History / 20th century Political corruption / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / History / 20th century Communists / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / Biography Trials (Misconduct in office) / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / History / 20th century Ethnicity / Political aspects / Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia / History / 20th century Communists Ethnicity / Political aspects Political corruption Politics and government Trials (Misconduct in office) Georgia (Republic) / Abkhazia 1900-1999 Biographies History Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovič 1893-1936 (DE-588)1244511323 p Abchasien (DE-588)4084629-5 g Klientelismus (DE-588)4323377-6 s DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-01002-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-003-17672-5 Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history 2 (DE-604)BV047074322 2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Blauvelt, Timothy K. Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba Imperial transformations - Russian, Soviet and post-Soviet history Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovič 1893-1936 (DE-588)1244511323 gnd Klientelismus (DE-588)4323377-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1244511323 (DE-588)4323377-6 (DE-588)4084629-5 |
| title | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba |
| title_auth | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba |
| title_exact_search | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba |
| title_full | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba Timothy K. Blauvelt |
| title_fullStr | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba Timothy K. Blauvelt |
| title_full_unstemmed | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom the trials of Nestor Lakoba Timothy K. Blauvelt |
| title_short | Clientelism and nationality in an early Soviet fiefdom |
| title_sort | clientelism and nationality in an early soviet fiefdom the trials of nestor lakoba |
| title_sub | the trials of Nestor Lakoba |
| topic | Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovič 1893-1936 (DE-588)1244511323 gnd Klientelismus (DE-588)4323377-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lakoba, Nestor Apollonovič 1893-1936 Klientelismus Abchasien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032739203&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV047074322 |
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