Evropska unija in vrednote: = The European Union and values
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| Other Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Slovenian English |
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Ljubljana
Teološka fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani
2017
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| Series: | Znanstvena knjižnica / Teološka fakulteta
56 |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract |
| Item Description: | Prispevki v slov. ali angl., uvodnik v slov. in angl. - 200 izv. - Uvodnik : Evropska unija in vrednote = Introduction : the European Union and values / urednika, editors ; translated by Primož Trobevšek: str. 6-11 |
| Physical Description: | 149 strane Illustrationen, Diagramme 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789616844567 9616844563 |
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KAZALO UVODNIK: EVROPSKA UNIJA IN VREDNOTE INTRODUCTION: THE EUROPEAN UNION AND VALUES 6 9 Janez Juhant ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? 12 Dragica Vujadinovic THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - 35 MULTICULTURAL CHALLENGES Bojan Žalec EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE 67 Matej Avbelj THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP 81 Vojko Strahovnik NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V 88 JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Andrej Kumar EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU 99 Rafal Smoczyński CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LECTURES 120 ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECONOMY Mateja Pevec Rozman KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMEUI EVROPSKE UNIJE 128 ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI 140 AUTHORS/AVTORJI 149
140 A bstrađs/Povzetki ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI Janez Juhant, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na IS EUROPE CHRISTIAN - HOW? IS IT? SHOULD IT BE? Abstract: The article deals with the basic reasons for the Christian or the present global religious foundations of political life in the world and specially in the EU. Such an estimation is demanded for historical as well as objective politicalprocedural reasons. Europe originates from the axis Jerusalem-Athene-Rome and Christian teaching influenced most of its development. Despite the secularisation and demands for the laïcisation of the life in EU and its individual states, the reli gious grounds are a contextual part of societal processes. This cannot be avoided if we want sustainable and the world’s successful development for the future genera tions. The mutual society is based on virtuous people and history reminds us that interpersonal relations gain a new impetus if they are stimulated by an appropriate relation to God. Key words: EU, Christianity, God, person, mutuality, subsidiarity, human rights. ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? Povzetek: Članek razpravlja o temeljnih razlogih za krščansko oziroma globalno religiozno utemeljevanje družbeno-političnega življenja v svetu in posebej v EU. Takšno presojo danes terjajo tako zgodovinski kot stvarni političnoprocesni razlogi. Evropa je nastala na osi Jeruzalem-Atene-Rim in krščanski nauk je določal njeno celostni razvoj. Kljub sekularizaciji in zahtevam po laičnosti življenja v EU in posameznih članicah so dialoški religiozni
temelji sestavni del družbenih procesov. Temu se danes ni mogoče izogniti, če hočemo celosten razvoj družbe in uspešen razvoj za prihodnje rodove. Vzajemna družba temelji na krepostnih osebnostih in zgodovina nas opozarja, da medosebni odnosi dobijo globlji zagon, če jih spodbuja tudi ustrezen odnos do Boga. Ključne besede: EU, krščanstvo, Bog, oseba, vzajemnost, subsidiarnost, človekove pravice. Professor Dragica Vujadinovič, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - MULTI CULTURAL CHALLENGES Abstract: The EU has been a sui generis (transnational) polity - a union of states, which is established through Treaty constitutionalism, plus the Court of EU contri bution to the constitutionalism. It is a constitutional democratic polity, which is far from international organisation, but not a fully fledged federal polity. The EU polity building was motivated by the idea of sharing peaceful cooperation in the present and future era among European states despite of the common bloody common histo ry. Until the global economic crisis, the EU building process went through the phas es of consolidation, enlargement, dominance of optimism; the Euro Zone crisis -
Å bտէրacts/Povzetki 141 followed by the Social Europe image crisis, the migrant crisis - followed by rising trends of xenophobia, right wing movements and EU-skepticism, Brexit; the EU polity and identity have slipped into a severe crisis. Survival of the EU requires public reasoning and acting primarily in regard to solidarity, strengthening the dem ocratic and multicultural character of the EU, and more economic, fiscal and politi cal integration. Disintegration of the EU would put into question the biggest value of the EU - the peace. Key words: EU identity, multiculturalism, integration, solidarity, post-secularism OBLIKOVALNI PROCES EVROPSKE IDENTITETE ֊ MULTIKULTURNI IZZIVI Povzetek: Evropska unija je svojevrstna (transnacionalna) organizirana geopolitična enota: zveza držav, ki je bila vzpostavljena s pogodbenim konstitucionalizmom in prispevkom Sodišča EU h konstitucionalizmu. Je ustavna, demokratično organizirana politična enota, ki pa je daleč od kakšne mednarodne organizacije in ni polno razvita zvezna politična enota. Oblikovanje evropske politike je spodbujala ideja sprejemanja miroljubnega sodelovanja med evropskimi državami v sedanjosti in prihodnosti kljub skupni krvavi zgodovini. Med globalno ekonomsko krizo je proces oblikovanja EU šel skozi obdobje utrjevanja, širjenja ter prevlade evropskega optimizma. Prišla je kriza evra, ki ji je sledila kriza podobe socialne Evrope. Nadaljevala se je z migrantsko krizo, ki ji je sledilo naraščanje sovraštvo do tujcev (ksenofobija) ter krepitev populizma in evropskega skepticizma. Zgodil seje brēksit; politika in
identiteta Evropske unije je utrpela resno škodo. Preživetje EU potrebuje skupno razmišljanje in delovanje predvsem glede solidarnosti, krepitve demokratič nega in multikulturnega značaja EU ter več ekonomske fiskalne in politične integracije. Dezintegracija EU bi resno ogrozila največjo vrednoto EU - mir. Ključne besede: identiteta EU, multikulturalizem, integracija, solidarnost, postsekularizem. Bojan Žalec, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND VIRTUES Abstract: The paper is of philosophical nature. Its common thread is arguing for the thesis that solidarity personalism (hereafter SP) is the right way of the European development and that violation of SP, in various forms of instrumentalism, is very harmful for Europe and the EU and can be even fatal for them. Virtue ethics is an integral part of SP, hence the stress on virtues naturally follows from such starting point. Of focal concern are civic virtues that are necessary for the functioning of the EU, its integration and prosperity. On this basis the author demonstrates the harm fulness of levelling multiculturalism and the technical policy and groundlessness of Christophobia. Instead we should cultivate personalist multiculturalism and interculturalism, politics of dialogue and an attitude towards Christianity which is appropriate historically, culturally and from the aspect of identity. Key words: solidarity personalism, instrumentalism, Europe, EU, civic virtues, mul ticulturalism, technical policy.
142 Á bstrarts/ Poveiki EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE Povzetek: Prispevek je filozofske narave. Njegova rdeča nit je dokazovanje trditve, daje solidarni personalizem (v nadaljevanju SP) prava pot evropskega razvoja in da je kršenje SP v obliki takšnega ali drugačnega instrumentalizma za Evropo oz. EU izredno škodljivo, lahko celo usodno. Vrlinska etika je sestavni del SP, zato poudarek na vrlinah naravno izhaja iz takega izhodišča. V središču pozornosti so državljanske vrline, ki so potrebne za delovanje EU, njeno integracijo in razcvet. Na tej podlagi avtor dokazuje škodljivost izenačevalne večkulturnosti in tehnične politike ter neutemeljenost kristofobije. Namesto teh moramo gojiti personalistično večkulturnost in medkultumost, politiko dialoga in solidarnosti ter zgodovinsko, kulturno in identitetno ustrezen odnos do krščanstva in religije na splošno. Ključne besede: solidarni personalizem, instrumentalizem, Evropa, EU, državljanske vrline, večkulturnost, tehnična politika. Dr. Matej Avbelj, Associate Professor for European law, Graduate School of Gov ernment and European Studies THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP Abstract: Drawing on the social constructivist approach, this chapter examines the dominant narratives which have attempted to steer the process of European integra tion. For a number of years it was the supranational narrative that played the role of the dominant narrative. It was later replaced by constitutionalism, which established itself as the dominant narrative that has been eventually defeated by the actual prac tices of the integration. As
a result, nowadays the EU again finds itself in an epis temic gap ֊ in pursuit of a better fitting theory destined to grow into a narrative. This fact may also explain the great difficulties with finding a compelling response to the crises, in which the process of European integration has been stuck for more than a decade. Keywords: social constructivism, EU, supranationalism, constitutionalism, crisis. EVROPSKA UNIJA IN NJENA EPISTEMIČNA VRZEL Povzetek: Izhajajoč iz filozofije družbenega konstruktivizma, se ta razprava osredotoča na analizo dominantnih narativov, ki so poskušali oblikovati in usmerjati procese evropske integracije. Mnogo let je vloga dominantnega narativa v EU pripa dala supranacionalizmu, ki gaje pozneje zamenjal konstitucionalizem. Taje bil, vsaj začasno, zavržen s strani samih praks evropske integracije. Posledično se EU danes ponovno sooča s t. i. epistemološko vrzeljo, iščoč boljšo teorijo in z njo narativ, ki bi zagotovil uspešno delovanje Unije. To dejstvo utegne tudi pojasniti težave pri iskan ju prepričljivih odgovorov na krize, v katerih je Unija v zadnjem desetletju ujeta. Ključne besede: družbeni konstruktivizem, EU, supranacionalizem, konstitucionali zem, kriza.
A bstrartsj Povzetki 143 Vojko Strahovnik, Research Associate and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PUBLIC LIFE Abstract: The paper deals with the question of the role and importance of civil so ciety. After a brief introduction, which outlines the general framework for ethical reflections in the contemporary world, the paper defines concepts of civil society and public life and further connects them. The paper then focuses on non governmental organisations as the core of civil society and presents their key charac teristics. It highlights their role, understanding of this role in the context of the EU policies, while it critically discusses some aspects of the non-governmental sector in Slovenia. Key words: civil society, nongovernmental organisations, public life, ethics, dia logue. NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Povzetek: V prispevku se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem vloge in pomena civilne družbe. Po kratkem uvodu, ki začrta širši okvir etičnih premišljevanj o sodobnem svetu, opredelimo pojma civilne družbe in javnega življenja ter ju povežemo med seboj. V nadaljevanju se prispevek posveti nevladnim organizacijam kot jedru civilne družbe ter poudari njihove ključne značilnosti. Izpostavljena je njihova vloga in razumevanje te vloge v okviru politik Evropske unije, hkrati pa kritično pretresemo nekatere vidike razvoja nevladnega sektorja v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: civilna družba, nevladne organizacije, javno življenje, etika, dialog.
