Holdings: Plastics flammability handbook

Plastics flammability handbook: principles, regulations, testing, and approval

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Troitzsch, Jürgen (Editor), Antonatus, Edith (Editor)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Cincinnati Hanser 2020
Edition:	4th edition
Subjects:	Kunststoff Brandverhalten Bauwesen Brandprüfung Flammschutzmittel Kunststoffe Transportwesen FBKTALLG: Kunststoffe allgemein PLAS2020
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXIII, 803 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9781569907627 1569907625

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130	0		\|a International plastics flammability handbook
245	1	0	\|a Plastics flammability handbook \|b principles, regulations, testing, and approval
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_version_	1804182316144132096
adam_text	CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION ................................................................ V LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................ IX PART I FUNDAMENTALS .......................................................................................... 1 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 3 1.1 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRES ................................................................ 3 JURGEN TROITZSCH 1.2 FIRE STATISTICS .................................................................................... 10 ERIC GUILLAUME 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 10 1.2.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM RECENT ISO WORK ON FIRE STATISTICS ...................................................................... 10 1.2.3 CURRENT NATIONAL FIRE STATISTICS: RELEVANT DATA ON SPECIFIC ISSUES .................................................................... 12 1.2.3.1 NUMBER OF FIRES ................................................ 12 1.2.3.2 NUMBER OF FIRE FATALITIES .................................. 14 1.2.3.3 NUMBER OF FIRE INJURIES ..................................... 17 1.2.3.4 COSTS OF FIRE LOSSES .......................................... 19 1.2.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................ 21 2 THE BURNING OF PLASTICS .................................................................. 23 BERNHARD SCHARTEL 2.1 PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE FUEL: HEATING, PYROLYSIS, CHARRING, HEAT OF COMBUSTION .......................................................................... 27 2.2 DECOMPOSITION OF POLYMERS ............................................................ 34 2.3 IGNITION AND SMOLDERING .................................................................. 38 2.4 STEADY BURNING AND FLAME SPREAD ................................................ 42 2.5 FIRE LOAD AND FIRE RESISTANCE ......................................................... 47 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................... 48 3 FLAME RETARDANTS AND FLAME-RETARDED PLASTICS ...................... 53 3.1 FLAME RETARDANTS ............................................................................. 53 MANFRED DORING, LARA GREINER, AND DANIELA GOEDDERZ 3.1.1 IMPORTANCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND MARKET ............................. 53 3.1.2 MODE OF ACTION ..................................................................... 54 3.1.2.1 PHYSICAL ACTION ................................................... 55 3.1.2.2 CHEMICAL ACTION ................................................. 55 3.1.3 IMPORTANT FLAME RETARDANT CLASSES ................................ 57 3.1.3.1 METAL HYDROXIDES AND MINERAL FILLERS ............. 57 3.1.3.2 HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS ......................... 61 3.1.3.3 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FLAME RETARDANTS ........................................................... 64 3.1.3.4 ORGANIC RADICAL-FORMING AGENTS AND N-, GL AND S-CONTAINING SYNERGISTS ........... 72 3.1.3.5 SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS ............ 75 3.1.3.6 OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS .................................... 77 3.1.4 GREENER ALTERNATIVES TO COMMON FLAME RETARDANTS .... 80 3.2 FLAME-RETARDED PLASTICS ................................................................... 95 RUDOLF PFAENDNER 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................ 95 3.2.2 THERMOPLASTICS ................................................................... 98 3.2.2.1 POLYPROPYLENE ..................................................... 98 3.2.2.2 POLYETHYLENE ....................................................... 100 3.2.2.3 OTHER POLYOLEFINS ............................................... 103 3.2.2.4 POLYSTYRENES ....................................................... 104 3.2.2.5 STYRENE COPOLYMERS .......................................... 105 3.2.2.6 POLYMETHACRYLATES AND POLYACRYLATES .............. 106 3.2.2.7 POLYOXYMETHYLENE AND POLYACETALS .................. 106 3.2.2.8 POLYAMIDES ...................................................... 107 3.2.2.9 POLYESTERS ............................................................. 109 3.2.2.10 POLYCARBONATE AND POLYCARBONATE BLENDS ........ ILL 3.2.2.11 POLYURETHANES .................................................... 112 3.2.2.12 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE ............................................... 113 3.2.2.13 OTHER HALOGENATED POLYMERS ............................ 114 3.2.2.14 HIGH-PERFORMANCE POLYMERS ............................ 114 3.2.3 THERMOSETS ........................................................................... 115 3.2.3.1 EPOXY RESINS ...................................................... 115 3.2.3.2 POLYURETHANES .................................................... 117 3.2.3.3 PHENOLIC FORMALDEHYDE RESINS ........................ 