Revealing schemes: the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York
Oxford University Press
2021
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 244 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780197573549 9780197573532 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents ListofFigures List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments vii ix xi Introduction: Conspiracy Claims after Communism 1 1. Of Power and Peril: Conspiracy Claims as Fighting Words 12 2. Traumas and Tyranny? The Long-Term and Proximate Roots of Conspiracism 28 3. The Lay of the Land: What 20 Years of Post-Soviet Conspiracy Claims Tell Us 44 4. Connecting the Dots: Patterns of Conspiracism in Post-Soviet Politics ՛ 5. The Emergence and Ascendancy of Conspiracism in Russia 67 84 6. Shadowy Deeds in Russia’s Shadow: Conspiracy Claims in Four Countries 110 7. The Consequences of Conspiracism: What People Believe and Why 131 8. Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy 153 9. Disaffection, Disinformation, and Democracy 173 Appendix Notes Index 189 201 237
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t andƒ following the page number Abkhazia (separatist region in Georgia), 65-66, 115,133-34 Abramovich, Roman, 60-61 Ajara (autonomous region in Georgia), 62,65-66 Akaev, Askar, 62, Sir, 110-11,112-14 Aliev, Heydar, 80,129-30 Aliev, Ilham, 80 Andijan protests (Uzbekistan, 2005), 42,62-63, 69f, 83ƒ Andropov, Yuri, 59 Applebaum, Anne, 107 Armenia authoritarianism in, 26,36,37f, 78f 79f Azerbaijan and, 38,75 conspiracism in, 26,47/ 48f, 49/, 78f 79f 80f, 192ƒ Russia and, 6,73-74,75 Asian Financial Crisis (1997-98), 23,40,69/, 721,83ƒ Aslakhanov, Aslambek, 101 Atambaev, Almazbek, 8 It Azerbaijan Aliev ruling family in, 38,80 Armenia and, 38,75 authoritarianism in, 36,371,78/ 79f 7980,129 conspiracism and, 26,47/, 48/, 49f 69f, 7375,78/, 79f 79-80,80/ 192ƒ elections and failed revolution (2005) in, 42, 69/, 83/ Russia and, 73-75 Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 81f, 114-15 Baltic states, 6,24,36,40,47/, 94/, 132 Belarus authoritarianism in, 36,37f, 78f 79f, 111, 112f, 125-26,127/, 127-28,129 conspiracism in, 26,47f, 48f, 49f, 69fi 721,7476,77f 78f, 79/, 80/, 80-81,81t, 111-12, U2t, 113/, 125-28,129,177-78,192ƒ elections (2001) in, 126 elections (2006) in, 42,62,69/, 72f, 73, 83f 126-27 elections (2020) in, 129-30,177-78 Russia and, 6,24,73-76,77/, 111-12,112Í, 113/177 Benghazi terrorist attack (Libya, 2012), 182 Berdimukhammedov, Gurbanguly, 80 Berezovsky, Boris, 54,60-61,65,117 Beslan terrorist attack (Russia, 2004)
conspiracy theories related to, 69f 83f 83,85, 86Í, 100-2,122 primary school as target of, 41,99100,101-2 Putin and, 86i, 100-2 Biden, Hunter, 183-84 Biden, Joe, 183-84 Bolotnaya protests (Russia, 2011-12), 1-2,42, 69/83/88-89 Bolshevik movement, 13,31 Brazil, 186 Brezhnev, Leonid, 12,33 Burjanadze, Nino, 81r Bush, George W., 100,133-34 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, United States) “Dulles Plan” conspiracy and, 59 Euromaidan protest conspiracy theories and, 124-25 Gorbachev as subject of conspiracy theories regarding, xi, 137-38,139/ 139,140,141/ Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 57,60 Chavez, Hugo, 12,14-15,84 Chechnya apartment building bombings (1999) and, 44,60-61 assassinations in, 41 conspiracism and, 41,44,62-63,64,65,69/ 83/100-1 constitution (2003) of, 99
238 INDEX Chechnya (cont.) First Chechen War (1994-96) and, 40, 41,65,97 Georgia and, 65,99,116-17 Islamism and, 62-63,65 Ryazan apartment incident (1999), 41,44, 69/ 83f Second Chechen War (1999-2009) and, 41, 44,60-61,65,69fi 83f 88,99,100-1 terrorism as aspect of conflict in, 36-37,41, 44,64,99-100 Cheka (Soviet spy services), 31. See also KGB (Soviet spy services) China, 18,19,133,155,160,165,187 Chubais, Anatoly, 60,861,96-98 Churchill, Winston, 32 Clinton, Bill, 39-41 Clinton, Hillary, 1-2,182-85 Cold War, 3-4,5-6,28,31-32,181 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 134 Communist Party (Russia), 40,63-64,86-87, 103-4. See also Zyuganov, Gennady Communist Party (Soviet Union), 14,36-37 conspiracism abuse of power accusations and, 53f, 54-55 accuser categories and, 49-50,50/, 72-73 alternatives to, 32-34 authoritarian regimes and, 4,9,12,14-15, 19-20,21,25-26,61,63,77-80,78f 79/ 80/92-93,175 collusion and, 53Ѓ, 55,63,124/ cynicism toward government produced by, 132,153,154-70 definitional qualities of, 8-9 democratic regimes and, 5,6-7,9-10,12, 15,25-26,61,63-64,77-80,78f 79/ 80f 175,185-86 effectiveness of, 131,142-49,152 false flag attacks and, 53-54,53r, 64, 126-27 geopolitical signaling and, 73-76 goals of, 52 gray zones and, 58,64-66 history of national traumas and, 29-30,43 hybrid regimes and, 20-21,26,128-29,175 kompromat and, 54,183 metaphorical violence and, 53f, 55 Middle East and, 12-13,30,46-49,47/ 49/ perpetrator categories and, 51/51 political participation levels among believers in, 131-32,149-51,151/ political polarization and, 5,10,21,175,181 political
rivalries and, 60-61,70-71 political uncertainty and, 4-5,14-16,18, 20-21,25-26 potential hazards associated with, 22-23 propaganda and, 13-14 provocation and, 55,61-62,65-66,70-71 public spectacles and, 53f, 54,62,63 setups and, 53f, 54,63 signaling function of, 17,21-22,73-76,14647,175-76,187 sporadic official conspiracism and, 26, 111.129-30 “street events” and, 163-66 suspicious character of events cited in, 56, 63,64,176 sustained official conspiracism and, 21-22, 26.85.129-30,134-35 unattributed violence and, 53,53t, 63 Covid-19 pandemic, 3,177,187 Crimea conspiracism regarding, 134-35,169-70 propaganda in Russia regarding, 106-8 Putin and, 88-89,107,177 Russian nationalists in, 123 Russia’s annexation (2014) of, 43,87,88-89, 107-8,160 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in, 106 United States and, 169-70 Czechoslovakia, 59 Dayton Accords (1995), 40-41,69/83/ Democratic National Committee hacking (United States, 2016), 182-83,184 Democratic Party (United States), 23,182-84 Dudayev, Zhokar, 34,69/ 72t, 83f Dugin, Alexander, 101,106 “Dulles Plan,” 59 Dzhemilev, Mustafa, 123 Egypt, 14-15 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 2,168,178-80 Eurasian Economic Union, 134 Ęuromaidan protests (Ukraine, 2014) conspiracy theories regarding, 62,69/ 72f, 73,83/ 83,84-85, 86f, 104-8,120,123-25, 124/ 125r, 134-35,140 European Union and, 123-25 fascism accusations regarding, 1,106,12425,140 foreign intervention accusations regarding, 106,123-25,124/ 125f, 140 Putin and, 84,105 United States and, 8,140 Yanukovych and, 1,123-25
