Russia's hero cities: from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy
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| Language: | English |
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Bloomington, Indiana
Indiana University Press
[2021]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xx, 307 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780253056221 9780253056207 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration The Hero Cities xiii xv Short Description ofHero Cities 1. Heroism across Generations xvii і 2. Creating an Idealized Past: The Soviet Heroarchy from Stalin to Brezhnev 14 3. Victory Square: The Place of Memory in Tula 4. Great Expectations: A Worthy Life 5S 98 5. Novorossiysk as a Monumental Ensemble: Little Land and the Ideal of War 141 6. Brezhnev’s Beloved Novorossiysk: Wartime Glory and Window to the World 18 6 7. Impossible Continuity 230 Appendix: Archives and Interviews Bibliography Index 29s 267 263
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INDEX Adzhimushkay Quarry, defense of, 28-29 Ageev, Grigoriy, 61 agricultural industry, in Tula, 101 alcoholism, in USSR, 131,140Ո176 All-Union Tours to the Sites of Revolutionary, Military, and Labor Glory: Komsomol at, 1-2,36,37,59; Malaya Zemlya sailor’s hat ritual, 166; pokhody competitions at, 37; Tula 1985 celebration, 133-35,134 Al’tman, Il’ya, 148 Andropov, Yuriy, 118-19,174,233 Armageddon of the Revolution, 3, ion8,244 Arnold, Sabine, 19 Artem ev, Maksim, 238 Assmann, Jan, 3,10П12 atlas: on Great Patriotic War, 38,38-39; Tula publication of, 60-61 authoritative discourse, Soviet, 47,192 Basistyy, Nikolay, 144 Bater, James, 60 Battle of Moscow, 231; Granin on, 105; loss of, 142; Tula in, 104-S, 134Ո40 Battle of the Caucasus, The (Grechko), 187-88 Battle of Tula anniversary, 103-8 Bednyy, Dem’yan, 17 Beevor, Anthony, 76 Beskozyrka. See sailor’s hat ritual, at Malaya Zemlya Billig, Michael, 244 black market trading, 217 blat system: Novorossiysk and, 216-21,231; in Tula, 77 bombing, of Novorossiysk, 14Z-43, 177Ո17 Bonwetsch, Bernd, 23 Borshch’, N., 153 Borzenko, Sergey, 201 Bozhenko, Elena: on Hero City, 127-29; in Komsomol, 114; on official war memory discrepancy, 73-74; on Tula improvements, 131,139Ո157; on Victory Day, 71,73 Bozhok, Galina, 166,182Ո100; on Hero City award worthiness, 222; on Malaya Zemlya, 156,220; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207; on Novorossiysk poverty, 205 Brandenberger, David, 16,35 Brandt, Willy, 216 Brest Fortress: Germans’ attack of, xviii, 27; Gold Star of, xviii; as Hero Fortress in 1965,29,130; Senyavskaya on Stalin’s mistakes in,
27-28; Smirnov on, 28; tourism center at, xviii Brest Fortress (Smirnov), 28 295
296 INDEX Brezhnev, Leonid Il’ich, xviii-xix, xix, xx, 2,131,184Ո168,192; Brunstedt on Stalin reference by, 31, 54Ш.64; censorship by, 32, Տ3Ո13Տ; commemorations by, 3,32, 35; de-Stalinization and, 31; embracing leadership of, 32,47,224Ո36; Gold Star Medal for, 52Ո119,108,232-33; Hero Cities standardization by, 29; on imperialism, 35,53Ո123; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 159,171-76; in Malaya Zemlya fighting, 3,6,187,190, 199-201,200,224Ո47; Malaya Zemlya role exaggeration, 199-201,200; memoirs of, 171-72,18ՏՈ170; Minsk visit by, Տ2Ո118; Murmansk and, xx; Novorossiysk visit by, 193-99,196,221,223Ո25; official war memory of, 30-31; sleeping tablets addiction, 54Ո157,194; socialist contract of, 4,45,199-201,232; on socialist values, 33-34; Tula visit by, 98-99» 121-25,124, 130,138Ո122,138Ո134; on USSR nuclear first-strike policy, 122; war impact on, 3, 35; on youth patriotism, 33-34; Yunak and, 107-8,119 Brezhnev era, 7; improved living standards in, 45-46; official war memory simplicity in, 230; population mobilization in, 46; reformism in, 57Ո216; ritual politics during, s, 6; Yurchak authoritative discourse in, 47 Brunstedt, Jonathan, 31,35,54Ո164 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 74 Cardona, Euridice Charon, 63 Carlyle, Thomas, 16 Carter, Jimmy, 122 casualties, military underreporting of, 50Ո63,90Ո29 Caucasus, 141,144,180Ո73,187-88 censorship, by Brezhnev, 32,53Ш35 Chernenko, Konstantin, 233 Cherniy, Yuriy, 246 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 235,237 Chernyaev, Anatoliy, 122-23 children, in war: deGraffenried on, 62,92Ո51, 142; postwar games of, 64-65,155-58; PTSD of, 142; unexploded
ammunition warnings, 100-101; veterans’ care by, 76-79) 9ЅШ27 Cities of Military Glory, 247-48 Clark, Katerina, 16,21 class equality, in USSR, 19 Clinton, Bill, 241 collective memory, ioni2 commemorations: by Brezhnev, 3,32,35; of Malaya Zemlya, 158-65,174-76; Stalin and, 3 Commemorative Badges of the Hero-Cities (Goncharuk), 42 commemorative pins, 42-43,43 communicative memory, ioni2 communism: Khrushchev promise of, 24; post-Soviet Russian state and, 238-39 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 3-4,90Ш0; Khrushchev on war victory by, 25; official war memory of, 23; Stalin and, 31; Tula’s defense oath of, 68; utopian future abandonment, 46 consumer items, Hero Cities featured in, 56Ш89; commemorative pins, 42-43,43; matchbox images, 40-42,41 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Crimea: Hitler on evacuation of, 150-51; Kerch’ in, xix, 28-29,187-89,193; Novorossiysk deportation to, 145; Putin on annexation of, 248-49; Sevastopol’ in, xvii, 15,19-21,28,58,142,248; Tula and Novorossiysk role in, 249 Crimean War, xvii, 15,20 cultural memory, ionio, ւօուշ; of Three Bayonets, 66 Daniel, Yuliy, 97Ո156 Davis, Vicky, 11П26,183Ш32,246; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 193,198; on Hero Square eternal flame, 151; on Jews in Novorossiysk, 148,179Ո56; on
297 INDEX Novorossiysk, 6, 149; on Soviet Pepsi, 215; on youth official war memory, 252 defense industry, in Tula, xix, 66-67,104, 122-23,134ՈՈՏՕ-52,238; Dyumin and, 249-50; Ustinov on, 106-7 defitsit, in meat and milk, 113-16,123,138Ո13Տ deGraffenried, Julie, 62,92Ո51,142 deportation, from Novorossiysk, 146-49, 230; of Grigor’eva, 146; of Gusev, 145; Shcherbakov and, 146 design competition, for memorial construction, 26-27,62-63,168-69, 184ШЅ4 de-Stalinization: Brezhnev and, 31; of official war memory, 24-25,51Ո87 Dnepr-Mafia, Dörnberg on, 107-8 Dörnberg, John, 107-9 Dorosh, Lyudmila, 180Ո59; on black market trading, 217; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 195-96,198; on Hero City award worthiness, 221-22; on Malaya Zemlya postwar findings, 156-57; on Novorossiysk mine-clearing, 202-3; on Novorossiysk partisans, 148; on tourism, 219 DOSAAF. See Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Fleet Dubín, Boris, 70,240 Dubinin, Timofey, 118 Dudintsev, Vladimir, 51Ո87 Dudka, Vyacheslav, 239 Dunyasha, Matushka Evdokiya, 65 Dyumin, Alexey, 249-50 Dyuzhev, Boris, 62-63,66 economy: Great Patriotic War cost in, 2-3,10Ո7; heroarchy questions for, 188; heroism link with, 21; Molchanova and Stepuzhin on postwar crisis in, 99-100; Novorossiysk development in, 208,231; official war memory and, 231-32; reforms in, 101,102-3; USSR problems in, 131-32 education: patriotic, 36,38,55Ո168,59,93Ո86, 236; of post war generation, 44-45 Egorov, A., 84 El’kin, Aleksandr, 69 embracing leadership, of Brezhnev, 32,47 Epishev, Aleksey, 32 Eremenko, Aleksandr, 180Ո62,202 Ermakov,
Arkadiy, 68 eternal flame, at Novorossiysk Hero Square, 151 Etkind, Alexander, 231 Ewing, E. Thomas, 16 family allegory, for Moscow, 40 family histories, 9; repression in, 74 Five-Year Plans: eighth, Տ7Ո217,98,113, 136Ո85; ninth, 108-9, H7i i3Sn 58; tenth, 125,136Ո76,211 forced laborers, in Novorossiysk, 146-47 Ford, Gerald, 215 “Fortress City” (Makhanov), 15 Foucault, Michel, ionu freedom of speech, 3 Frey, Bruno, 46 Gabowitsch, Mischa, 50Ո68,244 Gallus, Jana, 46 Ganzenmüller, Jörg, 32 Geller, L, 84-85 German Wehrmacht, 142; Brest Fortress attack, xviii, 27; Murmansk siege failure by, xx; official war memory resistance of, 29; Operation Neptune of, 145,199-200; Tula attack by, 58,90Ո21,132Ո4 Gladkov, Fedor, 175 Gold Star medal, 30,56П197; for Brest Fortress, xviii; for Brezhnev, 52П119,108, 232-33; for Odessa, 29; for Tula, 61,118 Golikov, Viktor, 6,208-9, 216,227Ո138; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 190,192-94 Goncharuk, Vladimir, 42 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 175,194; failed coup of, 236; Hero Cities praise by, 235; imperialism criticism by, 235; official war memory reproduction by, 233 Gramsci, Antonio, 54Ո150,80
298 INDEX Granin, Mikhail, ros Great Patriotic War (1941-1945): atlas pages on, 38,38-39; Brezhnev impacted by, 3, 35,- deaths in, 2,22,27, տշաօւ, 91Ո49,99, 134Ո41,145, i8o, 228ni6s; economic cost of, 2-3,10Ո7; Moscow and first phase of, xviii; national identity as symbol of, 25; Weiner on, 3 Great Victory of the Soviet People (Brezhnev), 53П120,53П123 Grechko, Andrey, 118,150; as historian, 187-88; on Novorossiysk Hero City, 188 Grigor’eva, Natalya, 153-54» 177П16; deportation of, 146; on Novorossiysk bombing, 142-43; on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 204 Grigor’evich, Yuriy, 184Ո153 Grossman, Vasily, 22,76 Groznyy, as City of Military Glory, 248 Gruzdev. Vladimir, 239-40 Guderian, Heinz, 59 Gudkov, Lev, 94Ո92 Günther, Hans, 15,219; on heroarchy, 16; on labor heroism, ssni7s Gusev, Sergey, 242 Gusev, Vladimir, 156; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 195,221; deportation of, 145; on Novorossiysk bombing, 142; on Novorossiysk poverty, 205; on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 204; on PTSD of father, 204; on suspicion of prisoners ofwar, 147 Haumann, Heiko, 5ՏՈ167 hegemony, Gramsci on, 54Ո150,80-81 Hellbeck, Jochen, 48Ո30 Helsinki Accords, 215 heroarchy, 5,48Ո13; economic questions for, 188; Günther on, 16; of individuals and places, 29; material privileges in, 15-16, 104; of Tula and Novorossiysk, 232; Tula Hero City application and, 117 Hero Cities: map of, xv. See also specific Hero City Hero-Cities of the Black Sea (Kinelev and Medvedev, V.), 141,213,214 Hero Fortress, Brest Fortress as 1965,29,130 heroism: economy linked with, 21; Günther on labor, 55П175; Minkova on, 253;