118 3.2.3.4 UNSATURATED POLYESTERS ...................................... 118 3.2.4 ELASTOMERS ............................................................................ 119 4 TEXTILES ............................................................................................. 129 A. RICHARD HORROCKS AND BALJINDER K. KANDOLA 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 129 4.1.1 BURNING BEHAVIOR OF TEXTILE FIBERS AND FABRICS ........ 130 4.1.2 EFFECT OF FABRIC AND YARN STRUCTURES ................................. 133 4.2 FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF TEXTILES .................................................... 134 4.2.1 REGULATIONS ........................................................................... 134 4.2.2 TEST CATEGORIZATION .................................................. , 136 4.3 FLAME-RETARDANT TEXTILES ................................................................ 142 4.3.1 CELLULOSICS ........................................................................... 143 4.3.1.1 FLAME-RETARDANT COTTONS ................................... 143 4.3.1.2 FLAME-RETARDANT VISCOSE ................................... 144 4.3.1.3 FLAME-RETARDANT CELLULOSIC BLENDS ................... 144 4.3.2 FLAME-RETARDANT WOOL AND BLENDS .................................... 145 4.3.3 FLAME-RETARDANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS .................................... 146 4.4 INHERENTLY FLAME-RETARDANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS .............................. 147 4.5 HIGH HEAT-AND FLAME-RESISTANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS AND TEXTILES .. 148 4.6 INTUMESCENT APPLICATIONS TO TEXTILES ............................................ 149 5 SMOKE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPRESSION ...................................... 153 5.1 SMOKE DEVELOPMENT AND MEASUREMENT ........................................ 153 ERIC GUILLAUME 5.1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 153 5.1.2 SMOKE GENERATION .............................................................. 154 5.1.2.1 DEFINITIONS ............................................................ 154 5.1.2.2 PRINCIPLES .............................................................. 155 5.1.2.3 NUCLEATION AND SURFACE GROWTH ........................ 157 5.1.2.4 COAGULATION AND AGGLOMERATION ........................ 159 5.1.2.5 OXIDATION .............................................................. 160 5.1.2.6 LIQUID AEROSOLS .................................................... 160 5.1.3 SMOKE PRODUCTION FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT POLYMERS .. 161 5.1.4 SMOKE MEASUREMENT .......................................................... 162 5.1.4.1 SMOKE OPACITY .................................................. 162 5.1.4.2 OTHER SMOKE PARAMETERS .................................... 166 5.1.5 VISIBILITY MODELS .............................................................. 169 5.1.5.1 DEFINITION OF VISIBILITY ........................................ 169 5.1.5.2 SIMPLIFIED MODELS (1950-1980) ........................ 169 5.1.5.3 JIN AND YAMADA MODELS ...................................... 170 5.1.5.4 ISO 13571 MODEL ............................................... 171 5.1.6 FIRE THREAT RELATED TO SMOKE .............................................. 171 5.2 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS ......................................................................... 173 RUDOLF PFAENDNER 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 173 5.2.2 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR PVC .............................................. 174 5.2.2.1 MOLYBDATES ..................................... 175 5.2.2.2 STANNATES ............................................................. 175 5.2.2.3 BORATES ................................................................. 176 5.2.3 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS IN COMBINATION WITH HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS ......................................... 177 5.2.4 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS IN COMBINATION WITH HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS ......................................... 178 5.2.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK ....................................................... 179 6 SMOKE AND TOXICITY FROM FIRE EFFLUENTS ..................................... 185 ERIC GUILLAUME 6.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS ....................................................................... 185 6.2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS ......................................................... 186 6.2.1 ASPHYXIANTS ......................................................................... 187 6.2.2 IRRITANTS ............................................................................... 188 6.3 SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS ................................................. 188 6.4 CHRONIC EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS ..................................................... 188 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS ........................................ 189 6.6 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF FIRE EFFLUENTS .............................. 190 6.6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 190 6.6.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS ............................................... 190 6.6.2.1 DIRECT METHODS ................................................... 191 6.6.2.2 INDIRECT METHODS ................................................. 192 6.7 GENERATION OF FIRE EFFLUENTS: PHYSICAL FIRE MODELS USED FOR TOXICITY TESTING ................................................................................. 193 6.7.