Ontology: a practical guide
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Angwin, Calif.
Articulate Software Press
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 303 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781889455105 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Table of Contents List of Authors................................................................................................................................................. ix Forward............................................................................................................................................................ xi Author s Preface.............................................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1 : Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Motivation................................................................................................................................................... 3 Responding to the Critics.......................................................................................................................... 11 The Symbol Grounding Problem..............................................................................................................20 Contents of the Book................................................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 2: Knowledge Representation............................................................................................................31 Overview................................................................................................................................................... 33 Informal
Languages.................................................................................................................................. 35 Frames.......................................................................................................................................................38 Description Logic..................................................................................................................................... 40 Propositional and Predicate Logic............................................................................................................ 46 First-Order Logic...................................................................................................................................... 52 Higher-Order Logics................................................................................................................................. 54 First-Order Logic in SUO-KIF................................................................................................................. 55 SUO-KIF Details...................................................................................................................................... 57 Conversion to Firsţ-Order Logic...............................................................................................................60 Exercises................................................................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 3: Ontologies (in the Broadest
Sense)............................................................................................... 69 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................71 WordNet (and Why it s not an Ontology).................................................................................................71 DOLCE..................................................................................................................................................... 74 Cyc, OpenCyc........................................................................................................................................... 74 ISO 11179, NCI Thesaurus.......................................................................................................................75 Basic Formal Ontology, Open Biomedical Ontologies............................................................................ 77 Digression: Ontology Development Pitfalls............................................................................................. 78 Chapter 4: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology.............................................................................................. 83 Overview................................................................................................................................................... 86 Validation..................................................................................................................................................89 Principles of
Construction........................................................................................................................ 92 Digression - Open Research......................................................................................... 93 SUMO History.......................................................................................................................................... 94 SUMO Overview.....................................................................................................................................101 SUMO s Eleven Modules........................................................................................................................105 Lower Level Ontologies..........................................................................................................................109 Ontological Issues................................................................................................................................... Ill Ontology Code Management.................................................................................................................. 118 SUMO Details and Examples................................................................................................................. 120 Semiotics Content................................................................................................................................... 147
Exercises..................................................................................................................................................154 Chapter 5: SUMO and the WordNet Mappings............................................................................................ 157 Overview................................................................................................. 159 Interpreting Language............................................................................................................................. 164 Page iii
Global WordNet...................................................................................................................................... 166 The Interlingual Index.............................................................................................................................166 Arabie and Filipino Wordnets.................................................................................................................168 Chapter 6: Knowledge Engineering Tools.................................................................................................... 171 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 173 Language Generation....................................................................................................... 175 Browsing and Display............................................................................................................................. 179 Analysis and Debugging......................................................................................................................... 182 Inference..................................................................................................................................................184 Higher-Order Logic................................................................................................................ 192 Mapping, Merging and
Translation........................................................................................................ 194 Working with Sigma and SUMO............................................................................................................195 Example Application................................................................................................... ..........................197 Browsing and Editing............................................................................................................................ 201 Sigma Tutorial........................................................................................................................................ 202 Exercises................................................................................................................................................. 214 Chapter 7: Using SUMO for Inference......................................................................................................... 215 Overview.................................................................................................................................................217 Inference................................................................................. 218 Example Inference.................................................................................................................................. 220 Proof Presentation..................................................................................................................................222 Resolution Theorem Proving
Example...................................................................................................223 Normalization Algorithm....................................................................................................................... 230 Refutation Algorithm..............................................................................................................................232 Chapter 8: Controlled English to Logic Translation.....................................................................................235 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................237 Simple Parsing and Interpretation.......................................................................................................... 239 Issues in Translation............................................................................................................................... 241 CELT Components................................................................................................................................. 248 Chapter 9: An Application: Extending SUMO with Wikipedia................................................................... 249 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................251 Related Work.......................................................................................................................................... 251 General
Comparison of the Knowledge Sources....................................................................................253 Integration of Entities............................................................................................................................. 255 Integrating Factual Knowledge.............................................................................................................. 262 Semantics of Terms in Ontologies..........................................................................................................266 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................. 267 Summary and Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 269 Answers to the Exercises.............................................................................................................................. 271 Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................................275 References..................................................................................................................................................... 279 Index..............................................................................................................................................................297 Page iv
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| adam_txt |
Table of Contents List of Authors. ix Forward. xi Author's Preface. xv Chapter 1 : Introduction.1 Motivation. 3 Responding to the Critics. 11 The Symbol Grounding Problem.20 Contents of the Book. 28 Chapter 2: Knowledge Representation.31 Overview. 33 Informal
Languages. 35 Frames.38 Description Logic. 40 Propositional and Predicate Logic. 46 First-Order Logic. 52 Higher-Order Logics. 54 First-Order Logic in SUO-KIF. 55 SUO-KIF Details. 57 Conversion to Firsţ-Order Logic.60 Exercises. 67 Chapter 3: Ontologies (in the Broadest
Sense). 69 Introduction.71 WordNet (and Why it's not an Ontology).71 DOLCE. 74 Cyc, OpenCyc. 74 ISO 11179, NCI Thesaurus.75 Basic Formal Ontology, Open Biomedical Ontologies. 77 Digression: Ontology Development Pitfalls. 78 Chapter 4: Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. 83 Overview. 86 Validation.89 Principles of
Construction. 92 Digression - Open Research. 93 SUMO History. 94 SUMO Overview.101 SUMO's Eleven Modules.105 Lower Level Ontologies.109 Ontological Issues. Ill Ontology Code Management. 118 SUMO Details and Examples. 120 Semiotics Content. 147
Exercises.154 Chapter 5: SUMO and the WordNet Mappings. 157 Overview. 159 Interpreting Language. 164 Page iii
Global WordNet. 166 The Interlingual Index.166 Arabie and Filipino Wordnets.168 Chapter 6: Knowledge Engineering Tools. 171 Introduction. 173 Language Generation. 175 Browsing and Display. 179 Analysis and Debugging. 182 Inference.184 Higher-Order Logic. 192 Mapping, Merging and
Translation. 194 Working with Sigma and SUMO.195 Example Application. .197 Browsing and Editing. 201 Sigma Tutorial. 202 Exercises. 214 Chapter 7: Using SUMO for Inference. 215 Overview.217 Inference. 218 Example Inference. 220 Proof Presentation.222 Resolution Theorem Proving
Example.223 Normalization Algorithm. 230 Refutation Algorithm.232 Chapter 8: Controlled English to Logic Translation.235 Introduction.237 Simple Parsing and Interpretation. 239 Issues in Translation. 241 CELT Components. 248 Chapter 9: An Application: Extending SUMO with Wikipedia. 249 Introduction.251 Related Work. 251 General
Comparison of the Knowledge Sources.253 Integration of Entities. 255 Integrating Factual Knowledge. 262 Semantics of Terms in Ontologies.266 Conclusion. 267 Summary and Conclusions. 269 Answers to the Exercises. 271 Acknowledgments.275 References. 279 Index.297 Page iv |
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