INDEX European Union Baltic states and, 36 Euromaidan protests (Ukraine, 2014) and, 123-25 Georgia and, 133-34,139,162 LGBT rights and, 162 Spain and, 29 Ukraine and, 43,104-5,106,119-20,121-22 false flag attacks, 53-54,53f, 64,126-27 “fifth columns” Belarus and, 126-27 definition of, 51 Kazakhstan and, 169 Putin Era accusations regarding, 90-92,91ƒ Russia’s involvement in Eurasia and, 58 Russia’s presidential election of 1996 and, 55 Soviet Union and, 31-32,58-59 Trump and, 183 Ukraine and, 123-24 First Chechen War (1994-96), 40,41,65,97 Freemasons. See Masons FSB (Russian security services), 41,44,97,117 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 164 Garibashvili, Irakli, 118 Gates, Bill, 187 Georgia anti-LGBT attitudes in, 146,162-63 Chechnya and, 65,99,116-17 conspiracism in, 46-49,47/, 48/ 49/, 59-60, 62,65-66,75-76,77f 79-81,80/, 8lí, 111, 112,112Í, 113/, 115-19,129,132,136-37, 136f, 137/, 138-39,140,141/, 142,143-51, 145f 148/, 151/, 153-70,192f cynicism toward government in, 154-70 elections (2000) in, 117 elections (2012) in, 118 European Union and, 133-34,139,162 foreign policy alignments of, 6,7-8,24,7374,111-12,112Í, 115,117,119,133-34 hybrid nature of regime in, 6,26,36,37t, 7980,111,112í, 119,129,132 independence (1991) of, 133-34 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110,139 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 43, 75,93,133-34 Putin as subject of conspiracy theories in, 62,117 Rose Revolution (2003) in, 2,42, 57,69/ 72t, 99,102-3,117,139,164-65 Russian television news in, 140,141/ 239 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 72 f, 73,74/74-75,93,94/96/ Russia’s
invasion (2008) of, 55,65-66,69/ 71-73,72Í, 83/87,93,118,128,133-34 separatist regions of, 24,38,62,6566,115-16 social and political participation levels in, 149-51,150í, 151/ Soros and, 2,62,162-63 United States and, 139,159-60,161,165 Georgian Dream political party, 118, 133-34 Germany, 14,23,159,163,185 Gezi Park protests (Turkey, 2013), 179 global warming, 14,137-38,139/ 141/ Goebbels, Joseph, 1-2 Golos (election monitoring group), 62 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xi, 40,137-38,139/ 139, 140,141/ Gore, Al, 54 Grachev, Pavel, 98 Gryzlov, Boris, 104 Gülen, Fethullah, 168,179-80 Hezb-e Tahrir, 62-63 Hitler, Adolf, 14,64,158 Hungary, 2,178 Hussein, Saddam, 14-15,84 Illuminati, 52 India, 186 information operations, 53f, 54,63 Ioffe, Julia, 107 Iraq, 14-15,84,100 ISIS, 165-66 Israel, 101 Ivanishvili, Bidzina, 118,160-61,171 Ivashev, Leonid, 101 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 162,163 Jews contemporary conspiracy theories in Eurasia regarding, 94/ 138,139/ 141/ Nazi conspiracy theories regarding, 34,14,23 Protocols of the Elders ofZion and, 5-6,23 Russian anti-Semitism and, 5-6,59,140 Stalin’s conspiracy theories regarding, 14,31-32 Turkey and, 179 John Birch Society, 181 Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey), 178-80
240 INDEX Kaczyński, Lech, 59-60 Kadyrov, Ahmed, 41,69/, 72t, 83ƒ Kadyrov, Ramzan, 41 Karimov, Islam, 42,62-63,80 Kazakhstan anti-LGBT attitudes in, 146 authoritarianism in, 7-8,36,37i,78f, 79f, 79-80,132-33,156 China and, 133,155,160,165 “color revolutions” in Eurasia and, 164 conspiracism in, 47/, 48/, 49/, 78f 79ƒ, 79-80, 80/, 136-37,136f, 137/, 138-39,140-51, 141/ 145/, 148/, 151/ 153-70,192/ corruption in, 155 cynicism toward government in, 154-70 economic development in, 132-33 ethnic Russians in, 140-42,141/ 143,154 Russia and, 6,7-8,24,73-74,134,160,164 Russian television news in, 140-42,I41f, 143,169 social and political participation levels in, 149-51,150í, 151/ terrorist attacks in, 166 United States and, 160,169 Kennan, George, 28-29,31 Kennedy, John E, xi, 42 KGB (Soviet spy services), 16-17,33,38-39,59 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 41,69/ 70/, 83f Khrushchev, Nikita, 33,123 Klyuyev, Andriy, 125f Kokoity, Eduard, 81 ŕ kompromat (compromising material), , 54,183 Korzhakov, Alexander, 96-97 Kosovo, 40-41,43,69f, 72i,83f Kuchma, Leonid, 8Ц, 102-3,120,122 Kulov, Felix, 2,61 Kursk nuclear submarine disaster (Russia, 2000), 41,69/, 72f, 83/102 Kyrgyzstan conspiracism in, 46-49,47/ 48/ 49/ 62,7476,77f 78/, 79f 79-81,80/, 81í, 110-15, 112Í, 113/ 127/127-29,192f election (2005) in, 112-14 ethnic clashes (2010) in, 114-15,128 hybrid nature of regime in, 26,36,37i,78f, 79f, 79-80,112í, 129 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110 regime change (2010) in, 42 Russia and, 74-76,111-12,112Í, 113/114-15 Tajikistan and, 114-15 Tulip Revolution (2005) in, 42,69f 72i,73, 83/,
112-14 United States and, 74-75,114-15 Uzbekistan and, 2 Lavrov, Sergei, 106 Lebed, Alexander, 86i, 98 Lenin, Vladimir, 13 Leontyev, Mikhail, 101 LGBT rights, 88-89,146-48,148/ 162-63 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 87 Libya, 24,182 Litvinenko, Alexander, 8 Lopota incident (Georgia, 2012), 118 Lukashenko, Alexander, 80-81,81i, 116,126֊ 28,129-30,177-78 Luzhkov, Yuri, 97-98 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 32 Maddow, Rachel, 183 Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 downing (2014), 84,105,106-7,140,184-85 Markov, Sergey, 62,103 Masons contemporary conspiracy theories regarding, 137-38,139/ 141/, 162,166-67,168,170 European Union and, 162 global and transhistorical plots attributed to, 52 ISIS and, 166 McCarthy, Joseph, 181 McFaul, Michael, 57 Medvedev, Dmitry, 42,81 i, 83,88,92-93 Merkel, Angela, 4,163 Middle East, 12-13,30,46-49,47f 49/ Mikhailov, Aleksander, 101 Milinkievich, Alexander, 126-27 Milosevic, Slobodan, 40-41,126 Moldova conspiracism in, 26,46-49,47/ 48/, 49/ 7778,78/ 79/, 80/ 8 lí, 192/ elections and failed revolution (2009) in, 42, 69/72í,73,83/ foreign policy alignments of, 6,73-74 hybrid nature of regime in, 6,36,37f, 78f, 79f Romania and, 75 separatist conflicts in, 38 Moscow (Russia) airplane bombings (2004) in, 99 Bolotnaya protests (2011-12) in, 1-2, 42,88-89 metro station attacks in, 64,97-98,99 theatre siege (2002) in, 41,99,102
