Forgotten wars: Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916
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Cambridge, United Kingdom
Cambridge University Press
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 375 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781108837156 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS List of Figures List of Maps List of Capsules Introduction part I: The Fronts page vi ix x 1 11 1 The Road to War 13 2 Prelude: The Balkans 1912-1913 36 3 Before the Leaves Fall from the Trees... 61 4 Breakthrough part π: The Rear 138 159 5 The Hinterland 161 6 The Hunger for Information 199 7 Loyalties 219 part in: Occupation 243 8 The First Moments 245 9 New Orders 286 Mission civilisatrice 314 Afterword 349 Select Bibliography Index 352 365 10
FORGOTTEN WARS Włodzimierz Borodziej and Maciej Górny set out to salvage the historical memory of the experience of war in the lands between Riga and Skopje, beginning with the two Balkan conflicts of 1912-1913 and ending with the death of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. The First World War in the East and South-East of Europe was fought by people from a multitude of different nationalities, most of them dressed in the uniforms of three imperial armies: Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian. In this first volume of Forgotten Wars, the authors chart the origins and outbreak of the First World War, the early battles, and the war’s impact on ordinary soldiers and civilians through to the end of the Romanian campaign in December 1916, by which point the Central Powers controlled all of the Balkans except for the Peloponnese. Combining military and social his tory, the authors make extensive use of eyewitness accounts to describe the traumatic experience that established a region stretching between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black Seas.
INDEX Abdul Hamid И, 37 Act of 5 November, 302, 330 Adriatic Sea, 8, 49, 59,131, 185, 339 Aegean Sea, 41, 251, 339 Aehrenthal, Alois Lexa von, 20 Albania, 13, 37, 49, 52, 59-60,107,131, 134-135, 143, 294, 297 Albanians, 37-38, 49, 52 Alldeutscher Verband (Pan-German League), 318 Allenstein (Olsztyn), 66-68 Alma-Tadema, Laurence, 307 Anatolia, 46, 56, 144, 186-187 Arendt, Hannah, 19 Argetoianu, Constantin, 145 Asia Minor, 56, 59-60 Asinara Island, 135 Athens, 44, 143-144 Atlantic Ocean, 200, 297 Auffenberg, Moritz, 69 Austria-Hungary, 2, 5, 9, 13, 15, 19-24, 29, 32-35, 37, 40-41, 60-64, 66, 69, 72-74, 82-84, 89, 101, 104, 118, 120, 122, 129, 133,135-136, 138-140, 145-146, 153-154, 156-157, 165-170, 176-177, 181, 184, 191, 193, 201-202, 207-208, 211-212, 215-216, 218, 221-222, 224-226, 230, 232-233, 235-236, 239, 241, 245,254,258,279,281,291,294,297, 304, 320-321, 325, 331, 336-341 Austrian Silesia, 226 Azerbaijan, 331 Bad Gleichenberg, 29 Baden, 14 Baernreither, Joseph Maria, 321 Baghdad, 14 Bakończyce, 116 Baltic Germans, 14, 185-186, 331 Baltic provinces, 185 Baltic Sea, 8, 30, 185 Balts, 8 Banat, 120 Barcelona, 16 Basarabescu, loan, 147 Báthory, Stephen, 145 Battle at Opatów, 251 Battle of Bunarhisar-Luleburgas, 44-45 Battle of the Bzura River, 78 Battle of Gorlice, 313 Battle of Kirkkilise, 44-45, 49 Battle of Komarów, 69 Battle of Kraśnik, 69 Battle of Mołotków (Molotkiv), 90 Battle of Przasnysz, 1, 5 Battle of the Rawka River, 78 Battle of Slivnitsa, 36 Battle of Stebnícka Huta, 119-120 Battle of Tannenberg, 68-69, 72,137 Battle of the Masurian Lakes, 68, 246 Beirut,
38 Belarus, 2,138, 143, 175, 288, 296, 314, 325, 347 Belarusians, 5, 57, 297, 308, 325, 328 Belgium, 30, 33-34, 97, 220, 247, 287 Belgrade, 16, 19-21, 33-34, 44, 63, 83-84, 129-130, 135, 161,203, 205-206, 246-247, 251-252, 261-263, 267, 285-286, 291, 300-301, 332, 340-341, 345-346 Berbecki, Leon, 141 Berlin, 15,23,29, 33-34,36,62,83,127, 129,145,151,161,168- SS . . 6,
366 189, 202, 207, 216, 219-222, 224, 235, 238-239, 287, 295, 298, 313, 324, 349 Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 27 Beroun, 232 Beseler, Hans von, 330, 333 Bessarabia, 144 Białowieża Forest, 297, 299 Bielcza, 275 Bielsk Podlaski, 126 Bieszczady Mountains, 80 Biondich, Mark, 94 Bismarck, Otto von, 14, 320 Black Sea, 8, 47, 147, 251, 323, 339 Bloch, Jan Gotlib, 25-26,30-31,57,193 Bochnia Zamurowana, 234 Bogdanova, Donka, 182 Bohemia, 16,18, 32, 47, 120,170, 176, 194,198, 221, 226, 232-233 Bolimów, 76, 80 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 13,20,32,40,230, 239, 245, 325 Bosnian crisis, 20 Bosnians, 5,19 Boubelík, František, 119 Branicki, Ksawery, 253 Brassó (Braşov, Kronstadt), 146 Bratek-Kozłowski, Franciszek, 64 Brătianu, Ion, 144-145, 147 Brentano, Lujo, 320 Breslau, 221 Brest, 174 Brindisi, 134 Brno, 226 Brusilov Offensive, 139, 141-143, 202 Brusilov, Alexei, 28, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 202 Brussels, 345 Brwinów, 205 Bucharest, 4,37, 55,57,143,145-147, 150-151,153,161, 205, 221, 247, 267-268, 285,290-291,293,298,304, 306 Bucur, Maria, 183, 213 Budapest, 15-16, 18, 29, 36, 156, 162, 168, 170, 198, 202, 207, 221 Bukovina, 18, 76,96,140,145,153,170, 197, 211, 226, 248-249, 254-255, 258, 286, 289, 294 INDEX Bulgaria, 8,13,19,34,36,39-41,43-44, 51, 53-56, 59-60, 84,107,128-129, 135-136,146,165,182,215,287,294, 321, 332, 337-338 Bulgarians, 36, 38-39, 42-55, 58, 112, 129, 147, 187, 294-295, 314, 324, 337-338 Buschan, Georg, 338 Bychawa, 278-279 Byków, 112 Bystroń, Jan Stanislaw, 334-335 Bzura River, 251 Cabaj, Jarosław, 273 Carlsbad, 29 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 53, 57, 337
Carpathian Mountains, 63, 81-82, 85, 106,118-120,123,138,145,150,164, 187, 233, 315 Çatalca, 47-49, 52, 55-56, 112 Catalonia, 16 Caucasus, 187 Çekmece Bay, 48 Cenov, Gancho, 338 Central Anatolia, 188 Central Asia, 19, 90, 311 Central Powers, 9,34,61-62,74, 78,84, 104,107,120-121,125,127,137,139, 143-144, 152, 155, 170, 174, 177, 200-201, 210, 231, 264, 268, 292-293,304,307,322,324,326,328, 331, 333, 336-338, 343, 346-348 Čer plateau, 65 Cetinje, 336 Charles I, 216, 221, 233, 349, 351 Chołodecki Białynia, Józef, 204 Chotek, Sophie von, 32 Cisleithania, 15-16, 32, 168, 170, 225, 232-233, 257, 297, 303, 305 Claas, Heinrich, 226 Clark, Christopher, 35 Cleinow, Georg, 322 Constanţa, 144, 147 Constantine I, 50, 55,143-144 Constantinople. See Istanbul Corfu, 134-135, 300 Courland, 143, 259, 311, 319, 322 Courtenay, Jan Baudouin de, 57
INDEX Cracow, 8, 23, 72, 75-76,157, 161, 171-174, 179-180, 190, 312-313 Crete, 37 Croatia, 20, 32, 230 Croats, 5, 19, 230 Czechs, 3, 5, 33, 93, 119-120, 192, 223-224, 232-233, 320 Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), 139, 186, 190, 226, 249, 252, 260, 263, 285 Czetwertyński, Seweryn, 253 Czetwertyński, Włodzimierz, 253 Czuj, Jan (Jan Borzęcki), 280-282 Dąbrowa coal basin, 299 Dąbrowa Górnicza, 174 Dąbrowski, Jan, 72 Dagestan, 331 Dalmatia, 161 Danki, Viktor, 69-70 Danube River, 36, 129, 146-147, 150, 152, 261, 291 Danzig, 167, 221 Dardanelles, 38, 120, 137 Dashnak (Armenian social democratic party), 187 Daszyński, Ignacy, 94 Daugirdas, Tadas, 254 Dęblin (Ivangorod), 23, 74, 249 Denmark, 13, 297 Dimitriev, Radko, 48-49, 112 Dnieper River, 191 Dobruja (Dobrogea), 53, 55, 147, 294, 332-333 Dornik, Wolfram, 85 Dowgird, Tadeusz. See Tadas Daugirdas Dragoumis, Filippos, 50 Drina River, 65, 129 Dublin, 16 Dudeşti-Feteşti, 310 Dukla, 123 Dunajec River, 274 Durrës, 49,134 Durusu Lake, 48 Dyboski, Roman, 157 Dziedzice, 316 Dzierzbicki, Stanisław, 126,205, 267,295 367 East Prussia, 1,14,28,34,62-63,65-69, 72, 86, 92, 99, 121, 161, 167, 229, 246-247, 255, 314, 317, 319-320 Eastern Anatolia, 187 Eastern Carpathians, 122, 275 Eastern Front, 2-3, 5, 23, 71, 76, 78, 84, 97, 107, 111, 121, 138-140, 161, 169, 213, 267, 278,314, 341-342 Eastern Galicia, 69, 71-72, 74, 84-85, 93-94, 111, 140, 153, 165, 201, 203, 225, 232-237, 239, 273,278,286,294 Eastern Thrace, 55, 57, 74 Edib, Halidé, 47 Edirne, 38, 47, 50-52, 55-56 Einem, Karl von, 78 Elbe River, 323 Elbing, 194 Entente, 19, 22, 66, 99, 128,143,145,