Professor Andrej Kumar, Edr, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE EU Abstract: There are 267 active integration agreements in the world, among them is the European Union (EU), with its present 28 member states. The EU is one of the economicly and otherwise the largest and the most complex economic integration global-wise. The paper considers two aspects. The first is why we in general find a huge interest for establishing different integration agreements/treatises that lead to formation of the so-called economic integrations among states. Why has been the interest to create and being a part of one or another economic integration agreement so strongly on the increase in the years after 1990? The second is concerned with the specifics of the EU development and presents its position in relation to the men tioned global trend of increasing number of economic integrations. The paper pre sents some suggestions and, hopefully, some adequate answers. With the first question, the answer is related to the theory of international trade, suggesting an increased level of consumption and faster economic growth, ceteris paribus, when trade is growing. An economic integration treaty between member states increases their mutual trade. Interest to create conditions for the trade increase based on the larger and more open market of integrated states is especially relevant after the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and after. This was the period when
144 A bstrađs/Povzetki the concept and impacts of the economic globalisation were introduced by professor T. Levitt and when, unprecedentedly, the swift technological advancement, especial ly in the sector of IT, had been started. The new technologies related to IT and to a number of other sectors of knowledge, like genetics, nano technologies, etc., have pushed businesses and entire societies to increase and speed up the investments needed to follow adequately the rapid advance in different segments of technology. Larger and faster investments are needed because new knowledge and new technol ogies create business and economic environments where competitive success is based on using new technologist to cut production costs and to create new and/or differentiated products. The new nature of competition following the global and technological changes require an innovative approach in all aspects of business and social life. The speed of change requires the speed of investments. Fresh capital could be gained by the liberal global financial environment but mostly by businesses that are able to speed up the capital turnover. The increasing relevance of using the economies of scale and scope in the present competitive environment leads addition ally to the need for increased production together with the need to secure fast sales of large quantities produced. Large and fast sales could be provided on large and relatively rich markets, which could be created based on economic integration agreements/treaties that create open and larger integrated markets. The described
technological changes, other changes and requirements that secure today’s business and national economic success could be to a large extend well-served by introducing different forms of economic integration treaties The nations and businesses thud support and appreciate creation of new integration agreements and deepening of the existing ones. The EU, up to now, has been in fact utilising both aspects of the inte gration processes by its continuous deepening of the integration and by a number of its successive enlargements. The answer to the second question is related to the questions of why the EU is need ed, how it is structured, and how it functions. The short description of the internal market’s functioning and the institutional structure of the EU sets the scene for a better understanding of the problems that have been created after the Brexit decision was taken. Hopefully, the actions and reforms in the EU which are expected to be introduced, will help to overcome fear and uncertainty that are present among people and politicians of the EU member states at the present time. Key words: economic integration, European Union, technological progress, globali sation, investments, Brexit, history of the EU, EU structure and functioning. EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU Povzetek: V svetu je v uporabi 267 sporazumov o integracijah, med njimi je Evropska unija (EU) s svojimi (sedanjimi) 28 državami članicami. EU je ekonomsko in tudi sicer ena največjih in najbolj kompleksnih ekonomskih integracij v globalnem pomenu. V prispevku sta obravnavana dva vidika. Prvič: Zakaj na splošno
obstaja tako veliko zanimanje za vzpostavitev drugačnega integracijskega sporazuma/pogodbe, ki vodi v oblikovanje t. i. ekonomskih integracij med državami. Nadalje, zakaj je zanimanje za sestavo ekonomsko integracijskega sporazuma in biti del tega ali onega po letu 1990 v takšnem porastu. Drugič: Kaj so posebnosti razvoja EU in predstavitev njenega položaja v povezavi z omenjenimi globalnimi trendi
Abstrađs/Vovitki 145 porasta števila ekonomskih integracij. Na obe vprašanji daje prispevek nekaj predlogov in upam, da tudi nekaj ustreznih odgovorov. Odgovor na prvo vprašanje je povezan s teorijo o mednarodni trgovini, ki govori o povečani stopnji potrošnje in hitrejši gospodarski rasti, pri čemer kljub trgovinski rasti vsi ostali gospodarski pogoji ostajajo nespremenjeni. Sporazum o ekonomski povezavi med državami članicami spodbuja vzajemno trgovino. Zanimanje za ustvarjanje pogojev za povečevanje trgovine, ki temelji na večjem in bolj odprtem trgu integriranih držav, je pomembno zlasti od sredine 80-ih let 20. stoletja. To je bilo v obdobju, ko je koncept globalizacije in njenega vpliva uvedel profesor T. Levitt in ko se je zgodil nesluten tehnološki napredek predvsem na področju informacijske tehnologije. Nove tehnologije, povezane z informacijskimi tehnologijami in s številnimi drugimi znanji, kot so genetika, nanotehnologija itd., so spodbudile posel in celotno družbo k povečanju in pospeševanju investicij, ki so bile nujne, da bi ustrezno sledile hitremu razvoju na različnih tehnoloških področjih. Večje in hitrejše investicije so bile in so potrebne, saj nova znanja in nove tehnologije ustvarjajo poslovno in ekonomsko okolje, kjer konkurenčnost temelji na uporabi novih tehnologij, ki znižujejo stroške in ustvarjajo nove in/ali drugačne produkte. Novi značaj konkurenčnosti, ki jo narekujeta globalizacija in tehnološke spremembe, zahtevata inovativen pristop na vseh ravneh poslovnega in družbenega življenja. Hitre spremembe zahtevajo hitre investicije. Sveži kapital
bi bilo moč pridobiti v liberalnem globalnem finančnem okolju za posle, ki so sposobni investirani kapital hitro obrniti. Naraščajoča pomembnost izkoriščanja obsega in dosega ekonomije v sedanjem tekmovalnem okolju še dodatno vodi k potrebi po povečani proizvodnji skupaj z nujnim zagotavljanjem hitre prodaje velike količine proizvodov. Velike in hitre prodaje se lahko zagotovijo na relativno bogatih trgih, ki se lahko vzpostavijo na temelju sporazumov/pogodb o gospodarskih povezovanjih, ki ustvarjajo odprte in večje integrirane trge. Opisane tehnološke spremembe, druge spremembe in zahteve, ki danes zagotavljajo varnost poslovanja in nacionalni ekonomski uspeh, bi lahko v veliki meri dobro služile skupaj z uvedbo različnih oblik ekonomskih integracijskih sporazumov o poslovanju. Na takšni osnovi narodi in podjetja podpirajo in cenijo ustvarjanje novih povezovalnih sporazumov skupaj s poglabljanjem že obstoječih. Vse do sedaj je EU v bistvu uporabljala oba vidika integracijskih procesov - s stalnim poglabljanjem integracij v številnih zaporednih širitvah, ki so sledile. Odgovor na drugo vprašanje se nanaša na dileme glede potrebnosti EU, o njeni strukturiranosti in delovanju. Kratek opis delovanja notranjega trga in institucionalne strukture EU omogoča boljše razumevanje težav, tó so nastale po sprejemu odločitve o brexitu. Upajmo, da bodo ukrepi in reforme v EU, ki naj bi bile izvedene, pomagale premagati negotovost in strah, ki sta prisotna med ljudmi in politiki v današnjih državah članicah EU. Ključne besede: ekonomska integracija, Evropska unija, tehnološki razvoj
globalizacija, vlaganje, brexit, zgodovina EU, strukture in delovanje EU.
146 A bstracts/Poveiki CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LEC TURES ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECON OMY Abstract: The paper presents a summary of a series of lectures presented on the role of Catholic convictions in shaping the attitudes of business people in contemporary Poland. The theoretical background of these presentations should be perceived in the perspective of the new economic sociology that shows how market action is embed ded in socio-normative structures influenced by Catholic beliefs functioning as cul tural “regulative components” in economy. Within this narrow perspective, the pa per analyses the function of normative structures in mobilising the material, organi sational and cultural resources of Catholic business people. Key words: Catholic entrepreneurs, economic sociology, practical ethics, Poland, business ethics KATOLIŠKA VERNOST IN POLJSKI POSLOVNEŽI - PREDAVANJA О NORMATIVNI IN IRAST RU KTU RI TRŽNEGA GOSPODARSTVA Povzetek: Prispevek predstavlja srž niza predavanj, ki prikazujejo vlogo katoliškega prepričanja pri oblikovanju drže poslovnežev v sodobni Poljski. Teoretično ozadje teh predstavitev je potrebno razumeti v luči nove ekonomske sociologije. Ta kaže, kako je delovanje trga tesno povezano s sociološko-normativnimi strukturami, na katera vpliva katoliška vera, ki v ekonomiji deluje kot kulturno 'regulatívna komponenta'. Skozi to ozko perspektivo prispevek analizira delovanje normativnih struktur pri mobilizaciji materialnih, organizacijskih in kulturnih virov katoliško opredeljenih poslovnežev. Ključne besede:
katoliški podjetniki, ekonomska sociologija, praktična etika, Poljska, poslovna etika. Mateja Pevec Rozman CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EUROPEAN UN ION Abstract: The time in which we live in is marked by pain and uncertainty of tragic epic, which has visibly »left its mark« on Europe in summer 2015. The epic wave of immigration of refiigees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia and other more or less difficult countries, has opened up many dormant issues, which, until then, might have seemed of secondary importance for Europe. The wave of immi gration, which is continuing, has put Europe in front of the socio-political, econom ic-cultural, religious and - last but not least, in front of civilizational questioning of the role of the European Union and of its mission as well as of its identity. One of the features of the concept of identity is that it is established upon being challenged by another, may also be due to the fictional or serious opponent (Pagon 2003, 11), but certainly from the difference to the other. And today Europe is facing many challenges, diversities and differences. Of all of the aforesaid, this debate will main ly discuss the question of Europe's identity and the identity of a European man. What forms its identity and what it is based on? The fundamental question of our common European friture is firstly the issue of our common foundations, which are
A bstracts/Povzetki 147 not and cannot be purely of material nature. The rich heritage of the nations also consists of spiritual values, which help man to get to the truth, to the natural evolu tion and to the possibilities of comprehensive enjoyment of cultural goods (Slatinek 2008, 194). Firstly, this raises the question of a man: who exactly is a man? What is the concept and self-image of a man especially in Western European Area? How does a man experience himself or does he walk after himself? Where are our roots, where do we come from and where are we going? In the first part of our discussion we will look for answers to all these questions and present some highlights of a hu man image, which has been changing over time. In the second part of our discussion we will specifically highlight the general social situation, which suggests that many policies of Western civilization, which were twenty or thirty years ago taken for granted, are no longer so certain or may even be wrong (Bahovec 2009, 9). We could even talk about the crisis of Western society or the crisis of the Western cul ture respectively, which is caused by anthropocentrism. Excessive focus of modem man only to himself and the consequent lack of a sense for the loved ones, for the community and the common good, is actually contrary to the central vision of the EU, which has been conceived in the direction of creating a single, interconnected global society, which should tear down the borders between nations, promote movement of capital and manpower, material and spiritual goods, thus reducing social
disparities and provide conditions for the harmonious coexistence of those who are different. The future of common Europe undoubtedly depends on dialogue between different cultures and nations meeting at this area, whereby each culture should find common ethical foundations, without neglecting or forgetting their own identity. Is this mere utopia or reality? Key words: identity, values, civilization, global society, Europe KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMELJI EVROPSKE UNIJE Povzetek: Čas, v katerem živimo, je zaznamovan z bolečino in negotovostjo tragične epopeje, ki seje vidneje »usodila« Evropi poleti 2015. Z epskim valom priseljevanja beguncev in migrantov iz Sirije, Afganistana, Somalije in drugih bolj ali manj kriznih držav, so se odprla mnoga speča vprašanja, ki so se morda zdela za Evropo do tedaj drugotnega pomena. Val priseljevanja, ki se še nadaljuje, je Evropo postavil pred družbeno-politično, ekonomsko kulturno, religijsko in - nenazadnje, pred civilizacijsko preizpraševanje o vlogi Evropske unije in o njenem poslanstvu ter o njeni identiteti. Ena od značilnosti pojma identitete namreč je, da se vzpostavlja ob izzvanosti od drugega, lahko tudi zaradi fiktivnega ali zaresnega nasprotnika (Pagon 2003, 11), vsekakor pa iz razlike do drugega. In danes se Evropa sooča z mnogimi izzvanostmi, različnostmi in drugačnostmi. V pričujoči razpravi bomo od naštetega obravnavali predvsem vprašanje identitete Evrope in identitete evropskega človeka. Kaj jo tvori in na čem temelji? Temeljno vprašanje naše skupne evropske prihodnosti je najprej vprašanje naših skupnih temeljev,
ki niso in ne morejo biti zgolj materialne narave. Bogato dediščino narodov sestavljajo tudi duhovne vrednote, ki pomagajo človeku, da pride do resnice, do naravnega razvoja in do možnosti vsestranskega uživanja kulturnih dobrin (Slatinek 2008, 194). Pri tem se pred nas najprej postavlja vprašanje človeka: kdo pravzaprav je človek? Kakšno je pojmovanje in samopodoba človeka predvsem v zahodnem evropskem prostoru?