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL FIRE MODELS ................................ 193 6.7.2 WHAT IS A PHYSICAL FIRE MODEL? ........................................ 193 6.7.3 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS TO BE REPRODUCED BY THE FIRE MODEL ........................................................................... 195 6.7.3.1 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE NATURE AND PROPORTION OF GAS RELEASE ................................ 195 6.7.3.2 COMBUSTION CONDITIONS ..................................... 195 6.7.3.3 THERMAL CONDITIONS OF DEGRADATION AND EQUIVALENCE RATIO ............................................... 196 6.7.3.4 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS ............................................................... 197 6.7.3.5 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SCALE EFFECTS ........ 198 6.7.3.6 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF THE FIRE MODEL .................................................... 202 6.8 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS ............................................... 204 6.8.1 GASES OF INTEREST ................................................................. 204 6.8.2 SAMPLING ............................................................................... 204 6.8.2.1 FROM FIRE SOURCE TO ANALYSIS ............................ 204 6.8.2.2 PROBES ................................................................. 205 6.8.2.3 FILTERS ................................................................... 206 6.8.2.4 SAMPLING LINE .................................................... 207 6.8.2.5 PUMPING SYSTEM .................................................. 208 6.8.2.6 SAMPLING CONDITIONS ........................................ 208 6.8.2.7 GAS-SOLUTION ABSORBERS .................................... 208 6.8.2.8 SOLID SORPTION TUBES ........................................ 210 6.8.2.9 GAS BAGS ............................................................ 211 6.8.3 SELECTION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS ........................................ 211 6.8.4 VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS ...................................... 215 6.8.4.1 EVALUATION OF A METHOD ......................................... 215 6.8.4.2 SELECTIVITY ........................................................... 215 6.8.4.3 SENSITIVITY .......................................................... 215 6.8.4.4 CONCENTRATION RANGES ....................................... 215 6.8.4.5 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION LIMITS ................ 216 6.8.4.6 ACCURACY OF THE METHOD .................................... 216 6.8.4.7 REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE METHOD ................................................................ 217 7 COMBUSTION TOXICOLOGY ................................................................ 219 JURGEN PAULUHN 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 219 7.2 TOXIC HAZARDS ................................................................................... 221 7.2.1 INHALATION TOXICITY OF HCN AND CO .................................. 224 7.2.2 INHALATION TOXICITY OF CO 2 .................................................. 226 7.2.3 RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANTS ................................................ 229 7.3 TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ...................................................... 234 7.3.1 DEFINITION OF UNCERTAINTY .................................................. 234 7.3.2 ANALYSIS OF TIME-DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS ............ 235 7.3.2.1 ASPHYXIANTS ......................................................... 235 7.3.2.2 IRRITANTS ............................................................... 238 7.4 APPLICATION OF THE FRACTIONAL EFFECTIVE DOSE (FED) MODEL .......... 240 7.5 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................... 242 PART II NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION REGULATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES ........................................................................................ 247 8 REGULATIONS AND TESTING ................................................................ 249 EDITH ANTONATUS AND JIIRGEN TROITZSCH 8.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 249 8.2 SETS OF REGULATIONS AND CODES ......................................................... 251 8.2.1 TYPES AND BASIS ................................................................... 251 8.2.2 APPLICATION ........................................................................... 252 8.2.3 THE ROLE OF STANDARDS ......................................................... 253 8.3 TEST METHODS ..................................................................................... 253 8.3.1 LABORATORY-SCALE TESTS ....................................................... 254 8.3.1.1 TEST SPECIMENS .................................................... 254 8.3.1.2 IGNITION SOURCES .................................................. 254 8.3.1.3 PARAMETERS MEASURED .......................................... 255 8.3.2 LARGE-SCALE TESTS ................................................................. 256 9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ..................................................... 257 9.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 257 . EDITH ANTONATUS 9.1.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ............................................... 257 9.1.2 REGIONAL STANDARDIZATION .................................................. 259 9.1.3 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL FIRE-RELATED STANDARDS FOR TRANSPORTATION ............................................................... 259 9.2 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) .................. 