INDEX Trump business dealings in, 182-83 Mueller investigation (United States, 201719), 183-84 Muirhead, Russell, 186 Napoleon Bonaparte, 30 Nashi (Russian youth organization), 88 Navalny, Alexei, 177 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 132-33, 156-57 Nazi Germany, 1-2,3-4,14,23 Nemtsov, Boris, 187 Nixon, Richard, 181 Niyazov, Sapurmurad (Turkmenbashi), 3637,80 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) conspiracy theories regarding, 39,110,138, 141/, 170 in Georgia, 110,139 in Kyrgyzstan, 110 in Russia, 39 Soros’s support for, 129 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Baltic states’ accession into, 40 conspiracy theories involving, 5-6,58-59, 126,129 former Warsaw Pact countries’ accession into, 40 Georgia and, 43,75,93,133-34 Kosovo campaign (1999) by, 40-41 Russian domestic politics and, 87 summits (1997-2008) of, 40,43,69/ 83f Ukraine and, 43,75,119-20 Nuland, Victoria, 107 Obama, Barack, 2,39,160,181-82 Orange Revolution (Ukraine, 2004), 42,61, 69/, 721,73,83/, 83,89,102-3,110,120, 121,122 Orbán, Victor, 2 Osh ethnic clashes (2010), 69/, 721,73,83/ Ó Tuathail, Gearóid, 100 Otunbaeva, Roza, 811 Our Ukraine coalition, 122 Pakistan, 178 Party of Regions (Ukraine), 120-21 Patarkatsishvili, Badri, 62,117 Patiashvili, Jumber, 117 Patyk, Lynn Ellen, 55 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 102-3 Pelosi, Nancy, 183 perestroika reforms (Soviet Union), 6,134 The Philippines, 186 241 Plato, 185-86 Poland, 46,47f 59-60,94/ 178 Poroshenko, Petro, 811 Portugal, 136,136f Prague Spring (1968), 59 Primakov, Yevgeny, 40,69/, 83ƒ Pristina Airport siege (Kosovo, 1999), 40-41 Protocols ofthe Elders ofZion, 5-6,23 Pussy Riot,
88-89 Putin, Vladimir anti-LGBT legislation and, 88-89 authoritarian nature of rule of, 37-38,84, 88-89,92-93,102 Beslan terrorist attack (2004) and, 86f, 100-2 Bolotnaya protests (2011-12) and, 1-2, 42,88-89 conspiracy theories promoted in Russia under, 1-2,4,60-61,80-81,81t, 84-85, 89-96,89t, 90f 91/ 92f 100,108,129-30, 174,177 conspiracy theories regarding, 62,64,90-91, 91/117 Covid-19pandemicand, 177 Crimea annexation (2014) and, 88-89, 107,177· Euromaidan protests in Ukraine (2014) and, 84,105 Federal Assembly annual addresses of, 34,35t Libya War (2011) and, 24 oligarchs targeted by, 41,88 presidential election (2000) and, 41 presidential election (2004) and, 99 presidential election (2012) and, 42 protests against economic reforms (2005) of, 42,103-4 Rose Revolution and, 99,102-3 Saakashvili and, 99,102-3 Second Chechen War and, 41,44,60-61,88, 99,100-1 security services background of, 34,84,88 on the Soviet Union, 102 Tandem Agreement (2008) and, 42,69/ 83/83,88 US presidential election (2016) and, 88-89 Victory Day parades and, 19 Yanukovych and, 102-3 Qaddafi, Muammar, 24 al-Qaeda, 3,101 Rahmon, Emomali, 129-30 Reagan, Ronald, 181 Republican Party (United States), 2,23,181-84
242 INDEX Right Sector Party (Ukraine), 106 Romania, 46-49,49f 75 Romanov Dynasty, 30-31 Rosenblum, Nancy, 186 Rose Revolution (Georgia, 2003) anti-corruption and, 42 conspiracy theories related to, 2,57,69f, 72ř, 83/, 99,102,164-65 international nongovernmental organizations and, 110,139 Putin and, 99,102-3 Shevardnadze’s resignation and, 117 United States and, 99,165 Russia, See also Soviet Union anti-LGBT legislation in, 88-89,146 anti-Semitic conspiracies in, 5-6,59,140 Armenia and, 6,73-74,75 authoritarian nature of regime in, 36,371, 84-85,88-89,92-93,102 Belarus and,6,24,73-76,77/, 111-12,112t, 113/177 Bolotnaya protests (2011 -12) in, 1 -2, 42,88-89 conspiracy theories about Georgia advanced in, 72t, 73,74/74-75,93,94/96/ conspiracy theories about Ukraine advanced in, 72-73,72Í, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 96/ 1023,104-8,134-35 Covid-19 pandemic and, 177 Crimea annexed (2014) by, 43,87,88-89, 107-8,160 debt default (1998) by;40,59,69/ 83/ disinformation campaigns in foreign countries promoted by, 184-85 disorientating transition to post-Soviet era in, 16,33,40,86-87,108 First Chechen War (1994-96) and, 40, 41,65,97 First World War and, 30-31 foreign governments as subject of conspiracy theories in, 91/91-92,93 frequency of conspiracy theories blaming, 46-49,49/58 frequency of conspiracy theories happening in, 46,47/ frequency of conspiracy theories originating in, 46,48/ Georgia invaded (2008) by, 55,65-66,69/ 71-73,721,83/ 87,93,118,128, 133-34 history of national trauma in, 30,84-85 Kazakhstan and, 6,7-8,24,73-74,134, 160,164 Kyrgyzstan and, 74-76,111-12,112i, 113/114-15
parliamentary elections (1995) in, 69/ 83f parliamentary elections (2011) in, 62,88-89 pension reform protests (2005) in, 42,69/ 83/ 83,85,86Ѓ, 103-4 presidential election (1996) in, 33,40,55,60, 62,69/ 71-73,72f, 83/ 85,86t, 96-98,102 presidential election (2000) in, 41,69/ 83ƒ presidential election (2004) in, 69/ 72f, 83/99 presidential election (2012) in, 42 Second Chechen War (1999-2009) and, 41, 44,60-61,65,69/ 83/ 88,99,100-1 separatist movements in Georgia supported by, 115-16,133-34 state control of media in, 23,37-38,41, 88,89-90 Tandem Agreement (2008) and, 42,69/ 83/83,88 US presidential election (2016) and, 18283,185 Yugoslavia wars (1990s) and, 40-41 Rwanda, 3-4 ■Ryazan apartment bombing (Russia, 1999), 41, 44,69/83ƒ Saakashvili, Mikheil conspiracy theories promoted by, 59-60, 81f, 117-18 elections (2012) and, 118 Lopota incident (2012) and, 118 Putin and, 99,102-3 Rose Revolution and, 164 Russian conspiracy theories regarding, 101 Russia’s invasion of Georgia (2008) and, 118 separatist regions in Georgia and, 65-66 United States and, 133-34 Saudi Arabia, 166 Schedler, Andreas, 19 Second Chechen War (1999-2009), 41,44,6061,65,69/83/88,99,100-1 September 11 terrorist attacks (United States, 2001), 3,39,68,69/ 83/ 138-39,142, 158-59,181 Serbia, 40-41,69/ 70/ 70-71,73,83/ 126 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 134 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 2,81t, 99,115-17,13334,161,164-65 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 14-15 Skipalsky, Alexander, 125f Škripal, Sergei, 184-85 Snyder, Timothy, 4