148 A bstrađs/ Poveiki Kako se človek doživlja oz. kako hodi sam za seboj? Kje so naše korenine, od kod prihajamo in kam gremo? V prvem delu naše razprave bomo iskali odgovore na vsa ta vprašanja in predstavili nekatere poudarke človekove podobe, ki se je skozi čas spreminjala. V drugem delu razprave bomo posebej osvetlili splošni družbeni položaj, ki nakazuje na to, da mnoge usmeritve zahodne civilizacije, ki so bile še pred dvajsetimi ali tridesetimi leti samoumevne, niso več tako gotove ali so morda napačne (Bahovec 2009, 9). Lahko bi govorili celo o krizi zahodne družbe oz. o krizi zahodne kulture, ki ji botruje antropocentrizem. Pretirana osredotočenost sodobnega človeka zgolj nase in posledično pomanjkanje čuta za bližnjega, za skupnost in skupno dobro, je pravzaprav v nasprotju z osrednjo vizijo EU, ki je zamišljena v smeri oblikovanja enotne, povezane, globalne družbe, ki bi naj podirala meje med narodi, pospeševala pretok kapitala in delovne sile, materialnih in duhovnih dobrin ter tako manjšala socialne razlike in nudila pogoje za harmonično sobivanje različnih in drugačnih. Nedvomno je prihodnost skupne Evrope odvisna od dialoga med različnimi kulturami in narodi, ki se srečujejo na tem prostoru, pri čemer bodo posamezne kulture morale najti skupne etične temelje, ne da bi pri tem zanemarile ali pozabile na svojo lastno identiteto. Je to zgolj utopija ali realnost? Ključne besede: identiteta, vrednote, civilizacija, globalna družba, Evropa
140 A bstrađs/ Povzetki ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI Janez Juhant, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na IS EUROPE CHRISTIAN - HOW? IS IT? SHOULD IT BE? Abstract: The article deals with the basic reasons for the Christian or the present global religious foundations of political life in the world and specially in the EU. Such an estimation is demanded for historical as well as objective politicalprocedural reasons. Europe originates from the axis Jerusalem-Athene-Rome and Christian teaching influenced most of its development. Despite the secularisation and demands for the laïcisation of the life in EU and its individual states, the reli gious grounds are a contextual part of societal processes. This cannot be avoided if we want sustainable and the world’s successful development for the friture genera tions. The mutual society is based on virtuous people and history reminds us that interpersonal relations gain a new impetus if they are stimulated by an appropriate relation to God. Key words: EU, Christianity, God, person, mutuality, subsidiarity, human rights. ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? Povzetek: Članek razpravlja o temeljnih razlogih za krščansko oziroma globalno religiozno utemeljevanje družbeno-političnega življenja v svetu in posebej v EU. Takšno presojo danes terjajo tako zgodovinski kot stvarni političnoprocesni razlogi. Evropa je nastala na osi Jeruzalem-Atene-Rim in krščanski nauk je določal njeno celostni razvoj. Kljub sekularizaciji in zahtevam po laičnosti življenja v EU in posameznih članicah so dialoški religiozni
temelji sestavni del družbenih procesov. Temu se danes ni mogoče izogniti, če hočemo celosten razvoj družbe in uspešen razvoj za prihodnje rodove. Vzajemna družba temelji na krepostnih osebnostih in zgodovina nas opozarja, da medosebni odnosi dobijo globlji zagon, če jih spodbuja tudi ustrezen odnos do Boga. Ključne besede: EU, krščanstvo, Bog, oseba, vzajemnost, subsidiarnost, človekove pravice. Professor Dragica Vujadinovič, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - MULTI CULTURAL CHALLENGES Abstract: The EU has been a sui generis (transnational) polity ֊ a union of states, which is established through Treaty constitutionalism, plus the Court of EU contri bution to the constitutionalism. It is a constitutional democratic polity, which is far from international organisation, but not a frilly fledged federal polity. The EU polity building was motivated by the idea of sharing peaceful cooperation in the present and future era among European states despite of the common bloody common histo ry. Until the global economic crisis, the EU building process went through the phas es of consolidation, enlargement, dominance of optimism; the Euro Zone crisis -
A bstracts/Povzetki 141 followed by the Social Europe image crisis, the migrant crisis ֊ followed by rising trends of xenophobia, right wing movements and EU-skepticism, Brexit; the EU polity and identity have slipped into a severe crisis. Survival of the EU requires public reasoning and acting primarily in regard to solidarity, strengthening the dem ocratic and multicultural character of the EU, and more economic, fiscal and politi cal integration. Disintegration of the EU would put into question the biggest value of the EU - the peace. Key words: EU identity, multiculturalism, integration, solidarity, post-secularism OBLIKOVALNI PROCES EVROPSKE IDENTITETE ֊ MULTIKULTURNI IZZIVI Povzetek: Evropska unija je svojevrstna (transnacionalna) organizirana geopolitična enota: zveza držav, ki je bila vzpostavljena s pogodbenim konstitucionalizmom in prispevkom Sodišča EU h konstitucionalizmu. Je ustavna, demokratično organizirana politična enota, ki paje daleč od kakšne mednarodne organizacije in ni polno razvita zvezna politična enota. Oblikovanje evropske politike je spodbujala ideja sprejemanja miroljubnega sodelovanja med evropskimi državami v sedanjosti in prihodnosti kljub skupni krvavi zgodovini. Med globalno ekonomsko krizo je proces oblikovanja EU šel skozi obdobje utrjevanja, širjenja ter prevlade evropskega optimizma. Prišla je kriza evra, ki ji je sledila kriza podobe socialne Evrope. Nadaljevala se je z migrantsko krizo, ki ji je sledilo naraščanje sovraštvo do tujcev (ksenofobija) ter krepitev populizma in evropskega skepticizma. Zgodil seje brēksit; politika in
identiteta Evropske unije je utrpela resno škodo. Preživetje EU potrebuje skupno razmišljanje in delovanje predvsem glede solidarnosti, krepitve demokratič nega in multikulturnega značaja EU ter več ekonomske fiskalne in politične integracije. Dezintegracija EU bi resno ogrozila največjo vrednoto EU ֊ mir. Ključne besede: identiteta EU, multikulturalizem, integracija, solidarnost, postsekularizem. Bojan Žalec, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND VIRTUES Abstract: The paper is of philosophical nature. Its common thread is arguing for the thesis that solidarity personalism (hereafter SP) is the right way of the European development and that violation of SP, in various forms of instrumentalism, is very harmful for Europe and the EU and can be even fatal for them. Virtue ethics is an integral part of SP, hence the stress on virtues naturally follows from such starting point. Of focal concern are civic virtues that are necessary for the fimctioning of the EU, its integration and prosperity. On this basis the author demonstrates the harmftilness of levelling multiculturalism and the technical policy and groundlessness of Christophobia. Instead we should cultivate personalist multiculturalism and interculturalism, politics of dialogue and an attitude towards Christianity which is appropriate historically, culturally and from the aspect of identity. Key words: solidarity personalism, instrumentalism, Europe, EU, civic virtues, mul ticulturalism, technical policy.
142 A bstrads/Povzetki EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE Povzetek: Prispevek je filozofske narave. Njegova rdeča nitje dokazovanje trditve, daje solidarni personalizem (v nadaljevanju SP) prava pot evropskega razvoja in da je kršenje SP v obliki takšnega ali drugačnega instrumentalizma za Evropo oz. EU izredno škodljivo, lahko celo usodno. Vrlinska etika je sestavni del SP, zato poudarek na vrlinah naravno izhaja iz takega izhodišča. V središču pozornosti so državljanske vrline, ki so potrebne za delovanje EU, njeno integracijo in razcvet. Na tej podlagi avtor dokazuje škodljivost izenačevalne večkulturnosti in tehnične politike ter neutemeljenost kristofobije. Namesto teh moramo gojiti personalistično večkulturnost in medkultumost, politiko dialoga in solidarnosti ter zgodovinsko, kulturno in identitetno ustrezen odnos do krščanstva in religije na splošno. Ključne besede: solidarni personalizem, instrumentalizem, Evropa, EU, državljanske vrline, večkulturnost, tehnična politika. Dr. Matej Avbelj, Associate Professor for European law, Graduate School of Gov ernment and European Studies THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP Abstract: Drawing on the social constructivist approach, this chapter examines the dominant narratives which have attempted to steer the process of European integra tion. For a number of years it was the supranational narrative that played the role of the dominant narrative. It was later replaced by constitutionalism, which established itself as the dominant narrative that has been eventually defeated by the actual prac tices of the integration. As a
result, nowadays the EU again finds itself in an epis temic gap - in pursuit of a better fitting theory destined to grow into a narrative. This fact may also explain the great difficulties with finding a compelling response to the crises, in which the process of European integration has been stuck for more than a decade. Keywords: social constructivism, EU, supranationalism, constitutionalism, crisis. EVROPSKA UNIJA IN NJENA EPISTEMIČNA VRZEL Povzetek: Izhajajoč iz filozofije družbenega konstruktivizma, se ta razprava osredotoča na analizo dominantnih narativov, ki so poskušali oblikovati in usmerjati procese evropske integracije. Mnogo let je vloga dominantnega narativa v EU pripa dala supranacionalizmu, ki gaje pozneje zamenjal konstitucionalizem. Taje bil, vsaj začasno, zavržen s strani samih praks evropske integracije. Posledično se EU danes ponovno sooča s t. i. epistemološko vrzeljo, iščoč boljšo teorijo in z njo narativ, ki bi zagotovil uspešno delovanje Unije. To dejstvo utegne tudi pojasniti težave pri iskan ju prepričljivih odgovorov na krize, v katerih je Unija v zadnjem desetletju ujeta. Ključne besede: družbeni konstruktivizem, EU, supranacionalizem, konstitucionali zem, kriza.
A bstracts/Povzetki 143 Vojko Strahovnik, Research Associate and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PUBLIC LIFE Abstract: The paper deals with the question of the role and importance of civil so ciety. After a brief introduction, which outlines the general framework for ethical reflections in the contemporary world, the paper defines concepts of civil society and public life and further connects them. The paper then focuses on non governmental organisations as the core of civil society and presents their key charac teristics. It highlights their role, understanding of this role in the context of the EU policies, while it critically discusses some aspects of the non-governmental sector in Slovenia. Key words: civil society, nongovernmental organisations, public life, ethics, dia logue. NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Povzetek: V prispevku se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem vloge in pomena civilne družbe. Po kratkem uvodu, ki začrta širši okvir etičnih premišljevanj o sodobnem svetu, opredelimo pojma civilne družbe in javnega življenja ter ju povežemo med seboj. V nadaljevanju se prispevek posveti nevladnim organizacijam kot jedru civilne družbe ter poudari njihove ključne značilnosti. Izpostavljena je njihova vloga in razumevanje te vloge v okviru politik Evropske unije, hkrati pa kritično pretresemo nekatere vidike razvoja nevladnega sektorja v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: civilna družba, nevladne organizacije, javno življenje, etika, dialog.
