Educational research: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Los Angeles ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC ; Melbourne
SAGE
[2020]
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| Edition: | Seventh edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Sixth edition: 2017 Includes webography Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xxxi, 672 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781544337838 1544337833 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Educational research |b quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |c R. Burke Johnson (University of South Alabama), Larry Christensen (University of South Alabama) |
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| adam_text | Detailed Contents PREFACE xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I chapter chapter і 2 xxix INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction to Educational Research 3 WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH? 4 AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 6 EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 8 GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH Basic and Applied Research Evaluation Research Action Research Orientational Research 10 10 11 12 12 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE Experience Reasoning 13 13 14 THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION Dynamics of Science Basic Assumptions of Science Scientific Methods Theory The Principle of Evidence Critical/Scientific Reasoning Versus Pseudoscience 15 15 16 17 19 20 21 OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 22 DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER 25 OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK 26 SUMMARY 26 KEY TERMS 27 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 27 RESEARCH EXERCISES 27 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 28 RECOMMENDED READING 28 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 29 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS 32 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Variables Experimental Research Nonexperimental Research 37 37 40 41 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Phenomenology Ethnography Narrative Inquiry 46 48 48 48
Case Study Research Grounded Theory MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH) The Advantages of Mixed Research chapter з PART II chapter 4 49 49 50 50 OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY 51 SUMMARY 52 KEY TERMS 52 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 53 RESEARCH EXERCISES 53 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 54 RECOMMENDED READING 54 Action Research for Lifelong Learning 55 DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH 56 ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH 56 BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH 59 TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH 61 THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH 65 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH 68 ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING 69 ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK 70 SUMMARY 71 KEY TERMS 71 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 72 RESEARCH EXERCISES 72 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 72 RECOMMENDED READING 73 NOTE 73 PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY 75 How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions 77 SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS Everyday Life Practical Issues Past Research Theory 78 79 79 79 79 IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 82 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Literature Review for Quantitative Research Studies Literature Review for Qualitative Research Studies Literature Review for Mixed Research Studies Sources of Information 82 82 83 85 88 FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY 90 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Stating a Quantitative Research Problem Stating a Qualitative Research Problem Stating a Mixed Research Problem 90 91 91 92
STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Statement of Purpose in a Quantitative Study Statement of Purpose in a Qualitative Study Statement of Purpose in a Mixed Study STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS Statement of a Quantitative Research Question Statement of a Qualitative Research Question Statement of Research Questions in Mixed Research chapter chapter 5 6 93 93 94 94 95 95 97 97 FORMULATING HYPOTHESES 99 CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE 101 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 103 SUMMARY 103 KEY TERMS 104 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 104 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 105 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 105 RECOMMENDED READING 105 How to Write a Research Proposal 106 FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 107 STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 109 Introduction Method Research Participants Design Apparatus and/or Instruments Procedure Data Analysis Abstract 109 110 111 111 112 113 114 114 STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL 115 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 115 SUMMARY 116 KEY TERMS 116 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 116 PROPOSAL EXERCISE 117 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 117 RECOMMENDED READING 117 Research Ethics 118 WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS? 119 ETHICAL CONCERNS 120 Relationship Between Society and Science Professional Issues Treatment of Research Participants ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS Informed Consent Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants Passive Versus Active Consent Additional Consent 120 121 123 125 126 127 130 131