INDEX Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, 59 Soros, George conspiracy theories regarding Asian Financial Crisis and, 23 conspiracy theories regarding Georgia and, 2,62,162-63 conspiracy theories regarding LGBT rights and, 162-63 conspiracy theories regarding Russia and, 23,59 nongovernmental organizations supported by, 129 Republican Party conspiracy theories and, 23 Trump’s conspiracy theories regarding, 2,182 South Ossetia (separatist region in Georgia) Beslan terrorist attack (2004) and, 101-2 conspiracism and, 55,81i Russia-Georgia war (2008) and, 43,6566,118 Russian support for autonomy movement during 1990s in, 115,133-34 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 58-59,65,89-90,89t, 90/, 98,126 Soviet Union. See also Russia Bolshevik movement and the origins of, 13,31 civil war (1917-22) following formation of, 31 collapse (1991) of, 33,40,58-59,86-87, 102,133-34 “enemies of the people” classification in, 31 foreign policy orientation of, 28 military withdrawal from Eastern Europe (1989) by, 40 perestroika reforms in, 6,134 propaganda and, 6,33,155 Reagan’s exaggerated claims regarding, 181 regime legitimacy in, 33 Second World War and, 31 spy services in, 16-17,31, 33,38-39,59 Spain, 29 Stalin, Joseph, 1-2,6,14,31-32,33 Steele Dossier, İ83 Sukhorenko, Stepan, 126-27 Surkov, Vladislav, 88 Sweden, 136,136f Tajikistan authoritarianism and, 26,36,371,78/ 79f civil war (1992-97) in, 38,42 conspiracism in, 26,46,47/, 48/, 49/, 78/ 79f 80/, 192f Kyrgyzstan and, 114-15 Russia and, 38,73-74 243 Tandem Agreement (Russia, 2008), 42,69/, 83/83,88 Tashkent bombing (Uzbekistan, 1999), 69/, 83ƒ Tea Party (United
States), 182 Tiananmen Square protests (China, 1989), 18 Troyeshchyna Market explosion (Kyiv, 2004), 122 Trump, Donald Biden conspiracy theories promoted by, 183-84 birtherism conspiracy promoted by, 2,182 conspiracism regarding election of, 39,18284,185 Covid-19pandemicand, 187 Georgians’views of, 171 Soros conspiracies promoted by, 2,182 Ukraine and, 2,183-84 2020 election and, 3-4 Trump Jr„ Donald, 182-83 Tulip Revolution (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 42,69/ 721,73,83/ 112-14 Turkey conspiracism in, 173,178,179-80. coup attempt (2016) in, 167-68,179-80 election (2002) in, 178-79 Gezi Park protests (2013) in, 179 military in, 178-79 post-World War I settlement and, 15-16 United States and, 168 Turkmenistan authoritarianism in, 6,36-37,371,78/ 79ƒ conspiracism in, 26,46,47/ 48/ 59-60,78/ 79/ 80/ 80,192/ Russia and, 59-60,73-74 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 120-22 UDAR Party (Ukraine), 123-24 Ukraine conspiracism and, 1,2,46-49,47/ 48/ 49/ 74/ 75-78,77/ 80-81, 81 f, 106,111,112, U2t, 113/ 119-25,129,138-39,192f Crimea annexation by Russia (2014) and, 43, 87,88-89,107-8,160 European Union and, 43,104-5,106,11920,121-22 fascism-related conspiracism and, 1,106, 124-25,138-39,139/ foreign policy alignments of, 6,24,73-74, 111-12, U2t, 119-20,121-22 hybrid nature of regime in, 26,36,371, 111, 112Г, 119,122,129 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110
244 INDEX Ukraine (cont.) Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 downing (2014) and, 84,105,106-7,140,184-85 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 43, 75,119-20 Orange Revolution (2004) in, 42,61,69/, 721, 73,83f 83,89,102-3,120,121,122 presidential election (2004) in, 54-55,61, 62,102-3 regional divisions in, 119-20 Russia as subject of conspiracy claims in, 120,121 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 72-73,72f, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 96/, 102-3, 104-8,134-35 Trump and, 2,183-84 United States and, 2,8,119-20,125-26, 140,183-84 Umarov, Doku, 64 United Kingdom, 49/, 74/ 94/, 101,136, 136í, 184 United Russia Party, 88,102,104 United States Afghanistan War arid, 158-59 American exceptionalism and, 15-16 attack on Capitol in 2021 in, 3-4,187 conspiracism in, 47/ 58-59,180-84,186,187 Covid-19 pandemic and, 3 Georgia and, 139,159-60,161,165 Kazakhstan and, 160,169 Kyrgyzstan and, 74-75,114-15 presidential election (2000) in, 69f 72f, 83/ presidential election (2004) in, 69f 72t presidential election (2016) in, 88-89,17172,180,182-84,185 presidential election (2020) in, 3-4,183-84 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 64, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 95/ 99,100,101,103, 105-6,118 September 11 terrorist attacks (2001) in, 3, 39,68,138-39,142,158-59,168,181 Turkey and, 168 Ukraine and, 2,8,119-20,125-26, 140,183-84 Uzbekistan Andijan protests (2005) in, 42,62-63,69/ 83ƒ authoritarianism in, 6,36,371,78/ 79/ 129 conspiracism in, 26,47/, 48/, 49/, 78/, 79/, 80/, 80,192/ Hezb-e Tahrir and, 62-63 Kyrgyzstan and, 2 Russia and, 73-74 Tashkent bombing (1999) in, 42,69/, 83ƒ Venezuela, 12,14-15,84,178 Voronin,
Vladimir, 8 It White Army (Russian civil war), 31 Wikileaks, 182-83 Yabloko Party (Russia), 103-4 Yanukovych, Viktor conspiracy claims advanced by, 81 f, 123 conspiracy claims regarding, 68,106, 122,123-24 corruption and, 123 Euromaidan protests (2014) and, 1,123-25, European Union economic agreement rejected by, 43,104-5 flight to Russia (2014) by, 1,8,43,68,69/, 84,125 Party of Regions and, 120-21 presidential election of2004 and, 61,102֊ 3,119-20 purging of intelligence services by, 121 Putin and, 102-3 Tymoshenko and, 120-21 Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 123 Yeltsin, Boris Asian Financial Crisis and, 40 cabinet maneuvers by, 40,69f 72t, 83/ Clinton and, 39 conspiracism among rivals for political influence around, 37,60-61,96-98 conspiracy theories promoted in Russia under, 81f, 89-92,89t, 90/, 91/, 92f 98,129-30 conspiracy theories regarding, 63-64,9091,91/ First Chechen War and, 97 health problems of, 34,40 market economic reforms introduced by, 39 nationalist critics of, 87 presidential election of 1996 and, 33,40,55, 60,96-98,186 Pristina Airport siege (1999) and, 40-41 resignation from presidency of, 41,64, 69/83/ Yugoslavia, 40-41,47/, 58-59,126. See aho Kosovo; Serbia Yushchenko, Viktor, 61, Sir, 102-3,120, 122-23 Zakharchenko, Vitaliy, 125i Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 87,97-98,103,106 Zyuganov, Gennady, 33,60-61,62,86f, 87, 96-98,103 Bayerische ì Staatsbibliothek ? München »
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Contents ListofFigures List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments vii ix xi Introduction: Conspiracy Claims after Communism 1 1. Of Power and Peril: Conspiracy Claims as Fighting Words 12 2. Traumas and Tyranny? The Long-Term and Proximate Roots of Conspiracism 28 3. The Lay of the Land: What 20 Years of Post-Soviet Conspiracy Claims Tell Us 44 4. Connecting the Dots: Patterns of Conspiracism in Post-Soviet Politics ՛ 5. The Emergence and Ascendancy of Conspiracism in Russia 67 84 6. Shadowy Deeds in Russia’s Shadow: Conspiracy Claims in Four Countries 110 7. The Consequences of Conspiracism: What People Believe and Why 131 8. Citizen Cynics: How People Talk and Think about Conspiracy 153 9. Disaffection, Disinformation, and Democracy 173 Appendix Notes Index 189 201 237