157, 188, 214, 331 Enver Ismail Pasha, 55, 187 Ephraim, Otto, 299 Ertür, Hafiz Rakim, 51 Estonia, 259, 296, 331 Estonians, 3, 5, 14, 224 Eulenberg, Herbert, 329 Falcon (Sokół) Youth Movement, 228 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 29, 78,139,141, 146, 149 Far East, 19, 22 Ferdinand I, 47-48, 128, 144-145, 151 Ferenczi, Sándor, 100 Feteşti, 293, 298, 310 Finland, 2 Finns, 3 First Balkan War, 41, 43, 55, 105, 267, 337 Flanders, 56 France, 1,15,19, 22, 24, 27, 30, 34, 37, 43, 62, 83, 97, 121, 128, 134, 144, 164-165,170,190,207, 220, 240,247, 327 Frankfurt (an der Oder), 319 Franz Ferdinand d’Este, 29, 32-33, 325 Franz Joseph I, 8-9, 15-16,19, 30, 32, 119,164,169,184,186,222,226,233, 241, 258, 266, 284, 291, 349, 351 Franzos, Karl Emil, 316-317 Freiburg, 2,14
368 Freud, Sigmund, 100 Frey, Gottfried, 341-342 Friedeburg, Friedrich von, 233 Friederichsen, Max, 333 Friedjung, Heinrich, 20-21, 321 Friedrich, Archduke, 195 Galicia, 18, 21-22, 63-65, 70, 72, 76, 87, 90, 92, 94,96-97, 117, 121, 124, 129, 140, 170, 184, 197-198, 203, 229, 235-236, 239, 250, 254-258, 268, 276, 279, 283, 289, 311,314-317, 325 Galician Front, 75, ПО Gallipoli, 1, 8, 58 Gallwitz, Max von, 317 George I, 44 Georgia, 331 Gerlach, Hellmut von, 101, 163 German Empire, 13-16, 22-24, 27-28, 30-31, 33-35, 37, 42-43, 59, 61-62, 77, 80, 89, 97-98, 101, 103-104, 136-138, 146, 153-155, 157, 163, 165, 167-170, 177-178, 183, 189-191, 193-194,198, 201-202, 209, 213, 216, 218, 220-221, 224-226, 231, 238-239, 246, 258, 267, 287, 293, 295, 297-298, 302-305, 307, 309-310, 318-323, 325, 331-334, 338-340, 342-343 German Reich, See German Empire Germans, 1, 3, 5, 14-15, 20, 23-24, 27, 32, 35, 57, 63-64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 87, 91, 97, 99, 123-124, 129, 139-141, 143, 149, 151-153, 155, 167,185,193,200,203,205,223-225, 227,237,240,247,250,254,259-260, 264, 267-269, 272-274, 286, 288-289, 292, 295-296, 298, 302, 304-305, 307, 309-310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320-321, 323-326, 328-330, 332, 334, 336, 338-340, 342, 347 Germany, 1 Gertz, Wanda, 182 Goltz, Wilhelm Colmar von der, 42, 44 Gonda, Viktor, 103-104 Gorlice, 8, 122-123,128, 136, 205, 230, 251, 259, 283-284, 319, 350 INDEX Gorlice Offensive, 28,122, 136, 215, 274, 279, 281 Grajewski, 271 Grand Duchy of Finland, 194, 238, 319 Grand Duchy of Poznań, 315 Graz, 94 Great Britain, 1,15, 19, 22, 30, 34, 59,
121,128,134,144,169-170,202, 207, 221, 240, 307, 321 Greece, 3, 8, 13, 34, 37, 40-41, 43-44, 50, 52-54, 56-57, 59-60, 129, 134, 136, 143-144, 152, 337 Greeks, 4, 8, 38-39, 43, 50, 53-56, 60, 144 Grgjić, Stjepan, 269 Grodno, 285 Grotniki Male, 228 Grube, August Wilhelm, 315-316 Gryzów, 86 Gulf of Finland, 237 Gumbinnen, 66 Gumz, Jonathan, 94 Haber, Fritz, 77-78 Haberlandt, Arthur, 213 Habsburg monarchy. See AustriaHungary Habsburg, Joseph Ferdinand, 140 Hadımköy, 46 Hague Conference, 25 Hague Convention, 268, 272, 291 Hague, 245 Hahn, Viktor von, 323 Halechko, Sofia, 182 Hall, Richard C., 55 Hamburg, 141 Hanover, 179 Hartleb, Tadeusz, 307 Hašek, Jaroslav, 9, 84, 212, 233 Healy, Maureen, 173 Hedin, Sven, 137 Hegeler, Wilhelm, 132, 327 Heidelberg, 221 Heiderode (Czersk), 155 Held, Joseph, 197 Helsinki, 2 Herwig, Holger, 169 Herzlodor, 224 Heymel, Charlotte, 316
INDEX Hindenburg, Paul von, 29, 66-68, 137, 146, 327, 349 Hirszfeld, Hanna, 106 Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 106 Hochwächter, Gustav von, 45-46 Hohensalza (Inowrocław), 334 Hohenstein (Olsztynek), 246 Hołówko, Helena, 223, 227 Hołówko, Tadeusz, 223, 227 Horodenka, 265 Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von, 19, 21, 28,33,62-63, 71-72,74, 76,121,136, 141, 339 Hradec Králové, 221-222 Hungarians, 5, 8, 15, 20, 32, 64, 66, 84, 91, 122, 135, 157, 197-198, 202, 237, 269, 272, 324 Hungary, 15-16, 19-20, 32, 80, 146, 170-172, 202, 218, 236, 257, 332, 349 Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan, 330 Hynek, Jan, 275 Iaşi, 161, 268, 316 Imre Kertész Kolleg, 9-10 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 36,39-40, 55, 187 Ioannina, 50, 52, 56 Iraq, 60 Ireland, 16 Island of Rügen, 238 Israel, 60 Istanbul, 8, 36, 44-45, 47, 50, 55-56, 58-59, 189, 218 Istria, 185 Italy, 18, 22, 34, 38,41,43,60,128,134, 139,184 Iwanowski, 178 Jabłonna, 126 Jabłońska, Helena née Seifert, 114, 123, 163, 178, 207-208, 234, 255-256, 278-279 Jagodina, 129-130 Jałowiec, 252 Jan III Sobieski, 328 Jankowski, Czesław, 162 Japan, 14, 66, 90 Jarosław, 163 Յ69 Jaworski, Władysław Leopold, 274 Jellenta, Cezary, 177, 205, 210 Jena, 9-10,153, 221, 299, 306 Jews, 2, 5,14, 32, 38, 42, 57, 90-92, 111, 114-116,162,185, 189-190, 198, 224, 235-237, 239-240, 254-255, 257-259, 265, 268, 276-277, 279-280, 282-283, 289, 292, 294, 298, 306-309, 314, 316-317, 324, 328, 331, 342, 360, 362 Jihlava, 226 Joan of Arc, 183 Jordan, 60 July Crisis, 8 Kafka, Franz, 222 Kakania, 16-18 Kakowski, Aleksander, 227, 250, 340 Kalimanci, 55 Kalisz, 69, 97-99, 272 Kállay,
Béni, 325 Kalmykia, 331 Kâmil Pasha (Kıbrisli Mehmed), 47 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 351 Karlovy Vary, 145 Kaunas, 23-24, 254, 259, 261, 299, 319 Kawczak, Stanisław, 70, 72, 85 Kazakhstan, 331 Kennan, George F., 2 Kennard, Dorothy, 149 Kerchnawe, Hugo, 291, 303 Kertész, André, 162 Kessler, Harry, 81, 250, 316-317 Kharkiv (Kharkov), 295 Kielce, 69, 228, 241,263,316 Kießler, Emil, 310 Kiev, 161, 285, 303 Kingdom of Poland, 21-22, 62, 65-66, 71-72, 74-75, 78-79, 90, 97, 120, 124-125, 127, 157, 186, 192, 201-202, 209, 223, 228-230, 237-238, 241, 249-250, 254, 259-260, 265, 272, 274, 276, 287-289, 294-295, 297-303, 306-308, 311-312, 314-318, 321, 325, 331, 334-335, 340-342, 345 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 3