Pospelov on, 26; value and, 221-22 Hero of the Soviet Union, Ageev as, 61 Hero Square, at Novorossiysk, 141; eternal flame at, 151; Post Nomer 1 in, 152-54,153; Shostakovich’s chimes at, 151; transgenerational unity in, 149-54 hidden inflation, in USSR, 113 Hirsch, Marianne, 8 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945,25-26; Grechko as historian for, 187-88 Hitler, Adolf, 144,150-51 hooliganism: at Tula Victory Square, 84-85, 93Ո82, 96Ո140; ofyouth, 84-85 housing: campaigns, of Khrushchev era, 50Ո76,135Ո65; of Kotenev, 110-11; of Molchanova, 110,112; of Neizvestnaya, 112; Novorossiysk problems in, 201-2; Semenov on Novorossiysk shortage in, 210-11; ofStepuzhin, 112; Tula construction of, 108-10,109,135^65, 13ՏՈ68,135Ո73,135ՈՈ75-76,136Ո81,136Ո83; for veterans, 77; Yunak and Kamaev on Tula’s needs for, 108,136Ո83 Ideological Commission, rituals of, 36 Immortal Regiment ritual, 243-44 imperialism: Brezhnev on, 35, ՏՅՈ123; Gorbachev criticism of, 235 infrastructure funding, Tula Obkom on, 103-4,1331131 Inozemetseva, Mariya, 210,226Ո110 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 26; official war memory support by, 32 interviews: benefits of, 12Ո35; in Novorossiysk, 8; questions in, 13Ո41; in Tula, 8. See also specific respondents Jews: Al’tman on, 148; Novorossiysk and murder of, 148,179Ո56; Odessa and murder of, xviii; Sevastopol’ extinction of, 20 Jones, Jeffrey, 49Ո39 Jones, Polly, 24
INDEX Kalinin, Mikhail, 22 Kaltenegger, Roland, 150 Kamaev, Gerontiy, 133Ո26; on Moscow Railroads, 115; on Tula anniversary rewards, 103; on Tula housing needs, 108, 136Ո83 Kasamara, Valeria, 251 Kendall, Donald, 215-16 Kerch’, xix, 248; Adzhimushkay Quarry defense near, 28-29; as Hero City in 1973, 29,187-89,193 Khapaeva, Dina, 251 Kholostyakov, Georgiy: Hero Square eternal flame lighting by, 151; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 158-59; on Novorossiysk Hero City, 188,190 Khramchikhin, Aleksandr, 249 Khrushchev, Nikita, 108,214; communism promise of, 24; local history promotion by, 28; Secret Speech of, 24-26; socialist contract promotion, 24,45,232; Stalin blamed by, 24-25; Tula Order of Lenin award by, 101; Zhukov as ally to, 26 Khrushchev era: housing campaigns of, 50Ո76,13ՏՈ65; Jones, P., on, 24; Thaw in, 24,27,105,235 Kiev: Order of Lenin in 1954 and 1961,27; prisoners of war, xviii; Red Army River Dnepr crossing, Ѕ6Ш97; Zhukov’s retreat from, 27,52Ո101 Kinelev, Konstantin, 141,213,214 Kirilenko, Yuriy, 118 Kirill, Osovik, 245-46 Kirschenbaum, Lisa, 34 Kolesnik, Aleksandr, 19 Kolesov, Nikolay, 194,199; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 206; on Novorossiysk destruction, 202 Komsomol youth organization, 85; AllUnion Tours of, 1-2,36,37,59; Bozhenko in, 114; membership decline, 33; oath of, 1-2; patriotic education, 36,55Ո168; Tula work brigades hero naming, 126,139Ш49 Kondratenko, Nikolay, 238-39 Kosygin, Aleksey, 46, Տ7Ո215,102; Soviet Pepsi and, 215 299 Kotenev, Vasiliy, 70,111; housing of, 110-11; in military preparation camp, 88,86-89; reconstruction criticism by,
101; on Tula as Hero City, 107,128; on Tula improvements, 131; on veterans’benefits, 77; on Victory Square wedding rituals, 79 Kotkin, Stephen, 16 Kotov, Grigoriy, 188 Kudryashov, Sergey, 25 Kunikov, Tsezar’: Malaya Zemlya war hero, 154-55,207; sailor’s hat ritual and, 166 Kurilla, Ivan, 244 Kuzio, Taras, 251 labor heroism, Günther on, 55Ո17Տ Lenin, Vladimir, 1; monument of, 175,233; praise of Tula by, 118. See also Order of Lenin Leningrad (Ruble), s Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), 14,187; Bednyy poem on, 17; liberation of, 17; Makhanovon, 15; Order of Lenin in 1957, 27; Popkov speech on, 21-22; resurrection of, 21; Stalin’s salute to, xvii Leningrad Affair, 50Ո72 Levada, Yuriy, 44 Liberman, Evsey, 102 Life and Fate (Grossman), 22 Little Land. See Malaya Zemlya beachhead living standards, in Brezhnev era, 45-46 local history, Khrushchev promotion of, 28 Maddox, Steve, 21 Makhanov, Aleksandr, 15 Malaya Zemlya (Sokolov), 154-55,171-72,199 Malaya Zemlya beachhead, xviii-xix, 7, 28,178Ո36,228ni6s; Basistyy at, 144; Bozhok on, 156,220; Brezhnev fighting at, 3,6,187,190,199-201, гео, 224Ո47; Brezhnev on commemoration of, 159, 171-76; Brezhnev’s role exaggeration, 199-201,200; children playing dangerous games at, 155-58; commemoration of, 158-65; Dorosh on, 156-57; Kholostyakov, Oktyabr’skiy, and Sokolov on commemoration of, 158-59; Kunikov
ЗОО INDEX Malaya Zemlya beachhead (Cont.) as war hero at, 154-55,207; monument artistic competition, 168-69,184Ո154; sailor s hat ritual at, 165-68,183Ո133; Taldykin on penal battalions at, 155, 177Ո20; Tsigaľ monument at, 158-61,160, 168-70,170,171,173,174 Malinichev, Vasiliy, 101; on meat and milk defitsit, 115 Malozemeltsy dream, of Malaya Zemlya, 205-8; Bozhok on, 207; Mikhaylov on, 206-7; Nadykta on, 207; reconstruction fund, 205; Shcherbakov on, 207; Sokolov and Kolesov on, 206 Markowitsch, Hans-Joachim, 94Ո106 Markwick, Roger, 63 Marridale, Catherina, 22 Martin, Olga, 40 martyrdom, Minkova on, 253 Master and Margarita (Bulgakov), 74 matchbox images, of Hero Cities, 40-41,41 material privileges, inheroarchy, 15-16,104 Matveev, Oleg, 126-27 May 9. See Victory Day Medinskiy, Vladimir, 243 Medunov, Sergey, 174-75,185Ո188,194,195 Medvedev, Dmitriy, 250 Medvedev, Roy, 172 Medvedev, Vitaliy, 141,213,214 memoirs, of Brezhnev, 171-72,185Ո170 memorials: design competition for, 26-27, 62-63,168-69,184Ո154; Novorossiysk landscape of, 175-76; Shelepin’s support for, 26; Zhukov’s support for, 26. See also monuments memories: collective, 10Ո12; cultural, ionio, 10Ш2,66; PTSD resurfacing of, 75, 94ПШ05-6; regional, 23. See also official war memory; postmemories Merridale, Catherine, 22,23 Mikhaylov, K., 206-7,211-12 military: casualties underreporting by, 50Ո63,90Ո29; Kotenevin preparation camp of, 88,86-89; national budget for, 35; official war memory support by, 32,216; respect for, 35; response, to Brezhnev’s Stalin reference, 31-32; Stalin’s purging of leaders, 23; Yeltsin’s
parade réintroduction, 241 mine-clearing, in Novorossiysk, 202-3, 224Ո59 Minkova, Yuliya, 253 Minsk: Brezhnev’s visit to, 52Ո118; Order of Lenin, 29-30; partisan activity in, xix Molchanova, Raisa, 63-64,91Ո47,94Ո105; housing of, 110,112; on postwar economic crisis, 99-100; on Tula improvements, 131, 139Ո167; on Tula Order of Lenin, 107 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 27 monuments, xvii, 52Ո99; disrepair of, 84,96Ո143; Gabowitsch on construction of, 50Ո68; of Lenin, 175, 233; Moscow construction of, 26,167, 235; at Novorossiysk, 141; plan for Tula construction of, 91Ո34; postcards of Novorossiysk, 172; Sevastopol’ Crimean War, 15; Shalagina on, 253; Stalin monuments replaced by, 8; Tsigaľ Malaya Zemlya, 158-61,160,168-70,170,171,174; Tula Obkom funds for, 62 Moré, Angela, 143 Morozov, Pavlik, 16 Moscow: family allegory for, 40; as Hero Cities patriarch, 43,235; monument construction in, 26,167,23s; in Patriotic War against Napoleon, 14; Red Army defense of, 1,104-5; Russian navy stationing and, 249; as tourist center, 81; war first phase and, xviii. See also Battle of Moscow Moscow Railroads, 114; Yunak and Kamaev on, 115 Moskvicheva, Elena, 246-47 Munich Agreement (1938), 31 Murmansk: Brezhnev and, xx; German siege failure in, xx; Order of the Patriotic War of, 30,135 Nakykta, N., 207 national identity, as Great Patriotic War symbol, 25
INDEX Neizvestnaya, Marina, 63-64,91Ո44; on housing, 112; on meat and milk defitsit, 113; on Tula improvements, 128; on Tula war destruction, 100-101 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 53П135 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 15 Nixon, Richard, 216 NKVD. See People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs Not by Bread Alone (Dudintsev), 511187 Novikov, Pyotr, 22 Novikov, Sergey, 154,242; on Soviet Pepsi, 215 Novorossiysk, 7; blat system and, 216-21, 231; bombing of, 142-43,177Ո17; Bozhok on poverty in, 205; Crimea role by, 249; Davis on, 6,149; deportation in, 145-49, 230; disorganization and mass murder in, 231; economic development of, 208; export port of, 6; forced laborers in, 146-47; half-victory in, 144; Hitlerites in, 145; interviews in, 11П26; liberation of, 150,252; memorial landscape in, 175-76; monuments at, 141; 1973 Hero City award, 5,141,187, 188; occupation in, 145-49,179ՈՏ6, 230; Order of the Patriotic War of, 167-68, 187; Ozereyka disaster, 144; partisans in, 145,148-49,179Ո56, 202; patriotic excursions to, 162-65,163,164; postwar dangerous games in, 155-58; prisoners of war and, 142,144,147,178Ո33; under Putin regime, 254-57; Russian Navy stationing in, 249; Shiyan on defense of, 143; shortages in, 168-71; Stalingrad compared to, 220; strategic significance of, 5; tourism at, 161-65,182Ո123; urban beautification in, 254; war destruction of, 230; Yurina on defense of, 143. See also Malaya Zemlya beachhead Novorossiysk, Brezhnev’s love of, 171-75, 186-222; black market trading, 217; Brezhnev statue in, 196-98,197; Brezhnev’s visit to, 193-99,196, zzi, 223nz5; cement factories in, 199;