Professor Andrej Kumar, Edr, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE EU Abstract: There are 267 active integration agreements in the world, among them is the European Union (EU), with its present 28 member states. The EU is one of the economicly and otherwise the largest and the most complex economic integration global-wise. The paper considers two aspects. The first is why we in general find a huge interest for establishing different integration agreements/treatises that lead to formation of the so-called economic integrations among states. Why has been the interest to create and being a part of one or another economic integration agreement so strongly on the increase in the years after 1990? The second is concerned with the specifics of the EU development and presents its position in relation to the men tioned global trend of increasing number of economic integrations. The paper pre sents some suggestions and, hopefully, some adequate answers. With the first question, the answer is related to the theory of international trade, suggesting an increased level of consumption and faster economic growth, ceteris paribus, when trade is growing. An economic integration treaty between member states increases their mutual trade. Interest to create conditions for the trade increase based on the larger and more open market of integrated states is especially relevant after the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and after. This was the period when
144 Λ bstracts/Povzetki the concept and impacts of the economic globalisation were introduced by professor T. Levitt and when, unprecedentedly, the swift technological advancement, especial ly in the sector of IT, had been started. The new technologies related to IT and to a number of other sectors of knowledge, like genetics, nano technologies, etc., have pushed businesses and entire societies to increase and speed up the investments needed to follow adequately the rapid advance in different segments of technology. Larger and faster investments are needed because new knowledge and new technol ogies create business and economic environments where competitive success is based on using new technologist to cut production costs and to create new and/or differentiated products. The new nature of competition following the global and technological changes require an innovative approach in all aspects of business and social life. The speed of change requires the speed of investments. Fresh capital could be gained by the liberal global financial environment but mostly by businesses that are able to speed up the capital turnover. The increasing relevance of using the economies of scale and scope in the present competitive environment leads addition ally to the need for increased production together with the need to secure fast sales of large quantities produced. Large and fast sales could be provided on large and relatively rich markets, which could be created based on economic integration agreements/treaties that create open and larger integrated markets. The described
technological changes, other changes and requirements that secure today’s business and national economic success could be to a large extend well-served by introducing different forms of economic integration treaties The nations and businesses thud support and appreciate creation of new integration agreements and deepening of the existing ones. The EU, up to now, has been in fact utilising both aspects of the inte gration processes by its continuous deepening of the integration and by a number of its successive enlargements. The answer to the second question is related to the questions of why the EU is need ed, how it is structured, and how it functions. The short description of the internal market’s functioning and the institutional structure of the EU sets the scene for a better understanding of the problems that have been created after the Brexit decision was taken. HopefUlly, the actions and reforms in the EU which are expected to be introduced, will help to overcome fear and uncertainty that are present among people and politicians of the EU member states at the present time. Key words: economic integration, European Union, technological progress, globali sation, investments, Brexit, history of the EU, EU structure and functioning. EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU Povzetek: V svetu je v uporabi 267 sporazumov o integracijah, med njimi je Evropska unija (EU) s svojimi (sedanjimi) 28 državami članicami. EU je ekonomsko in tudi sicer ena naj večjih in najbolj kompleksnih ekonomskih integracij v globalnem pomenu. V prispevku sta obravnavana dva vidika. Prvič: Zakaj na splošno
obstaja tako veliko zanimanje za vzpostavitev drugačnega integracijskega sporazuma/pogodbe, ki vodi v oblikovanje t. i. ekonomskih integracij med državami. Nadalje, zakaj je zanimanje za sestavo ekonomsko integracijskega sporazuma in biti del tega ali onega po letu 1990 v takšnem porastu. Drugič: Kaj so posebnosti razvoja EU in predstavitev njenega položaja v povezavi z omenjenimi globalnimi trendi
Λ bstrarts/Povzetki 145 porasta števila ekonomskih integracij. Na obe vprašanji daje prispevek nekaj predlogov in upam, da tudi nekaj ustreznih odgovorov. Odgovor na prvo vprašanje je povezan s teorijo o mednarodni trgovini, ki govori o povečani stopnji potrošnje in hitrejši gospodarski rasti, pri čemer kljub trgovinski rasti vsi ostali gospodarski pogoji ostajajo nespremenjeni. Sporazum o ekonomski povezavi med državami članicami spodbuja vzajemno trgovino. Zanimanje za ustvarjanje pogojev za povečevanje trgovine, ki temelji na večjem in bolj odprtem trgu integriranih držav, je pomembno zlasti od sredine 80-ih let 20. stoletja. To je bilo v obdobju, ko je koncept globalizacije in njenega vpliva uvedel profesor T. Levitt in ko se je zgodil nesluten tehnološki napredek predvsem na področju informacijske tehnologije. Nove tehnologije, povezane z informacijskimi tehnologijami in s številnimi drugimi znanji, kot so genetika, nanotehnologija itd., so spodbudile posel in celotno družbo k povečanju in pospeševanju investicij, ki so bile nujne, da bi ustrezno sledile hitremu razvoju na različnih tehnoloških področjih. Večje in hitrejše investicije so bile in so potrebne, saj nova znanja in nove tehnologije ustvarjajo poslovno in ekonomsko okolje, kjer konkurenčnost temelji na uporabi novih tehnologij, ki znižujejo stroške in ustvarjajo nove in/ali drugačne produkte. Novi značaj konkurenčnosti, ki jo narekujeta globalizacija in tehnološke spremembe, zahtevata inovativen pristop na vseh ravneh poslovnega in družbenega življenja. Hitre spremembe zahtevajo hitre investicije. Sveži
kapital bi bilo moč pridobiti v liberalnem globalnem finančnem okolju za posle, ki so sposobni investirani kapital hitro obrniti. Naraščajoča pomembnost izkoriščanja obsega in dosega ekonomije v sedanjem tekmovalnem okolju še dodatno vodi k potrebi po povečani proizvodnji skupaj z nujnim zagotavljanjem hitre prodaje velike količine proizvodov. Velike in hitre prodaje se lahko zagotovijo na relativno bogatih trgih, ki se lahko vzpostavijo na temelju sporazumov/pogodb o gospodarskih povezovanjih, ki ustvarjajo odprte in večje integrirane trge. Opisane tehnološke spremembe, druge spremembe in zahteve, ki danes zagotavljajo varnost poslovanja in nacionalni ekonomski uspeh, bi lahko v veliki meri dobro služile skupaj z uvedbo različnih oblik ekonomskih integracijskih sporazumov o poslovanju. Na takšni osnovi narodi in podjetja podpirajo in cenijo ustvarjanje novih povezovalnih sporazumov skupaj s poglabljanjem že obstoječih. Vse do sedaj je EU v bistvu uporabljala oba vidika integracijskih procesov - s stalnim poglabljanjem integracij v številnih zaporednih širitvah, ki so sledile. Odgovor na drugo vprašanje se nanaša na dileme glede potrebnosti EU, o njeni strukturiranosti in delovanju. Kratek opis delovanja notranjega trga in institucionalne strukture EU omogoča boljše razumevanje težav, ki so nastale po sprejemu odločitve o brexitu. Upajmo, da bodo ukrepi in reforme v EU, ki naj bi bile izvedene, pomagale premagati negotovost in strah, ki sta prisotna med ljudmi in politiki v današnjih državah članicah EU. Ključne besede: ekonomska integracija, Evropska unija, tehnološki
razvoj globalizacija, vlaganje, brexit, zgodovina EU, strukture in delovanje EU.
146 A bstracts/ Povzetki CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LEC TURES ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECON OMY Abstract: The paper presents a summary of a series of lectures presented on the role of Catholic convictions in shaping the attitudes of business people in contemporary Poland. The theoretical background of these presentations should be perceived in the perspective of the new economic sociology that shows how market action is embed ded in socio-normative structures influenced by Catholic beliefs functioning as cul tural “regulative components” in economy. Within this narrow perspective, the pa per analyses the function of normative structures in mobilising the material, organi sational and cultural resources of Catholic business people. Key words: Catholic entrepreneurs, economic sociology, practical ethics, Poland, business ethics KATOLIŠKA VERNOST IN POLJSKI POSLOVNEŽI - PREDAVANJA О NORMATIVNI INFRASTRUKTURI TRŽNEGA GOSPODARSTVA Povzetek: Prispevek predstavlja srž niza predavanj, ki prikazujejo vlogo katoliškega prepričanja pri oblikovanju drže poslovnežev v sodobni Poljski. Teoretično ozadje teh predstavitev je potrebno razumeti v luči nove ekonomske sociologije. Ta kaže, kako je delovanje trga tesno povezano s sociološko-normativnimi strukturami, na katera vpliva katoliška vera, ki v ekonomiji deluje kot kulturno 'regulatívna komponenta'. Skozi to ozko perspektivo prispevek analizira delovanje normativnih struktur pri mobilizaciji materialnih, organizacijskih in kulturnih virov katoliško opredeljenih poslovnežev. Ključne besede:
katoliški podjetniki, ekonomska sociologija, praktična etika, Poljska, poslovna etika. Mateja Pevec Rozman CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EUROPEAN UN ION Abstract. The time in which we live in is marked by pain and uncertainty of tragic epic, which has visibly »left its mark« on Europe in summer 2015. The epic wave of immigration of refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia and other more or less difficult countries, has opened up many dormant issues, which, until then, might have seemed of secondary importance for Europe. The wave of immi gration, which is continuing, has put Europe in front of the socio-political, econom ic-cultural, religious and - last but not least, in front of civilizational questioning of the role of the European Union and of its mission as well as of its identity. One of the features of the concept of identity is that it is established upon being challenged by another, may also be due to the fictional or serious opponent (Pagon 2003, 11), but certainly from the difference to the other. And today Europe is facing many challenges, diversities and differences. Of all of the aforesaid, this debate will main ly discuss the question of Europe's identity and the identity of a European man. What forms its identity and what it is based on? The fundamental question of our common European fixture is firstly the issue of our common foundations, which are
A bstracts/Povzetki 147 not and cannot be purely of material nature. The rich heritage of the nations also consists of spiritual values, which help man to get to the truth, to the natural evolu tion and to the possibilities of comprehensive enjoyment of cultural goods (Slatinek 2008, 194). Firstly, this raises the question of a man: who exactly is a man? What is the concept and self-image of a man especially in Western European Area? How does a man experience himself or does he walk after himself? Where are our roots, where do we come from and where are we going? In the first part of our discussion we will look for answers to all these questions and present some highlights of a hu man image, which has been changing over time. In the second part of our discussion we will specifically highlight the general social situation, which suggests that many policies of Western civilization, which were twenty or thirty years ago taken for granted, are no longer so certain or may even be wrong (Bahovec 2009, 9). We could even talk about the crisis of Western society or the crisis of the Western cul ture respectively, which is caused by anthropocentrism. Excessive focus of modem man only to himself and the consequent lack of a sense for the loved ones, for the community and the common good, is actually contrary to the central vision of the EU, which has been conceived in the direction of creating a single, interconnected global society, which should tear down the borders between nations, promote movement of capital and manpower, material and spiritual goods, thus reducing social
disparities and provide conditions for the harmonious coexistence of those who are different. The future of common Europe undoubtedly depends on dialogue between different cultures and nations meeting at this area, whereby each culture should find common ethical foundations, without neglecting or forgetting their own identity. Is this mere utopia or reality? Key words: identity, values, civilization, global society, Europe KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMELJI EVROPSKE UNIJE Povzetek: Čas, v katerem živimo, je zaznamovan z bolečino in negotovostjo tragične epopeje, ki seje vidneje »usodila« Evropi poleti 2015. Z epskim valom priseljevanja beguncev in migrantov iz Sirije, Afganistana, Somalije in drugih bolj ali manj kriznih držav, so se odprla mnoga speča vprašanja, ki so se morda zdela za Evropo do tedaj drugotnega pomena. Val priseljevanja, ki se še nadaljuje, je Evropo postavil pred družbeno-politično, ekonomsko kulturno, religijsko in - nenazadnje, pred civilizacijsko preizpraševanje o vlogi Evropske unije in o njenem poslanstvu ter o njeni identiteti. Ena od značilnosti pojma identitete namreč je, da se vzpostavlja ob izzvanosti od drugega, lahko tudi zaradi fiktivnega ali zaresnega nasprotnika (Pagon 2003, 11), vsekakor pa iz razlike do drugega. In danes se Evropa sooča z mnogimi izzvanostmi, različnostmi in drugačnostmi. V pričujoči razpravi bomo od naštetega obravnavali predvsem vprašanje identitete Evrope in identitete evropskega človeka. Kaj jo tvori in na čem temelji? Temeljno vprašanje naše skupne evropske prihodnosti je najprej vprašanje naših skupnih temeljev,
ki niso in ne morejo biti zgolj materialne narave. Bogato dediščino narodov sestavljajo tudi duhovne vrednote, ki pomagajo človeku, da pride do resnice, do naravnega razvoja in do možnosti vsestranskega uživanja kulturnih dobrin (Slatinek 2008, 194). Pri tem se pred nas najprej postavlja vprašanje človeka: kdo pravzaprav je človek? Kakšno je pojmovanje in samopodoba človeka predvsem v zahodnem evropskem prostoru?