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t andƒ following the page number Abkhazia (separatist region in Georgia), 65-66, 115,133-34 Abramovich, Roman, 60-61 Ajara (autonomous region in Georgia), 62,65-66 Akaev, Askar, 62, Sir, 110-11,112-14 Aliev, Heydar, 80,129-30 Aliev, Ilham, 80 Andijan protests (Uzbekistan, 2005), 42,62-63, 69f, 83ƒ Andropov, Yuri, 59 Applebaum, Anne, 107 Armenia authoritarianism in, 26,36,37f, 78f 79f Azerbaijan and, 38,75 conspiracism in, 26,47/ 48f, 49/, 78f 79f 80f, 192ƒ Russia and, 6,73-74,75 Asian Financial Crisis (1997-98), 23,40,69/, 721,83ƒ Aslakhanov, Aslambek, 101 Atambaev, Almazbek, 8 It Azerbaijan Aliev ruling family in, 38,80 Armenia and, 38,75 authoritarianism in, 36,371,78/ 79f 7980,129 conspiracism and, 26,47/, 48/, 49f 69f, 7375,78/, 79f 79-80,80/ 192ƒ elections and failed revolution (2005) in, 42, 69/, 83/ Russia and, 73-75 Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 81f, 114-15 Baltic states, 6,24,36,40,47/, 94/, 132 Belarus authoritarianism in, 36,37f, 78f 79f, 111, 112f, 125-26,127/, 127-28,129 conspiracism in, 26,47f, 48f, 49f, 69fi 721,7476,77f 78f, 79/, 80/, 80-81,81t, 111-12, U2t, 113/, 125-28,129,177-78,192ƒ elections (2001) in, 126 elections (2006) in, 42,62,69/, 72f, 73, 83f 126-27 elections (2020) in, 129-30,177-78 Russia and, 6,24,73-76,77/, 111-12,112Í, 113/177 Benghazi terrorist attack (Libya, 2012), 182 Berdimukhammedov, Gurbanguly, 80 Berezovsky, Boris, 54,60-61,65,117 Beslan terrorist attack (Russia, 2004)
conspiracy theories related to, 69f 83f 83,85, 86Í, 100-2,122 primary school as target of, 41,99100,101-2 Putin and, 86i, 100-2 Biden, Hunter, 183-84 Biden, Joe, 183-84 Bolotnaya protests (Russia, 2011-12), 1-2,42, 69/83/88-89 Bolshevik movement, 13,31 Brazil, 186 Brezhnev, Leonid, 12,33 Burjanadze, Nino, 81r Bush, George W., 100,133-34 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, United States) “Dulles Plan” conspiracy and, 59 Euromaidan protest conspiracy theories and, 124-25 Gorbachev as subject of conspiracy theories regarding, xi, 137-38,139/ 139,140,141/ Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 57,60 Chavez, Hugo, 12,14-15,84 Chechnya apartment building bombings (1999) and, 44,60-61 assassinations in, 41 conspiracism and, 41,44,62-63,64,65,69/ 83/100-1 constitution (2003) of, 99
238 INDEX Chechnya (cont.) First Chechen War (1994-96) and, 40, 41,65,97 Georgia and, 65,99,116-17 Islamism and, 62-63,65 Ryazan apartment incident (1999), 41,44, 69/ 83f Second Chechen War (1999-2009) and, 41, 44,60-61,65,69fi 83f 88,99,100-1 terrorism as aspect of conflict in, 36-37,41, 44,64,99-100 Cheka (Soviet spy services), 31. See also KGB (Soviet spy services) China, 18,19,133,155,160,165,187 Chubais, Anatoly, 60,861,96-98 Churchill, Winston, 32 Clinton, Bill, 39-41 Clinton, Hillary, 1-2,182-85 Cold War, 3-4,5-6,28,31-32,181 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 134 Communist Party (Russia), 40,63-64,86-87, 103-4. See also Zyuganov, Gennady Communist Party (Soviet Union), 14,36-37 conspiracism abuse of power accusations and, 53f, 54-55 accuser categories and, 49-50,50/, 72-73 alternatives to, 32-34 authoritarian regimes and, 4,9,12,14-15, 19-20,21,25-26,61,63,77-80,78f 79/ 80/92-93,175 collusion and, 53Ѓ, 55,63,124/ cynicism toward government produced by, 132,153,154-70 definitional qualities of, 8-9 democratic regimes and, 5,6-7,9-10,12, 15,25-26,61,63-64,77-80,78f 79/ 80f 175,185-86 effectiveness of, 131,142-49,152 false flag attacks and, 53-54,53r, 64, 126-27 geopolitical signaling and, 73-76 goals of, 52 gray zones and, 58,64-66 history of national traumas and, 29-30,43 hybrid regimes and, 20-21,26,128-29,175 kompromat and, 54,183 metaphorical violence and, 53f, 55 Middle East and, 12-13,30,46-49,47/ 49/ perpetrator categories and, 51/51 political participation levels among believers in, 131-32,149-51,151/ political polarization and, 5,10,21,175,181 political
rivalries and, 60-61,70-71 political uncertainty and, 4-5,14-16,18, 20-21,25-26 potential hazards associated with, 22-23 propaganda and, 13-14 provocation and, 55,61-62,65-66,70-71 public spectacles and, 53f, 54,62,63 setups and, 53f, 54,63 signaling function of, 17,21-22,73-76,14647,175-76,187 sporadic official conspiracism and, 26, 111.129-30 “street events” and, 163-66 suspicious character of events cited in, 56, 63,64,176 sustained official conspiracism and, 21-22, 26.85.129-30,134-35 unattributed violence and, 53,53t, 63 Covid-19 pandemic, 3,177,187 Crimea conspiracism regarding, 134-35,169-70 propaganda in Russia regarding, 106-8 Putin and, 88-89,107,177 Russian nationalists in, 123 Russia’s annexation (2014) of, 43,87,88-89, 107-8,160 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet in, 106 United States and, 169-70 Czechoslovakia, 59 Dayton Accords (1995), 40-41,69/83/ Democratic National Committee hacking (United States, 2016), 182-83,184 Democratic Party (United States), 23,182-84 Dudayev, Zhokar, 34,69/ 72t, 83f Dugin, Alexander, 101,106 “Dulles Plan,” 59 Dzhemilev, Mustafa, 123 Egypt, 14-15 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 2,168,178-80 Eurasian Economic Union, 134 Ęuromaidan protests (Ukraine, 2014) conspiracy theories regarding, 62,69/ 72f, 73,83/ 83,84-85, 86f, 104-8,120,123-25, 124/ 125r, 134-35,140 European Union and, 123-25 fascism accusations regarding, 1,106,12425,140 foreign intervention accusations regarding, 106,123-25,124/ 125f, 140 Putin and, 84,105 United States and, 8,140 Yanukovych and, 1,123-25
INDEX European Union Baltic states and, 36 Euromaidan protests (Ukraine, 2014) and, 123-25 Georgia and, 133-34,139,162 LGBT rights and, 162 Spain and, 29 Ukraine and, 43,104-5,106,119-20,121-22 false flag attacks, 53-54,53f, 64,126-27 “fifth columns” Belarus and, 126-27 definition of, 51 Kazakhstan and, 169 Putin Era accusations regarding, 90-92,91ƒ Russia’s involvement in Eurasia and, 58 Russia’s presidential election of 1996 and, 55 Soviet Union and, 31-32,58-59 Trump and, 183 Ukraine and, 123-24 First Chechen War (1994-96), 40,41,65,97 Freemasons. See Masons FSB (Russian security services), 41,44,97,117 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 164 Garibashvili, Irakli, 118 Gates, Bill, 187 Georgia anti-LGBT attitudes in, 146,162-63 Chechnya and, 65,99,116-17 conspiracism in, 46-49,47/, 48/ 49/, 59-60, 62,65-66,75-76,77f 79-81,80/, 8lí, 111, 112,112Í, 113/, 115-19,129,132,136-37, 136f, 137/, 138-39,140,141/, 142,143-51, 145f 148/, 151/, 153-70,192f cynicism toward government in, 154-70 elections (2000) in, 117 elections (2012) in, 118 European Union and, 133-34,139,162 foreign policy alignments of, 6,7-8,24,7374,111-12,112Í, 115,117,119,133-34 hybrid nature of regime in, 6,26,36,37t, 7980,111,112í, 119,129,132 independence (1991) of, 133-34 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110,139 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 43, 75,93,133-34 Putin as subject of conspiracy theories in, 62,117 Rose Revolution (2003) in, 2,42, 57,69/ 72t, 99,102-3,117,139,164-65 Russian television news in, 140,141/ 239 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 72 f, 73,74/74-75,93,94/96/ Russia’s