economic investment program in, 231; future of, ЗОЇ 208-12; Hero City celebrations in, 189-93, 191; Hero City decision, 187-89; heroism value and, 221-22; housing development in, 210; jokes about, 219-20; Malozemeltsy dream, 205-8; port in, 199,208; postwar wounds, Z01-5; socialist contract and, 199-201; Soviet Pepsi and, 212-16, 228П142; special development programs in, 193; water supply development, 209 occupation, in Novorossiysk, 145-46,230; enemy collaboration in, 149; Germans’ relations in, 147-48; Jews and partisans target of, 148,179ՈՏ6; Ostroverkhov and, 149; of Shtirts, 147; starvation in, 148 October Revolution, 1,29,36 Odessa, 6,162,213,222,249; Gold Star medal of, 29; Jews murdered at, xviii; Sevastopol’ link with, zo; Stalin salute to, xvii; tourism center at, xviii, 81 official war memory, 7-9,10Ո9,35-36; Bozhenko on discrepancy in, 73-74; Brezhnev’s death impact on, 233; Brezhnev on, 30-31,34; commercial commodity of, 244; of CPSU, 23; de-Stalinization of, 24-25,51Ո87; dissolution of, 232-36; economization of, 231-32; generational conflict and, 4; Gorbachev’s reproduction of, 233; Grossman’s contradiction of, 76; Institute of Marxism-Leninism support of, 32; life experiences disconnect, 43-44; as military expenditures justification, 216; military support of, 32; pluralism of, 23; under Putin regime, 243-47; Russia and idealization of, 251; Shalagina on rebirth of, 253; Shcheglov on rebirth of, 253-54; Stalin’s centralization of, 23; transgression punishment for, 80; Tula media on, 81; Wehrmacht resistance in, 29; women marginal position in, 63; Zhukov and
Smirnov’s influence on, 29 Oktyabr’skiy, Filipp, 158-59 Operation Barbarossa, xviii Operation Neptune, of German Wehrmacht, 145,199-200 Operation Typhoon, in Tula, 58,105,134Ո40
302 INDEX Order of Lenin, 56Ո197; Khrushchev Tula award of, 101; Kiev 1954 and 1961, 27; Leningrad 1957,27; Minsk, 29-30; for Murmansk, 23s; for Smolensk, 235; for Tula, 61,104,105,106,107,108; for Volnyanskiy, 61 Order of the Patriotic War: of Murmansk, 30,23s; of Novorossiysk, 167-68,187; of Ostroverkhov, 149; of Smolensk, 30, 104,23s Order of Victory, of Brezhnev, 172,233 Orthodox Church, post-Soviet Russian state and, 65,244-45 Ostapenko, Elena, 166 Ostroverkhov, Stepan, 149 Ozereyka, Yuzhnaya, 144 Paramonova, Irina, 66,131,242; on postSoviet Russian state impact on Tula, 237 partisans, 29,39,47Ո6,52П101,248; Minsk activity by, xix; in Novorossiysk, 145, 148-49,179Ո56,202; in Tula, 58,64, 91П49 Pasternak, Boris, 22 Pastukhov, Viktor, 118 patriotic education, 38,93Ո86; of Komsomol, 36,55П168; official war memory collapse and, 236; rituals of, 36; in Tula, 59 patriotic tourism, 37,40, ՏՏՈ174 Patriotic War against Napoleon (1812): Moscow fight in, 14 penal battalions, at Malaya Zemlya, 155, 177Ո20 pensioners: post-Soviet Russian state and benefits for, 254-55; Tula Hero City application and, 117 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), soldiers execution by, 18 Pilkington, Hilary, 33 Pipiya, Karina, 252 pluralism, of official war memory, 23 Podyma, Konstantin: on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 202; Yurina on, 165-66, 183Ո132 pokhody competitions, patriotic tourism and, 37; 40, ՏՏՈ174 Poland, 251,260Ո97 Polyakov, Eduard, 195 Popkov, Petr, 21-22 population: Brezhnev-era mobilization in, 46; Novorossiysk growth in, 204,210; in Tula 1926-2019,102 Pospelov, Petr: on
heroism, 26; Secret Speech preparation by, 26; on Zhukov and Kiev, 27, Տ2Ո101 postcards: of Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 124; of Novorossiysk monuments, 172; in Tula, 81-84,82,83; Victory Square on, 83-84,83 postmemories: Hirsch on, 8; resurfacing of, 75, 94ШП05-6 Post Norner 1: in Novorossiysk, 152-54, i53i Russians’ reengagement of, 252; in Tula, 85-89,86,87,96Ո148,97Ո152 post-Soviet Russian state: chaos of, 236-40; communism and, 238-39; defense budget reduction, 238; Orthodox Church and, 65, 244-45; prestige projects of, 255-56; social differentiation in, 254-55; socialist contract disbanding, 238; tourism reduction in, 238; victory idealization and, 251; Yeltsin and, 236-41; youth official war memory and, 252, 252-S4 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): of children of war, 142; of Gusev’s father, 204; memories resurfacing in, 75, 94ПП105-6; Senyavskaya on, 50Ո70 postwar generation: children’s games of, 64-65,155-58; education of, 44-45; social mobility and, 47; on Victory Day, 70-71; youth fear, 44 postwar wounds, in Novorossiysk: cement factories reconstruction, 203; housing problem, 201-2; lack of workers in, 203-4; mine-clearing, 202-3,224ՈՏ9; population, 204; poverty, 204-s; reconstruction efforts, 204 poverty: Novorossiysk postwar wounds of, 204-5; overcoming symbolic, 240-43 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 56Ш97; defenders medals by, 20
INDEX prisoners ofwar, 27,52Ո101,203; in Kiev and Smolensk, xix; Novorossiysk and, 142, 144,147,178Ո33; Stalin suspicion of, 147 priyaniki, in Tula, 115-16,137Ո98,139Ո167 PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder public suppression, of veterans, 76-77 Putin, Vladimir: on Crimea annexation, 248-49; on de-Sovietization, 256; patriotic symbols creation by, 242-43; power recentralization by, 239; Sevastopol’ annexation of, xvii; social integration under, 9; on Stalin, 250; on veterans, 242 Putin regime: Hero Cities return under, 247-50; modernization in, 240; new Hero Cities category, 247; official war memory under, 243-47; re-Brezhnevization and, 150-54; Tula and Novorossiysk under, 154-57 Qualls, Karl, 21,59,205 Razumovskiy, Georgiy, 174-75 re-Brezhnevization, Putin regime and, 150-54 reconstruction: Hero cities as symbols of, 21; Kotenev’s criticism of, 101; in Malaya Zemlya, 206-8; in Novorossiysk, 202-4; Tula economic, 99; veterans’ pension removal and, 23-24, ՏՕՈ74 Red Army: Kiev River Dnepr crossing by, 56Ո196; Kolesnik’s description of, 19; Moscow defended by, 1,104-5; Odessa retaking by, xviii; Smolensk retaking by, xix; in Stalingrad, 18-19; tanks loss, 142 reformism, in Brezhnev era, Տ7Ո216 regional memories, 23 re-heroization, Epishev on youth and, 32 rituals, xviii, 11П17; awarding orders in, 30; Brezhnev-era politics, 5, 6; Haumann on, 55Ո167; of Ideological Commission, 36; Immortal Regiment, 243-44; interviewees on, 8; Kertzer and Wulf on, Տ5Ո178; Malaya Zemlya sailor’s hat, 165-68,183Ո133; of patriotic education, 36; transgenerational unity from, 36-37; Tula
wedding, 79-81 ՅՕՅ Romanov, Vladimir, 70,96Ո130,114,126-27; on Tula improvements, 128,130-31 Ruble, Blair A., 5 Ruffley, David, 45 Russian Navy stationing, 249 sailor’s hat ritual, at Malaya Zemlya, 165-68, 183Ո133 Saint Petersburg. See Leningrad SALT I and SALT II treaties, 215 Sarasin, Philipp, ionu sausage train, Tula and, 113-15,128,137Ո92 Schooner of Peers. See Shkhuna Rovesníkov Second Panzer Army, Guderian of, 59 Secret Speech, of Khrushchev, 24-26 Semenov, Yuriy: on Novorossiysk housing shortage, 210-11; on Soviet Pepsi, 215 Semichastnyy, Vladimir, 31-32 Senyavskaya, Elena: on PTSD, 50Ո70; on Stalin’s mistakes at Brest Fortress, 27-28; on veterans, 22 Sevastopol’, 248; Crimean War monument in, 15; defense length in, 19-20; fall of, 28, 142; Jews’ extinction in, 20; Odessa’s link with, 20; Putin annexation of, xvii; Qualls study of, 21,58 Seventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Workers, Peasants, Cossacks, and Red Army Deputies, 14 Shalagina, Lyudmila, 169,184Ո156,253 Shapoval, Kseniya, 155 Shcheglov, Viktor, 94Ո97, 94Ո99; on Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 121; on official war memory rebirth, 253-54; on veterans’ disappointments, 100 Shcherbakov, Georgiy, 156,166-67,179Ո43, 219,220-21,255; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207; Novorossiysk deportation of, 146 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 31,187; memorials support by, 26 Shiyan, Ivan, 148,149; on Novorossiysk defense, 143; on Novorossiysk liberation, 150 Shkhuna Rovesníkov (Schooner of Peers) literary club, 165
304 INDEX Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 44 Shostakovich, Dmitriy, 151 Shoygu, Sergey, 249 Shtirts, Klotilda: occupation of, 147 Sinyavskiy, Andrei, 97ШЅ6 Smirnov, Sergey, 28,158 Smolensk: monument in 1812,15; Order of the Patriotic War of, 30,104,235; prisoners in, xix; Red Army retaking of, xix Sobolev, Leonid, 20 social differentiation, in post-Soviet Russian state, 254-55 socialism: individual reward and, 16; Khrushchev’s return to, 24; Stalinist cult and, 25 socialist contract, 7; of Brezhnev, 4,45, 199-201,232; disbanding of, 238; of Khrushchev, 24,45,232; Novorossiysk and, 199-201; Tula and, 117,125-27; veterans and, 77 socialist Übermensch, Günther on, 15 socialist values, 16; Brezhnev on, 33-34 social mobility, postwar generation and, 47 Society for the Promotion of Defense, Aviation, and Chemical Industry: Novorossiysk mine-clearing effort by, 202 Sokolov, Georgiy, 154-55,171-72; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 158-59; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 206 Sorokin, Viktor, 44 Sorokina, Anna, 251 Soviet Pepsi, in Novorossiysk, 212-16, 228Ո142 Stalin, Joseph, xvii; commemoration and, 3; death and realignments, 24; dominant war narrative of, 23-24; Hero Cities pronouncement from, 20-21; Hero Cities ties to, 22; Khrushchev’s blame of, 24-25; Medvedev, D., on, 250; mistakes, discussion on, 27; purging of military leaders by, 23; Putin on, 250; war heroes’ pensions and privileges withdrawal, 23; war memory centralization by, 23; war monuments replacement of, 8; war weakness of, 22 Stalingrad (Volgograd), xvii, 15,187; attack on, 142; fighting idealization in, 18-19; Hellbeck on