370 Kishinev, 331 Kłoczowski, Józef Dominik, 125 Klofáč, Václav, 233 Knox, Alfred, 79,121, 125 Kobarid, 2 Kolowrat-Krakowský, Alexander, 215 Komarniki, 233 Königsberg, 14, 23, 167, 190, 194, 221, 312 Konopiště, 32 Korczyn, 269, 277 Korytowski, Witold, 235 Kosovo, 38 Kostyukhnivka (Kostiuchnówka), 141 Kotor, 336 Kovel, 140, 174, 276, 345 Kozłowski, Stanisław Gabriel, 329 Kragujevac, 65, 83, 129, 264 Kraków. See Cracow Kramář, Karel, 233 Krasicki, August, 163, 207, 265, 275-276, 329 Kraslice, 176 Kraus, Karl, 9, 164, 212 Kraushar, Aleksander, 124 Kreisky, Bruno, 349 Kresna Gorge, 55 Kroh, Antoni, 118-119 Kronenberg, Leopold Julian, 253 Krościenko, 164 Krośniewice, 251 Krupanj, 98 Kruse, Francis, 163 Kruševac, 132 Kubicki, 271 Kumanovo, 49 Künigl-Ehrenburg, Ilka, 219 Kuropatkin, Alexei, 27 Kusmanek, Hermann, 112, 114, 116-117 Kyrgyzstan, 311, 331 L’viv. See Lwów Łączyński, Ryszard, 276 Landwehr, 207, 267 Lapčević, Dragiša, 129 INDEX Latvia, 2, 299, 331 Latvian volunteer riflemen, 186 Latvians, 3,5,14,57,143,185-186,224, 259, 297 Lausanne Conference, 331 Leipzig, 319 Lennhoff, Rudolf, 343 Leonhard, Jörn, 2 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 328 Leśnica, 98 Leuven (Louvain), 97-99 Lezhë, 49 Liberal Party of Greece, 144 Liebknecht, Karl, 189 Linsingen, Alexander von, 140 Lipkowski, Józef, 48 Lippmann, Walter, 314 Lithuania, 2,143, 259, 288, 299, 301-302, 306, 314, 328, 331, 347 Lithuanians, 3, 5, 14, 57, 224, 259, 297, 308, 318, 325, 328 Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel, 340, 347 Livonia, 173, 223, 306, 322 Lobanov-Rostovskii, Andrei, 251-252 Łódź, 13, 37, 74, 80, 150, 190, 193, 221, 247,
285, 295, 298-299, 303-304, 313, 321, 341-342 London, 30, 36, 52, 219, 222, 224, 327 Lower Austria, 140,197 Łowicz, 251 Ložnica, 98 Lublin, 65, 69-70, 237, 247, 278, 294, 297, 303-304, 308, 313 Ludendorff, Erich, 66-69, 76, 349 Łuków, 272 Luxembourg, 33-34 Lwów (L’viv, Lemberg), 2, 70-71, 74, 83, 114, 123, 138, 167, 174, 190, 201, 203-204, 221, 235, 239-240, 247, 252-254, 258, 260, 262, 264, 268-269,285-286,289,291,293, 313 Macedonia, 38-40, 43-44, 49-50, 52-55, 60-61, 65, 129,146, 187, 294-295, 333, 336, 338, 343 Mackensen, August von, 28, 74, 121-123,128-129,134, 146-147, 150-151, 205, 299 Madeira, 351
INDEX Majkowski, Aleksander, 150, 200-201, 226-227, 231-232, 266 Manastir, 38 Manchuria, 27-28, 36, 101 Máramaros County, 72 Mărăşeşti, 183 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 304 Marijampolė, 318 Marne River, 76 Marwitz, Georg von der, 121 Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 21 Masurian Lakes, 66 Mauthausen, 155 Medyka, 256 Memel (Klaipeda), 246 Menczel, Philipp, 263 Michael I the Brave, 145 Middle East, 14 Mielec, 256 Mikhail Alexandrovich, 351 Miletič, Aleksandar, 9 Mílukov, Pavel, 351 Misirkov, Krste Petkov, 40 Mitteleuropa, 321 Módim (Novogeorgievsk), 23-24,125, 146 Moldavia, 36, 145, 151-152 Molenda, Jan, 311 Moltke, Helmuth von the Older, 24 Moltke, Helmuth von the Younger, 23, 29, 33, 62, 324 Montenegrins, 36-37, 49-50, 131, 336-337 Montenegro, 8,13, 34, 40-41, 52, 131, 134-135,143,218,294,300,306, 312, 332-333, 335, 337 Morava River, 131 Moravia, 16, 18, 20, 120,170, 176, 194, 198, 221, 226, 232-233 Moravian Ostrava, 232 Mościska, 117 Moscow, 10, 153, 177, 180, 202, 221, 230, 312, 351 Mount Loveen, 336 Mukhtar Mahmoud Pasha, 45, 58 Murmansk, 137,157 Musil, Robert, 16, 225 371 Miitz, Herman, 264-265 Myślenice, 248 Nagel, Fritz, 88 Nagyszeben (Sibiu, Hermannstadt), 146, 149 Narach Lake, 138-139 Narew River, 62, 124, 267 Naumann, Friedrich, 320-323 Nazim Hussein Pasha, 44 Neidenburg (Nidzica), 246 Netherlands, 13, 30,163 Neudeck (Świerklaniec), 317 Neumann, Józef, 260 Nicholas II, 15, 25, 28,186, 228, 266, 291, 329, 349, 351 Nida River, 107,119 Nielsen, Asta, 175 Nikolai Nikolaevich, 223, 237 Njegoš, Danilo, 131 Nonne, Max, 103-104 North Africa, 43 North Sea, 29-30 Norway, 297 Nowa Wieś,
317 Oberhummer, Eugen, 336 Ober-Ost, 288, 297, 299, 302, 325, 340, 347 Obrenovac, 83 Odessa, 221 Olomouc, 226 Olszanica, 163 Opatów, 261 Orłowski, Hubert, 317-318 Ortelsburg (Szczytno), 246 Osowiec, 23 Ostrołęka, 66,137 Ostrowiec, 316 Ottoman Empire, 8, 13-14,19, 34, 37-38, 40, 42-44, 53, 55, 58-61, 136, 143-144, 186-187, 189, 215, 337 Ottoman Porte. See Ottoman Empire Ottoman Tripolitania (Libya), 38, 60 Palestine, 60 Pan-Germanism, 225-226, 318-320, 323 Pan-Slavism, 119, 225 Paris, 10, 36, 219, 222, 224, 327
372 Partsch, Josef, 319, 333 Party of Constitutional Democrats, 351 Pašie, Nikola, 82,106 Peloponnese, 136 Péronne, 1, 6 Peter I, 54, 135 Petrograd. See St Petersburg Petrovič, Vukašin, 264 Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl von, 109 Piłsudski, Józef, 69, 71, 228, 235, 283, 314 Pińczów, 107 Pińsk, 139 Piotrków Trybunalski, 249, 261, 271, 307 Plzeň, 180 Pöch, Rudolf, 156-157, 218 Podolia, 316 Poland, 2-3, 5, 10, 165, 255 Poles, 3, 5, 8,21, 30-31, 33, 57, 59,107, 127,141,143,157,164,201,223-224, 226-227, 230-231, 235, 240, 253, 257-259, 268, 276, 283, 289, 294, 297-298, 307-308, 316, 322, 324, 326, 328, 335, 342 Polish Legionnaires, 3-4, 71, 75, 86, 90, 107,119-120,127,141,182,184,186, 228, 241, 263, 307, 330, 345 Polotsk, 178 Pomerania, 155, 226, 342 Pontus, 316 Port Arthur, 28 Posen (Poznań), 201, 351 Potiorek, Oskar, 65, 83, 201, 230, 269 Potocki, Józef, 253 Prague, 4, 119, 145, 161, 196, 202, 221-222, 224, 226, 258 Preis, 308 Preusker, Hans, 98-99 Prilep, 336 Pristina, 49 Prittwitz, Maximilian von, 66 Prusin, Alexander Victor, 92 Prussia, 13-14, 22, 178, 184 Pruszków, 250 Prut River, 249, 263 Przasnysz, 1, 76 Przemyśl, 3, 5, 23, 72, 74, 80, 82, 94, 111-113, 115-118, 123, 146, 163, INDEX 177, 201, 207, 234, 240, 272-273, 278-279 Przyłęcki, 271 Pszczyna (Pless), 140 Puławy, 328 Putnik, Radomir, 29-30,50,65, 82,129 Radom, 72, 90, 249, 271, 316 Radziwiłłów, 251 Rappoport, Salomon (S. An-ski), 283 Rašín, Alois, 233 Rasputin, Grigory, 351 Rathenau, Walther, 320 Ration cards, 3,167,170-172, 298, 304 Rawka River, 79 Redlich, Josef, 155 Refugees, 47, 51, 56, 59, 83, 111, 115-116,
125,127,130-132,134, 162,167,170,174,183,188,191-192, 194, 197, 236, 246-247, 254-255, 268, 279, 295, 320, 350-351 Rennenkampf, Paul von, 66-68, 86, 92, 317 Republic of Austria, 226 Riga, 4-5, 8, 37,173, 184-186, 190, 194-195, 247, 285, 295-296, 299 Rockefeller Foundation, 307-308 Roda Roda, Alexander (Sándor Friedrich Rosenfeld), 211-212 Rodaun, 212 Rokoszny, Józef, 90, 200, 228, 238, 249, 266, 271, 276, 293 Romania, 3, 8,13, 28, 34, 37, 43, 53, 55, 78, 104, 143-146, 152-153, 155, 157, 214,250,254,286-287,289,291,294, 296-297, 301-302, 304-306, 309, 311,326, 331-332, 339, 343 Romanian Carpathians, 122 Romanians, 5, 53, 55,144-147, 149, 151,155,183,214,224,268,287,289, 305, 324, 326 Romer, Eugeniusz, 86, 175, 178, 229, 274 Ronge, Max, 93, 239-240 Rostov-on-Don, 297 Ruhr, 180, 221 Rumelia, 36, 57 Russian Empire, 5,13-15, 19, 22-24, 26, 30-31, 33-36, 40, 61-63, 69,
INDEX 89-90, 101, 108, 121, 125,127, 137-138, 141-142,144-145, 152-154, 156-157, 163-165, 174, 176-177, 187, 189-190, 197, 199, 204, 207, 222, 224, 226, 228-230, 239-241, 246, 259-260, 276, 285-286, 294-297, 307-308, 315, 321-322, 326-327, 331, 334, 339, 348-350 Russian Federation, 2-3 Russian Front, 3, 28, 33, 109, 190 Russians, 5, 8-9, 21, 23, 28, 31, 33-34, 57, 62-66, 70-72, 75-76, 78-80, 82, 85-86, 88, 90, 92-93, 101,107, 111-113, 115, 118-119, 121-122, 124-127, 138, 140-141, 152, 155, 157,167,185,188,200,203,205-206, 208, 227, 233, 235-236, 239-240, 246-247, 249, 251, 253-256, 259-262, 264-266, 268-269, 273, 279, 281-284, 286, 288-289, 291, 293-295, 314, 326-330 Rutowski, Tadeusz, 260, 269 Ružomberok (Rózsahegy), 103 Rypuszyński, Janusz, 264-265 Rzeszów, 284 Saale River, 9 Saarbrücken, 221 Šabac, 66, 98-99 Salonika, 38,50,53,58,60,83,129,144, 161 Salonika Front, 78, 136, 339 Samsonov, Alexander, 66-68 San River, 72, 74, 113, 123 Sandes, Flora, 182 Sandomierz, 249, 261, 271, 276, 286, 293 Sanok, 123, 164 Sarajevo, 33, 230, 245, 325 Sarajevo assassination, 33-34, 199, 337 Sarıkamış, 187 Sarrail, Maurice, 136, 332 Sassnitz, 238 Sava River, 129, 261, 291 Savov, Mikhail, 55 Schalek, Alice, 212 Schleswig and Holstein, 144 373 Schoenaich-Carolath, Heinrich zu, 31, 33 Schultz, Arved, 335 Schwerin, Friedrich von, 319 Sea of Marmara, 47 Second Balkan War, 53, 55, 105, 129, 145, 339 Second International, 25, 31 Second Reich. See German Empire Šedivý, Ivan, 232 Seeberg, Reinhold, 327 Serbia, 3, 8, 13,19-22, 29, 32-35, 37, 40-41, 43-44, 51-54, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65-66, 72, 82-84, 94,