148 A bstracts/ Povzetki Kako se človek doživlja oz. kako hodi sam za seboj? Kje so naše korenine, od kod prihajamo in kam gremo? V prvem delu naše razprave bomo iskali odgovore na vsa ta vprašanja in predstavili nekatere poudarke človekove podobe, ki se je skozi čas spreminjala. V drugem delu razprave bomo posebej osvetlili splošni družbeni položaj, ki nakazuje na to, da mnoge usmeritve zahodne civilizacije, ki so bile še pred dvajsetimi ali tridesetimi leti samoumevne, niso več tako gotove ali so morda napačne (Bahovec 2009, 9). Lahko bi govorili celo o krizi zahodne družbe oz. o krizi zahodne kulture, ki ji botruje antropocentrizem. Pretirana osredotočenost sodobnega človeka zgolj nase in posledično pomanjkanje čuta za bližnjega, za skupnost in skupno dobro, je pravzaprav v nasprotju z osrednjo vizijo EU, ki je zamišljena v smeri oblikovanja enotne, povezane, globalne družbe, ki bi naj podirala meje med narodi, pospeševala pretok kapitala in delovne sile, materialnih in duhovnih dobrin ter tako manjšala socialne razlike in nudila pogoje za harmonično sobivanje različnih in drugačnih. Nedvomno je prihodnost skupne Evrope odvisna od dialoga med različnimi kulturami in narodi, ki se srečujejo na tem prostoru, pri čemer bodo posamezne kulture morale najti skupne etične temelje, ne da bi pri tem zanemarile ali pozabile na svojo lastno identiteto. Je to zgolj utopija ali realnost? Ključne besede: identiteta, vrednote, civilizacija, globalna družba, Evropa |
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KAZALO UVODNIK: EVROPSKA UNIJA IN VREDNOTE INTRODUCTION: THE EUROPEAN UNION AND VALUES 6 9 Janez Juhant ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? 12 Dragica Vujadinovic THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - 35 MULTICULTURAL CHALLENGES Bojan Žalec EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE 67 Matej Avbelj THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP 81 Vojko Strahovnik NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V 88 JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Andrej Kumar EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU 99 Rafal Smoczyński CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LECTURES 120 ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECONOMY Mateja Pevec Rozman KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMEUI EVROPSKE UNIJE 128 ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI 140 AUTHORS/AVTORJI 149
140 A bstrađs/Povzetki ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI Janez Juhant, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na IS EUROPE CHRISTIAN - HOW? IS IT? SHOULD IT BE? Abstract: The article deals with the basic reasons for the Christian or the present global religious foundations of political life in the world and specially in the EU. Such an estimation is demanded for historical as well as objective politicalprocedural reasons. Europe originates from the axis Jerusalem-Athene-Rome and Christian teaching influenced most of its development. Despite the secularisation and demands for the laïcisation of the life in EU and its individual states, the reli gious grounds are a contextual part of societal processes. This cannot be avoided if we want sustainable and the world’s successful development for the future genera tions. The mutual society is based on virtuous people and history reminds us that interpersonal relations gain a new impetus if they are stimulated by an appropriate relation to God. Key words: EU, Christianity, God, person, mutuality, subsidiarity, human rights. ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? Povzetek: Članek razpravlja o temeljnih razlogih za krščansko oziroma globalno religiozno utemeljevanje družbeno-političnega življenja v svetu in posebej v EU. Takšno presojo danes terjajo tako zgodovinski kot stvarni političnoprocesni razlogi. Evropa je nastala na osi Jeruzalem-Atene-Rim in krščanski nauk je določal njeno celostni razvoj. Kljub sekularizaciji in zahtevam po laičnosti življenja v EU in posameznih članicah so dialoški religiozni
temelji sestavni del družbenih procesov. Temu se danes ni mogoče izogniti, če hočemo celosten razvoj družbe in uspešen razvoj za prihodnje rodove. Vzajemna družba temelji na krepostnih osebnostih in zgodovina nas opozarja, da medosebni odnosi dobijo globlji zagon, če jih spodbuja tudi ustrezen odnos do Boga. Ključne besede: EU, krščanstvo, Bog, oseba, vzajemnost, subsidiarnost, človekove pravice. Professor Dragica Vujadinovič, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - MULTI CULTURAL CHALLENGES Abstract: The EU has been a sui generis (transnational) polity - a union of states, which is established through Treaty constitutionalism, plus the Court of EU contri bution to the constitutionalism. It is a constitutional democratic polity, which is far from international organisation, but not a fully fledged federal polity. The EU polity building was motivated by the idea of sharing peaceful cooperation in the present and future era among European states despite of the common bloody common histo ry. Until the global economic crisis, the EU building process went through the phas es of consolidation, enlargement, dominance of optimism; the Euro Zone crisis -
Å bտէրacts/Povzetki 141 followed by the Social Europe image crisis, the migrant crisis - followed by rising trends of xenophobia, right wing movements and EU-skepticism, Brexit; the EU polity and identity have slipped into a severe crisis. Survival of the EU requires public reasoning and acting primarily in regard to solidarity, strengthening the dem ocratic and multicultural character of the EU, and more economic, fiscal and politi cal integration. Disintegration of the EU would put into question the biggest value of the EU - the peace. Key words: EU identity, multiculturalism, integration, solidarity, post-secularism OBLIKOVALNI PROCES EVROPSKE IDENTITETE ֊ MULTIKULTURNI IZZIVI Povzetek: Evropska unija je svojevrstna (transnacionalna) organizirana geopolitična enota: zveza držav, ki je bila vzpostavljena s pogodbenim konstitucionalizmom in prispevkom Sodišča EU h konstitucionalizmu. Je ustavna, demokratično organizirana politična enota, ki pa je daleč od kakšne mednarodne organizacije in ni polno razvita zvezna politična enota. Oblikovanje evropske politike je spodbujala ideja sprejemanja miroljubnega sodelovanja med evropskimi državami v sedanjosti in prihodnosti kljub skupni krvavi zgodovini. Med globalno ekonomsko krizo je proces oblikovanja EU šel skozi obdobje utrjevanja, širjenja ter prevlade evropskega optimizma. Prišla je kriza evra, ki ji je sledila kriza podobe socialne Evrope. Nadaljevala se je z migrantsko krizo, ki ji je sledilo naraščanje sovraštvo do tujcev (ksenofobija) ter krepitev populizma in evropskega skepticizma. Zgodil seje brēksit; politika in
identiteta Evropske unije je utrpela resno škodo. Preživetje EU potrebuje skupno razmišljanje in delovanje predvsem glede solidarnosti, krepitve demokratič nega in multikulturnega značaja EU ter več ekonomske fiskalne in politične integracije. Dezintegracija EU bi resno ogrozila največjo vrednoto EU - mir. Ključne besede: identiteta EU, multikulturalizem, integracija, solidarnost, postsekularizem. Bojan Žalec, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND VIRTUES Abstract: The paper is of philosophical nature. Its common thread is arguing for the thesis that solidarity personalism (hereafter SP) is the right way of the European development and that violation of SP, in various forms of instrumentalism, is very harmful for Europe and the EU and can be even fatal for them. Virtue ethics is an integral part of SP, hence the stress on virtues naturally follows from such starting point. Of focal concern are civic virtues that are necessary for the functioning of the EU, its integration and prosperity. On this basis the author demonstrates the harm fulness of levelling multiculturalism and the technical policy and groundlessness of Christophobia. Instead we should cultivate personalist multiculturalism and interculturalism, politics of dialogue and an attitude towards Christianity which is appropriate historically, culturally and from the aspect of identity. Key words: solidarity personalism, instrumentalism, Europe, EU, civic virtues, mul ticulturalism, technical policy.
142 Á bstrarts/ Poveiki EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE Povzetek: Prispevek je filozofske narave. Njegova rdeča nit je dokazovanje trditve, daje solidarni personalizem (v nadaljevanju SP) prava pot evropskega razvoja in da je kršenje SP v obliki takšnega ali drugačnega instrumentalizma za Evropo oz. EU izredno škodljivo, lahko celo usodno. Vrlinska etika je sestavni del SP, zato poudarek na vrlinah naravno izhaja iz takega izhodišča. V središču pozornosti so državljanske vrline, ki so potrebne za delovanje EU, njeno integracijo in razcvet. Na tej podlagi avtor dokazuje škodljivost izenačevalne večkulturnosti in tehnične politike ter neutemeljenost kristofobije. Namesto teh moramo gojiti personalistično večkulturnost in medkultumost, politiko dialoga in solidarnosti ter zgodovinsko, kulturno in identitetno ustrezen odnos do krščanstva in religije na splošno. Ključne besede: solidarni personalizem, instrumentalizem, Evropa, EU, državljanske vrline, večkulturnost, tehnična politika. Dr. Matej Avbelj, Associate Professor for European law, Graduate School of Gov ernment and European Studies THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP Abstract: Drawing on the social constructivist approach, this chapter examines the dominant narratives which have attempted to steer the process of European integra tion. For a number of years it was the supranational narrative that played the role of the dominant narrative. It was later replaced by constitutionalism, which established itself as the dominant narrative that has been eventually defeated by the actual prac tices of the integration. As
a result, nowadays the EU again finds itself in an epis temic gap ֊ in pursuit of a better fitting theory destined to grow into a narrative. This fact may also explain the great difficulties with finding a compelling response to the crises, in which the process of European integration has been stuck for more than a decade. Keywords: social constructivism, EU, supranationalism, constitutionalism, crisis. EVROPSKA UNIJA IN NJENA EPISTEMIČNA VRZEL Povzetek: Izhajajoč iz filozofije družbenega konstruktivizma, se ta razprava osredotoča na analizo dominantnih narativov, ki so poskušali oblikovati in usmerjati procese evropske integracije. Mnogo let je vloga dominantnega narativa v EU pripa dala supranacionalizmu, ki gaje pozneje zamenjal konstitucionalizem. Taje bil, vsaj začasno, zavržen s strani samih praks evropske integracije. Posledično se EU danes ponovno sooča s t. i. epistemološko vrzeljo, iščoč boljšo teorijo in z njo narativ, ki bi zagotovil uspešno delovanje Unije. To dejstvo utegne tudi pojasniti težave pri iskan ju prepričljivih odgovorov na krize, v katerih je Unija v zadnjem desetletju ujeta. Ključne besede: družbeni konstruktivizem, EU, supranacionalizem, konstitucionali zem, kriza.
A bstrartsj Povzetki 143 Vojko Strahovnik, Research Associate and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PUBLIC LIFE Abstract: The paper deals with the question of the role and importance of civil so ciety. After a brief introduction, which outlines the general framework for ethical reflections in the contemporary world, the paper defines concepts of civil society and public life and further connects them. The paper then focuses on non governmental organisations as the core of civil society and presents their key charac teristics. It highlights their role, understanding of this role in the context of the EU policies, while it critically discusses some aspects of the non-governmental sector in Slovenia. Key words: civil society, nongovernmental organisations, public life, ethics, dia logue. NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Povzetek: V prispevku se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem vloge in pomena civilne družbe. Po kratkem uvodu, ki začrta širši okvir etičnih premišljevanj o sodobnem svetu, opredelimo pojma civilne družbe in javnega življenja ter ju povežemo med seboj. V nadaljevanju se prispevek posveti nevladnim organizacijam kot jedru civilne družbe ter poudari njihove ključne značilnosti. Izpostavljena je njihova vloga in razumevanje te vloge v okviru politik Evropske unije, hkrati pa kritično pretresemo nekatere vidike razvoja nevladnega sektorja v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: civilna družba, nevladne organizacije, javno življenje, etika, dialog.
Professor Andrej Kumar, Edr, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE EU Abstract: There are 267 active integration agreements in the world, among them is the European Union (EU), with its present 28 member states. The EU is one of the economicly and otherwise the largest and the most complex economic integration global-wise. The paper considers two aspects. The first is why we in general find a huge interest for establishing different integration agreements/treatises that lead to formation of the so-called economic integrations among states. Why has been the interest to create and being a part of one or another economic integration agreement so strongly on the increase in the years after 1990? The second is concerned with the specifics of the EU development and presents its position in relation to the men tioned global trend of increasing number of economic integrations. The paper pre sents some suggestions and, hopefully, some adequate answers. With the first question, the answer is related to the theory of international trade, suggesting an increased level of consumption and faster economic growth, ceteris paribus, when trade is growing. An economic integration treaty between member states increases their mutual trade. Interest to create conditions for the trade increase based on the larger and more open market of integrated states is especially relevant after the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and after. This was the period when
144 A bstrađs/Povzetki the concept and impacts of the economic globalisation were introduced by professor T. Levitt and when, unprecedentedly, the swift technological advancement, especial ly in the sector of IT, had been started. The new technologies related to IT and to a number of other sectors of knowledge, like genetics, nano technologies, etc., have pushed businesses and entire societies to increase and speed up the investments needed to follow adequately the rapid advance in different segments of technology. Larger and faster investments are needed because new knowledge and new technol ogies create business and economic environments where competitive success is based on using new technologist to cut production costs and to create new and/or differentiated products. The new nature of competition following the global and technological changes require an innovative approach in all aspects of business and social life. The speed of change requires the speed of investments. Fresh capital could be gained by the liberal global financial environment but mostly by businesses that are able to speed up the capital turnover. The increasing relevance of using the economies of scale and scope in the present competitive environment leads addition ally to the need for increased production together with the need to secure fast sales of large quantities produced. Large and fast sales could be provided on large and relatively rich markets, which could be created based on economic integration agreements/treaties that create open and larger integrated markets. The described
technological changes, other changes and requirements that secure today’s business and national economic success could be to a large extend well-served by introducing different forms of economic integration treaties The nations and businesses thud support and appreciate creation of new integration agreements and deepening of the existing ones. The EU, up to now, has been in fact utilising both aspects of the inte gration processes by its continuous deepening of the integration and by a number of its successive enlargements. The answer to the second question is related to the questions of why the EU is need ed, how it is structured, and how it functions. The short description of the internal market’s functioning and the institutional structure of the EU sets the scene for a better understanding of the problems that have been created after the Brexit decision was taken. Hopefully, the actions and reforms in the EU which are expected to be introduced, will help to overcome fear and uncertainty that are present among people and politicians of the EU member states at the present time. Key words: economic integration, European Union, technological progress, globali sation, investments, Brexit, history of the EU, EU structure and functioning. EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU Povzetek: V svetu je v uporabi 267 sporazumov o integracijah, med njimi je Evropska unija (EU) s svojimi (sedanjimi) 28 državami članicami. EU je ekonomsko in tudi sicer ena največjih in najbolj kompleksnih ekonomskih integracij v globalnem pomenu. V prispevku sta obravnavana dva vidika. Prvič: Zakaj na splošno
obstaja tako veliko zanimanje za vzpostavitev drugačnega integracijskega sporazuma/pogodbe, ki vodi v oblikovanje t. i. ekonomskih integracij med državami. Nadalje, zakaj je zanimanje za sestavo ekonomsko integracijskega sporazuma in biti del tega ali onega po letu 1990 v takšnem porastu. Drugič: Kaj so posebnosti razvoja EU in predstavitev njenega položaja v povezavi z omenjenimi globalnimi trendi
Abstrađs/Vovitki 145 porasta števila ekonomskih integracij. Na obe vprašanji daje prispevek nekaj predlogov in upam, da tudi nekaj ustreznih odgovorov. Odgovor na prvo vprašanje je povezan s teorijo o mednarodni trgovini, ki govori o povečani stopnji potrošnje in hitrejši gospodarski rasti, pri čemer kljub trgovinski rasti vsi ostali gospodarski pogoji ostajajo nespremenjeni. Sporazum o ekonomski povezavi med državami članicami spodbuja vzajemno trgovino. Zanimanje za ustvarjanje pogojev za povečevanje trgovine, ki temelji na večjem in bolj odprtem trgu integriranih držav, je pomembno zlasti od sredine 80-ih let 20. stoletja. To je bilo v obdobju, ko je koncept globalizacije in njenega vpliva uvedel profesor T. Levitt in ko se je zgodil nesluten tehnološki napredek predvsem na področju informacijske tehnologije. Nove tehnologije, povezane z informacijskimi tehnologijami in s številnimi drugimi znanji, kot so genetika, nanotehnologija itd., so spodbudile posel in celotno družbo k povečanju in pospeševanju investicij, ki so bile nujne, da bi ustrezno sledile hitremu razvoju na različnih tehnoloških področjih. Večje in hitrejše investicije so bile in so potrebne, saj nova znanja in nove tehnologije ustvarjajo poslovno in ekonomsko okolje, kjer konkurenčnost temelji na uporabi novih tehnologij, ki znižujejo stroške in ustvarjajo nove in/ali drugačne produkte. Novi značaj konkurenčnosti, ki jo narekujeta globalizacija in tehnološke spremembe, zahtevata inovativen pristop na vseh ravneh poslovnega in družbenega življenja. Hitre spremembe zahtevajo hitre investicije. Sveži kapital
bi bilo moč pridobiti v liberalnem globalnem finančnem okolju za posle, ki so sposobni investirani kapital hitro obrniti. Naraščajoča pomembnost izkoriščanja obsega in dosega ekonomije v sedanjem tekmovalnem okolju še dodatno vodi k potrebi po povečani proizvodnji skupaj z nujnim zagotavljanjem hitre prodaje velike količine proizvodov. Velike in hitre prodaje se lahko zagotovijo na relativno bogatih trgih, ki se lahko vzpostavijo na temelju sporazumov/pogodb o gospodarskih povezovanjih, ki ustvarjajo odprte in večje integrirane trge. Opisane tehnološke spremembe, druge spremembe in zahteve, ki danes zagotavljajo varnost poslovanja in nacionalni ekonomski uspeh, bi lahko v veliki meri dobro služile skupaj z uvedbo različnih oblik ekonomskih integracijskih sporazumov o poslovanju. Na takšni osnovi narodi in podjetja podpirajo in cenijo ustvarjanje novih povezovalnih sporazumov skupaj s poglabljanjem že obstoječih. Vse do sedaj je EU v bistvu uporabljala oba vidika integracijskih procesov - s stalnim poglabljanjem integracij v številnih zaporednih širitvah, ki so sledile. Odgovor na drugo vprašanje se nanaša na dileme glede potrebnosti EU, o njeni strukturiranosti in delovanju. Kratek opis delovanja notranjega trga in institucionalne strukture EU omogoča boljše razumevanje težav, tó so nastale po sprejemu odločitve o brexitu. Upajmo, da bodo ukrepi in reforme v EU, ki naj bi bile izvedene, pomagale premagati negotovost in strah, ki sta prisotna med ljudmi in politiki v današnjih državah članicah EU. Ključne besede: ekonomska integracija, Evropska unija, tehnološki razvoj
globalizacija, vlaganje, brexit, zgodovina EU, strukture in delovanje EU.