executions in, 48Ո30; hero depiction of, 17-18; Novorossiysk compared to, 220; resurrection of, 21; Stalin salute to, xvii, 21 Stalinist cult: Gunther on, 15; socialism and, 25 Stalinist heroes, 15; Clark on, 16,21 Starodubtsev, Vasiliy, 238-39 state-sponsored values, 3,21 Stepunin, Evgeniy, 63,74,80,91Ո46,181Ո76; on Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 121; on Tula Hero City, 129; on Tula war destruction, 100; on wedding rituals, 79 Stepuzhin, Sergey, 74,80-81,93Ո81,241; housing of, 112; on postwar economic crisis, 99-100; on Tula breadlines, 102 Stories of Untold Heroes (Smirnov), 28 strategic significance, of Tula and Novorossiysk, 5 suffering and death metaphors, 17 Sviderskiy, Valentin, 146-47,148,188; on Hero City award worthiness, 222 Sviderskiy, Valeriy, 146-47,179Ո45,188,255 Sycheva, Irina: on decade of 1990s, 241; on Dunyasha, 65; on postwar children’s games, 64; on Tula breadlines, 102; on Tula Hero City, 129 Taldykin, Roman, 155 teaching: atlas map, 38,38-39; patriotic education, 36,38, Տ5Ո168,59,93Ո86,236 Thaw, in Khrushchev era, 24,27,105,235 Three Bayonets landmark, at Tula Victory Square, 58,91Ո35; Dyuzhev as sculptor of, 62-63,66; funds for, 62; mystery of, 66-69; Paramonova on design changes to, 66; Qualls on, 59; woman’s removal from, 62-63; Zaytsev on, 59,60 Tieke, Wilhelm, 150 Timurov movement, for veterans’ care, 78 Tkachev, Aleksandr, 240 tourism: Dorosh on, 219; Moscow as center for, 81; patriotic, pokhody competitions
INDEX and, 37,40, ՏՏՈ174; post-Soviet Russian state reduction in, 238 tourism center: of Brest Fortress, xviii; at Novorossiysk, 161-65,182Ш23; of Odessa, xviii, 81 transgenerational unity, 4,32-35; in Novorossiysk Hero Square, 149-54; reBrezhnevization and, 252; from rituals, 36-37; veterans and, 77 Trotsky, Leo, 15 Tsaritsyn. See Stalingrad Tsement (Gladkov), 175 Tsigal’, Vladimir, 158-61,168-70,173,175, 184Ո158; pictures of, 160,170,171,174 Tsymbal, Sergey, 182П105,205,218-19; on Hero City award worthiness, 222 Tula: agricultural industry in, 101; AllUnion Tours in 1985,233-35,234; atlas publication on, 60-61; in Battle of Moscow, 104-5,1341140; in blat system, 77; Bozhenko on improvements in, 131, 139Ո157; Brezhnev’s visit to, 98-99,121-25, 124,130, із8пі22,138Ո134; children’s care ofveterans, 76-79,9ՏՈ127; Communists’ defense oath, 68; Crimea role by, 249; defense industry in, xix, 66-67,104,1067,122-23,134ՈՈՏՕ-Տ2,238,249-50; El’kin on, 69; Ermakov’s defense of, 68; German Wehrmacht attack on, 58,90Ո21,132Ո4; for Gold Star medal, 61,118; Grossman on, 76; Hero City application, 116-21,119,120; housing needs, 108-10,109,13տո6տ, 135Ո68, 135Ո73,135ՈՈ75-76,136Ո81,136Ո83; Khrushchev’s reforms and, 101; Lenin’s praise of, 118; looting and chaos in, 231; meat and milk defitsit in, 113-16,123, 138Ո135; media on official war memory, 81; memorial competition in, 62-63; 1976 award, 5; Operation Typhoon in, 58,105, 134Ո40; Order of Lenin for, 61,104,105, 106,107,108; partisans in, 58,64,91Ո49; patriotic education in, 59; population 1926-2019,102; postcards in, 81-84,82, 83; Post
Nomer 1 in, 85-90,86,87,96Ո148, 97Ո152; post-Soviet state impact on, 237-38; postwar economic crisis, 99; ՅՕ5 priyaniki, 115-16,137Ո98,139Ո167; under Putin regime, 254-57; sausage train, 113-15,128,137Ո92; socialist contract negotiation in, 117,125-27; strategic significance of, 5; urban beautification in, 254; veterans’ narratives on, 73-76; Victory Day in, 69-73; Volnyanskiy and Ageev war heroes, 61; war limited damage in, 230; war turning point in, 5; weapon production in, s-6; wedding rituals in, 79-81; women in sculptures in, 63; work brigades hero naming, 126; workers’ readiness in, 119,119-21,120; workers regiment at, 61-62,90Ո26; Yunak and Hero City application, 117-18; Yunak on anniversary rewards in, 103,104; Zhavoronkov’s defense of, 68. See also Victory Square, at Tula Tula Obkom: on anniversary rewards, 103; on economic reforms, 102; on infrastructure funding, 103-4,133Ո31; on monument disrepair, 84; on monument funds, 62; Order of Lenin lobbying, 108; Victory Day preparation by, 59-60; on water supply, 110 Tumarkin, Nina, 34, 93Ո84,241 Tyshenko, V, 180Ո62 Ukraine, 251; Novorossiysk deportation to, 145 unexploded ammunition warnings, to children, 100-101 Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), 1,3,226Ո109; agricultural failures, wi; alcoholism in, 131,140Ш76; Brezhnev on nuclear first-strike policy of, 122; class equality in, 19; hidden inflation in, 113; social and economic problems in, 131-32; Zaslavsky’s opinion polls in, 13Ո40 Ustinov, Dmitriy, 105,106-7,118 utopian future, CPSU abandonment of, 46 values: socialist, 16,33-34; state-sponsored, 3,21; of
war cult, 9 Varga-Harris, Christine, 4,46,117
ՅՕ6 INDEX veterans, 28, 9Snii6; children’s care of, 76-79,95П127; housing for, 77; Kotenev on benefits of, 77; living conditions and medical situations of, 77-78,100; public suppression of, 76-77; Putin and, 242; reconstruction and pension removal for, 23-24,50Ո74; Senyavskaya on, 22; Shcheglov on disappointment of, 100; socialist contract and, 77; transgenerational unity and, 77; Tula narratives of, 73-76; Victory Day participation, 71-72; Weiner on, 22-23; Zhukov on pensions to, 26 Victory Day (May 9), xviii, 20,23,36; Bozhenko on, 71,73; Brezhnev on official war memory, 34; celebration activities of, 70-71; Dubin on, 70,240; Kotenev and Romanov on, 70; postwar generation on, 70-71; in Tula, 69-73,24s; Tula Obkom preparation for, 59; veterans’ participation in, 71-72 Victory Square, at Tula, 7,58-90; Bater and von Saldern on, 60; disrepair and hooliganism at, 84-85,93Ո82,96Ո140; financing of, 67; Geller on disrepair of, 84-85; Great Patriotic War, Revolution of 1917, and Kremlin in, 61; groundwork for, 67; hero recognition at, 61; opening ceremony of, 68-69; on postcards, 81-84, £3; Three Bayonets landmark at, 58,59,62-69,91ՈՅՏ; wedding rituals and, 79-81 Volgograd. See Stalingrad Volnyanskiy, Grigoriy, 61 Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Fleet (DOSAAF), 36 von Saldern, Adelheid, 60 Vorob’ev, Georgiy, 159 Vorotnikov, Vitaliy, 176,185П188 war cult: climax after 1965,2; decline after Brezhnev’s death, 9; Putin’s revival of, 242; Russia’s new, 253; values of, 9 war memory. See official war memory water supply, Tula Obkom on, 110 wedding rituals,
in Tula, 79-81 Weiner, Amir, 3,22-23 Western influences, on youth, 33 women: Dunyasha’s Tula prophecy, 64-65; marginal position in official war memory of, 63; sexual violence against, 64; Three Bayonets removal of, 62-63; Tula sculptures of, 63 workers: Novorossiysk lack of, 203-4; readiness, in Tula, 119,119-21,120; regiment, at Tula, 61-62,90Ո26 worthiness, of Hero Cities, 7,221-22 Yanukovich, Viktor, 249 Yeltsin, Boris: military parade réintroduction by, 241; post-Soviet Russian state and, 236-41; Victory Day parade abolished by, 240 youth: Brezhnev on patriotism of, 33-34; Davis on official war memory of, 252; Epishev on re-heroization and, 32; hooliganism of, 84-85; pokhody tourism and competition for, 37,55Ո174; postwar generation fear of, 44; Russia official war memory, 252,252-54; Shkhuna Rovesníkov newspaper production, 165; Tula Hero City application and, 117; Western influences on, 33; Zinchenko on disorientation of, 33. See also Komsomol youth organization Yunak, Ivan, 62,99,101,129; Andropov’s connection to, 118-19; Brezhnev and, 107-8,119; economic reforms and, 102-3; on housing needs, 108,136Ո83; on Moscow Railroads, 115; on Tula anniversary rewards, 103,104; Tula Hero City application and, 117-18 Yurchak, Alexei, s, 47,192 Yurchikov, Vladimir, 74-75,94Ո103,128, 134ՈՏ2 Yurina, Tamara, 151, i8in8o, 221,242; on Hero City award worthiness, 222; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207-8; on Novorossiysk defense, 143; on Novorossiysk Hero City celebration, 189-90; on Podyma, 165-66,183Ո132; on Soviet Pepsi, 216
INDEX Zaslavsky, Viktor, 131140 Zaytsev, Aleksey, 59, бо Zhavoronkov, Vasiliy, 68,82,92Ո67,118-19 Zhukov, Georgiy, 23; as Khrushchev s ally, 26; Kiev retreat and, 27,52П101; memorial support by, 26; official war memory influenced by, 29; Tula Hero City application and, 118; on veterans’ pensions, 26 Zhurkin, Yuriy, 149,203 Zimenkov, Ivan, 21 Zinchenko, Oleg, 33 ՅՕ7
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration The Hero Cities xiii xv Short Description ofHero Cities 1. Heroism across Generations xvii і 2. Creating an Idealized Past: The Soviet Heroarchy from Stalin to Brezhnev 14 3. Victory Square: The Place of Memory in Tula 4. Great Expectations: A Worthy Life 5S 98 5. Novorossiysk as a Monumental Ensemble: Little Land and the Ideal of War 141 6. Brezhnev’s Beloved Novorossiysk: Wartime Glory and Window to the World 18 6 7. Impossible Continuity 230 Appendix: Archives and Interviews Bibliography Index 29s 267 263
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INDEX Adzhimushkay Quarry, defense of, 28-29 Ageev, Grigoriy, 61 agricultural industry, in Tula, 101 alcoholism, in USSR, 131,140Ո176 All-Union Tours to the Sites of Revolutionary, Military, and Labor Glory: Komsomol at, 1-2,36,37,59; Malaya Zemlya sailor’s hat ritual, 166; pokhody competitions at, 37; Tula 1985 celebration, 133-35,134 Al’tman, Il’ya, 148 Andropov, Yuriy, 118-19,174,233 Armageddon of the Revolution, 3, ion8,244 Arnold, Sabine, 19 Artem'ev, Maksim, 238 Assmann, Jan, 3,10П12 atlas: on Great Patriotic War, 38,38-39; Tula publication of, 60-61 authoritative discourse, Soviet, 47,192 Basistyy, Nikolay, 144 Bater, James, 60 Battle of Moscow, 231; Granin on, 105; loss of, 142; Tula in, 104-S, 134Ո40 Battle of the Caucasus, The (Grechko), 187-88 Battle of Tula anniversary, 103-8 Bednyy, Dem’yan, 17 Beevor, Anthony, 76 Beskozyrka. See sailor’s hat ritual, at Malaya Zemlya Billig, Michael, 244 black market trading, 217 blat system: Novorossiysk and, 216-21,231; in Tula, 77 bombing, of Novorossiysk, 14Z-43, 177Ո17 Bonwetsch, Bernd, 23 Borshch’, N., 153 Borzenko, Sergey, 201 Bozhenko, Elena: on Hero City, 127-29; in Komsomol, 114; on official war memory discrepancy, 73-74; on Tula improvements, 131,139Ո157; on Victory Day, 71,73 Bozhok, Galina, 166,182Ո100; on Hero City award worthiness, 222; on Malaya Zemlya, 156,220; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207; on Novorossiysk poverty, 205 Brandenberger, David, 16,35 Brandt, Willy, 216 Brest Fortress: Germans’ attack of, xviii, 27; Gold Star of, xviii; as Hero Fortress in 1965,29,130; Senyavskaya on Stalin’s mistakes in,