97, 105-106, 128-129,131,135,143,157,165,177, 200-201, 209, 219, 222, 224, 226, 229-230,232, 250, 255,264,267,269, 286-287, 289, 291, 294, 297, 300-301, 303, 306-307, 311-312, 314,325-327, 331-333,337,339,341 Serbs, 5, 8, 19, 33-34, 36, 38-39, 43, 49-51, 54, 58, 63, 65, 82-84, 93, 105-106,120, 129,131, 133-135, 155,157,187, 224, 230,236, 239,287, 289, 301, 324, 326, 337 Sering, Max, 319 Seton-Watson, Robert W., 20, 106 Seyfeddin, Ömer, 60 Sheptytsky, Andrey, 269 Shkodër, 49-50, 52, 56,134 Šiauliai (Szawle), 229 Siberia, 90, 157 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 307-308 Sighetu Marmaţiei, 72 Skierniewice, 251 Składkowski, Sławoj Felicjan, 75,88,91, 95, 101, 106-107, 142, 228, 345 Skopje, 5, 53,106, 129, 336, 343 Slim, Hugo, 248 Slovakia, 103, 119 Slovaks, 3, 5 Slovenes, 5, 19, 32, 96,184 Smederevo, 327 Smolensk, 191 Śniatyń, 316 Soča (Isonzo) River, 2-3, 85,128 Sochaczew, 78 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 15, 24
374 Sofia, 8, 39-40, 43-44, 53-55, 128, 294-295, 338 Sokołowski, Alfred, 346 Solek, Wincenty, 241 Sombor (Zombor), 236 Somme River, 28 Sopot, 226 Southern Dobraja, 146 Spanish flu, 105,136, 342 Srokowski, Stanisław, 256 St Petersburg, 19, 21, 34, 145, 153, 180, 185,191-192,194,202,219,230,238, 297, 312, 351 Stalingrad, 72 Stallupöhnen, 66 Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk), 63, 140, 240 Starynkiewicz, Sokrates, 192 Starzyński, Roman, 141 Stawino, 272 Stebnicka Huta, 119-120 Steed, Henry Wickham, 20 Stegemann, Hermann, 210 Stepanivna, Olena, 182 Stepanovič, Stepa, 65 Stettin (Szczecin), 238 Stochod (Stokhid) River, 182 Stone, Norman, 2 Strausz, Adolf, 338 Stryj Valley, 233 Styr River, 182 Styria, 164 Suceava, 316 Supreme National Committee (NKN), 279-280 Suttner, Kinsky Bertha von, 25 Sweden, 194, 238 Świecie (Schweiz), 341 Świeykowski, Bronisław, 122 Świniary, 229 Switzerland, 15, 331 Syria, 186, 188 Tahsin, Hasan Pasha, 50 Talaat, Mehmed Pasha, 188-189 Tallinn, 161, 285 Tanew River, 69 Tannenberg, 3, 5 Târgu Jiu, 183 INDEX Tarnów, 72,122, 255-256, 261, 264-266, 280-282 Tatarstan, 331 Tatyana Nikolaevna, 192 Teodoroiu, Ecaterina, 181-183 Tertil, Tadeusz, 264-265 Teschen (Cieszyn), 140-141 Thaierhof, 94 Ther, Philipp, 10, 59 Thrace, 38-39, 43-44, 49, 56, 59, 61 Thun-Hohenstein, Franz von, 222 Tilka, Bogislav. See Velburg, Gerhard Tisza, István, 33-34, 236 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, 237, 316 Transleithania, 170, 202, 232, 236 Transylvania, 144-147,149-150 Trenčín (Trenesen), 164 Trieste, 176,184-186, 221 Triple Alliance, 22 Tripoli, 38 Tröbst, Hans, 124 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Turks,
8, 36-38, 40-41, 43-44, 46-52, 56, 58, 188-189, 207, 314 Tutrakan (Turtucaia), 55,146-147 Ukraine, 2, 15, 78,143, 294, 296, 304, 323, 331 Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, 86, 182, 234 Ukrainians, 5,8,14,21,57,94,157,182, 195,198,224,235-236,240,257, 268, 289, 294, 297, 308, 325, 328 United States of America, 88, 104, 187, 307, 321, 341 Upper Hungary, 165 Upper Silesia, 140, 341 Ural Mountains, 316 Ushlinova, Donka, 182 Ustrzyki, 123 Valjevo, 83 Van, 186, 188 Varna, 332 Vatra Domei, 76 Velburg, Gerhard, 153, 293, 298-299, 305-306, 309-310 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 143-144 Verdun, 28,138 Verhey, Jeffrey, 221
INDEX Verkhnyadzvinsk (Dryssa), 175 Versailles, 59 Vido Island, 135 Vienna, 15, 18, 21, 32-34, 83, 93, 123, 127, 131, 151, 161-162, 168, 170, 172-174, 176, 180, 186, 191, 197, 202,207,212,217-219,221,235, 255, 257-258, 298, 300-301, 316, 324-325 Vilnius, 167, 186, 247, 254, 285, 295, 302-303, 306, 328-329 Vistula River, 64, 66, 277, 341 Vit, Jan, 112, 117 Vitebsk, 175 Vlorë, 134 Vojvodina, 236 Volhynia, 3, 78, 85, 140-141 Volytsia, 234 Vorarlberg, 15 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius, 103-104 Wallachia, 145 Wallisch, Friedrich, 287, 340 Warsaw, 1, 4, 10, 26, 31, 36, 66, 74, 79, 124, 126-127, 162, 174, 190, 192, 200, 202-203, 205, 209, 218, 221, 223-224, 227, 247, 250, 253, 258, 260, 267, 272, 285-286, 288, 290, 292, 295-296, 298, 302-304, 307, 312-313, 326, 328-330, 333, 339, 343-346 Waterstradt, Friedrich, 319-320 Weimar Republic, 313 Weindling, Paul, 348 Weisselberger, Salo, 260 Wenigenjena, 9 375 Wernic, Leon, 346 Western Front, 3, 28, 76, 78-80, 97-98, 102, 106, 120, 138, 154, 214, 226 Western Galicia, 76, 95, 279, 294 White Sea, 323 Wieprz River, 267 Wierzchosławice, 261 Wilhelm II, 14-15, 29-30, 34, 62, 222, 226, 349, 351 Wiłkomierz (Ukmergė), 254 Wilson, Woodrow, 314, 331 Winnrki (Vynnyky), 262 Witos, Wincenty, 180, 255, 266, 274-275 Witte, Sergei, 35 Włostów, 261 Wolbrom, 91 WolfF, Larry, 317-318 Woyrsch, Remus von, 140 Württemberg, 140 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, 258, 268 Young Turk Movement, 37 Ypres, 1-2, 77-78, 80 Yudenich, Nikolai, 188 Zagórski, 173 Zagreb, 8, 20, 141, 230, 346 Zamość, 265 Zamoyski, Maurycy, 253 Zbruch River, 64-65, 71,100 Zduny, 251 Zeletin, Ştefan, 53
Złaków, 251 Zweig, Stefan, 220-221, 225, 231 Zwoleń, 316 Żyrardów, 76, 78, 250 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek München
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CONTENTS List of Figures List of Maps List of Capsules Introduction part I: The Fronts page vi ix x 1 11 1 The Road to War 13 2 Prelude: The Balkans 1912-1913 36 3 Before the Leaves Fall from the Trees. 61 4 Breakthrough part π: The Rear 138 159 5 The Hinterland 161 6 The Hunger for Information 199 7 Loyalties 219 part in: Occupation 243 8 The First Moments 245 9 New Orders 286 Mission civilisatrice 314 Afterword 349 Select Bibliography Index 352 365 10
FORGOTTEN WARS Włodzimierz Borodziej and Maciej Górny set out to salvage the historical memory of the experience of war in the lands between Riga and Skopje, beginning with the two Balkan conflicts of 1912-1913 and ending with the death of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. The First World War in the East and South-East of Europe was fought by people from a multitude of different nationalities, most of them dressed in the uniforms of three imperial armies: Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian. In this first volume of Forgotten Wars, the authors chart the origins and outbreak of the First World War, the early battles, and the war’s impact on ordinary soldiers and civilians through to the end of the Romanian campaign in December 1916, by which point the Central Powers controlled all of the Balkans except for the Peloponnese. Combining military and social his tory, the authors make extensive use of eyewitness accounts to describe the traumatic experience that established a region stretching between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black Seas.