Deception Freedom to Withdraw Protection From Mental and Physical Harm Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy PART III chapter 7 131 132 133 133 INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD 134 ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH Informed Consent and Internet Research Privacy and Internet Research Debriefing and Internet Research 139 140 140 140 ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT Authorship Writing the Research Report 141 141 141 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 143 SUMMARY 143 KEY TERMS 144 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 145 RESEARCH EXERCISES 145 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 145 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 146 RECOMMENDED READING 146 FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH 147 Standardized Measurement and Assessment 150 DEFINING MEASUREMENT 151 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale 152 152 153 153 154 ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 155 IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE Overview of Reliability and Validity 156 156 RELIABILITY Test-Retest Reliability Equivalent-Forms Reliability Internal Consistency Reliability Interscorer Reliability 157 158 159 160 162 VALIDITY Evidence Based on Content Evidence Based on Internal Structure Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables 163 164 165 166 USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH 168 EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Intelligence Tests Personality Tests Educational Assessment Tests 169 169 170 171
chapter 8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS 173 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 175 SUMMARY 175 KEY TERMS 175 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 176 RESEARCH EXERCISES 176 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 177 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 177 RECOMMENDED READING 178 NOTES 178 Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 181 TESTS 182 Technology and Tests QUESTIONNAIRES Technology and Questionnaires INTERVIEWS Technology and Interviews Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews FOCUS GROUPS Technology and Focus Groups OBSERVATION Quantitative Observation Qualitative Observation Visual Data chapter 179 183 183 184 189 190 192 193 195 196 197 197 198 202 CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA 203 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 204 SUMMARY 204 KEY TERMS 205 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 205 RESEARCH EXERCISES 206 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 206 RECOMMENDED READING 206 9 How to Construct a Questionnaire 207 WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE? 208 PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION 210 Principle 1. Make sure the questionnaire items match your research objectives, Principle 2. Understand your research participants. Principle 3. Use natural and familiar language. Principle 4. Write items that are clear, precise, and relatively short. Principle 5. Do not use leading or loaded questions. Principle 6. Avoid double-barreled questions. Principle 7. Avoid double negatives. 210 211 211 212 212 213 213
Principle 8. Determine whether an open-ended or a closed-ended question is needed. Principie 9. Use mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories for closed-ended questions. Principle 10. Consider the different types of response categories available for closed-ended questionnaire items. Principle 11. Use multiple Items to measure abstract constructs. Principle 12. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs. Principle 13. Use caution if you reverse the wording in some of the items to prevent response sets in multi-item scales. Principle 14. Develop a questionnaire that Is properly organized and easy for the participant to use. Principle 15. Always pilot test your questionnaire. chapter 214 217 219 225 225 226 226 229 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 230 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 236 SUMMARY 236 KEY TERMS 236 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 237 RESEARCH EXERCISES 237 PROPOSAL EXERCISE 237 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 238 RECOMMENDED READING 238 NOTES 238 ю Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 239 TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING 241 RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 242 Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Random Sampling NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Convenience Sampling Quota Sampling Purposive Sampling Snowball Sampling 242 246 249 251 253 253 253 254 254 RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT 255 DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED 256 SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 258 SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH 261 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 262 SUMMARY 263 KEY TERMS 263 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 264 RESEARCH
EXERCISES 264 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 265 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 265
chapter RECOMMENDED READING 265 NOTES 265 n Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 267 VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 268 INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY) 270 Two Major Types of Causal Relationships The Three Required Conditions for Inferring Causation Threats to Internal Validity in Single-Group Designs Threats to Internal Validity in Multigroup Designs EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY) Population Validity Ecological Validity Temporal Validity Treatment Variation Validity Outcome Validity CONSTRUCT VALIDITY Treatment Diffusion STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Validity Interpretive or Ernie Validity Theoretical Validity Internal (Causation) Validity External (Generalizing) Validity 270 271 272 275 278 278 280 280 280 280 281 281 282 282 284 285 285 286 288 RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH 290 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 293 SUMMARY 293 KEY TERMS 295 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 295 RESEARCH EXERCISES 296 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 296 RECOMMENDED READING 297 NOTES 297 PART IV SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD 299 Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches chapter 12 Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs 303 THE EXPERIMENT 304 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS 305 Field Experiment Laboratory Experiment Internet Experiment 305 305 306