27-28; Smirnov on, 28; tourism center at, xviii Brest Fortress (Smirnov), 28 295
296 INDEX Brezhnev, Leonid Il’ich, xviii-xix, xix, xx, 2,131,184Ո168,192; Brunstedt on Stalin reference by, 31, 54Ш.64; censorship by, 32, Տ3Ո13Տ; commemorations by, 3,32, 35; de-Stalinization and, 31; embracing leadership of, 32,47,224Ո36; Gold Star Medal for, 52Ո119,108,232-33; Hero Cities standardization by, 29; on imperialism, 35,53Ո123; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 159,171-76; in Malaya Zemlya fighting, 3,6,187,190, 199-201,200,224Ո47; Malaya Zemlya role exaggeration, 199-201,200; memoirs of, 171-72,18ՏՈ170; Minsk visit by, Տ2Ո118; Murmansk and, xx; Novorossiysk visit by, 193-99,196,221,223Ո25; official war memory of, 30-31; sleeping tablets addiction, 54Ո157,194; socialist contract of, 4,45,199-201,232; on socialist values, 33-34; Tula visit by, 98-99» 121-25,124, 130,138Ո122,138Ո134; on USSR nuclear first-strike policy, 122; war impact on, 3, 35; on youth patriotism, 33-34; Yunak and, 107-8,119 Brezhnev era, 7; improved living standards in, 45-46; official war memory simplicity in, 230; population mobilization in, 46; reformism in, 57Ո216; ritual politics during, s, 6; Yurchak authoritative discourse in, 47 Brunstedt, Jonathan, 31,35,54Ո164 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 74 Cardona, Euridice Charon, 63 Carlyle, Thomas, 16 Carter, Jimmy, 122 casualties, military underreporting of, 50Ո63,90Ո29 Caucasus, 141,144,180Ո73,187-88 censorship, by Brezhnev, 32,53Ш35 Chernenko, Konstantin, 233 Cherniy, Yuriy, 246 Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 235,237 Chernyaev, Anatoliy, 122-23 children, in war: deGraffenried on, 62,92Ո51, 142; postwar games of, 64-65,155-58; PTSD of, 142; unexploded
ammunition warnings, 100-101; veterans’ care by, 76-79) 9ЅШ27 Cities of Military Glory, 247-48 Clark, Katerina, 16,21 class equality, in USSR, 19 Clinton, Bill, 241 collective memory, ioni2 commemorations: by Brezhnev, 3,32,35; of Malaya Zemlya, 158-65,174-76; Stalin and, 3 Commemorative Badges of the Hero-Cities (Goncharuk), 42 commemorative pins, 42-43,43 communicative memory, ioni2 communism: Khrushchev promise of, 24; post-Soviet Russian state and, 238-39 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 3-4,90Ш0; Khrushchev on war victory by, 25; official war memory of, 23; Stalin and, 31; Tula’s defense oath of, 68; utopian future abandonment, 46 consumer items, Hero Cities featured in, 56Ш89; commemorative pins, 42-43,43; matchbox images, 40-42,41 CPSU. See Communist Party of the Soviet Union Crimea: Hitler on evacuation of, 150-51; Kerch’ in, xix, 28-29,187-89,193; Novorossiysk deportation to, 145; Putin on annexation of, 248-49; Sevastopol’ in, xvii, 15,19-21,28,58,142,248; Tula and Novorossiysk role in, 249 Crimean War, xvii, 15,20 cultural memory, ionio, ւօուշ; of Three Bayonets, 66 Daniel, Yuliy, 97Ո156 Davis, Vicky, 11П26,183Ш32,246; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 193,198; on Hero Square eternal flame, 151; on Jews in Novorossiysk, 148,179Ո56; on
297 INDEX Novorossiysk, 6, 149; on Soviet Pepsi, 215; on youth official war memory, 252 defense industry, in Tula, xix, 66-67,104, 122-23,134ՈՈՏՕ-52,238; Dyumin and, 249-50; Ustinov on, 106-7 defitsit, in meat and milk, 113-16,123,138Ո13Տ deGraffenried, Julie, 62,92Ո51,142 deportation, from Novorossiysk, 146-49, 230; of Grigor’eva, 146; of Gusev, 145; Shcherbakov and, 146 design competition, for memorial construction, 26-27,62-63,168-69, 184ШЅ4 de-Stalinization: Brezhnev and, 31; of official war memory, 24-25,51Ո87 Dnepr-Mafia, Dörnberg on, 107-8 Dörnberg, John, 107-9 Dorosh, Lyudmila, 180Ո59; on black market trading, 217; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 195-96,198; on Hero City award worthiness, 221-22; on Malaya Zemlya postwar findings, 156-57; on Novorossiysk mine-clearing, 202-3; on Novorossiysk partisans, 148; on tourism, 219 DOSAAF. See Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Fleet Dubín, Boris, 70,240 Dubinin, Timofey, 118 Dudintsev, Vladimir, 51Ո87 Dudka, Vyacheslav, 239 Dunyasha, Matushka Evdokiya, 65 Dyumin, Alexey, 249-50 Dyuzhev, Boris, 62-63,66 economy: Great Patriotic War cost in, 2-3,10Ո7; heroarchy questions for, 188; heroism link with, 21; Molchanova and Stepuzhin on postwar crisis in, 99-100; Novorossiysk development in, 208,231; official war memory and, 231-32; reforms in, 101,102-3; USSR problems in, 131-32 education: patriotic, 36,38,55Ո168,59,93Ո86, 236; of post war generation, 44-45 Egorov, A., 84 El’kin, Aleksandr, 69 embracing leadership, of Brezhnev, 32,47 Epishev, Aleksey, 32 Eremenko, Aleksandr, 180Ո62,202 Ermakov,
Arkadiy, 68 eternal flame, at Novorossiysk Hero Square, 151 Etkind, Alexander, 231 Ewing, E. Thomas, 16 family allegory, for Moscow, 40 family histories, 9; repression in, 74 Five-Year Plans: eighth, Տ7Ո217,98,113, 136Ո85; ninth, 108-9, H7i i3Sn 58; tenth, 125,136Ո76,211 forced laborers, in Novorossiysk, 146-47 Ford, Gerald, 215 “Fortress City” (Makhanov), 15 Foucault, Michel, ionu freedom of speech, 3 Frey, Bruno, 46 Gabowitsch, Mischa, 50Ո68,244 Gallus, Jana, 46 Ganzenmüller, Jörg, 32 Geller, L, 84-85 German Wehrmacht, 142; Brest Fortress attack, xviii, 27; Murmansk siege failure by, xx; official war memory resistance of, 29; Operation Neptune of, 145,199-200; Tula attack by, 58,90Ո21,132Ո4 Gladkov, Fedor, 175 Gold Star medal, 30,56П197; for Brest Fortress, xviii; for Brezhnev, 52П119,108, 232-33; for Odessa, 29; for Tula, 61,118 Golikov, Viktor, 6,208-9, 216,227Ո138; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 190,192-94 Goncharuk, Vladimir, 42 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 175,194; failed coup of, 236; Hero Cities praise by, 235; imperialism criticism by, 235; official war memory reproduction by, 233 Gramsci, Antonio, 54Ո150,80
298 INDEX Granin, Mikhail, ros Great Patriotic War (1941-1945): atlas pages on, 38,38-39; Brezhnev impacted by, 3, 35,- deaths in, 2,22,27, տշաօւ, 91Ո49,99, 134Ո41,145, i8o, 228ni6s; economic cost of, 2-3,10Ո7; Moscow and first phase of, xviii; national identity as symbol of, 25; Weiner on, 3 Great Victory of the Soviet People (Brezhnev), 53П120,53П123 Grechko, Andrey, 118,150; as historian, 187-88; on Novorossiysk Hero City, 188 Grigor’eva, Natalya, 153-54» 177П16; deportation of, 146; on Novorossiysk bombing, 142-43; on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 204 Grigor’evich, Yuriy, 184Ո153 Grossman, Vasily, 22,76 Groznyy, as City of Military Glory, 248 Gruzdev. Vladimir, 239-40 Guderian, Heinz, 59 Gudkov, Lev, 94Ո92 Günther, Hans, 15,219; on heroarchy, 16; on labor heroism, ssni7s Gusev, Sergey, 242 Gusev, Vladimir, 156; on Brezhnev’s Novorossiysk visit, 195,221; deportation of, 145; on Novorossiysk bombing, 142; on Novorossiysk poverty, 205; on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 204; on PTSD of father, 204; on suspicion of prisoners ofwar, 147 Haumann, Heiko, 5ՏՈ167 hegemony, Gramsci on, 54Ո150,80-81 Hellbeck, Jochen, 48Ո30 Helsinki Accords, 215 heroarchy, 5,48Ո13; economic questions for, 188; Günther on, 16; of individuals and places, 29; material privileges in, 15-16, 104; of Tula and Novorossiysk, 232; Tula Hero City application and, 117 Hero Cities: map of, xv. See also specific Hero City Hero-Cities of the Black Sea (Kinelev and Medvedev, V.), 141,213,214 Hero Fortress, Brest Fortress as 1965,29,130 heroism: economy linked with, 21; Günther on labor, 55П175; Minkova on, 253;
Pospelov on, 26; value and, 221-22 Hero of the Soviet Union, Ageev as, 61 Hero Square, at Novorossiysk, 141; eternal flame at, 151; Post Nomer 1 in, 152-54,153; Shostakovich’s chimes at, 151; transgenerational unity in, 149-54 hidden inflation, in USSR, 113 Hirsch, Marianne, 8 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945,25-26; Grechko as historian for, 187-88 Hitler, Adolf, 144,150-51 hooliganism: at Tula Victory Square, 84-85, 93Ո82, 96Ո140; ofyouth, 84-85 housing: campaigns, of Khrushchev era, 50Ո76,135Ո65; of Kotenev, 110-11; of Molchanova, 110,112; of Neizvestnaya, 112; Novorossiysk problems in, 201-2; Semenov on Novorossiysk shortage in, 210-11; ofStepuzhin, 112; Tula construction of, 108-10,109,135^65, 13ՏՈ68,135Ո73,135ՈՈ75-76,136Ո81,136Ո83; for veterans, 77; Yunak and Kamaev on Tula’s needs for, 108,136Ո83 Ideological Commission, rituals of, 36 Immortal Regiment ritual, 243-44 imperialism: Brezhnev on, 35, ՏՅՈ123; Gorbachev criticism of, 235 infrastructure funding, Tula Obkom on, 103-4,1331131 Inozemetseva, Mariya, 210,226Ո110 Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 26; official war memory support by, 32 interviews: benefits of, 12Ո35; in Novorossiysk, 8; questions in, 13Ո41; in Tula, 8. See also specific respondents Jews: Al’tman on, 148; Novorossiysk and murder of, 148,179Ո56; Odessa and murder of, xviii; Sevastopol’ extinction of, 20 Jones, Jeffrey, 49Ո39 Jones, Polly, 24