146 A bstracts/Poveiki CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LEC TURES ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECON OMY Abstract: The paper presents a summary of a series of lectures presented on the role of Catholic convictions in shaping the attitudes of business people in contemporary Poland. The theoretical background of these presentations should be perceived in the perspective of the new economic sociology that shows how market action is embed ded in socio-normative structures influenced by Catholic beliefs functioning as cul tural “regulative components” in economy. Within this narrow perspective, the pa per analyses the function of normative structures in mobilising the material, organi sational and cultural resources of Catholic business people. Key words: Catholic entrepreneurs, economic sociology, practical ethics, Poland, business ethics KATOLIŠKA VERNOST IN POLJSKI POSLOVNEŽI - PREDAVANJA О NORMATIVNI IN IRAST RU KTU RI TRŽNEGA GOSPODARSTVA Povzetek: Prispevek predstavlja srž niza predavanj, ki prikazujejo vlogo katoliškega prepričanja pri oblikovanju drže poslovnežev v sodobni Poljski. Teoretično ozadje teh predstavitev je potrebno razumeti v luči nove ekonomske sociologije. Ta kaže, kako je delovanje trga tesno povezano s sociološko-normativnimi strukturami, na katera vpliva katoliška vera, ki v ekonomiji deluje kot kulturno 'regulatívna komponenta'. Skozi to ozko perspektivo prispevek analizira delovanje normativnih struktur pri mobilizaciji materialnih, organizacijskih in kulturnih virov katoliško opredeljenih poslovnežev. Ključne besede:
katoliški podjetniki, ekonomska sociologija, praktična etika, Poljska, poslovna etika. Mateja Pevec Rozman CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EUROPEAN UN ION Abstract: The time in which we live in is marked by pain and uncertainty of tragic epic, which has visibly »left its mark« on Europe in summer 2015. The epic wave of immigration of refiigees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia and other more or less difficult countries, has opened up many dormant issues, which, until then, might have seemed of secondary importance for Europe. The wave of immi gration, which is continuing, has put Europe in front of the socio-political, econom ic-cultural, religious and - last but not least, in front of civilizational questioning of the role of the European Union and of its mission as well as of its identity. One of the features of the concept of identity is that it is established upon being challenged by another, may also be due to the fictional or serious opponent (Pagon 2003, 11), but certainly from the difference to the other. And today Europe is facing many challenges, diversities and differences. Of all of the aforesaid, this debate will main ly discuss the question of Europe's identity and the identity of a European man. What forms its identity and what it is based on? The fundamental question of our common European friture is firstly the issue of our common foundations, which are
A bstracts/Povzetki 147 not and cannot be purely of material nature. The rich heritage of the nations also consists of spiritual values, which help man to get to the truth, to the natural evolu tion and to the possibilities of comprehensive enjoyment of cultural goods (Slatinek 2008, 194). Firstly, this raises the question of a man: who exactly is a man? What is the concept and self-image of a man especially in Western European Area? How does a man experience himself or does he walk after himself? Where are our roots, where do we come from and where are we going? In the first part of our discussion we will look for answers to all these questions and present some highlights of a hu man image, which has been changing over time. In the second part of our discussion we will specifically highlight the general social situation, which suggests that many policies of Western civilization, which were twenty or thirty years ago taken for granted, are no longer so certain or may even be wrong (Bahovec 2009, 9). We could even talk about the crisis of Western society or the crisis of the Western cul ture respectively, which is caused by anthropocentrism. Excessive focus of modem man only to himself and the consequent lack of a sense for the loved ones, for the community and the common good, is actually contrary to the central vision of the EU, which has been conceived in the direction of creating a single, interconnected global society, which should tear down the borders between nations, promote movement of capital and manpower, material and spiritual goods, thus reducing social
disparities and provide conditions for the harmonious coexistence of those who are different. The future of common Europe undoubtedly depends on dialogue between different cultures and nations meeting at this area, whereby each culture should find common ethical foundations, without neglecting or forgetting their own identity. Is this mere utopia or reality? Key words: identity, values, civilization, global society, Europe KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMELJI EVROPSKE UNIJE Povzetek: Čas, v katerem živimo, je zaznamovan z bolečino in negotovostjo tragične epopeje, ki seje vidneje »usodila« Evropi poleti 2015. Z epskim valom priseljevanja beguncev in migrantov iz Sirije, Afganistana, Somalije in drugih bolj ali manj kriznih držav, so se odprla mnoga speča vprašanja, ki so se morda zdela za Evropo do tedaj drugotnega pomena. Val priseljevanja, ki se še nadaljuje, je Evropo postavil pred družbeno-politično, ekonomsko kulturno, religijsko in - nenazadnje, pred civilizacijsko preizpraševanje o vlogi Evropske unije in o njenem poslanstvu ter o njeni identiteti. Ena od značilnosti pojma identitete namreč je, da se vzpostavlja ob izzvanosti od drugega, lahko tudi zaradi fiktivnega ali zaresnega nasprotnika (Pagon 2003, 11), vsekakor pa iz razlike do drugega. In danes se Evropa sooča z mnogimi izzvanostmi, različnostmi in drugačnostmi. V pričujoči razpravi bomo od naštetega obravnavali predvsem vprašanje identitete Evrope in identitete evropskega človeka. Kaj jo tvori in na čem temelji? Temeljno vprašanje naše skupne evropske prihodnosti je najprej vprašanje naših skupnih temeljev,
ki niso in ne morejo biti zgolj materialne narave. Bogato dediščino narodov sestavljajo tudi duhovne vrednote, ki pomagajo človeku, da pride do resnice, do naravnega razvoja in do možnosti vsestranskega uživanja kulturnih dobrin (Slatinek 2008, 194). Pri tem se pred nas najprej postavlja vprašanje človeka: kdo pravzaprav je človek? Kakšno je pojmovanje in samopodoba človeka predvsem v zahodnem evropskem prostoru?