invasion (2008) of, 55,65-66,69/ 71-73,72Í, 83/87,93,118,128,133-34 separatist regions of, 24,38,62,6566,115-16 social and political participation levels in, 149-51,150í, 151/ Soros and, 2,62,162-63 United States and, 139,159-60,161,165 Georgian Dream political party, 118, 133-34 Germany, 14,23,159,163,185 Gezi Park protests (Turkey, 2013), 179 global warming, 14,137-38,139/ 141/ Goebbels, Joseph, 1-2 Golos (election monitoring group), 62 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xi, 40,137-38,139/ 139, 140,141/ Gore, Al, 54 Grachev, Pavel, 98 Gryzlov, Boris, 104 Gülen, Fethullah, 168,179-80 Hezb-e Tahrir, 62-63 Hitler, Adolf, 14,64,158 Hungary, 2,178 Hussein, Saddam, 14-15,84 Illuminati, 52 India, 186 information operations, 53f, 54,63 Ioffe, Julia, 107 Iraq, 14-15,84,100 ISIS, 165-66 Israel, 101 Ivanishvili, Bidzina, 118,160-61,171 Ivashev, Leonid, 101 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 162,163 Jews contemporary conspiracy theories in Eurasia regarding, 94/ 138,139/ 141/ Nazi conspiracy theories regarding, 34,14,23 Protocols of the Elders ofZion and, 5-6,23 Russian anti-Semitism and, 5-6,59,140 Stalin’s conspiracy theories regarding, 14,31-32 Turkey and, 179 John Birch Society, 181 Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey), 178-80
240 INDEX Kaczyński, Lech, 59-60 Kadyrov, Ahmed, 41,69/, 72t, 83ƒ Kadyrov, Ramzan, 41 Karimov, Islam, 42,62-63,80 Kazakhstan anti-LGBT attitudes in, 146 authoritarianism in, 7-8,36,37i,78f, 79f, 79-80,132-33,156 China and, 133,155,160,165 “color revolutions” in Eurasia and, 164 conspiracism in, 47/, 48/, 49/, 78f 79ƒ, 79-80, 80/, 136-37,136f, 137/, 138-39,140-51, 141/ 145/, 148/, 151/ 153-70,192/ corruption in, 155 cynicism toward government in, 154-70 economic development in, 132-33 ethnic Russians in, 140-42,141/ 143,154 Russia and, 6,7-8,24,73-74,134,160,164 Russian television news in, 140-42,I41f, 143,169 social and political participation levels in, 149-51,150í, 151/ terrorist attacks in, 166 United States and, 160,169 Kennan, George, 28-29,31 Kennedy, John E, xi, 42 KGB (Soviet spy services), 16-17,33,38-39,59 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 41,69/ 70/, 83f Khrushchev, Nikita, 33,123 Klyuyev, Andriy, 125f Kokoity, Eduard, 81 ŕ kompromat (compromising material), , 54,183 Korzhakov, Alexander, 96-97 Kosovo, 40-41,43,69f, 72i,83f Kuchma, Leonid, 8Ц, 102-3,120,122 Kulov, Felix, 2,61 Kursk nuclear submarine disaster (Russia, 2000), 41,69/, 72f, 83/102 Kyrgyzstan conspiracism in, 46-49,47/ 48/ 49/ 62,7476,77f 78/, 79f 79-81,80/, 81í, 110-15, 112Í, 113/ 127/127-29,192f election (2005) in, 112-14 ethnic clashes (2010) in, 114-15,128 hybrid nature of regime in, 26,36,37i,78f, 79f, 79-80,112í, 129 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110 regime change (2010) in, 42 Russia and, 74-76,111-12,112Í, 113/114-15 Tajikistan and, 114-15 Tulip Revolution (2005) in, 42,69f 72i,73, 83/,
112-14 United States and, 74-75,114-15 Uzbekistan and, 2 Lavrov, Sergei, 106 Lebed, Alexander, 86i, 98 Lenin, Vladimir, 13 Leontyev, Mikhail, 101 LGBT rights, 88-89,146-48,148/ 162-63 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 87 Libya, 24,182 Litvinenko, Alexander, 8 Lopota incident (Georgia, 2012), 118 Lukashenko, Alexander, 80-81,81i, 116,126֊ 28,129-30,177-78 Luzhkov, Yuri, 97-98 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 32 Maddow, Rachel, 183 Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 downing (2014), 84,105,106-7,140,184-85 Markov, Sergey, 62,103 Masons contemporary conspiracy theories regarding, 137-38,139/ 141/, 162,166-67,168,170 European Union and, 162 global and transhistorical plots attributed to, 52 ISIS and, 166 McCarthy, Joseph, 181 McFaul, Michael, 57 Medvedev, Dmitry, 42,81 i, 83,88,92-93 Merkel, Angela, 4,163 Middle East, 12-13,30,46-49,47f 49/ Mikhailov, Aleksander, 101 Milinkievich, Alexander, 126-27 Milosevic, Slobodan, 40-41,126 Moldova conspiracism in, 26,46-49,47/ 48/, 49/ 7778,78/ 79/, 80/ 8 lí, 192/ elections and failed revolution (2009) in, 42, 69/72í,73,83/ foreign policy alignments of, 6,73-74 hybrid nature of regime in, 6,36,37f, 78f, 79f Romania and, 75 separatist conflicts in, 38 Moscow (Russia) airplane bombings (2004) in, 99 Bolotnaya protests (2011-12) in, 1-2, 42,88-89 metro station attacks in, 64,97-98,99 theatre siege (2002) in, 41,99,102
INDEX Trump business dealings in, 182-83 Mueller investigation (United States, 201719), 183-84 Muirhead, Russell, 186 Napoleon Bonaparte, 30 Nashi (Russian youth organization), 88 Navalny, Alexei, 177 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 132-33, 156-57 Nazi Germany, 1-2,3-4,14,23 Nemtsov, Boris, 187 Nixon, Richard, 181 Niyazov, Sapurmurad (Turkmenbashi), 3637,80 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) conspiracy theories regarding, 39,110,138, 141/, 170 in Georgia, 110,139 in Kyrgyzstan, 110 in Russia, 39 Soros’s support for, 129 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Baltic states’ accession into, 40 conspiracy theories involving, 5-6,58-59, 126,129 former Warsaw Pact countries’ accession into, 40 Georgia and, 43,75,93,133-34 Kosovo campaign (1999) by, 40-41 Russian domestic politics and, 87 summits (1997-2008) of, 40,43,69/ 83f Ukraine and, 43,75,119-20 Nuland, Victoria, 107 Obama, Barack, 2,39,160,181-82 Orange Revolution (Ukraine, 2004), 42,61, 69/, 721,73,83/, 83,89,102-3,110,120, 121,122 Orbán, Victor, 2 Osh ethnic clashes (2010), 69/, 721,73,83/ Ó Tuathail, Gearóid, 100 Otunbaeva, Roza, 811 Our Ukraine coalition, 122 Pakistan, 178 Party of Regions (Ukraine), 120-21 Patarkatsishvili, Badri, 62,117 Patiashvili, Jumber, 117 Patyk, Lynn Ellen, 55 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 102-3 Pelosi, Nancy, 183 perestroika reforms (Soviet Union), 6,134 The Philippines, 186 241 Plato, 185-86 Poland, 46,47f 59-60,94/ 178 Poroshenko, Petro, 811 Portugal, 136,136f Prague Spring (1968), 59 Primakov, Yevgeny, 40,69/, 83ƒ Pristina Airport siege (Kosovo, 1999), 40-41 Protocols ofthe Elders ofZion, 5-6,23 Pussy Riot,