chapter chapter INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION Ways to Manipulate an Independent Variable 306 306 CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES Random Assignment Matching Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant Building the Extraneous Variable Into the Research Design Analysis of Covariance Counterbalancing 307 308 310 312 312 313 314 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS Weak Experimental Research Designs Strong Experimental Research Designs Factorial Designs Repeated-Measures Designs Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model 316 316 321 326 331 333 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 334 SUMMARY 334 KEY TERMS 335 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 336 RESEARCH EXERCISES 336 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 337 RECOMMENDED READING 337 NOTES 338 із Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs 14 339 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS Nonequivalent Comparison-Group Design Interrupted Time-Series Design Regression-Discontinuity Design 340 342 346 350 SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS A-B-A and A-B-A-B Designs Multiple-Baseline Design Changing-Criterion Design Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs 353 354 357 360 362 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 362 SUMMARY 363 KEY TERMS 363 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 363 RESEARCH EXERCISES 364 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 365 RECOMMENDED READING 366 NOTE 366 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research 367 STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 369 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 370 SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 371 THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS 372
APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 374 TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH) Matching Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant Statistical Control 378 378 379 379 INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY) 381 CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 382 THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-Sectional Research Longitudinal Research Retrospective Research 383 383 384 387 THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Descriptive Nonexperimental Research Predictive Nonexperimental Research Explanatory Nonexperimental Research 387 387 388 389 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 393 SUMMARY 393 KEY TERMS 393 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 394 RESEARCH EXERCISES 394 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 395 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 395 RECOMMENDED READING 396 NOTES 396 Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches chapter 15 Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research NARRATIVE INQUIRY I. Introduction: The Importance of Coming to Terms and Definitions II. Designing a Narrative Study III. Narrative Inquiry: So Much More Than Telling Stories 397 405 405 406 411 CASE STUDY RESEARCH What Is a Case? Types of Case Study Research Designs Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing 412 412 413 415 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 416 SUMMARY 417 KEY TERMS 417 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 417 RESEARCH EXERCISES 418 NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES 418 CASE STUDY EXAMPLES 418
chapter 16 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 418 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 419 RECOMMENDED READING 419 NOTES 420 Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory PHENOMENOLOGY Examples of Phenomenology Types of Phenomenology Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing ETHNOGRAPHY The Idea of Culture Examples of Ethnographic Research Types of Ethnographic Research Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing GROUNDED THEORY Characteristics of a Grounded Theory Example of a Grounded Theory Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing 421 422 423 423 425 427 427 429 429 430 433 433 434 435 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 438 SUMMARY 438 KEY TERMS 438 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 438 RESEARCH EXERCISES 439 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 439 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 439 RECOMMENDED READING 440 Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches chapter 17 Mixed Research 441 THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM 452 TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS 453 Examples of Equal-Status Mixed Studies STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS Step 1. Determine Whether a Mixed Design Is Appropriate Step 2. Determine the Rationale for Using a Mixed Design Step 3, Select or Construct the Mixed Research Design and Mixed Sampling Design Step 4. Collect Data Step 5. Analyze the Data Step 6. Continually Validatethe Data Step 7, Continually Interpret the Data and Findings Step 8. Write the Research Report 455 457 457 459 460 461 461 462 462 462 LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH 464 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 466 SUMMARY 467 KEY TERMS 467 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 467 RESEARCH EXERCISES 468