INDEX Abdul Hamid И, 37 Act of 5 November, 302, 330 Adriatic Sea, 8, 49, 59,131, 185, 339 Aegean Sea, 41, 251, 339 Aehrenthal, Alois Lexa von, 20 Albania, 13, 37, 49, 52, 59-60,107,131, 134-135, 143, 294, 297 Albanians, 37-38, 49, 52 Alldeutscher Verband (Pan-German League), 318 Allenstein (Olsztyn), 66-68 Alma-Tadema, Laurence, 307 Anatolia, 46, 56, 144, 186-187 Arendt, Hannah, 19 Argetoianu, Constantin, 145 Asia Minor, 56, 59-60 Asinara Island, 135 Athens, 44, 143-144 Atlantic Ocean, 200, 297 Auffenberg, Moritz, 69 Austria-Hungary, 2, 5, 9, 13, 15, 19-24, 29, 32-35, 37, 40-41, 60-64, 66, 69, 72-74, 82-84, 89, 101, 104, 118, 120, 122, 129, 133,135-136, 138-140, 145-146, 153-154, 156-157, 165-170, 176-177, 181, 184, 191, 193, 201-202, 207-208, 211-212, 215-216, 218, 221-222, 224-226, 230, 232-233, 235-236, 239, 241, 245,254,258,279,281,291,294,297, 304, 320-321, 325, 331, 336-341 Austrian Silesia, 226 Azerbaijan, 331 Bad Gleichenberg, 29 Baden, 14 Baernreither, Joseph Maria, 321 Baghdad, 14 Bakończyce, 116 Baltic Germans, 14, 185-186, 331 Baltic provinces, 185 Baltic Sea, 8, 30, 185 Balts, 8 Banat, 120 Barcelona, 16 Basarabescu, loan, 147 Báthory, Stephen, 145 Battle at Opatów, 251 Battle of Bunarhisar-Luleburgas, 44-45 Battle of the Bzura River, 78 Battle of Gorlice, 313 Battle of Kirkkilise, 44-45, 49 Battle of Komarów, 69 Battle of Kraśnik, 69 Battle of Mołotków (Molotkiv), 90 Battle of Przasnysz, 1, 5 Battle of the Rawka River, 78 Battle of Slivnitsa, 36 Battle of Stebnícka Huta, 119-120 Battle of Tannenberg, 68-69, 72,137 Battle of the Masurian Lakes, 68, 246 Beirut,
38 Belarus, 2,138, 143, 175, 288, 296, 314, 325, 347 Belarusians, 5, 57, 297, 308, 325, 328 Belgium, 30, 33-34, 97, 220, 247, 287 Belgrade, 16, 19-21, 33-34, 44, 63, 83-84, 129-130, 135, 161,203, 205-206, 246-247, 251-252, 261-263, 267, 285-286, 291, 300-301, 332, 340-341, 345-346 Berbecki, Leon, 141 Berlin, 15,23,29, 33-34,36,62,83,127, 129,145,151,161,168- SS . . 6,
366 189, 202, 207, 216, 219-222, 224, 235, 238-239, 287, 295, 298, 313, 324, 349 Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 27 Beroun, 232 Beseler, Hans von, 330, 333 Bessarabia, 144 Białowieża Forest, 297, 299 Bielcza, 275 Bielsk Podlaski, 126 Bieszczady Mountains, 80 Biondich, Mark, 94 Bismarck, Otto von, 14, 320 Black Sea, 8, 47, 147, 251, 323, 339 Bloch, Jan Gotlib, 25-26,30-31,57,193 Bochnia Zamurowana, 234 Bogdanova, Donka, 182 Bohemia, 16,18, 32, 47, 120,170, 176, 194,198, 221, 226, 232-233 Bolimów, 76, 80 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 13,20,32,40,230, 239, 245, 325 Bosnian crisis, 20 Bosnians, 5,19 Boubelík, František, 119 Branicki, Ksawery, 253 Brassó (Braşov, Kronstadt), 146 Bratek-Kozłowski, Franciszek, 64 Brătianu, Ion, 144-145, 147 Brentano, Lujo, 320 Breslau, 221 Brest, 174 Brindisi, 134 Brno, 226 Brusilov Offensive, 139, 141-143, 202 Brusilov, Alexei, 28, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 202 Brussels, 345 Brwinów, 205 Bucharest, 4,37, 55,57,143,145-147, 150-151,153,161, 205, 221, 247, 267-268, 285,290-291,293,298,304, 306 Bucur, Maria, 183, 213 Budapest, 15-16, 18, 29, 36, 156, 162, 168, 170, 198, 202, 207, 221 Bukovina, 18, 76,96,140,145,153,170, 197, 211, 226, 248-249, 254-255, 258, 286, 289, 294 INDEX Bulgaria, 8,13,19,34,36,39-41,43-44, 51, 53-56, 59-60, 84,107,128-129, 135-136,146,165,182,215,287,294, 321, 332, 337-338 Bulgarians, 36, 38-39, 42-55, 58, 112, 129, 147, 187, 294-295, 314, 324, 337-338 Buschan, Georg, 338 Bychawa, 278-279 Byków, 112 Bystroń, Jan Stanislaw, 334-335 Bzura River, 251 Cabaj, Jarosław, 273 Carlsbad, 29 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 53, 57, 337
Carpathian Mountains, 63, 81-82, 85, 106,118-120,123,138,145,150,164, 187, 233, 315 Çatalca, 47-49, 52, 55-56, 112 Catalonia, 16 Caucasus, 187 Çekmece Bay, 48 Cenov, Gancho, 338 Central Anatolia, 188 Central Asia, 19, 90, 311 Central Powers, 9,34,61-62,74, 78,84, 104,107,120-121,125,127,137,139, 143-144, 152, 155, 170, 174, 177, 200-201, 210, 231, 264, 268, 292-293,304,307,322,324,326,328, 331, 333, 336-338, 343, 346-348 Čer plateau, 65 Cetinje, 336 Charles I, 216, 221, 233, 349, 351 Chołodecki Białynia, Józef, 204 Chotek, Sophie von, 32 Cisleithania, 15-16, 32, 168, 170, 225, 232-233, 257, 297, 303, 305 Claas, Heinrich, 226 Clark, Christopher, 35 Cleinow, Georg, 322 Constanţa, 144, 147 Constantine I, 50, 55,143-144 Constantinople. See Istanbul Corfu, 134-135, 300 Courland, 143, 259, 311, 319, 322 Courtenay, Jan Baudouin de, 57
INDEX Cracow, 8, 23, 72, 75-76,157, 161, 171-174, 179-180, 190, 312-313 Crete, 37 Croatia, 20, 32, 230 Croats, 5, 19, 230 Czechs, 3, 5, 33, 93, 119-120, 192, 223-224, 232-233, 320 Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), 139, 186, 190, 226, 249, 252, 260, 263, 285 Czetwertyński, Seweryn, 253 Czetwertyński, Włodzimierz, 253 Czuj, Jan (Jan Borzęcki), 280-282 Dąbrowa coal basin, 299 Dąbrowa Górnicza, 174 Dąbrowski, Jan, 72 Dagestan, 331 Dalmatia, 161 Danki, Viktor, 69-70 Danube River, 36, 129, 146-147, 150, 152, 261, 291 Danzig, 167, 221 Dardanelles, 38, 120, 137 Dashnak (Armenian social democratic party), 187 Daszyński, Ignacy, 94 Daugirdas, Tadas, 254 Dęblin (Ivangorod), 23, 74, 249 Denmark, 13, 297 Dimitriev, Radko, 48-49, 112 Dnieper River, 191 Dobruja (Dobrogea), 53, 55, 147, 294, 332-333 Dornik, Wolfram, 85 Dowgird, Tadeusz. See Tadas Daugirdas Dragoumis, Filippos, 50 Drina River, 65, 129 Dublin, 16 Dudeşti-Feteşti, 310 Dukla, 123 Dunajec River, 274 Durrës, 49,134 Durusu Lake, 48 Dyboski, Roman, 157 Dziedzice, 316 Dzierzbicki, Stanisław, 126,205, 267,295 367 East Prussia, 1,14,28,34,62-63,65-69, 72, 86, 92, 99, 121, 161, 167, 229, 246-247, 255, 314, 317, 319-320 Eastern Anatolia, 187 Eastern Carpathians, 122, 275 Eastern Front, 2-3, 5, 23, 71, 76, 78, 84, 97, 107, 111, 121, 138-140, 161, 169, 213, 267, 278,314, 341-342 Eastern Galicia, 69, 71-72, 74, 84-85, 93-94, 111, 140, 153, 165, 201, 203, 225, 232-237, 239, 273,278,286,294 Eastern Thrace, 55, 57, 74 Edib, Halidé, 47 Edirne, 38, 47, 50-52, 55-56 Einem, Karl von, 78 Elbe River, 323 Elbing, 194 Entente, 19, 22, 66, 99, 128,143,145,
157, 188, 214, 331 Enver Ismail Pasha, 55, 187 Ephraim, Otto, 299 Ertür, Hafiz Rakim, 51 Estonia, 259, 296, 331 Estonians, 3, 5, 14, 224 Eulenberg, Herbert, 329 Falcon (Sokół) Youth Movement, 228 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 29, 78,139,141, 146, 149 Far East, 19, 22 Ferdinand I, 47-48, 128, 144-145, 151 Ferenczi, Sándor, 100 Feteşti, 293, 298, 310 Finland, 2 Finns, 3 First Balkan War, 41, 43, 55, 105, 267, 337 Flanders, 56 France, 1,15,19, 22, 24, 27, 30, 34, 37, 43, 62, 83, 97, 121, 128, 134, 144, 164-165,170,190,207, 220, 240,247, 327 Frankfurt (an der Oder), 319 Franz Ferdinand d’Este, 29, 32-33, 325 Franz Joseph I, 8-9, 15-16,19, 30, 32, 119,164,169,184,186,222,226,233, 241, 258, 266, 284, 291, 349, 351 Franzos, Karl Emil, 316-317 Freiburg, 2,14