88-89 Putin, Vladimir anti-LGBT legislation and, 88-89 authoritarian nature of rule of, 37-38,84, 88-89,92-93,102 Beslan terrorist attack (2004) and, 86f, 100-2 Bolotnaya protests (2011-12) and, 1-2, 42,88-89 conspiracy theories promoted in Russia under, 1-2,4,60-61,80-81,81t, 84-85, 89-96,89t, 90f 91/ 92f 100,108,129-30, 174,177 conspiracy theories regarding, 62,64,90-91, 91/117 Covid-19pandemicand, 177 Crimea annexation (2014) and, 88-89, 107,177· Euromaidan protests in Ukraine (2014) and, 84,105 Federal Assembly annual addresses of, 34,35t Libya War (2011) and, 24 oligarchs targeted by, 41,88 presidential election (2000) and, 41 presidential election (2004) and, 99 presidential election (2012) and, 42 protests against economic reforms (2005) of, 42,103-4 Rose Revolution and, 99,102-3 Saakashvili and, 99,102-3 Second Chechen War and, 41,44,60-61,88, 99,100-1 security services background of, 34,84,88 on the Soviet Union, 102 Tandem Agreement (2008) and, 42,69/ 83/83,88 US presidential election (2016) and, 88-89 Victory Day parades and, 19 Yanukovych and, 102-3 Qaddafi, Muammar, 24 al-Qaeda, 3,101 Rahmon, Emomali, 129-30 Reagan, Ronald, 181 Republican Party (United States), 2,23,181-84
242 INDEX Right Sector Party (Ukraine), 106 Romania, 46-49,49f 75 Romanov Dynasty, 30-31 Rosenblum, Nancy, 186 Rose Revolution (Georgia, 2003) anti-corruption and, 42 conspiracy theories related to, 2,57,69f, 72ř, 83/, 99,102,164-65 international nongovernmental organizations and, 110,139 Putin and, 99,102-3 Shevardnadze’s resignation and, 117 United States and, 99,165 Russia, See also Soviet Union anti-LGBT legislation in, 88-89,146 anti-Semitic conspiracies in, 5-6,59,140 Armenia and, 6,73-74,75 authoritarian nature of regime in, 36,371, 84-85,88-89,92-93,102 Belarus and,6,24,73-76,77/, 111-12,112t, 113/177 Bolotnaya protests (2011 -12) in, 1 -2, 42,88-89 conspiracy theories about Georgia advanced in, 72t, 73,74/74-75,93,94/96/ conspiracy theories about Ukraine advanced in, 72-73,72Í, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 96/ 1023,104-8,134-35 Covid-19 pandemic and, 177 Crimea annexed (2014) by, 43,87,88-89, 107-8,160 debt default (1998) by;40,59,69/ 83/ disinformation campaigns in foreign countries promoted by, 184-85 disorientating transition to post-Soviet era in, 16,33,40,86-87,108 First Chechen War (1994-96) and, 40, 41,65,97 First World War and, 30-31 foreign governments as subject of conspiracy theories in, 91/91-92,93 frequency of conspiracy theories blaming, 46-49,49/58 frequency of conspiracy theories happening in, 46,47/ frequency of conspiracy theories originating in, 46,48/ Georgia invaded (2008) by, 55,65-66,69/ 71-73,721,83/ 87,93,118,128, 133-34 history of national trauma in, 30,84-85 Kazakhstan and, 6,7-8,24,73-74,134, 160,164 Kyrgyzstan and, 74-76,111-12,112i, 113/114-15
parliamentary elections (1995) in, 69/ 83f parliamentary elections (2011) in, 62,88-89 pension reform protests (2005) in, 42,69/ 83/ 83,85,86Ѓ, 103-4 presidential election (1996) in, 33,40,55,60, 62,69/ 71-73,72f, 83/ 85,86t, 96-98,102 presidential election (2000) in, 41,69/ 83ƒ presidential election (2004) in, 69/ 72f, 83/99 presidential election (2012) in, 42 Second Chechen War (1999-2009) and, 41, 44,60-61,65,69/ 83/ 88,99,100-1 separatist movements in Georgia supported by, 115-16,133-34 state control of media in, 23,37-38,41, 88,89-90 Tandem Agreement (2008) and, 42,69/ 83/83,88 US presidential election (2016) and, 18283,185 Yugoslavia wars (1990s) and, 40-41 Rwanda, 3-4 ■Ryazan apartment bombing (Russia, 1999), 41, 44,69/83ƒ Saakashvili, Mikheil conspiracy theories promoted by, 59-60, 81f, 117-18 elections (2012) and, 118 Lopota incident (2012) and, 118 Putin and, 99,102-3 Rose Revolution and, 164 Russian conspiracy theories regarding, 101 Russia’s invasion of Georgia (2008) and, 118 separatist regions in Georgia and, 65-66 United States and, 133-34 Saudi Arabia, 166 Schedler, Andreas, 19 Second Chechen War (1999-2009), 41,44,6061,65,69/83/88,99,100-1 September 11 terrorist attacks (United States, 2001), 3,39,68,69/ 83/ 138-39,142, 158-59,181 Serbia, 40-41,69/ 70/ 70-71,73,83/ 126 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 134 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 2,81t, 99,115-17,13334,161,164-65 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 14-15 Skipalsky, Alexander, 125f Škripal, Sergei, 184-85 Snyder, Timothy, 4
INDEX Solzhenitsyn, Aleksander, 59 Soros, George conspiracy theories regarding Asian Financial Crisis and, 23 conspiracy theories regarding Georgia and, 2,62,162-63 conspiracy theories regarding LGBT rights and, 162-63 conspiracy theories regarding Russia and, 23,59 nongovernmental organizations supported by, 129 Republican Party conspiracy theories and, 23 Trump’s conspiracy theories regarding, 2,182 South Ossetia (separatist region in Georgia) Beslan terrorist attack (2004) and, 101-2 conspiracism and, 55,81i Russia-Georgia war (2008) and, 43,6566,118 Russian support for autonomy movement during 1990s in, 115,133-34 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 58-59,65,89-90,89t, 90/, 98,126 Soviet Union. See also Russia Bolshevik movement and the origins of, 13,31 civil war (1917-22) following formation of, 31 collapse (1991) of, 33,40,58-59,86-87, 102,133-34 “enemies of the people” classification in, 31 foreign policy orientation of, 28 military withdrawal from Eastern Europe (1989) by, 40 perestroika reforms in, 6,134 propaganda and, 6,33,155 Reagan’s exaggerated claims regarding, 181 regime legitimacy in, 33 Second World War and, 31 spy services in, 16-17,31, 33,38-39,59 Spain, 29 Stalin, Joseph, 1-2,6,14,31-32,33 Steele Dossier, İ83 Sukhorenko, Stepan, 126-27 Surkov, Vladislav, 88 Sweden, 136,136f Tajikistan authoritarianism and, 26,36,371,78/ 79f civil war (1992-97) in, 38,42 conspiracism in, 26,46,47/, 48/, 49/, 78/ 79f 80/, 192f Kyrgyzstan and, 114-15 Russia and, 38,73-74 243 Tandem Agreement (Russia, 2008), 42,69/, 83/83,88 Tashkent bombing (Uzbekistan, 1999), 69/, 83ƒ Tea Party (United