PROPOSAL EXERCISES 468 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 468 RECOMMENDED READING 469 PART V ANALYZING THE DATA 471 chapter 18 Descriptive Statistics 473 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 474 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 476 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA Bar Graphs Histograms Line Graphs Scatter Plots (to Visualize a Correlation) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Mode Median Mean A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Range Variance and Standard Deviation Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING Percentile Ranks z Scores EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES Correlation Coefficient Contingency Tables Regression Analysis chapter 19 478 478 478 480 480 482 482 482 483 483 486 487 487 489 490 490 492 494 494 494 496 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 500 SUMMARY 500 KEY TERMS 501 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 501 RESEARCH EXERCISES 501 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 502 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 502 RECOMMENDED READING 503 NOTES 503 Inferential Statistics SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS Sampling Distribution of the Mean ESTIMATION Point Estimation Interval Estimation HYPOTHESIS TESTING Null and Alternative Hypotheses Directional Alternative Hypotheses Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision 504 507 508 509 510 510 513 514 516 517
chapter The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix Controliing the Risk of Errors 519 523 HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE t Test for Independent Samples One-Way Analysis of Variance Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance t Test for Correlation Coefficients t Test for Regression Coefficients Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables Other Significance Tests 525 525 527 528 529 530 531 533 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 533 SUMMARY 534 KEY TERMS 534 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 535 RESEARCH EXERCISES 535 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 536 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 536 RECOMMENDED READING 537 NOTES 537 CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS 538 20 Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research INTERIM ANALYSIS 539 540 MEMOING 541 ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA 542 DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE 543 SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS Inductive and A Priori Codes Co-Occurring and Facesheet Codes 544 549 549 FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING 551 ENUMERATION 551 THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS 552 IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES Drawing Diagrams 553 557 CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS 559 COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 560 DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH Mixed Analysis Matrix Analytical Procedures in Mixed Data Analysis Constructing Joint Displays In Mixed Data Analysis 561 562 565 565 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 568 SUMMARY 568 KEY TERMS 568 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 569 RESEARCH EXERCISES 569 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 570 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 570 RECOMMENDED READING 571
NOTES 571 CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 572 PART VI WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT 575 How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines 576 chapter 2i GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I) Language (1.1) Editorial Style (1.2) Reference List (1.3) Typing (1.4) 577 579 581 585 586 WRITING AN АРА-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II) Title Page (11.1) Abstract (11.2) Introduction (11.3) Method (11.4) Results (11.5) Discussion (11.6) References (11.7) Footnotes (11.8) Tables (11.9) Figures (11.10) 586 586 587 587 587 588 589 589 589 590 591 EXAMPLE OF AN АРА-STYLE MANUSCRIPT 591 WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS 601 WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS 603 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 606 SUMMARY 606 KEY TERM 606 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 606 RESEARCH EXERCISES 607 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 607 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 607 RECOMMENDED READING 608 APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS 609 GLOSSARY 614 REFERENCES 632 AUTHOR INDEX 648 SUBJECT INDEX 653 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 672
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Detailed Contents PREFACE xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I chapter chapter і 2 xxix INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction to Educational Research 3 WHY STUDY EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH? 4 AREAS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 6 EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 8 GENERAL KINDS OF RESEARCH Basic and Applied Research Evaluation Research Action Research Orientational Research 10 10 11 12 12 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE Experience Reasoning 13 13 14 THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE GENERATION Dynamics of Science Basic Assumptions of Science Scientific Methods Theory The Principle of Evidence Critical/Scientific Reasoning Versus Pseudoscience 15 15 16 17 19 20 21 OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH 22 DISPOSITIONS OF A GOOD RESEARCHER 25 OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK 26 SUMMARY 26 KEY TERMS 27 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 27 RESEARCH EXERCISES 27 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 28 RECOMMENDED READING 28 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 29 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE RESEARCH PARADIGMS 32 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL AND NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Variables Experimental Research Nonexperimental Research 37 37 40 41 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS Phenomenology Ethnography Narrative Inquiry 46 48 48 48