148 A bstrađs/ Poveiki Kako se človek doživlja oz. kako hodi sam za seboj? Kje so naše korenine, od kod prihajamo in kam gremo? V prvem delu naše razprave bomo iskali odgovore na vsa ta vprašanja in predstavili nekatere poudarke človekove podobe, ki se je skozi čas spreminjala. V drugem delu razprave bomo posebej osvetlili splošni družbeni položaj, ki nakazuje na to, da mnoge usmeritve zahodne civilizacije, ki so bile še pred dvajsetimi ali tridesetimi leti samoumevne, niso več tako gotove ali so morda napačne (Bahovec 2009, 9). Lahko bi govorili celo o krizi zahodne družbe oz. o krizi zahodne kulture, ki ji botruje antropocentrizem. Pretirana osredotočenost sodobnega človeka zgolj nase in posledično pomanjkanje čuta za bližnjega, za skupnost in skupno dobro, je pravzaprav v nasprotju z osrednjo vizijo EU, ki je zamišljena v smeri oblikovanja enotne, povezane, globalne družbe, ki bi naj podirala meje med narodi, pospeševala pretok kapitala in delovne sile, materialnih in duhovnih dobrin ter tako manjšala socialne razlike in nudila pogoje za harmonično sobivanje različnih in drugačnih. Nedvomno je prihodnost skupne Evrope odvisna od dialoga med različnimi kulturami in narodi, ki se srečujejo na tem prostoru, pri čemer bodo posamezne kulture morale najti skupne etične temelje, ne da bi pri tem zanemarile ali pozabile na svojo lastno identiteto. Je to zgolj utopija ali realnost? Ključne besede: identiteta, vrednote, civilizacija, globalna družba, Evropa
140 A bstrađs/ Povzetki ABSTRACTS/POVZETKI Janez Juhant, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na IS EUROPE CHRISTIAN - HOW? IS IT? SHOULD IT BE? Abstract: The article deals with the basic reasons for the Christian or the present global religious foundations of political life in the world and specially in the EU. Such an estimation is demanded for historical as well as objective politicalprocedural reasons. Europe originates from the axis Jerusalem-Athene-Rome and Christian teaching influenced most of its development. Despite the secularisation and demands for the laïcisation of the life in EU and its individual states, the reli gious grounds are a contextual part of societal processes. This cannot be avoided if we want sustainable and the world’s successful development for the friture genera tions. The mutual society is based on virtuous people and history reminds us that interpersonal relations gain a new impetus if they are stimulated by an appropriate relation to God. Key words: EU, Christianity, God, person, mutuality, subsidiarity, human rights. ALI JE IN KAKO JE IN NAJ BO EVROPA KRŠČANSKA? Povzetek: Članek razpravlja o temeljnih razlogih za krščansko oziroma globalno religiozno utemeljevanje družbeno-političnega življenja v svetu in posebej v EU. Takšno presojo danes terjajo tako zgodovinski kot stvarni političnoprocesni razlogi. Evropa je nastala na osi Jeruzalem-Atene-Rim in krščanski nauk je določal njeno celostni razvoj. Kljub sekularizaciji in zahtevam po laičnosti življenja v EU in posameznih članicah so dialoški religiozni
temelji sestavni del družbenih procesov. Temu se danes ni mogoče izogniti, če hočemo celosten razvoj družbe in uspešen razvoj za prihodnje rodove. Vzajemna družba temelji na krepostnih osebnostih in zgodovina nas opozarja, da medosebni odnosi dobijo globlji zagon, če jih spodbuja tudi ustrezen odnos do Boga. Ključne besede: EU, krščanstvo, Bog, oseba, vzajemnost, subsidiarnost, človekove pravice. Professor Dragica Vujadinovič, Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY - MULTI CULTURAL CHALLENGES Abstract: The EU has been a sui generis (transnational) polity ֊ a union of states, which is established through Treaty constitutionalism, plus the Court of EU contri bution to the constitutionalism. It is a constitutional democratic polity, which is far from international organisation, but not a frilly fledged federal polity. The EU polity building was motivated by the idea of sharing peaceful cooperation in the present and future era among European states despite of the common bloody common histo ry. Until the global economic crisis, the EU building process went through the phas es of consolidation, enlargement, dominance of optimism; the Euro Zone crisis -
A bstracts/Povzetki 141 followed by the Social Europe image crisis, the migrant crisis ֊ followed by rising trends of xenophobia, right wing movements and EU-skepticism, Brexit; the EU polity and identity have slipped into a severe crisis. Survival of the EU requires public reasoning and acting primarily in regard to solidarity, strengthening the dem ocratic and multicultural character of the EU, and more economic, fiscal and politi cal integration. Disintegration of the EU would put into question the biggest value of the EU - the peace. Key words: EU identity, multiculturalism, integration, solidarity, post-secularism OBLIKOVALNI PROCES EVROPSKE IDENTITETE ֊ MULTIKULTURNI IZZIVI Povzetek: Evropska unija je svojevrstna (transnacionalna) organizirana geopolitična enota: zveza držav, ki je bila vzpostavljena s pogodbenim konstitucionalizmom in prispevkom Sodišča EU h konstitucionalizmu. Je ustavna, demokratično organizirana politična enota, ki paje daleč od kakšne mednarodne organizacije in ni polno razvita zvezna politična enota. Oblikovanje evropske politike je spodbujala ideja sprejemanja miroljubnega sodelovanja med evropskimi državami v sedanjosti in prihodnosti kljub skupni krvavi zgodovini. Med globalno ekonomsko krizo je proces oblikovanja EU šel skozi obdobje utrjevanja, širjenja ter prevlade evropskega optimizma. Prišla je kriza evra, ki ji je sledila kriza podobe socialne Evrope. Nadaljevala se je z migrantsko krizo, ki ji je sledilo naraščanje sovraštvo do tujcev (ksenofobija) ter krepitev populizma in evropskega skepticizma. Zgodil seje brēksit; politika in
identiteta Evropske unije je utrpela resno škodo. Preživetje EU potrebuje skupno razmišljanje in delovanje predvsem glede solidarnosti, krepitve demokratič nega in multikulturnega značaja EU ter več ekonomske fiskalne in politične integracije. Dezintegracija EU bi resno ogrozila največjo vrednoto EU ֊ mir. Ključne besede: identiteta EU, multikulturalizem, integracija, solidarnost, postsekularizem. Bojan Žalec, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljublja na EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP AND VIRTUES Abstract: The paper is of philosophical nature. Its common thread is arguing for the thesis that solidarity personalism (hereafter SP) is the right way of the European development and that violation of SP, in various forms of instrumentalism, is very harmful for Europe and the EU and can be even fatal for them. Virtue ethics is an integral part of SP, hence the stress on virtues naturally follows from such starting point. Of focal concern are civic virtues that are necessary for the fimctioning of the EU, its integration and prosperity. On this basis the author demonstrates the harmftilness of levelling multiculturalism and the technical policy and groundlessness of Christophobia. Instead we should cultivate personalist multiculturalism and interculturalism, politics of dialogue and an attitude towards Christianity which is appropriate historically, culturally and from the aspect of identity. Key words: solidarity personalism, instrumentalism, Europe, EU, civic virtues, mul ticulturalism, technical policy.
142 A bstrads/Povzetki EVROPSKO DRŽAVLJANSTVO IN VRLINE Povzetek: Prispevek je filozofske narave. Njegova rdeča nitje dokazovanje trditve, daje solidarni personalizem (v nadaljevanju SP) prava pot evropskega razvoja in da je kršenje SP v obliki takšnega ali drugačnega instrumentalizma za Evropo oz. EU izredno škodljivo, lahko celo usodno. Vrlinska etika je sestavni del SP, zato poudarek na vrlinah naravno izhaja iz takega izhodišča. V središču pozornosti so državljanske vrline, ki so potrebne za delovanje EU, njeno integracijo in razcvet. Na tej podlagi avtor dokazuje škodljivost izenačevalne večkulturnosti in tehnične politike ter neutemeljenost kristofobije. Namesto teh moramo gojiti personalistično večkulturnost in medkultumost, politiko dialoga in solidarnosti ter zgodovinsko, kulturno in identitetno ustrezen odnos do krščanstva in religije na splošno. Ključne besede: solidarni personalizem, instrumentalizem, Evropa, EU, državljanske vrline, večkulturnost, tehnična politika. Dr. Matej Avbelj, Associate Professor for European law, Graduate School of Gov ernment and European Studies THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS EPISTEMIC GAP Abstract: Drawing on the social constructivist approach, this chapter examines the dominant narratives which have attempted to steer the process of European integra tion. For a number of years it was the supranational narrative that played the role of the dominant narrative. It was later replaced by constitutionalism, which established itself as the dominant narrative that has been eventually defeated by the actual prac tices of the integration. As a
result, nowadays the EU again finds itself in an epis temic gap - in pursuit of a better fitting theory destined to grow into a narrative. This fact may also explain the great difficulties with finding a compelling response to the crises, in which the process of European integration has been stuck for more than a decade. Keywords: social constructivism, EU, supranationalism, constitutionalism, crisis. EVROPSKA UNIJA IN NJENA EPISTEMIČNA VRZEL Povzetek: Izhajajoč iz filozofije družbenega konstruktivizma, se ta razprava osredotoča na analizo dominantnih narativov, ki so poskušali oblikovati in usmerjati procese evropske integracije. Mnogo let je vloga dominantnega narativa v EU pripa dala supranacionalizmu, ki gaje pozneje zamenjal konstitucionalizem. Taje bil, vsaj začasno, zavržen s strani samih praks evropske integracije. Posledično se EU danes ponovno sooča s t. i. epistemološko vrzeljo, iščoč boljšo teorijo in z njo narativ, ki bi zagotovil uspešno delovanje Unije. To dejstvo utegne tudi pojasniti težave pri iskan ju prepričljivih odgovorov na krize, v katerih je Unija v zadnjem desetletju ujeta. Ključne besede: družbeni konstruktivizem, EU, supranacionalizem, konstitucionali zem, kriza.
A bstracts/Povzetki 143 Vojko Strahovnik, Research Associate and Assistant Professor, Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PUBLIC LIFE Abstract: The paper deals with the question of the role and importance of civil so ciety. After a brief introduction, which outlines the general framework for ethical reflections in the contemporary world, the paper defines concepts of civil society and public life and further connects them. The paper then focuses on non governmental organisations as the core of civil society and presents their key charac teristics. It highlights their role, understanding of this role in the context of the EU policies, while it critically discusses some aspects of the non-governmental sector in Slovenia. Key words: civil society, nongovernmental organisations, public life, ethics, dia logue. NEKAJ PREMISLEKOV O VLOGI IN POMENU CIVILNE DRUŽBE V JAVNEM ŽIVLJENJU Povzetek: V prispevku se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem vloge in pomena civilne družbe. Po kratkem uvodu, ki začrta širši okvir etičnih premišljevanj o sodobnem svetu, opredelimo pojma civilne družbe in javnega življenja ter ju povežemo med seboj. V nadaljevanju se prispevek posveti nevladnim organizacijam kot jedru civilne družbe ter poudari njihove ključne značilnosti. Izpostavljena je njihova vloga in razumevanje te vloge v okviru politik Evropske unije, hkrati pa kritično pretresemo nekatere vidike razvoja nevladnega sektorja v Sloveniji. Ključne besede: civilna družba, nevladne organizacije, javno življenje, etika, dialog.
Professor Andrej Kumar, Edr, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND THE EU Abstract: There are 267 active integration agreements in the world, among them is the European Union (EU), with its present 28 member states. The EU is one of the economicly and otherwise the largest and the most complex economic integration global-wise. The paper considers two aspects. The first is why we in general find a huge interest for establishing different integration agreements/treatises that lead to formation of the so-called economic integrations among states. Why has been the interest to create and being a part of one or another economic integration agreement so strongly on the increase in the years after 1990? The second is concerned with the specifics of the EU development and presents its position in relation to the men tioned global trend of increasing number of economic integrations. The paper pre sents some suggestions and, hopefully, some adequate answers. With the first question, the answer is related to the theory of international trade, suggesting an increased level of consumption and faster economic growth, ceteris paribus, when trade is growing. An economic integration treaty between member states increases their mutual trade. Interest to create conditions for the trade increase based on the larger and more open market of integrated states is especially relevant after the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and after. This was the period when
144 Λ bstracts/Povzetki the concept and impacts of the economic globalisation were introduced by professor T. Levitt and when, unprecedentedly, the swift technological advancement, especial ly in the sector of IT, had been started. The new technologies related to IT and to a number of other sectors of knowledge, like genetics, nano technologies, etc., have pushed businesses and entire societies to increase and speed up the investments needed to follow adequately the rapid advance in different segments of technology. Larger and faster investments are needed because new knowledge and new technol ogies create business and economic environments where competitive success is based on using new technologist to cut production costs and to create new and/or differentiated products. The new nature of competition following the global and technological changes require an innovative approach in all aspects of business and social life. The speed of change requires the speed of investments. Fresh capital could be gained by the liberal global financial environment but mostly by businesses that are able to speed up the capital turnover. The increasing relevance of using the economies of scale and scope in the present competitive environment leads addition ally to the need for increased production together with the need to secure fast sales of large quantities produced. Large and fast sales could be provided on large and relatively rich markets, which could be created based on economic integration agreements/treaties that create open and larger integrated markets. The described
technological changes, other changes and requirements that secure today’s business and national economic success could be to a large extend well-served by introducing different forms of economic integration treaties The nations and businesses thud support and appreciate creation of new integration agreements and deepening of the existing ones. The EU, up to now, has been in fact utilising both aspects of the inte gration processes by its continuous deepening of the integration and by a number of its successive enlargements. The answer to the second question is related to the questions of why the EU is need ed, how it is structured, and how it functions. The short description of the internal market’s functioning and the institutional structure of the EU sets the scene for a better understanding of the problems that have been created after the Brexit decision was taken. HopefUlly, the actions and reforms in the EU which are expected to be introduced, will help to overcome fear and uncertainty that are present among people and politicians of the EU member states at the present time. Key words: economic integration, European Union, technological progress, globali sation, investments, Brexit, history of the EU, EU structure and functioning. EKONOMSKA INTEGRACIJA IN EU Povzetek: V svetu je v uporabi 267 sporazumov o integracijah, med njimi je Evropska unija (EU) s svojimi (sedanjimi) 28 državami članicami. EU je ekonomsko in tudi sicer ena naj večjih in najbolj kompleksnih ekonomskih integracij v globalnem pomenu. V prispevku sta obravnavana dva vidika. Prvič: Zakaj na splošno
obstaja tako veliko zanimanje za vzpostavitev drugačnega integracijskega sporazuma/pogodbe, ki vodi v oblikovanje t. i. ekonomskih integracij med državami. Nadalje, zakaj je zanimanje za sestavo ekonomsko integracijskega sporazuma in biti del tega ali onega po letu 1990 v takšnem porastu. Drugič: Kaj so posebnosti razvoja EU in predstavitev njenega položaja v povezavi z omenjenimi globalnimi trendi
Λ bstrarts/Povzetki 145 porasta števila ekonomskih integracij. Na obe vprašanji daje prispevek nekaj predlogov in upam, da tudi nekaj ustreznih odgovorov. Odgovor na prvo vprašanje je povezan s teorijo o mednarodni trgovini, ki govori o povečani stopnji potrošnje in hitrejši gospodarski rasti, pri čemer kljub trgovinski rasti vsi ostali gospodarski pogoji ostajajo nespremenjeni. Sporazum o ekonomski povezavi med državami članicami spodbuja vzajemno trgovino. Zanimanje za ustvarjanje pogojev za povečevanje trgovine, ki temelji na večjem in bolj odprtem trgu integriranih držav, je pomembno zlasti od sredine 80-ih let 20. stoletja. To je bilo v obdobju, ko je koncept globalizacije in njenega vpliva uvedel profesor T. Levitt in ko se je zgodil nesluten tehnološki napredek predvsem na področju informacijske tehnologije. Nove tehnologije, povezane z informacijskimi tehnologijami in s številnimi drugimi znanji, kot so genetika, nanotehnologija itd., so spodbudile posel in celotno družbo k povečanju in pospeševanju investicij, ki so bile nujne, da bi ustrezno sledile hitremu razvoju na različnih tehnoloških področjih. Večje in hitrejše investicije so bile in so potrebne, saj nova znanja in nove tehnologije ustvarjajo poslovno in ekonomsko okolje, kjer konkurenčnost temelji na uporabi novih tehnologij, ki znižujejo stroške in ustvarjajo nove in/ali drugačne produkte. Novi značaj konkurenčnosti, ki jo narekujeta globalizacija in tehnološke spremembe, zahtevata inovativen pristop na vseh ravneh poslovnega in družbenega življenja. Hitre spremembe zahtevajo hitre investicije. Sveži
kapital bi bilo moč pridobiti v liberalnem globalnem finančnem okolju za posle, ki so sposobni investirani kapital hitro obrniti. Naraščajoča pomembnost izkoriščanja obsega in dosega ekonomije v sedanjem tekmovalnem okolju še dodatno vodi k potrebi po povečani proizvodnji skupaj z nujnim zagotavljanjem hitre prodaje velike količine proizvodov. Velike in hitre prodaje se lahko zagotovijo na relativno bogatih trgih, ki se lahko vzpostavijo na temelju sporazumov/pogodb o gospodarskih povezovanjih, ki ustvarjajo odprte in večje integrirane trge. Opisane tehnološke spremembe, druge spremembe in zahteve, ki danes zagotavljajo varnost poslovanja in nacionalni ekonomski uspeh, bi lahko v veliki meri dobro služile skupaj z uvedbo različnih oblik ekonomskih integracijskih sporazumov o poslovanju. Na takšni osnovi narodi in podjetja podpirajo in cenijo ustvarjanje novih povezovalnih sporazumov skupaj s poglabljanjem že obstoječih. Vse do sedaj je EU v bistvu uporabljala oba vidika integracijskih procesov - s stalnim poglabljanjem integracij v številnih zaporednih širitvah, ki so sledile. Odgovor na drugo vprašanje se nanaša na dileme glede potrebnosti EU, o njeni strukturiranosti in delovanju. Kratek opis delovanja notranjega trga in institucionalne strukture EU omogoča boljše razumevanje težav, ki so nastale po sprejemu odločitve o brexitu. Upajmo, da bodo ukrepi in reforme v EU, ki naj bi bile izvedene, pomagale premagati negotovost in strah, ki sta prisotna med ljudmi in politiki v današnjih državah članicah EU. Ključne besede: ekonomska integracija, Evropska unija, tehnološki
razvoj globalizacija, vlaganje, brexit, zgodovina EU, strukture in delovanje EU.