INDEX Kalinin, Mikhail, 22 Kaltenegger, Roland, 150 Kamaev, Gerontiy, 133Ո26; on Moscow Railroads, 115; on Tula anniversary rewards, 103; on Tula housing needs, 108, 136Ո83 Kasamara, Valeria, 251 Kendall, Donald, 215-16 Kerch’, xix, 248; Adzhimushkay Quarry defense near, 28-29; as Hero City in 1973, 29,187-89,193 Khapaeva, Dina, 251 Kholostyakov, Georgiy: Hero Square eternal flame lighting by, 151; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 158-59; on Novorossiysk Hero City, 188,190 Khramchikhin, Aleksandr, 249 Khrushchev, Nikita, 108,214; communism promise of, 24; local history promotion by, 28; Secret Speech of, 24-26; socialist contract promotion, 24,45,232; Stalin blamed by, 24-25; Tula Order of Lenin award by, 101; Zhukov as ally to, 26 Khrushchev era: housing campaigns of, 50Ո76,13ՏՈ65; Jones, P., on, 24; Thaw in, 24,27,105,235 Kiev: Order of Lenin in 1954 and 1961,27; prisoners of war, xviii; Red Army River Dnepr crossing, Ѕ6Ш97; Zhukov’s retreat from, 27,52Ո101 Kinelev, Konstantin, 141,213,214 Kirilenko, Yuriy, 118 Kirill, Osovik, 245-46 Kirschenbaum, Lisa, 34 Kolesnik, Aleksandr, 19 Kolesov, Nikolay, 194,199; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 206; on Novorossiysk destruction, 202 Komsomol youth organization, 85; AllUnion Tours of, 1-2,36,37,59; Bozhenko in, 114; membership decline, 33; oath of, 1-2; patriotic education, 36,55Ո168; Tula work brigades hero naming, 126,139Ш49 Kondratenko, Nikolay, 238-39 Kosygin, Aleksey, 46, Տ7Ո215,102; Soviet Pepsi and, 215 299 Kotenev, Vasiliy, 70,111; housing of, 110-11; in military preparation camp, 88,86-89; reconstruction criticism by,
101; on Tula as Hero City, 107,128; on Tula improvements, 131; on veterans’benefits, 77; on Victory Square wedding rituals, 79 Kotkin, Stephen, 16 Kotov, Grigoriy, 188 Kudryashov, Sergey, 25 Kunikov, Tsezar’: Malaya Zemlya war hero, 154-55,207; sailor’s hat ritual and, 166 Kurilla, Ivan, 244 Kuzio, Taras, 251 labor heroism, Günther on, 55Ո17Տ Lenin, Vladimir, 1; monument of, 175,233; praise of Tula by, 118. See also Order of Lenin Leningrad (Ruble), s Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), 14,187; Bednyy poem on, 17; liberation of, 17; Makhanovon, 15; Order of Lenin in 1957, 27; Popkov speech on, 21-22; resurrection of, 21; Stalin’s salute to, xvii Leningrad Affair, 50Ո72 Levada, Yuriy, 44 Liberman, Evsey, 102 Life and Fate (Grossman), 22 Little Land. See Malaya Zemlya beachhead living standards, in Brezhnev era, 45-46 local history, Khrushchev promotion of, 28 Maddox, Steve, 21 Makhanov, Aleksandr, 15 Malaya Zemlya (Sokolov), 154-55,171-72,199 Malaya Zemlya beachhead, xviii-xix, 7, 28,178Ո36,228ni6s; Basistyy at, 144; Bozhok on, 156,220; Brezhnev fighting at, 3,6,187,190,199-201, гео, 224Ո47; Brezhnev on commemoration of, 159, 171-76; Brezhnev’s role exaggeration, 199-201,200; children playing dangerous games at, 155-58; commemoration of, 158-65; Dorosh on, 156-57; Kholostyakov, Oktyabr’skiy, and Sokolov on commemoration of, 158-59; Kunikov
ЗОО INDEX Malaya Zemlya beachhead (Cont.) as war hero at, 154-55,207; monument artistic competition, 168-69,184Ո154; sailor s hat ritual at, 165-68,183Ո133; Taldykin on penal battalions at, 155, 177Ո20; Tsigaľ monument at, 158-61,160, 168-70,170,171,173,174 Malinichev, Vasiliy, 101; on meat and milk defitsit, 115 Malozemeltsy dream, of Malaya Zemlya, 205-8; Bozhok on, 207; Mikhaylov on, 206-7; Nadykta on, 207; reconstruction fund, 205; Shcherbakov on, 207; Sokolov and Kolesov on, 206 Markowitsch, Hans-Joachim, 94Ո106 Markwick, Roger, 63 Marridale, Catherina, 22 Martin, Olga, 40 martyrdom, Minkova on, 253 Master and Margarita (Bulgakov), 74 matchbox images, of Hero Cities, 40-41,41 material privileges, inheroarchy, 15-16,104 Matveev, Oleg, 126-27 May 9. See Victory Day Medinskiy, Vladimir, 243 Medunov, Sergey, 174-75,185Ո188,194,195 Medvedev, Dmitriy, 250 Medvedev, Roy, 172 Medvedev, Vitaliy, 141,213,214 memoirs, of Brezhnev, 171-72,185Ո170 memorials: design competition for, 26-27, 62-63,168-69,184Ո154; Novorossiysk landscape of, 175-76; Shelepin’s support for, 26; Zhukov’s support for, 26. See also monuments memories: collective, 10Ո12; cultural, ionio, 10Ш2,66; PTSD resurfacing of, 75, 94ПШ05-6; regional, 23. See also official war memory; postmemories Merridale, Catherine, 22,23 Mikhaylov, K., 206-7,211-12 military: casualties underreporting by, 50Ո63,90Ո29; Kotenevin preparation camp of, 88,86-89; national budget for, 35; official war memory support by, 32,216; respect for, 35; response, to Brezhnev’s Stalin reference, 31-32; Stalin’s purging of leaders, 23; Yeltsin’s
parade réintroduction, 241 mine-clearing, in Novorossiysk, 202-3, 224Ո59 Minkova, Yuliya, 253 Minsk: Brezhnev’s visit to, 52Ո118; Order of Lenin, 29-30; partisan activity in, xix Molchanova, Raisa, 63-64,91Ո47,94Ո105; housing of, 110,112; on postwar economic crisis, 99-100; on Tula improvements, 131, 139Ո167; on Tula Order of Lenin, 107 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 27 monuments, xvii, 52Ո99; disrepair of, 84,96Ո143; Gabowitsch on construction of, 50Ո68; of Lenin, 175, 233; Moscow construction of, 26,167, 235; at Novorossiysk, 141; plan for Tula construction of, 91Ո34; postcards of Novorossiysk, 172; Sevastopol’ Crimean War, 15; Shalagina on, 253; Stalin monuments replaced by, 8; Tsigaľ Malaya Zemlya, 158-61,160,168-70,170,171,174; Tula Obkom funds for, 62 Moré, Angela, 143 Morozov, Pavlik, 16 Moscow: family allegory for, 40; as Hero Cities patriarch, 43,235; monument construction in, 26,167,23s; in Patriotic War against Napoleon, 14; Red Army defense of, 1,104-5; Russian navy stationing and, 249; as tourist center, 81; war first phase and, xviii. See also Battle of Moscow Moscow Railroads, 114; Yunak and Kamaev on, 115 Moskvicheva, Elena, 246-47 Munich Agreement (1938), 31 Murmansk: Brezhnev and, xx; German siege failure in, xx; Order of the Patriotic War of, 30,135 Nakykta, N., 207 national identity, as Great Patriotic War symbol, 25
INDEX Neizvestnaya, Marina, 63-64,91Ո44; on housing, 112; on meat and milk defitsit, 113; on Tula improvements, 128; on Tula war destruction, 100-101 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 53П135 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 15 Nixon, Richard, 216 NKVD. See People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs Not by Bread Alone (Dudintsev), 511187 Novikov, Pyotr, 22 Novikov, Sergey, 154,242; on Soviet Pepsi, 215 Novorossiysk, 7; blat system and, 216-21, 231; bombing of, 142-43,177Ո17; Bozhok on poverty in, 205; Crimea role by, 249; Davis on, 6,149; deportation in, 145-49, 230; disorganization and mass murder in, 231; economic development of, 208; export port of, 6; forced laborers in, 146-47; half-victory in, 144; Hitlerites in, 145; interviews in, 11П26; liberation of, 150,252; memorial landscape in, 175-76; monuments at, 141; 1973 Hero City award, 5,141,187, 188; occupation in, 145-49,179ՈՏ6, 230; Order of the Patriotic War of, 167-68, 187; Ozereyka disaster, 144; partisans in, 145,148-49,179Ո56, 202; patriotic excursions to, 162-65,163,164; postwar dangerous games in, 155-58; prisoners of war and, 142,144,147,178Ո33; under Putin regime, 254-57; Russian Navy stationing in, 249; Shiyan on defense of, 143; shortages in, 168-71; Stalingrad compared to, 220; strategic significance of, 5; tourism at, 161-65,182Ո123; urban beautification in, 254; war destruction of, 230; Yurina on defense of, 143. See also Malaya Zemlya beachhead Novorossiysk, Brezhnev’s love of, 171-75, 186-222; black market trading, 217; Brezhnev statue in, 196-98,197; Brezhnev’s visit to, 193-99,196, zzi, 223nz5; cement factories in, 199;
economic investment program in, 231; future of, ЗОЇ 208-12; Hero City celebrations in, 189-93, 191; Hero City decision, 187-89; heroism value and, 221-22; housing development in, 210; jokes about, 219-20; Malozemeltsy dream, 205-8; port in, 199,208; postwar wounds, Z01-5; socialist contract and, 199-201; Soviet Pepsi and, 212-16, 228П142; special development programs in, 193; water supply development, 209 occupation, in Novorossiysk, 145-46,230; enemy collaboration in, 149; Germans’ relations in, 147-48; Jews and partisans target of, 148,179ՈՏ6; Ostroverkhov and, 149; of Shtirts, 147; starvation in, 148 October Revolution, 1,29,36 Odessa, 6,162,213,222,249; Gold Star medal of, 29; Jews murdered at, xviii; Sevastopol’ link with, zo; Stalin salute to, xvii; tourism center at, xviii, 81 official war memory, 7-9,10Ո9,35-36; Bozhenko on discrepancy in, 73-74; Brezhnev’s death impact on, 233; Brezhnev on, 30-31,34; commercial commodity of, 244; of CPSU, 23; de-Stalinization of, 24-25,51Ո87; dissolution of, 232-36; economization of, 231-32; generational conflict and, 4; Gorbachev’s reproduction of, 233; Grossman’s contradiction of, 76; Institute of Marxism-Leninism support of, 32; life experiences disconnect, 43-44; as military expenditures justification, 216; military support of, 32; pluralism of, 23; under Putin regime, 243-47; Russia and idealization of, 251; Shalagina on rebirth of, 253; Shcheglov on rebirth of, 253-54; Stalin’s centralization of, 23; transgression punishment for, 80; Tula media on, 81; Wehrmacht resistance in, 29; women marginal position in, 63; Zhukov and
Smirnov’s influence on, 29 Oktyabr’skiy, Filipp, 158-59 Operation Barbarossa, xviii Operation Neptune, of German Wehrmacht, 145,199-200 Operation Typhoon, in Tula, 58,105,134Ո40