Case Study Research Grounded Theory MIXED RESEARCH (OR MIXED METHODS RESEARCH) The Advantages of Mixed Research chapter з PART II chapter 4 49 49 50 50 OUR RESEARCH TYPOLOGY 51 SUMMARY 52 KEY TERMS 52 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 53 RESEARCH EXERCISES 53 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 54 RECOMMENDED READING 54 Action Research for Lifelong Learning 55 DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH 56 ORIGINS OF ACTION RESEARCH 56 BASIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VERSUS ACTION RESEARCH 59 TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH 61 THE CYCLE OF ACTION RESEARCH 65 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ACTION RESEARCH 68 ACTION RESEARCH JOURNALING 69 ACTION RESEARCH IN THE REMAINING CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK 70 SUMMARY 71 KEY TERMS 71 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 72 RESEARCH EXERCISES 72 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 72 RECOMMENDED READING 73 NOTE 73 PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY 75 How to Critically Review the Literature and Develop Good Research Questions 77 SOURCES OF RESEARCH IDEAS Everyday Life Practical Issues Past Research Theory 78 79 79 79 79 IDEAS THAT CAN’T BE RESOLVED THROUGH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 82 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Literature Review for Quantitative Research Studies Literature Review for Qualitative Research Studies Literature Review for Mixed Research Studies Sources of Information 82 82 83 85 88 FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY 90 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Stating a Quantitative Research Problem Stating a Qualitative Research Problem Stating a Mixed Research Problem 90 91 91 92
STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Statement of Purpose in a Quantitative Study Statement of Purpose in a Qualitative Study Statement of Purpose in a Mixed Study STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS Statement of a Quantitative Research Question Statement of a Qualitative Research Question Statement of Research Questions in Mixed Research chapter chapter 5 6 93 93 94 94 95 95 97 97 FORMULATING HYPOTHESES 99 CONSUMER USE OF THE LITERATURE 101 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 103 SUMMARY 103 KEY TERMS 104 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 104 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 105 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 105 RECOMMENDED READING 105 How to Write a Research Proposal 106 FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 107 STRATEGIES FOR WRITING EACH SECTION OF THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 109 Introduction Method Research Participants Design Apparatus and/or Instruments Procedure Data Analysis Abstract 109 110 111 111 112 113 114 114 STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING YOUR RESEARCH PROPOSAL 115 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 115 SUMMARY 116 KEY TERMS 116 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 116 PROPOSAL EXERCISE 117 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 117 RECOMMENDED READING 117 Research Ethics 118 WHAT ARE RESEARCH ETHICS? 119 ETHICAL CONCERNS 120 Relationship Between Society and Science Professional Issues Treatment of Research Participants ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH WITH HUMANS Informed Consent Informed Consent and Minors as Research Participants Passive Versus Active Consent Additional Consent 120 121 123 125 126 127 130 131
Deception Freedom to Withdraw Protection From Mental and Physical Harm Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy PART III chapter 7 131 132 133 133 INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD 134 ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC RESEARCH Informed Consent and Internet Research Privacy and Internet Research Debriefing and Internet Research 139 140 140 140 ETHICAL ISSUES IN PREPARING THE RESEARCH REPORT Authorship Writing the Research Report 141 141 141 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 143 SUMMARY 143 KEY TERMS 144 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 145 RESEARCH EXERCISES 145 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 145 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 146 RECOMMENDED READING 146 FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH 147 Standardized Measurement and Assessment 150 DEFINING MEASUREMENT 151 SCALES OF MEASUREMENT Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale 152 152 153 153 154 ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING TESTING AND ASSESSMENT 155 IDENTIFYING A GOOD TEST OR ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE Overview of Reliability and Validity 156 156 RELIABILITY Test-Retest Reliability Equivalent-Forms Reliability Internal Consistency Reliability Interscorer Reliability 157 158 159 160 162 VALIDITY Evidence Based on Content Evidence Based on Internal Structure Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables 163 164 165 166 USING RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY INFORMATION IN YOUR RESEARCH 168 EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Intelligence Tests Personality Tests Educational Assessment Tests 169 169 170 171