368 Freud, Sigmund, 100 Frey, Gottfried, 341-342 Friedeburg, Friedrich von, 233 Friederichsen, Max, 333 Friedjung, Heinrich, 20-21, 321 Friedrich, Archduke, 195 Galicia, 18, 21-22, 63-65, 70, 72, 76, 87, 90, 92, 94,96-97, 117, 121, 124, 129, 140, 170, 184, 197-198, 203, 229, 235-236, 239, 250, 254-258, 268, 276, 279, 283, 289, 311,314-317, 325 Galician Front, 75, ПО Gallipoli, 1, 8, 58 Gallwitz, Max von, 317 George I, 44 Georgia, 331 Gerlach, Hellmut von, 101, 163 German Empire, 13-16, 22-24, 27-28, 30-31, 33-35, 37, 42-43, 59, 61-62, 77, 80, 89, 97-98, 101, 103-104, 136-138, 146, 153-155, 157, 163, 165, 167-170, 177-178, 183, 189-191, 193-194,198, 201-202, 209, 213, 216, 218, 220-221, 224-226, 231, 238-239, 246, 258, 267, 287, 293, 295, 297-298, 302-305, 307, 309-310, 318-323, 325, 331-334, 338-340, 342-343 German Reich, See German Empire Germans, 1, 3, 5, 14-15, 20, 23-24, 27, 32, 35, 57, 63-64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 87, 91, 97, 99, 123-124, 129, 139-141, 143, 149, 151-153, 155, 167,185,193,200,203,205,223-225, 227,237,240,247,250,254,259-260, 264, 267-269, 272-274, 286, 288-289, 292, 295-296, 298, 302, 304-305, 307, 309-310, 312, 314, 316, 318, 320-321, 323-326, 328-330, 332, 334, 336, 338-340, 342, 347 Germany, 1 Gertz, Wanda, 182 Goltz, Wilhelm Colmar von der, 42, 44 Gonda, Viktor, 103-104 Gorlice, 8, 122-123,128, 136, 205, 230, 251, 259, 283-284, 319, 350 INDEX Gorlice Offensive, 28,122, 136, 215, 274, 279, 281 Grajewski, 271 Grand Duchy of Finland, 194, 238, 319 Grand Duchy of Poznań, 315 Graz, 94 Great Britain, 1,15, 19, 22, 30, 34, 59,
121,128,134,144,169-170,202, 207, 221, 240, 307, 321 Greece, 3, 8, 13, 34, 37, 40-41, 43-44, 50, 52-54, 56-57, 59-60, 129, 134, 136, 143-144, 152, 337 Greeks, 4, 8, 38-39, 43, 50, 53-56, 60, 144 Grgjić, Stjepan, 269 Grodno, 285 Grotniki Male, 228 Grube, August Wilhelm, 315-316 Gryzów, 86 Gulf of Finland, 237 Gumbinnen, 66 Gumz, Jonathan, 94 Haber, Fritz, 77-78 Haberlandt, Arthur, 213 Habsburg monarchy. See AustriaHungary Habsburg, Joseph Ferdinand, 140 Hadımköy, 46 Hague Conference, 25 Hague Convention, 268, 272, 291 Hague, 245 Hahn, Viktor von, 323 Halechko, Sofia, 182 Hall, Richard C., 55 Hamburg, 141 Hanover, 179 Hartleb, Tadeusz, 307 Hašek, Jaroslav, 9, 84, 212, 233 Healy, Maureen, 173 Hedin, Sven, 137 Hegeler, Wilhelm, 132, 327 Heidelberg, 221 Heiderode (Czersk), 155 Held, Joseph, 197 Helsinki, 2 Herwig, Holger, 169 Herzlodor, 224 Heymel, Charlotte, 316
INDEX Hindenburg, Paul von, 29, 66-68, 137, 146, 327, 349 Hirszfeld, Hanna, 106 Hirszfeld, Ludwik, 106 Hochwächter, Gustav von, 45-46 Hohensalza (Inowrocław), 334 Hohenstein (Olsztynek), 246 Hołówko, Helena, 223, 227 Hołówko, Tadeusz, 223, 227 Horodenka, 265 Hötzendorf, Franz Conrad von, 19, 21, 28,33,62-63, 71-72,74, 76,121,136, 141, 339 Hradec Králové, 221-222 Hungarians, 5, 8, 15, 20, 32, 64, 66, 84, 91, 122, 135, 157, 197-198, 202, 237, 269, 272, 324 Hungary, 15-16, 19-20, 32, 80, 146, 170-172, 202, 218, 236, 257, 332, 349 Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan, 330 Hynek, Jan, 275 Iaşi, 161, 268, 316 Imre Kertész Kolleg, 9-10 Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), 36,39-40, 55, 187 Ioannina, 50, 52, 56 Iraq, 60 Ireland, 16 Island of Rügen, 238 Israel, 60 Istanbul, 8, 36, 44-45, 47, 50, 55-56, 58-59, 189, 218 Istria, 185 Italy, 18, 22, 34, 38,41,43,60,128,134, 139,184 Iwanowski, 178 Jabłonna, 126 Jabłońska, Helena née Seifert, 114, 123, 163, 178, 207-208, 234, 255-256, 278-279 Jagodina, 129-130 Jałowiec, 252 Jan III Sobieski, 328 Jankowski, Czesław, 162 Japan, 14, 66, 90 Jarosław, 163 Յ69 Jaworski, Władysław Leopold, 274 Jellenta, Cezary, 177, 205, 210 Jena, 9-10,153, 221, 299, 306 Jews, 2, 5,14, 32, 38, 42, 57, 90-92, 111, 114-116,162,185, 189-190, 198, 224, 235-237, 239-240, 254-255, 257-259, 265, 268, 276-277, 279-280, 282-283, 289, 292, 294, 298, 306-309, 314, 316-317, 324, 328, 331, 342, 360, 362 Jihlava, 226 Joan of Arc, 183 Jordan, 60 July Crisis, 8 Kafka, Franz, 222 Kakania, 16-18 Kakowski, Aleksander, 227, 250, 340 Kalimanci, 55 Kalisz, 69, 97-99, 272 Kállay,
Béni, 325 Kalmykia, 331 Kâmil Pasha (Kıbrisli Mehmed), 47 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 351 Karlovy Vary, 145 Kaunas, 23-24, 254, 259, 261, 299, 319 Kawczak, Stanisław, 70, 72, 85 Kazakhstan, 331 Kennan, George F., 2 Kennard, Dorothy, 149 Kerchnawe, Hugo, 291, 303 Kertész, André, 162 Kessler, Harry, 81, 250, 316-317 Kharkiv (Kharkov), 295 Kielce, 69, 228, 241,263,316 Kießler, Emil, 310 Kiev, 161, 285, 303 Kingdom of Poland, 21-22, 62, 65-66, 71-72, 74-75, 78-79, 90, 97, 120, 124-125, 127, 157, 186, 192, 201-202, 209, 223, 228-230, 237-238, 241, 249-250, 254, 259-260, 265, 272, 274, 276, 287-289, 294-295, 297-303, 306-308, 311-312, 314-318, 321, 325, 331, 334-335, 340-342, 345 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 3
370 Kishinev, 331 Kłoczowski, Józef Dominik, 125 Klofáč, Václav, 233 Knox, Alfred, 79,121, 125 Kobarid, 2 Kolowrat-Krakowský, Alexander, 215 Komarniki, 233 Königsberg, 14, 23, 167, 190, 194, 221, 312 Konopiště, 32 Korczyn, 269, 277 Korytowski, Witold, 235 Kosovo, 38 Kostyukhnivka (Kostiuchnówka), 141 Kotor, 336 Kovel, 140, 174, 276, 345 Kozłowski, Stanisław Gabriel, 329 Kragujevac, 65, 83, 129, 264 Kraków. See Cracow Kramář, Karel, 233 Krasicki, August, 163, 207, 265, 275-276, 329 Kraslice, 176 Kraus, Karl, 9, 164, 212 Kraushar, Aleksander, 124 Kreisky, Bruno, 349 Kresna Gorge, 55 Kroh, Antoni, 118-119 Kronenberg, Leopold Julian, 253 Krościenko, 164 Krośniewice, 251 Krupanj, 98 Kruse, Francis, 163 Kruševac, 132 Kubicki, 271 Kumanovo, 49 Künigl-Ehrenburg, Ilka, 219 Kuropatkin, Alexei, 27 Kusmanek, Hermann, 112, 114, 116-117 Kyrgyzstan, 311, 331 L’viv. See Lwów Łączyński, Ryszard, 276 Landwehr, 207, 267 Lapčević, Dragiša, 129 INDEX Latvia, 2, 299, 331 Latvian volunteer riflemen, 186 Latvians, 3,5,14,57,143,185-186,224, 259, 297 Lausanne Conference, 331 Leipzig, 319 Lennhoff, Rudolf, 343 Leonhard, Jörn, 2 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 328 Leśnica, 98 Leuven (Louvain), 97-99 Lezhë, 49 Liberal Party of Greece, 144 Liebknecht, Karl, 189 Linsingen, Alexander von, 140 Lipkowski, Józef, 48 Lippmann, Walter, 314 Lithuania, 2,143, 259, 288, 299, 301-302, 306, 314, 328, 331, 347 Lithuanians, 3, 5, 14, 57, 224, 259, 297, 308, 318, 325, 328 Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel, 340, 347 Livonia, 173, 223, 306, 322 Lobanov-Rostovskii, Andrei, 251-252 Łódź, 13, 37, 74, 80, 150, 190, 193, 221, 247,
285, 295, 298-299, 303-304, 313, 321, 341-342 London, 30, 36, 52, 219, 222, 224, 327 Lower Austria, 140,197 Łowicz, 251 Ložnica, 98 Lublin, 65, 69-70, 237, 247, 278, 294, 297, 303-304, 308, 313 Ludendorff, Erich, 66-69, 76, 349 Łuków, 272 Luxembourg, 33-34 Lwów (L’viv, Lemberg), 2, 70-71, 74, 83, 114, 123, 138, 167, 174, 190, 201, 203-204, 221, 235, 239-240, 247, 252-254, 258, 260, 262, 264, 268-269,285-286,289,291,293, 313 Macedonia, 38-40, 43-44, 49-50, 52-55, 60-61, 65, 129,146, 187, 294-295, 333, 336, 338, 343 Mackensen, August von, 28, 74, 121-123,128-129,134, 146-147, 150-151, 205, 299 Madeira, 351
INDEX Majkowski, Aleksander, 150, 200-201, 226-227, 231-232, 266 Manastir, 38 Manchuria, 27-28, 36, 101 Máramaros County, 72 Mărăşeşti, 183 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 304 Marijampolė, 318 Marne River, 76 Marwitz, Georg von der, 121 Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 21 Masurian Lakes, 66 Mauthausen, 155 Medyka, 256 Memel (Klaipeda), 246 Menczel, Philipp, 263 Michael I the Brave, 145 Middle East, 14 Mielec, 256 Mikhail Alexandrovich, 351 Miletič, Aleksandar, 9 Mílukov, Pavel, 351 Misirkov, Krste Petkov, 40 Mitteleuropa, 321 Módim (Novogeorgievsk), 23-24,125, 146 Moldavia, 36, 145, 151-152 Molenda, Jan, 311 Moltke, Helmuth von the Older, 24 Moltke, Helmuth von the Younger, 23, 29, 33, 62, 324 Montenegrins, 36-37, 49-50, 131, 336-337 Montenegro, 8,13, 34, 40-41, 52, 131, 134-135,143,218,294,300,306, 312, 332-333, 335, 337 Morava River, 131 Moravia, 16, 18, 20, 120,170, 176, 194, 198, 221, 226, 232-233 Moravian Ostrava, 232 Mościska, 117 Moscow, 10, 153, 177, 180, 202, 221, 230, 312, 351 Mount Loveen, 336 Mukhtar Mahmoud Pasha, 45, 58 Murmansk, 137,157 Musil, Robert, 16, 225 371 Miitz, Herman, 264-265 Myślenice, 248 Nagel, Fritz, 88 Nagyszeben (Sibiu, Hermannstadt), 146, 149 Narach Lake, 138-139 Narew River, 62, 124, 267 Naumann, Friedrich, 320-323 Nazim Hussein Pasha, 44 Neidenburg (Nidzica), 246 Netherlands, 13, 30,163 Neudeck (Świerklaniec), 317 Neumann, Józef, 260 Nicholas II, 15, 25, 28,186, 228, 266, 291, 329, 349, 351 Nida River, 107,119 Nielsen, Asta, 175 Nikolai Nikolaevich, 223, 237 Njegoš, Danilo, 131 Nonne, Max, 103-104 North Africa, 43 North Sea, 29-30 Norway, 297 Nowa Wieś,