302 INDEX Order of Lenin, 56Ո197; Khrushchev Tula award of, 101; Kiev 1954 and 1961, 27; Leningrad 1957,27; Minsk, 29-30; for Murmansk, 23s; for Smolensk, 235; for Tula, 61,104,105,106,107,108; for Volnyanskiy, 61 Order of the Patriotic War: of Murmansk, 30,23s; of Novorossiysk, 167-68,187; of Ostroverkhov, 149; of Smolensk, 30, 104,23s Order of Victory, of Brezhnev, 172,233 Orthodox Church, post-Soviet Russian state and, 65,244-45 Ostapenko, Elena, 166 Ostroverkhov, Stepan, 149 Ozereyka, Yuzhnaya, 144 Paramonova, Irina, 66,131,242; on postSoviet Russian state impact on Tula, 237 partisans, 29,39,47Ո6,52П101,248; Minsk activity by, xix; in Novorossiysk, 145, 148-49,179Ո56,202; in Tula, 58,64, 91П49 Pasternak, Boris, 22 Pastukhov, Viktor, 118 patriotic education, 38,93Ո86; of Komsomol, 36,55П168; official war memory collapse and, 236; rituals of, 36; in Tula, 59 patriotic tourism, 37,40, ՏՏՈ174 Patriotic War against Napoleon (1812): Moscow fight in, 14 penal battalions, at Malaya Zemlya, 155, 177Ո20 pensioners: post-Soviet Russian state and benefits for, 254-55; Tula Hero City application and, 117 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), soldiers execution by, 18 Pilkington, Hilary, 33 Pipiya, Karina, 252 pluralism, of official war memory, 23 Podyma, Konstantin: on Novorossiysk reconstruction, 202; Yurina on, 165-66, 183Ո132 pokhody competitions, patriotic tourism and, 37; 40, ՏՏՈ174 Poland, 251,260Ո97 Polyakov, Eduard, 195 Popkov, Petr, 21-22 population: Brezhnev-era mobilization in, 46; Novorossiysk growth in, 204,210; in Tula 1926-2019,102 Pospelov, Petr: on
heroism, 26; Secret Speech preparation by, 26; on Zhukov and Kiev, 27, Տ2Ո101 postcards: of Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 124; of Novorossiysk monuments, 172; in Tula, 81-84,82,83; Victory Square on, 83-84,83 postmemories: Hirsch on, 8; resurfacing of, 75, 94ШП05-6 Post Norner 1: in Novorossiysk, 152-54, i53i Russians’ reengagement of, 252; in Tula, 85-89,86,87,96Ո148,97Ո152 post-Soviet Russian state: chaos of, 236-40; communism and, 238-39; defense budget reduction, 238; Orthodox Church and, 65, 244-45; prestige projects of, 255-56; social differentiation in, 254-55; socialist contract disbanding, 238; tourism reduction in, 238; victory idealization and, 251; Yeltsin and, 236-41; youth official war memory and, 252, 252-S4 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): of children of war, 142; of Gusev’s father, 204; memories resurfacing in, 75, 94ПП105-6; Senyavskaya on, 50Ո70 postwar generation: children’s games of, 64-65,155-58; education of, 44-45; social mobility and, 47; on Victory Day, 70-71; youth fear, 44 postwar wounds, in Novorossiysk: cement factories reconstruction, 203; housing problem, 201-2; lack of workers in, 203-4; mine-clearing, 202-3,224ՈՏ9; population, 204; poverty, 204-s; reconstruction efforts, 204 poverty: Novorossiysk postwar wounds of, 204-5; overcoming symbolic, 240-43 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 56Ш97; defenders medals by, 20
INDEX prisoners ofwar, 27,52Ո101,203; in Kiev and Smolensk, xix; Novorossiysk and, 142, 144,147,178Ո33; Stalin suspicion of, 147 priyaniki, in Tula, 115-16,137Ո98,139Ո167 PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder public suppression, of veterans, 76-77 Putin, Vladimir: on Crimea annexation, 248-49; on de-Sovietization, 256; patriotic symbols creation by, 242-43; power recentralization by, 239; Sevastopol’ annexation of, xvii; social integration under, 9; on Stalin, 250; on veterans, 242 Putin regime: Hero Cities return under, 247-50; modernization in, 240; new Hero Cities category, 247; official war memory under, 243-47; re-Brezhnevization and, 150-54; Tula and Novorossiysk under, 154-57 Qualls, Karl, 21,59,205 Razumovskiy, Georgiy, 174-75 re-Brezhnevization, Putin regime and, 150-54 reconstruction: Hero cities as symbols of, 21; Kotenev’s criticism of, 101; in Malaya Zemlya, 206-8; in Novorossiysk, 202-4; Tula economic, 99; veterans’ pension removal and, 23-24, ՏՕՈ74 Red Army: Kiev River Dnepr crossing by, 56Ո196; Kolesnik’s description of, 19; Moscow defended by, 1,104-5; Odessa retaking by, xviii; Smolensk retaking by, xix; in Stalingrad, 18-19; tanks loss, 142 reformism, in Brezhnev era, Տ7Ո216 regional memories, 23 re-heroization, Epishev on youth and, 32 rituals, xviii, 11П17; awarding orders in, 30; Brezhnev-era politics, 5, 6; Haumann on, 55Ո167; of Ideological Commission, 36; Immortal Regiment, 243-44; interviewees on, 8; Kertzer and Wulf on, Տ5Ո178; Malaya Zemlya sailor’s hat, 165-68,183Ո133; of patriotic education, 36; transgenerational unity from, 36-37; Tula
wedding, 79-81 ՅՕՅ Romanov, Vladimir, 70,96Ո130,114,126-27; on Tula improvements, 128,130-31 Ruble, Blair A., 5 Ruffley, David, 45 Russian Navy stationing, 249 sailor’s hat ritual, at Malaya Zemlya, 165-68, 183Ո133 Saint Petersburg. See Leningrad SALT I and SALT II treaties, 215 Sarasin, Philipp, ionu sausage train, Tula and, 113-15,128,137Ո92 Schooner of Peers. See Shkhuna Rovesníkov Second Panzer Army, Guderian of, 59 Secret Speech, of Khrushchev, 24-26 Semenov, Yuriy: on Novorossiysk housing shortage, 210-11; on Soviet Pepsi, 215 Semichastnyy, Vladimir, 31-32 Senyavskaya, Elena: on PTSD, 50Ո70; on Stalin’s mistakes at Brest Fortress, 27-28; on veterans, 22 Sevastopol’, 248; Crimean War monument in, 15; defense length in, 19-20; fall of, 28, 142; Jews’ extinction in, 20; Odessa’s link with, 20; Putin annexation of, xvii; Qualls study of, 21,58 Seventh All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Workers, Peasants, Cossacks, and Red Army Deputies, 14 Shalagina, Lyudmila, 169,184Ո156,253 Shapoval, Kseniya, 155 Shcheglov, Viktor, 94Ո97, 94Ո99; on Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 121; on official war memory rebirth, 253-54; on veterans’ disappointments, 100 Shcherbakov, Georgiy, 156,166-67,179Ո43, 219,220-21,255; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207; Novorossiysk deportation of, 146 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 31,187; memorials support by, 26 Shiyan, Ivan, 148,149; on Novorossiysk defense, 143; on Novorossiysk liberation, 150 Shkhuna Rovesníkov (Schooner of Peers) literary club, 165
304 INDEX Shlapentokh, Vladimir, 44 Shostakovich, Dmitriy, 151 Shoygu, Sergey, 249 Shtirts, Klotilda: occupation of, 147 Sinyavskiy, Andrei, 97ШЅ6 Smirnov, Sergey, 28,158 Smolensk: monument in 1812,15; Order of the Patriotic War of, 30,104,235; prisoners in, xix; Red Army retaking of, xix Sobolev, Leonid, 20 social differentiation, in post-Soviet Russian state, 254-55 socialism: individual reward and, 16; Khrushchev’s return to, 24; Stalinist cult and, 25 socialist contract, 7; of Brezhnev, 4,45, 199-201,232; disbanding of, 238; of Khrushchev, 24,45,232; Novorossiysk and, 199-201; Tula and, 117,125-27; veterans and, 77 socialist Übermensch, Günther on, 15 socialist values, 16; Brezhnev on, 33-34 social mobility, postwar generation and, 47 Society for the Promotion of Defense, Aviation, and Chemical Industry: Novorossiysk mine-clearing effort by, 202 Sokolov, Georgiy, 154-55,171-72; on Malaya Zemlya commemoration, 158-59; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 206 Sorokin, Viktor, 44 Sorokina, Anna, 251 Soviet Pepsi, in Novorossiysk, 212-16, 228Ո142 Stalin, Joseph, xvii; commemoration and, 3; death and realignments, 24; dominant war narrative of, 23-24; Hero Cities pronouncement from, 20-21; Hero Cities ties to, 22; Khrushchev’s blame of, 24-25; Medvedev, D., on, 250; mistakes, discussion on, 27; purging of military leaders by, 23; Putin on, 250; war heroes’ pensions and privileges withdrawal, 23; war memory centralization by, 23; war monuments replacement of, 8; war weakness of, 22 Stalingrad (Volgograd), xvii, 15,187; attack on, 142; fighting idealization in, 18-19; Hellbeck on
executions in, 48Ո30; hero depiction of, 17-18; Novorossiysk compared to, 220; resurrection of, 21; Stalin salute to, xvii, 21 Stalinist cult: Gunther on, 15; socialism and, 25 Stalinist heroes, 15; Clark on, 16,21 Starodubtsev, Vasiliy, 238-39 state-sponsored values, 3,21 Stepunin, Evgeniy, 63,74,80,91Ո46,181Ո76; on Brezhnev’s Tula visit, 121; on Tula Hero City, 129; on Tula war destruction, 100; on wedding rituals, 79 Stepuzhin, Sergey, 74,80-81,93Ո81,241; housing of, 112; on postwar economic crisis, 99-100; on Tula breadlines, 102 Stories of Untold Heroes (Smirnov), 28 strategic significance, of Tula and Novorossiysk, 5 suffering and death metaphors, 17 Sviderskiy, Valentin, 146-47,148,188; on Hero City award worthiness, 222 Sviderskiy, Valeriy, 146-47,179Ո45,188,255 Sycheva, Irina: on decade of 1990s, 241; on Dunyasha, 65; on postwar children’s games, 64; on Tula breadlines, 102; on Tula Hero City, 129 Taldykin, Roman, 155 teaching: atlas map, 38,38-39; patriotic education, 36,38, Տ5Ո168,59,93Ո86,236 Thaw, in Khrushchev era, 24,27,105,235 Three Bayonets landmark, at Tula Victory Square, 58,91Ո35; Dyuzhev as sculptor of, 62-63,66; funds for, 62; mystery of, 66-69; Paramonova on design changes to, 66; Qualls on, 59; woman’s removal from, 62-63; Zaytsev on, 59,60 Tieke, Wilhelm, 150 Timurov movement, for veterans’ care, 78 Tkachev, Aleksandr, 240 tourism: Dorosh on, 219; Moscow as center for, 81; patriotic, pokhody competitions