chapter 8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT TESTS 173 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 175 SUMMARY 175 KEY TERMS 175 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 176 RESEARCH EXERCISES 176 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 177 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 177 RECOMMENDED READING 178 NOTES 178 Methods of Data Collection in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research MIXING METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 181 TESTS 182 Technology and Tests QUESTIONNAIRES Technology and Questionnaires INTERVIEWS Technology and Interviews Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews FOCUS GROUPS Technology and Focus Groups OBSERVATION Quantitative Observation Qualitative Observation Visual Data chapter 179 183 183 184 189 190 192 193 195 196 197 197 198 202 CONSTRUCTED, SECONDARY, AND EXISTING DATA 203 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 204 SUMMARY 204 KEY TERMS 205 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 205 RESEARCH EXERCISES 206 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 206 RECOMMENDED READING 206 9 How to Construct a Questionnaire 207 WHAT IS A QUESTIONNAIRE? 208 PRINCIPLES OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION 210 Principle 1. Make sure the questionnaire items match your research objectives, Principle 2. Understand your research participants. Principle 3. Use natural and familiar language. Principle 4. Write items that are clear, precise, and relatively short. Principle 5. Do not use "leading" or "loaded" questions. Principle 6. Avoid double-barreled questions. Principle 7. Avoid double negatives. 210 211 211 212 212 213 213
Principle 8. Determine whether an open-ended or a closed-ended question is needed. Principie 9. Use mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories for closed-ended questions. Principle 10. Consider the different types of response categories available for closed-ended questionnaire items. Principle 11. Use multiple Items to measure abstract constructs. Principle 12. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs. Principle 13. Use caution if you reverse the wording in some of the items to prevent response sets in multi-item scales. Principle 14. Develop a questionnaire that Is properly organized and easy for the participant to use. Principle 15. Always pilot test your questionnaire. chapter 214 217 219 225 225 226 226 229 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 230 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 236 SUMMARY 236 KEY TERMS 236 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 237 RESEARCH EXERCISES 237 PROPOSAL EXERCISE 237 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 238 RECOMMENDED READING 238 NOTES 238 ю Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 239 TERMINOLOGY USED IN SAMPLING 241 RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 242 Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Random Sampling NONRANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Convenience Sampling Quota Sampling Purposive Sampling Snowball Sampling 242 246 249 251 253 253 253 254 254 RANDOM SELECTION AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT 255 DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE WHEN RANDOM SAMPLING IS USED 256 SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 258 SAMPLING IN MIXED RESEARCH 261 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 262 SUMMARY 263 KEY TERMS 263 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 264 RESEARCH
EXERCISES 264 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 265 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 265
chapter RECOMMENDED READING 265 NOTES 265 n Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 267 VALIDITY ISSUES IN THE DESIGN OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 268 INTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., CAUSATION VALIDITY) 270 Two Major Types of Causal Relationships The Three Required Conditions for Inferring Causation Threats to Internal Validity in Single-Group Designs Threats to Internal Validity in Multigroup Designs EXTERNAL VALIDITY (I.E., GENERALIZING VALIDITY) Population Validity Ecological Validity Temporal Validity Treatment Variation Validity Outcome Validity CONSTRUCT VALIDITY Treatment Diffusion STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “TRUSTWORTHINESS”) IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Validity Interpretive or Ernie Validity Theoretical Validity Internal (Causation) Validity External (Generalizing) Validity 270 271 272 275 278 278 280 280 280 280 281 281 282 282 284 285 285 286 288 RESEARCH VALIDITY (OR “LEGITIMATION”) IN MIXED (METHODS) RESEARCH 290 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 293 SUMMARY 293 KEY TERMS 295 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 295 RESEARCH EXERCISES 296 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 296 RECOMMENDED READING 297 NOTES 297 PART IV SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD 299 Section A. Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches chapter 12 Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs 303 THE EXPERIMENT 304 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SETTINGS 305 Field Experiment Laboratory Experiment Internet Experiment 305 305 306
chapter chapter INDEPENDENT VARIABLE MANIPULATION Ways to Manipulate an Independent Variable 306 306 CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING VARIABLES Random Assignment Matching Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant Building the Extraneous Variable Into the Research Design Analysis of Covariance Counterbalancing 307 308 310 312 312 313 314 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS Weak Experimental Research Designs Strong Experimental Research Designs Factorial Designs Repeated-Measures Designs Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model 316 316 321 326 331 333 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 334 SUMMARY 334 KEY TERMS 335 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 336 RESEARCH EXERCISES 336 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 337 RECOMMENDED READING 337 NOTES 338 із Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs 14 339 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS Nonequivalent Comparison-Group Design Interrupted Time-Series Design Regression-Discontinuity Design 340 342 346 350 SINGLE-CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS A-B-A and A-B-A-B Designs Multiple-Baseline Design Changing-Criterion Design Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs 353 354 357 360 362 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 362 SUMMARY 363 KEY TERMS 363 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 363 RESEARCH EXERCISES 364 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 365 RECOMMENDED READING 366 NOTE 366 Nonexperimental Quantitative Research 367 STEPS IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 369 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 370 SIMPLE CASES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 371 THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSE-AND-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS 372