States), 182 Tiananmen Square protests (China, 1989), 18 Troyeshchyna Market explosion (Kyiv, 2004), 122 Trump, Donald Biden conspiracy theories promoted by, 183-84 birtherism conspiracy promoted by, 2,182 conspiracism regarding election of, 39,18284,185 Covid-19pandemicand, 187 Georgians’views of, 171 Soros conspiracies promoted by, 2,182 Ukraine and, 2,183-84 2020 election and, 3-4 Trump Jr„ Donald, 182-83 Tulip Revolution (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 42,69/ 721,73,83/ 112-14 Turkey conspiracism in, 173,178,179-80. coup attempt (2016) in, 167-68,179-80 election (2002) in, 178-79 Gezi Park protests (2013) in, 179 military in, 178-79 post-World War I settlement and, 15-16 United States and, 168 Turkmenistan authoritarianism in, 6,36-37,371,78/ 79ƒ conspiracism in, 26,46,47/ 48/ 59-60,78/ 79/ 80/ 80,192/ Russia and, 59-60,73-74 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 120-22 UDAR Party (Ukraine), 123-24 Ukraine conspiracism and, 1,2,46-49,47/ 48/ 49/ 74/ 75-78,77/ 80-81, 81 f, 106,111,112, U2t, 113/ 119-25,129,138-39,192f Crimea annexation by Russia (2014) and, 43, 87,88-89,107-8,160 European Union and, 43,104-5,106,11920,121-22 fascism-related conspiracism and, 1,106, 124-25,138-39,139/ foreign policy alignments of, 6,24,73-74, 111-12, U2t, 119-20,121-22 hybrid nature of regime in, 26,36,371, 111, 112Г, 119,122,129 international nongovernmental organizations in, 110
244 INDEX Ukraine (cont.) Malaysian Airlines Flight 17 downing (2014) and, 84,105,106-7,140,184-85 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 43, 75,119-20 Orange Revolution (2004) in, 42,61,69/, 721, 73,83f 83,89,102-3,120,121,122 presidential election (2004) in, 54-55,61, 62,102-3 regional divisions in, 119-20 Russia as subject of conspiracy claims in, 120,121 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 72-73,72f, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 96/, 102-3, 104-8,134-35 Trump and, 2,183-84 United States and, 2,8,119-20,125-26, 140,183-84 Umarov, Doku, 64 United Kingdom, 49/, 74/ 94/, 101,136, 136í, 184 United Russia Party, 88,102,104 United States Afghanistan War arid, 158-59 American exceptionalism and, 15-16 attack on Capitol in 2021 in, 3-4,187 conspiracism in, 47/ 58-59,180-84,186,187 Covid-19 pandemic and, 3 Georgia and, 139,159-60,161,165 Kazakhstan and, 160,169 Kyrgyzstan and, 74-75,114-15 presidential election (2000) in, 69f 72f, 83/ presidential election (2004) in, 69f 72t presidential election (2016) in, 88-89,17172,180,182-84,185 presidential election (2020) in, 3-4,183-84 Russia’s conspiracy theories regarding, 64, 74/ 74-75,93,94/ 95/ 99,100,101,103, 105-6,118 September 11 terrorist attacks (2001) in, 3, 39,68,138-39,142,158-59,168,181 Turkey and, 168 Ukraine and, 2,8,119-20,125-26, 140,183-84 Uzbekistan Andijan protests (2005) in, 42,62-63,69/ 83ƒ authoritarianism in, 6,36,371,78/ 79/ 129 conspiracism in, 26,47/, 48/, 49/, 78/, 79/, 80/, 80,192/ Hezb-e Tahrir and, 62-63 Kyrgyzstan and, 2 Russia and, 73-74 Tashkent bombing (1999) in, 42,69/, 83ƒ Venezuela, 12,14-15,84,178 Voronin,
Vladimir, 8 It White Army (Russian civil war), 31 Wikileaks, 182-83 Yabloko Party (Russia), 103-4 Yanukovych, Viktor conspiracy claims advanced by, 81 f, 123 conspiracy claims regarding, 68,106, 122,123-24 corruption and, 123 Euromaidan protests (2014) and, 1,123-25, European Union economic agreement rejected by, 43,104-5 flight to Russia (2014) by, 1,8,43,68,69/, 84,125 Party of Regions and, 120-21 presidential election of2004 and, 61,102֊ 3,119-20 purging of intelligence services by, 121 Putin and, 102-3 Tymoshenko and, 120-21 Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 123 Yeltsin, Boris Asian Financial Crisis and, 40 cabinet maneuvers by, 40,69f 72t, 83/ Clinton and, 39 conspiracism among rivals for political influence around, 37,60-61,96-98 conspiracy theories promoted in Russia under, 81f, 89-92,89t, 90/, 91/, 92f 98,129-30 conspiracy theories regarding, 63-64,9091,91/ First Chechen War and, 97 health problems of, 34,40 market economic reforms introduced by, 39 nationalist critics of, 87 presidential election of 1996 and, 33,40,55, 60,96-98,186 Pristina Airport siege (1999) and, 40-41 resignation from presidency of, 41,64, 69/83/ Yugoslavia, 40-41,47/, 58-59,126. See aho Kosovo; Serbia Yushchenko, Viktor, 61, Sir, 102-3,120, 122-23 Zakharchenko, Vitaliy, 125i Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 87,97-98,103,106 Zyuganov, Gennady, 33,60-61,62,86f, 87, 96-98,103 Bayerische ì Staatsbibliothek ? München » |
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| author | Radnitz, Scott 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1142132358 |
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| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 1995-2014 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1995-2014 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Radnitz, Scott 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1142132358 aut Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region New York Oxford University Press 2021 xiii, 244 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1995-2014 gnd rswk-swf Verschwörungstheorie (DE-588)4138784-3 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Verschwörungstheorie (DE-588)4138784-3 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1995-2014 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 9780197573563 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720582&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032720582&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Radnitz, Scott 1978- Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region Verschwörungstheorie (DE-588)4138784-3 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138784-3 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_auth | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_exact_search | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_full | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_fullStr | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| title_short | Revealing schemes |
| title_sort | revealing schemes the politics of conspiracy in russia and the post soviet region |
| title_sub | the politics of conspiracy in Russia and the post-Soviet region |
| topic | Verschwörungstheorie (DE-588)4138784-3 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verschwörungstheorie Politik Nachfolgestaaten Sowjetunion |
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