INDEX and, 37,40, ՏՏՈ174; post-Soviet Russian state reduction in, 238 tourism center: of Brest Fortress, xviii; at Novorossiysk, 161-65,182Ш23; of Odessa, xviii, 81 transgenerational unity, 4,32-35; in Novorossiysk Hero Square, 149-54; reBrezhnevization and, 252; from rituals, 36-37; veterans and, 77 Trotsky, Leo, 15 Tsaritsyn. See Stalingrad Tsement (Gladkov), 175 Tsigal’, Vladimir, 158-61,168-70,173,175, 184Ո158; pictures of, 160,170,171,174 Tsymbal, Sergey, 182П105,205,218-19; on Hero City award worthiness, 222 Tula: agricultural industry in, 101; AllUnion Tours in 1985,233-35,234; atlas publication on, 60-61; in Battle of Moscow, 104-5,1341140; in blat system, 77; Bozhenko on improvements in, 131, 139Ո157; Brezhnev’s visit to, 98-99,121-25, 124,130, із8пі22,138Ո134; children’s care ofveterans, 76-79,9ՏՈ127; Communists’ defense oath, 68; Crimea role by, 249; defense industry in, xix, 66-67,104,1067,122-23,134ՈՈՏՕ-Տ2,238,249-50; El’kin on, 69; Ermakov’s defense of, 68; German Wehrmacht attack on, 58,90Ո21,132Ո4; for Gold Star medal, 61,118; Grossman on, 76; Hero City application, 116-21,119,120; housing needs, 108-10,109,13տո6տ, 135Ո68, 135Ո73,135ՈՈ75-76,136Ո81,136Ո83; Khrushchev’s reforms and, 101; Lenin’s praise of, 118; looting and chaos in, 231; meat and milk defitsit in, 113-16,123, 138Ո135; media on official war memory, 81; memorial competition in, 62-63; 1976 award, 5; Operation Typhoon in, 58,105, 134Ո40; Order of Lenin for, 61,104,105, 106,107,108; partisans in, 58,64,91Ո49; patriotic education in, 59; population 1926-2019,102; postcards in, 81-84,82, 83; Post
Nomer 1 in, 85-90,86,87,96Ո148, 97Ո152; post-Soviet state impact on, 237-38; postwar economic crisis, 99; ՅՕ5 priyaniki, 115-16,137Ո98,139Ո167; under Putin regime, 254-57; sausage train, 113-15,128,137Ո92; socialist contract negotiation in, 117,125-27; strategic significance of, 5; urban beautification in, 254; veterans’ narratives on, 73-76; Victory Day in, 69-73; Volnyanskiy and Ageev war heroes, 61; war limited damage in, 230; war turning point in, 5; weapon production in, s-6; wedding rituals in, 79-81; women in sculptures in, 63; work brigades hero naming, 126; workers’ readiness in, 119,119-21,120; workers' regiment at, 61-62,90Ո26; Yunak and Hero City application, 117-18; Yunak on anniversary rewards in, 103,104; Zhavoronkov’s defense of, 68. See also Victory Square, at Tula Tula Obkom: on anniversary rewards, 103; on economic reforms, 102; on infrastructure funding, 103-4,133Ո31; on monument disrepair, 84; on monument funds, 62; Order of Lenin lobbying, 108; Victory Day preparation by, 59-60; on water supply, 110 Tumarkin, Nina, 34, 93Ո84,241 Tyshenko, V, 180Ո62 Ukraine, 251; Novorossiysk deportation to, 145 unexploded ammunition warnings, to children, 100-101 Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), 1,3,226Ո109; agricultural failures, wi; alcoholism in, 131,140Ш76; Brezhnev on nuclear first-strike policy of, 122; class equality in, 19; hidden inflation in, 113; social and economic problems in, 131-32; Zaslavsky’s opinion polls in, 13Ո40 Ustinov, Dmitriy, 105,106-7,118 utopian future, CPSU abandonment of, 46 values: socialist, 16,33-34; state-sponsored, 3,21; of
war cult, 9 Varga-Harris, Christine, 4,46,117
ՅՕ6 INDEX veterans, 28, 9Snii6; children’s care of, 76-79,95П127; housing for, 77; Kotenev on benefits of, 77; living conditions and medical situations of, 77-78,100; public suppression of, 76-77; Putin and, 242; reconstruction and pension removal for, 23-24,50Ո74; Senyavskaya on, 22; Shcheglov on disappointment of, 100; socialist contract and, 77; transgenerational unity and, 77; Tula narratives of, 73-76; Victory Day participation, 71-72; Weiner on, 22-23; Zhukov on pensions to, 26 Victory Day (May 9), xviii, 20,23,36; Bozhenko on, 71,73; Brezhnev on official war memory, 34; celebration activities of, 70-71; Dubin on, 70,240; Kotenev and Romanov on, 70; postwar generation on, 70-71; in Tula, 69-73,24s; Tula Obkom preparation for, 59; veterans’ participation in, 71-72 Victory Square, at Tula, 7,58-90; Bater and von Saldern on, 60; disrepair and hooliganism at, 84-85,93Ո82,96Ո140; financing of, 67; Geller on disrepair of, 84-85; Great Patriotic War, Revolution of 1917, and Kremlin in, 61; groundwork for, 67; hero recognition at, 61; opening ceremony of, 68-69; on postcards, 81-84, £3; Three Bayonets landmark at, 58,59,62-69,91ՈՅՏ; wedding rituals and, 79-81 Volgograd. See Stalingrad Volnyanskiy, Grigoriy, 61 Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Fleet (DOSAAF), 36 von Saldern, Adelheid, 60 Vorob’ev, Georgiy, 159 Vorotnikov, Vitaliy, 176,185П188 war cult: climax after 1965,2; decline after Brezhnev’s death, 9; Putin’s revival of, 242; Russia’s new, 253; values of, 9 war memory. See official war memory water supply, Tula Obkom on, 110 wedding rituals,
in Tula, 79-81 Weiner, Amir, 3,22-23 Western influences, on youth, 33 women: Dunyasha’s Tula prophecy, 64-65; marginal position in official war memory of, 63; sexual violence against, 64; Three Bayonets removal of, 62-63; Tula sculptures of, 63 workers: Novorossiysk lack of, 203-4; readiness, in Tula, 119,119-21,120; regiment, at Tula, 61-62,90Ո26 worthiness, of Hero Cities, 7,221-22 Yanukovich, Viktor, 249 Yeltsin, Boris: military parade réintroduction by, 241; post-Soviet Russian state and, 236-41; Victory Day parade abolished by, 240 youth: Brezhnev on patriotism of, 33-34; Davis on official war memory of, 252; Epishev on re-heroization and, 32; hooliganism of, 84-85; pokhody tourism and competition for, 37,55Ո174; postwar generation fear of, 44; Russia official war memory, 252,252-54; Shkhuna Rovesníkov newspaper production, 165; Tula Hero City application and, 117; Western influences on, 33; Zinchenko on disorientation of, 33. See also Komsomol youth organization Yunak, Ivan, 62,99,101,129; Andropov’s connection to, 118-19; Brezhnev and, 107-8,119; economic reforms and, 102-3; on housing needs, 108,136Ո83; on Moscow Railroads, 115; on Tula anniversary rewards, 103,104; Tula Hero City application and, 117-18 Yurchak, Alexei, s, 47,192 Yurchikov, Vladimir, 74-75,94Ո103,128, 134ՈՏ2 Yurina, Tamara, 151, i8in8o, 221,242; on Hero City award worthiness, 222; on Malaya Zemlya reconstruction, 207-8; on Novorossiysk defense, 143; on Novorossiysk Hero City celebration, 189-90; on Podyma, 165-66,183Ո132; on Soviet Pepsi, 216
INDEX Zaslavsky, Viktor, 131140 Zaytsev, Aleksey, 59, бо Zhavoronkov, Vasiliy, 68,82,92Ո67,118-19 Zhukov, Georgiy, 23; as Khrushchev s ally, 26; Kiev retreat and, 27,52П101; memorial support by, 26; official war memory influenced by, 29; Tula Hero City application and, 118; on veterans’ pensions, 26 Zhurkin, Yuriy, 149,203 Zimenkov, Ivan, 21 Zinchenko, Oleg, 33 ՅՕ7 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Mijnssen, Ivo 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)102170816X |
| author_facet | Mijnssen, Ivo 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mijnssen, Ivo 1982- |
| author_variant | i m im |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047313100 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1261743591 (DE-599)BVBBV047313100 |
| era | Geschichte 1960- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1960- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Noworossisk Tula Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047313100 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:26:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:08:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253056221 9780253056207 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032715989 |
| oclc_num | 1261743591 |
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| physical | xx, 307 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karte |
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| publisher | Indiana University Press |
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| spelling | Mijnssen, Ivo 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)102170816X aut Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy Ivo Mijnssen Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2021] xx, 307 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1960- gnd rswk-swf Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945, Motiv (DE-588)4213143-1 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Noworossisk (DE-588)4307939-8 gnd rswk-swf Tula Russland (DE-588)4061188-7 gnd rswk-swf War memorials / Soviet Union War and society / Soviet Union Collective memory / Soviet Union Cities and towns / Soviet Union / History World War, 1939-1945 / Soviet Union / Propaganda Cities and towns Collective memory Propaganda War and society War memorials Soviet Union 1939-1945 History Tula Russland (DE-588)4061188-7 g Noworossisk (DE-588)4307939-8 g Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945, Motiv (DE-588)4213143-1 s Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Geschichte 1960- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-253-05621-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mijnssen, Ivo 1982- Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945, Motiv (DE-588)4213143-1 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4213143-1 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4307939-8 (DE-588)4061188-7 |
| title | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy |
| title_auth | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy |
| title_exact_search | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy |
| title_full | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy Ivo Mijnssen |
| title_fullStr | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy Ivo Mijnssen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia's hero cities from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy Ivo Mijnssen |
| title_short | Russia's hero cities |
| title_sort | russia s hero cities from postwar ruins to the soviet heroarchy |
| title_sub | from postwar ruins to the Soviet heroarchy |
| topic | Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945, Motiv (DE-588)4213143-1 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945, Motiv Kollektives Gedächtnis Noworossisk Tula Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032715989&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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