APPLYING THE THREE REQUIRED CONDITIONS FOR CAUSATION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 374 TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (I.E., HOW TO DESIGN STRONG NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH) Matching Holding the Extraneous Variable Constant Statistical Control 378 378 379 379 INTERLUDE (THE STUDY OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY) 381 CLASSIFYING NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH BY TIME AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 382 THE TIME DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-Sectional Research Longitudinal Research Retrospective Research 383 383 384 387 THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVE DIMENSION IN NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN Descriptive Nonexperimental Research Predictive Nonexperimental Research Explanatory Nonexperimental Research 387 387 388 389 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 393 SUMMARY 393 KEY TERMS 393 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 394 RESEARCH EXERCISES 394 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 395 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 395 RECOMMENDED READING 396 NOTES 396 Section B. Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches chapter 15 Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research NARRATIVE INQUIRY I. Introduction: The Importance of Coming to Terms and Definitions II. Designing a Narrative Study III. Narrative Inquiry: So Much More Than Telling Stories 397 405 405 406 411 CASE STUDY RESEARCH What Is a Case? Types of Case Study Research Designs Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing 412 412 413 415 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 416 SUMMARY 417 KEY TERMS 417 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 417 RESEARCH EXERCISES 418 NARRATIVE INQUIRY EXAMPLES 418 CASE STUDY EXAMPLES 418
chapter 16 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 418 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 419 RECOMMENDED READING 419 NOTES 420 Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory PHENOMENOLOGY Examples of Phenomenology Types of Phenomenology Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing ETHNOGRAPHY The Idea of Culture Examples of Ethnographic Research Types of Ethnographic Research Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing GROUNDED THEORY Characteristics of a Grounded Theory Example of a Grounded Theory Data Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing 421 422 423 423 425 427 427 429 429 430 433 433 434 435 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 438 SUMMARY 438 KEY TERMS 438 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 438 RESEARCH EXERCISES 439 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 439 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 439 RECOMMENDED READING 440 Section C. Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches chapter 17 Mixed Research 441 THE RESEARCH CONTINUUM 452 TYPES OF MIXED RESEARCH DESIGNS 453 Examples of Equal-Status Mixed Studies STAGES OF THE MIXED RESEARCH PROCESS Step 1. Determine Whether a Mixed Design Is Appropriate Step 2. Determine the Rationale for Using a Mixed Design Step 3, Select or Construct the Mixed Research Design and Mixed Sampling Design Step 4. Collect Data Step 5. Analyze the Data Step 6. Continually Validatethe Data Step 7, Continually Interpret the Data and Findings Step 8. Write the Research Report 455 457 457 459 460 461 461 462 462 462 LIMITATIONS OF MIXED RESEARCH 464 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 466 SUMMARY 467 KEY TERMS 467 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 467 RESEARCH EXERCISES 468
PROPOSAL EXERCISES 468 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 468 RECOMMENDED READING 469 PART V ANALYZING THE DATA 471 chapter 18 Descriptive Statistics 473 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 474 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 476 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA Bar Graphs Histograms Line Graphs Scatter Plots (to Visualize a Correlation) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Mode Median Mean A Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode MEASURES OF VARIABILITY Range Variance and Standard Deviation Standard Deviation and the Normal Distribution MEASURES OF RELATIVE STANDING Percentile Ranks z Scores EXAMINING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES Correlation Coefficient Contingency Tables Regression Analysis chapter 19 478 478 478 480 480 482 482 482 483 483 486 487 487 489 490 490 492 494 494 494 496 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 500 SUMMARY 500 KEY TERMS 501 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 501 RESEARCH EXERCISES 501 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 502 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 502 RECOMMENDED READING 503 NOTES 503 Inferential Statistics SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS Sampling Distribution of the Mean ESTIMATION Point Estimation Interval Estimation HYPOTHESIS TESTING Null and Alternative Hypotheses Directional Alternative Hypotheses Examining the Probability Value and Making a Decision 504 507 508 509 510 510 513 514 516 517