146 A bstracts/ Povzetki CATHOLIC RELIGIOSITY AND POLISH BUSINESS PEOPLE. LEC TURES ON NORMATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE MARKET ECON OMY Abstract: The paper presents a summary of a series of lectures presented on the role of Catholic convictions in shaping the attitudes of business people in contemporary Poland. The theoretical background of these presentations should be perceived in the perspective of the new economic sociology that shows how market action is embed ded in socio-normative structures influenced by Catholic beliefs functioning as cul tural “regulative components” in economy. Within this narrow perspective, the pa per analyses the function of normative structures in mobilising the material, organi sational and cultural resources of Catholic business people. Key words: Catholic entrepreneurs, economic sociology, practical ethics, Poland, business ethics KATOLIŠKA VERNOST IN POLJSKI POSLOVNEŽI - PREDAVANJA О NORMATIVNI INFRASTRUKTURI TRŽNEGA GOSPODARSTVA Povzetek: Prispevek predstavlja srž niza predavanj, ki prikazujejo vlogo katoliškega prepričanja pri oblikovanju drže poslovnežev v sodobni Poljski. Teoretično ozadje teh predstavitev je potrebno razumeti v luči nove ekonomske sociologije. Ta kaže, kako je delovanje trga tesno povezano s sociološko-normativnimi strukturami, na katera vpliva katoliška vera, ki v ekonomiji deluje kot kulturno 'regulatívna komponenta'. Skozi to ozko perspektivo prispevek analizira delovanje normativnih struktur pri mobilizaciji materialnih, organizacijskih in kulturnih virov katoliško opredeljenih poslovnežev. Ključne besede:
katoliški podjetniki, ekonomska sociologija, praktična etika, Poljska, poslovna etika. Mateja Pevec Rozman CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EUROPEAN UN ION Abstract. The time in which we live in is marked by pain and uncertainty of tragic epic, which has visibly »left its mark« on Europe in summer 2015. The epic wave of immigration of refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia and other more or less difficult countries, has opened up many dormant issues, which, until then, might have seemed of secondary importance for Europe. The wave of immi gration, which is continuing, has put Europe in front of the socio-political, econom ic-cultural, religious and - last but not least, in front of civilizational questioning of the role of the European Union and of its mission as well as of its identity. One of the features of the concept of identity is that it is established upon being challenged by another, may also be due to the fictional or serious opponent (Pagon 2003, 11), but certainly from the difference to the other. And today Europe is facing many challenges, diversities and differences. Of all of the aforesaid, this debate will main ly discuss the question of Europe's identity and the identity of a European man. What forms its identity and what it is based on? The fundamental question of our common European fixture is firstly the issue of our common foundations, which are
A bstracts/Povzetki 147 not and cannot be purely of material nature. The rich heritage of the nations also consists of spiritual values, which help man to get to the truth, to the natural evolu tion and to the possibilities of comprehensive enjoyment of cultural goods (Slatinek 2008, 194). Firstly, this raises the question of a man: who exactly is a man? What is the concept and self-image of a man especially in Western European Area? How does a man experience himself or does he walk after himself? Where are our roots, where do we come from and where are we going? In the first part of our discussion we will look for answers to all these questions and present some highlights of a hu man image, which has been changing over time. In the second part of our discussion we will specifically highlight the general social situation, which suggests that many policies of Western civilization, which were twenty or thirty years ago taken for granted, are no longer so certain or may even be wrong (Bahovec 2009, 9). We could even talk about the crisis of Western society or the crisis of the Western cul ture respectively, which is caused by anthropocentrism. Excessive focus of modem man only to himself and the consequent lack of a sense for the loved ones, for the community and the common good, is actually contrary to the central vision of the EU, which has been conceived in the direction of creating a single, interconnected global society, which should tear down the borders between nations, promote movement of capital and manpower, material and spiritual goods, thus reducing social
disparities and provide conditions for the harmonious coexistence of those who are different. The future of common Europe undoubtedly depends on dialogue between different cultures and nations meeting at this area, whereby each culture should find common ethical foundations, without neglecting or forgetting their own identity. Is this mere utopia or reality? Key words: identity, values, civilization, global society, Europe KULTURNI IN DRUŽBENO ETIČNI TEMELJI EVROPSKE UNIJE Povzetek: Čas, v katerem živimo, je zaznamovan z bolečino in negotovostjo tragične epopeje, ki seje vidneje »usodila« Evropi poleti 2015. Z epskim valom priseljevanja beguncev in migrantov iz Sirije, Afganistana, Somalije in drugih bolj ali manj kriznih držav, so se odprla mnoga speča vprašanja, ki so se morda zdela za Evropo do tedaj drugotnega pomena. Val priseljevanja, ki se še nadaljuje, je Evropo postavil pred družbeno-politično, ekonomsko kulturno, religijsko in - nenazadnje, pred civilizacijsko preizpraševanje o vlogi Evropske unije in o njenem poslanstvu ter o njeni identiteti. Ena od značilnosti pojma identitete namreč je, da se vzpostavlja ob izzvanosti od drugega, lahko tudi zaradi fiktivnega ali zaresnega nasprotnika (Pagon 2003, 11), vsekakor pa iz razlike do drugega. In danes se Evropa sooča z mnogimi izzvanostmi, različnostmi in drugačnostmi. V pričujoči razpravi bomo od naštetega obravnavali predvsem vprašanje identitete Evrope in identitete evropskega človeka. Kaj jo tvori in na čem temelji? Temeljno vprašanje naše skupne evropske prihodnosti je najprej vprašanje naših skupnih temeljev,
ki niso in ne morejo biti zgolj materialne narave. Bogato dediščino narodov sestavljajo tudi duhovne vrednote, ki pomagajo človeku, da pride do resnice, do naravnega razvoja in do možnosti vsestranskega uživanja kulturnih dobrin (Slatinek 2008, 194). Pri tem se pred nas najprej postavlja vprašanje človeka: kdo pravzaprav je človek? Kakšno je pojmovanje in samopodoba človeka predvsem v zahodnem evropskem prostoru?
148 A bstracts/ Povzetki Kako se človek doživlja oz. kako hodi sam za seboj? Kje so naše korenine, od kod prihajamo in kam gremo? V prvem delu naše razprave bomo iskali odgovore na vsa ta vprašanja in predstavili nekatere poudarke človekove podobe, ki se je skozi čas spreminjala. V drugem delu razprave bomo posebej osvetlili splošni družbeni položaj, ki nakazuje na to, da mnoge usmeritve zahodne civilizacije, ki so bile še pred dvajsetimi ali tridesetimi leti samoumevne, niso več tako gotove ali so morda napačne (Bahovec 2009, 9). Lahko bi govorili celo o krizi zahodne družbe oz. o krizi zahodne kulture, ki ji botruje antropocentrizem. Pretirana osredotočenost sodobnega človeka zgolj nase in posledično pomanjkanje čuta za bližnjega, za skupnost in skupno dobro, je pravzaprav v nasprotju z osrednjo vizijo EU, ki je zamišljena v smeri oblikovanja enotne, povezane, globalne družbe, ki bi naj podirala meje med narodi, pospeševala pretok kapitala in delovne sile, materialnih in duhovnih dobrin ter tako manjšala socialne razlike in nudila pogoje za harmonično sobivanje različnih in drugačnih. Nedvomno je prihodnost skupne Evrope odvisna od dialoga med različnimi kulturami in narodi, ki se srečujejo na tem prostoru, pri čemer bodo posamezne kulture morale najti skupne etične temelje, ne da bi pri tem zanemarile ali pozabile na svojo lastno identiteto. Je to zgolj utopija ali realnost? Ključne besede: identiteta, vrednote, civilizacija, globalna družba, Evropa |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV047222800 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:58:03Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T13:16:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789616844567 9616844563 |
| language | Slovenian English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032627390 |
| oclc_num | 1257809988 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 149 strane Illustrationen, Diagramme 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210625 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Teološka fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Znanstvena knjižnica / Teološka fakulteta |
| spelling | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values Janez Juhant, Mateja Pevec Rozman (ur.) The European Union and values Ljubljana Teološka fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 2017 149 strane Illustrationen, Diagramme 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Znanstvena knjižnica / Teološka fakulteta 56 Prispevki v slov. ali angl., uvodnik v slov. in angl. - 200 izv. - Uvodnik : Evropska unija in vrednote = Introduction : the European Union and values / urednika, editors ; translated by Primož Trobevšek: str. 6-11 Aufsätze teilweise englisch, teilweise slowenisch. - Zusammenfassungen englisch und slowenisch Evropska unija / Vrednote / Zborniki ssg Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Evropa / identiteta / krščanstvo / politika / gospodarstvo Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Wert (DE-588)4065654-8 gnd rswk-swf Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Wert (DE-588)4065654-8 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 s DE-604 Juhant, Janez 1947- (DE-588)103705694 edt Pevec Rozman, Mateja edt Teološka fakulteta Znanstvena knjižnica 56 (DE-604)BV037239247 56 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values Evropska unija / Vrednote / Zborniki ssg Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Evropa / identiteta / krščanstvo / politika / gospodarstvo Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Wert (DE-588)4065654-8 gnd Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4065654-8 (DE-588)4214151-5 (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values |
| title_alt | The European Union and values |
| title_auth | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values |
| title_exact_search | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values |
| title_full | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values Janez Juhant, Mateja Pevec Rozman (ur.) |
| title_fullStr | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values Janez Juhant, Mateja Pevec Rozman (ur.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evropska unija in vrednote = The European Union and values Janez Juhant, Mateja Pevec Rozman (ur.) |
| title_short | Evropska unija in vrednote |
| title_sort | evropska unija in vrednote the european union and values |
| title_sub | = The European Union and values |
| topic | Evropska unija / Vrednote / Zborniki ssg Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Evropa / identiteta / krščanstvo / politika / gospodarstvo Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Wert (DE-588)4065654-8 gnd Multikulturelle Gesellschaft (DE-588)4214151-5 gnd Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Evropska unija / Vrednote / Zborniki Europäische Union Evropa / identiteta / krščanstvo / politika / gospodarstvo Identität Wert Multikulturelle Gesellschaft Kultur Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032627390&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037239247 |
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