317 Oberhummer, Eugen, 336 Ober-Ost, 288, 297, 299, 302, 325, 340, 347 Obrenovac, 83 Odessa, 221 Olomouc, 226 Olszanica, 163 Opatów, 261 Orłowski, Hubert, 317-318 Ortelsburg (Szczytno), 246 Osowiec, 23 Ostrołęka, 66,137 Ostrowiec, 316 Ottoman Empire, 8, 13-14,19, 34, 37-38, 40, 42-44, 53, 55, 58-61, 136, 143-144, 186-187, 189, 215, 337 Ottoman Porte. See Ottoman Empire Ottoman Tripolitania (Libya), 38, 60 Palestine, 60 Pan-Germanism, 225-226, 318-320, 323 Pan-Slavism, 119, 225 Paris, 10, 36, 219, 222, 224, 327
372 Partsch, Josef, 319, 333 Party of Constitutional Democrats, 351 Pašie, Nikola, 82,106 Peloponnese, 136 Péronne, 1, 6 Peter I, 54, 135 Petrograd. See St Petersburg Petrovič, Vukašin, 264 Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl von, 109 Piłsudski, Józef, 69, 71, 228, 235, 283, 314 Pińczów, 107 Pińsk, 139 Piotrków Trybunalski, 249, 261, 271, 307 Plzeň, 180 Pöch, Rudolf, 156-157, 218 Podolia, 316 Poland, 2-3, 5, 10, 165, 255 Poles, 3, 5, 8,21, 30-31, 33, 57, 59,107, 127,141,143,157,164,201,223-224, 226-227, 230-231, 235, 240, 253, 257-259, 268, 276, 283, 289, 294, 297-298, 307-308, 316, 322, 324, 326, 328, 335, 342 Polish Legionnaires, 3-4, 71, 75, 86, 90, 107,119-120,127,141,182,184,186, 228, 241, 263, 307, 330, 345 Polotsk, 178 Pomerania, 155, 226, 342 Pontus, 316 Port Arthur, 28 Posen (Poznań), 201, 351 Potiorek, Oskar, 65, 83, 201, 230, 269 Potocki, Józef, 253 Prague, 4, 119, 145, 161, 196, 202, 221-222, 224, 226, 258 Preis, 308 Preusker, Hans, 98-99 Prilep, 336 Pristina, 49 Prittwitz, Maximilian von, 66 Prusin, Alexander Victor, 92 Prussia, 13-14, 22, 178, 184 Pruszków, 250 Prut River, 249, 263 Przasnysz, 1, 76 Przemyśl, 3, 5, 23, 72, 74, 80, 82, 94, 111-113, 115-118, 123, 146, 163, INDEX 177, 201, 207, 234, 240, 272-273, 278-279 Przyłęcki, 271 Pszczyna (Pless), 140 Puławy, 328 Putnik, Radomir, 29-30,50,65, 82,129 Radom, 72, 90, 249, 271, 316 Radziwiłłów, 251 Rappoport, Salomon (S. An-ski), 283 Rašín, Alois, 233 Rasputin, Grigory, 351 Rathenau, Walther, 320 Ration cards, 3,167,170-172, 298, 304 Rawka River, 79 Redlich, Josef, 155 Refugees, 47, 51, 56, 59, 83, 111, 115-116,
125,127,130-132,134, 162,167,170,174,183,188,191-192, 194, 197, 236, 246-247, 254-255, 268, 279, 295, 320, 350-351 Rennenkampf, Paul von, 66-68, 86, 92, 317 Republic of Austria, 226 Riga, 4-5, 8, 37,173, 184-186, 190, 194-195, 247, 285, 295-296, 299 Rockefeller Foundation, 307-308 Roda Roda, Alexander (Sándor Friedrich Rosenfeld), 211-212 Rodaun, 212 Rokoszny, Józef, 90, 200, 228, 238, 249, 266, 271, 276, 293 Romania, 3, 8,13, 28, 34, 37, 43, 53, 55, 78, 104, 143-146, 152-153, 155, 157, 214,250,254,286-287,289,291,294, 296-297, 301-302, 304-306, 309, 311,326, 331-332, 339, 343 Romanian Carpathians, 122 Romanians, 5, 53, 55,144-147, 149, 151,155,183,214,224,268,287,289, 305, 324, 326 Romer, Eugeniusz, 86, 175, 178, 229, 274 Ronge, Max, 93, 239-240 Rostov-on-Don, 297 Ruhr, 180, 221 Rumelia, 36, 57 Russian Empire, 5,13-15, 19, 22-24, 26, 30-31, 33-36, 40, 61-63, 69,
INDEX 89-90, 101, 108, 121, 125,127, 137-138, 141-142,144-145, 152-154, 156-157, 163-165, 174, 176-177, 187, 189-190, 197, 199, 204, 207, 222, 224, 226, 228-230, 239-241, 246, 259-260, 276, 285-286, 294-297, 307-308, 315, 321-322, 326-327, 331, 334, 339, 348-350 Russian Federation, 2-3 Russian Front, 3, 28, 33, 109, 190 Russians, 5, 8-9, 21, 23, 28, 31, 33-34, 57, 62-66, 70-72, 75-76, 78-80, 82, 85-86, 88, 90, 92-93, 101,107, 111-113, 115, 118-119, 121-122, 124-127, 138, 140-141, 152, 155, 157,167,185,188,200,203,205-206, 208, 227, 233, 235-236, 239-240, 246-247, 249, 251, 253-256, 259-262, 264-266, 268-269, 273, 279, 281-284, 286, 288-289, 291, 293-295, 314, 326-330 Rutowski, Tadeusz, 260, 269 Ružomberok (Rózsahegy), 103 Rypuszyński, Janusz, 264-265 Rzeszów, 284 Saale River, 9 Saarbrücken, 221 Šabac, 66, 98-99 Salonika, 38,50,53,58,60,83,129,144, 161 Salonika Front, 78, 136, 339 Samsonov, Alexander, 66-68 San River, 72, 74, 113, 123 Sandes, Flora, 182 Sandomierz, 249, 261, 271, 276, 286, 293 Sanok, 123, 164 Sarajevo, 33, 230, 245, 325 Sarajevo assassination, 33-34, 199, 337 Sarıkamış, 187 Sarrail, Maurice, 136, 332 Sassnitz, 238 Sava River, 129, 261, 291 Savov, Mikhail, 55 Schalek, Alice, 212 Schleswig and Holstein, 144 373 Schoenaich-Carolath, Heinrich zu, 31, 33 Schultz, Arved, 335 Schwerin, Friedrich von, 319 Sea of Marmara, 47 Second Balkan War, 53, 55, 105, 129, 145, 339 Second International, 25, 31 Second Reich. See German Empire Šedivý, Ivan, 232 Seeberg, Reinhold, 327 Serbia, 3, 8, 13,19-22, 29, 32-35, 37, 40-41, 43-44, 51-54, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65-66, 72, 82-84, 94,
97, 105-106, 128-129,131,135,143,157,165,177, 200-201, 209, 219, 222, 224, 226, 229-230,232, 250, 255,264,267,269, 286-287, 289, 291, 294, 297, 300-301, 303, 306-307, 311-312, 314,325-327, 331-333,337,339,341 Serbs, 5, 8, 19, 33-34, 36, 38-39, 43, 49-51, 54, 58, 63, 65, 82-84, 93, 105-106,120, 129,131, 133-135, 155,157,187, 224, 230,236, 239,287, 289, 301, 324, 326, 337 Sering, Max, 319 Seton-Watson, Robert W., 20, 106 Seyfeddin, Ömer, 60 Sheptytsky, Andrey, 269 Shkodër, 49-50, 52, 56,134 Šiauliai (Szawle), 229 Siberia, 90, 157 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 307-308 Sighetu Marmaţiei, 72 Skierniewice, 251 Składkowski, Sławoj Felicjan, 75,88,91, 95, 101, 106-107, 142, 228, 345 Skopje, 5, 53,106, 129, 336, 343 Slim, Hugo, 248 Slovakia, 103, 119 Slovaks, 3, 5 Slovenes, 5, 19, 32, 96,184 Smederevo, 327 Smolensk, 191 Śniatyń, 316 Soča (Isonzo) River, 2-3, 85,128 Sochaczew, 78 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 15, 24
374 Sofia, 8, 39-40, 43-44, 53-55, 128, 294-295, 338 Sokołowski, Alfred, 346 Solek, Wincenty, 241 Sombor (Zombor), 236 Somme River, 28 Sopot, 226 Southern Dobraja, 146 Spanish flu, 105,136, 342 Srokowski, Stanisław, 256 St Petersburg, 19, 21, 34, 145, 153, 180, 185,191-192,194,202,219,230,238, 297, 312, 351 Stalingrad, 72 Stallupöhnen, 66 Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk), 63, 140, 240 Starynkiewicz, Sokrates, 192 Starzyński, Roman, 141 Stawino, 272 Stebnicka Huta, 119-120 Steed, Henry Wickham, 20 Stegemann, Hermann, 210 Stepanivna, Olena, 182 Stepanovič, Stepa, 65 Stettin (Szczecin), 238 Stochod (Stokhid) River, 182 Stone, Norman, 2 Strausz, Adolf, 338 Stryj Valley, 233 Styr River, 182 Styria, 164 Suceava, 316 Supreme National Committee (NKN), 279-280 Suttner, Kinsky Bertha von, 25 Sweden, 194, 238 Świecie (Schweiz), 341 Świeykowski, Bronisław, 122 Świniary, 229 Switzerland, 15, 331 Syria, 186, 188 Tahsin, Hasan Pasha, 50 Talaat, Mehmed Pasha, 188-189 Tallinn, 161, 285 Tanew River, 69 Tannenberg, 3, 5 Târgu Jiu, 183 INDEX Tarnów, 72,122, 255-256, 261, 264-266, 280-282 Tatarstan, 331 Tatyana Nikolaevna, 192 Teodoroiu, Ecaterina, 181-183 Tertil, Tadeusz, 264-265 Teschen (Cieszyn), 140-141 Thaierhof, 94 Ther, Philipp, 10, 59 Thrace, 38-39, 43-44, 49, 56, 59, 61 Thun-Hohenstein, Franz von, 222 Tilka, Bogislav. See Velburg, Gerhard Tisza, István, 33-34, 236 Tomaszów Mazowiecki, 237, 316 Transleithania, 170, 202, 232, 236 Transylvania, 144-147,149-150 Trenčín (Trenesen), 164 Trieste, 176,184-186, 221 Triple Alliance, 22 Tripoli, 38 Tröbst, Hans, 124 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Turks,