chapter The Hypothesis-Testing Decision Matrix Controliing the Risk of Errors 519 523 HYPOTHESIS TESTING IN PRACTICE t Test for Independent Samples One-Way Analysis of Variance Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance t Test for Correlation Coefficients t Test for Regression Coefficients Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables Other Significance Tests 525 525 527 528 529 530 531 533 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 533 SUMMARY 534 KEY TERMS 534 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 535 RESEARCH EXERCISES 535 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 536 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 536 RECOMMENDED READING 537 NOTES 537 CHAPTER 19 APPENDIX: TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS RECOMMENDED FOR DIFFERENT STATISTICAL TESTS 538 20 Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research INTERIM ANALYSIS 539 540 MEMOING 541 ANALYSIS OF VISUAL DATA 542 DATA ENTRY AND STORAGE 543 SEGMENTING, CODING, AND DEVELOPING CATEGORY SYSTEMS Inductive and A Priori Codes Co-Occurring and Facesheet Codes 544 549 549 FIRST-STAGE AND SECOND-STAGE CODING 551 ENUMERATION 551 THEMATIC ANALYSIS AND CREATING HIERARCHICAL CATEGORY SYSTEMS 552 IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES Drawing Diagrams 553 557 CORROBORATING AND VALIDATING RESULTS 559 COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 560 DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED RESEARCH Mixed Analysis Matrix Analytical Procedures in Mixed Data Analysis Constructing Joint Displays In Mixed Data Analysis 561 562 565 565 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 568 SUMMARY 568 KEY TERMS 568 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 569 RESEARCH EXERCISES 569 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 570 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 570 RECOMMENDED READING 571
NOTES 571 CHAPTER 20 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL TYPES OF CODES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 572 PART VI WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT 575 How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines 576 chapter 2i GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT (I) Language (1.1) Editorial Style (1.2) Reference List (1.3) Typing (1.4) 577 579 581 585 586 WRITING AN АРА-STYLE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT (II) Title Page (11.1) Abstract (11.2) Introduction (11.3) Method (11.4) Results (11.5) Discussion (11.6) References (11.7) Footnotes (11.8) Tables (11.9) Figures (11.10) 586 586 587 587 587 588 589 589 589 590 591 EXAMPLE OF AN АРА-STYLE MANUSCRIPT 591 WRITING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS 601 WRITING MIXED RESEARCH REPORTS 603 ACTION RESEARCH REFLECTION 606 SUMMARY 606 KEY TERM 606 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 606 RESEARCH EXERCISES 607 PROPOSAL EXERCISES 607 RELEVANT INTERNET SITES 607 RECOMMENDED READING 608 APPENDIX: CITATIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES NOTED IN THE MARGINS 609 GLOSSARY 614 REFERENCES 632 AUTHOR INDEX 648 SUBJECT INDEX 653 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 672 |
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| author | Johnson, R. Burke Christensen, Larry B. 1941- |
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| discipline | Pädagogik |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:21:41Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:08:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781544337838 1544337833 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Johnson, R. Burke Verfasser (DE-588)1075288274 aut Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches R. Burke Johnson (University of South Alabama), Larry Christensen (University of South Alabama) Seventh edition Los Angeles ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC ; Melbourne SAGE [2020] © 2020 xxxi, 672 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sixth edition: 2017 Includes webography Includes bibliographical references and index Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd rswk-swf Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Education / Research Education ; Research Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 s DE-604 Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 s Christensen, Larry B. 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)172020859 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032698692&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Johnson, R. Burke Christensen, Larry B. 1941- Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4044302-4 (DE-588)4155051-1 (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4155046-8 |
| title | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |
| title_auth | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |
| title_exact_search | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |
| title_full | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches R. Burke Johnson (University of South Alabama), Larry Christensen (University of South Alabama) |
| title_fullStr | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches R. Burke Johnson (University of South Alabama), Larry Christensen (University of South Alabama) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Educational research quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches R. Burke Johnson (University of South Alabama), Larry Christensen (University of South Alabama) |
| title_short | Educational research |
| title_sort | educational research quantitative qualitative and mixed approaches |
| title_sub | quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches |
| topic | Pädagogik (DE-588)4044302-4 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pädagogik Forschungsplanung Forschung Forschungsmethode |
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