8, 36-38, 40-41, 43-44, 46-52, 56, 58, 188-189, 207, 314 Tutrakan (Turtucaia), 55,146-147 Ukraine, 2, 15, 78,143, 294, 296, 304, 323, 331 Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, 86, 182, 234 Ukrainians, 5,8,14,21,57,94,157,182, 195,198,224,235-236,240,257, 268, 289, 294, 297, 308, 325, 328 United States of America, 88, 104, 187, 307, 321, 341 Upper Hungary, 165 Upper Silesia, 140, 341 Ural Mountains, 316 Ushlinova, Donka, 182 Ustrzyki, 123 Valjevo, 83 Van, 186, 188 Varna, 332 Vatra Domei, 76 Velburg, Gerhard, 153, 293, 298-299, 305-306, 309-310 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 143-144 Verdun, 28,138 Verhey, Jeffrey, 221
INDEX Verkhnyadzvinsk (Dryssa), 175 Versailles, 59 Vido Island, 135 Vienna, 15, 18, 21, 32-34, 83, 93, 123, 127, 131, 151, 161-162, 168, 170, 172-174, 176, 180, 186, 191, 197, 202,207,212,217-219,221,235, 255, 257-258, 298, 300-301, 316, 324-325 Vilnius, 167, 186, 247, 254, 285, 295, 302-303, 306, 328-329 Vistula River, 64, 66, 277, 341 Vit, Jan, 112, 117 Vitebsk, 175 Vlorë, 134 Vojvodina, 236 Volhynia, 3, 78, 85, 140-141 Volytsia, 234 Vorarlberg, 15 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius, 103-104 Wallachia, 145 Wallisch, Friedrich, 287, 340 Warsaw, 1, 4, 10, 26, 31, 36, 66, 74, 79, 124, 126-127, 162, 174, 190, 192, 200, 202-203, 205, 209, 218, 221, 223-224, 227, 247, 250, 253, 258, 260, 267, 272, 285-286, 288, 290, 292, 295-296, 298, 302-304, 307, 312-313, 326, 328-330, 333, 339, 343-346 Waterstradt, Friedrich, 319-320 Weimar Republic, 313 Weindling, Paul, 348 Weisselberger, Salo, 260 Wenigenjena, 9 375 Wernic, Leon, 346 Western Front, 3, 28, 76, 78-80, 97-98, 102, 106, 120, 138, 154, 214, 226 Western Galicia, 76, 95, 279, 294 White Sea, 323 Wieprz River, 267 Wierzchosławice, 261 Wilhelm II, 14-15, 29-30, 34, 62, 222, 226, 349, 351 Wiłkomierz (Ukmergė), 254 Wilson, Woodrow, 314, 331 Winnrki (Vynnyky), 262 Witos, Wincenty, 180, 255, 266, 274-275 Witte, Sergei, 35 Włostów, 261 Wolbrom, 91 WolfF, Larry, 317-318 Woyrsch, Remus von, 140 Württemberg, 140 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, 258, 268 Young Turk Movement, 37 Ypres, 1-2, 77-78, 80 Yudenich, Nikolai, 188 Zagórski, 173 Zagreb, 8, 20, 141, 230, 346 Zamość, 265 Zamoyski, Maurycy, 253 Zbruch River, 64-65, 71,100 Zduny, 251 Zeletin, Ştefan, 53
Złaków, 251 Zweig, Stefan, 220-221, 225, 231 Zwoleń, 316 Żyrardów, 76, 78, 250 Bayerisch· Staatsbibliothek München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Borodziej, Włodzimierz 1956-2021 |
| author2 | Tilbury, Jasper |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | j t jt |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122516745 (DE-588)124276962 (DE-588)1235554260 |
| author_facet | Borodziej, Włodzimierz 1956-2021 Tilbury, Jasper |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Borodziej, Włodzimierz 1956-2021 |
| author_variant | w b wb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047255644 |
| classification_rvk | NK 7015 NP 4440 NP 4450 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1257812281 (DE-599)BVBBV047255644 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Sozialgeschichte 1912-1916 gnd |
| era_facet | Sozialgeschichte 1912-1916 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Eastern Front (World War (1914-1918)) fast Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Eastern Front (World War (1914-1918)) Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047255644 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T17:09:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:06:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108837156 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032659644 |
| oclc_num | 1257812281 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | xiii, 375 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 BSB_NED_20210802 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare |
| spelling | Borodziej, Włodzimierz 1956-2021 Verfasser (DE-588)122516745 aut Nasza wojna Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 Włodzimierz Borodziej, Maciej Górny ; translated by Jasper Tilbury Cambridge, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press [2021] xiii, 375 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare Sozialgeschichte 1912-1916 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1914-1918 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Eastern Front Military campaigns fast War / Causes fast Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd rswk-swf Eastern Front (World War (1914-1918)) fast Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 s Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 s Sozialgeschichte 1912-1916 z DE-604 Górny, Maciej 1976- Sonstige (DE-588)124276962 oth Tilbury, Jasper (DE-588)1235554260 trl Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 2022 978-1-108-940382 (DE-604)BV049512896 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-108-93849-5 (DE-604)BV047328736 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032659644&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032659644&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032659644&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Borodziej, Włodzimierz 1956-2021 Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 World War, 1914-1918 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Eastern Front Military campaigns fast War / Causes fast Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4489581-1 (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4359504-2 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 |
| title_alt | Nasza wojna |
| title_auth | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 |
| title_exact_search | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 |
| title_full | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 Włodzimierz Borodziej, Maciej Górny ; translated by Jasper Tilbury |
| title_fullStr | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 Włodzimierz Borodziej, Maciej Górny ; translated by Jasper Tilbury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Forgotten wars Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 Włodzimierz Borodziej, Maciej Górny ; translated by Jasper Tilbury |
| title_short | Forgotten wars |
| title_sort | forgotten wars central and eastern europe 1912 1916 |
| title_sub | Central and Eastern Europe, 1912-1916 |
| topic | World War, 1914-1918 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Eastern Front Military campaigns fast War / Causes fast Ostfront (DE-588)4489581-1 gnd Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | World War, 1914-1918 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Eastern Front Military campaigns War / Causes Ostfront Erster Weltkrieg Balkankriege 1912-1913 Eastern Front (World War (1914-1918)) Osteuropa |
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