261 BJORN SUNDSTROM 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 261 9.2.2 SCOPE OF ISO/TC 92 FIRE-RELATED ACTIVITIES ...................... 262 9.2.3 ISO/TC 9 2/SC1: FIRE INITIATION AND GROWTH .................... 264 9.2.3.1 GENERAL USE OF TEST DATA AND FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING ........................................................ 268 9.2.3.2 NON-COMBUSTIBILITY ............................................ 268 9.2.3.3 IGNITION AND FLAME SPREAD ................................ 269 9.2.3.4 HEAT RELEASE AND SMOKE PRODUCTION .............. 273 9.2.3.5 LARGE-SCALE ......................................................... 276 9.2.3.6 CALIBRATION AND SUPPORTING PROCEDURES .......... 280 9.2.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ......................................................... 280 9.3 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN) .......................... 282 EDITH ANTONATUS 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 282 9.3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS ................................................. 282 9.3.3 FIRE-RELATED ACTIVITIES IN BUILDING .................................... 284 10 BUILDING ........................................................................................... 287 10.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ...................................................................... 287 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.1.1 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ................................ 289 10.1.1.1 NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS .............................. 289 10.1.1.2 COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS - LABORATORY TESTS .... 290 10.1.1.3 ROOFS .................................................................... 291 10.1.1.4 LARGE-SCALE TESTS ................................................ 291 10.1.2 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................................ 292 10.1.3 PRESENT SITUATION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .................. 292 10.2 AMERICAS .......................................................................................... 293 MARC JANSSENS 10.2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .................................................. 293 10.2.1.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 293 10.2.1.2 CONSENSUS STANDARDS ........................................ 297 10.2.1.3 TEST METHODS REFERENCED IN U.S. BUILDING AND FIRE SAFETY CODES ........................................ 300 10.2.1.4 SUMMARY OF SMALL-SCALE IGNITION AND COMBUSTIBILITY TESTS .......................................... 303 10.2.1.5 SUMMARY OF SMALL-SCALE REACTION-TO-FIRE TESTS .................................................................... 309 10.2.1.6 SUMMARY OF INTERMEDIATE AND LARGE-SCALE REACTION-TO-FIRE TESTS ........................................ 315 10.2.1.7 SUMMARY OF FIRE TESTS FOR FURNISHINGS AND CONTENTS ...................................................... 325 10.2.1.8 SUMMARY OF FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS .................. 325 10.2.1.9 SUMMARY OF EXTERIOR FIRE EXPOSURE TESTS .... 329 10.2.1.10 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 334 10.2.2 CANADA ................................................................................ 335 10.2.2.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ....................................... 335 1 0.2.2.2 TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS .............................. 336 1 0.2.2.3 SUMMARY OF SELECTED MATERIAL FLAMMABILITY TESTS REFERENCED IN THE NBCC .......................... 339 10.2.2.4 NBCC FIRE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERIOR FINISH MATERIALS ................................... 345 10.2.2.5 ACCREDITED TESTING LABORATORIES ...................... 346 10.2.2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ......................................... 346 10.3 EUROPE ............................................ 348 10.3.1 EUROPEAN UNION ................................................................... 348 BJORN SUNDSTROM 10.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................... 348 10.3.1.2 THE EUROCLASSES: CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND FIRE TESTS ............................................................. 350 10.3.1.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 376 10.3.2 NATIONAL FIRE REGULATIONS AND TESTS .............................. 377 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.3.2.1 AUSTRIA ................................................................. 378 DIETER WERNER 10.3.2.2 BELGIUM ............................................................... 388 BARTSETTE 10.3.2.3 FRANCE ................................................................. 394 ERIC GUILLAUME 10.3.2.4 GERMANY ............................................................. 403 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.3.2.5 HUNGARY ............................................................... 413 ISTVDN MDDER, IMRE JUHDSZ 10.3.2.6 ITALY ..................................................................... 417 ELEONORA ANSELMI 10.3.2.7 THE NETHERLANDS ................................................ 428 R.J. M. (RUDOLF) VAN MIERLO 10.3.2.8 NORDIC COUNTRIES ................................................. 432 BJORN SUNDSTROM 10.3.2.9 POLAND ................................................................. 435 JADWIGA FANGRAT 10.3.2.10 SPAIN ................................................................... 442 ANTONIO GALDN PENALVA 10.3.2.11 SWITZERLAND ........................................................ 451 MARCEL DONZD 10.3.2.12 UNITED KINGDOM ................................................. 465 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.4 ASIA/PACIFIC ......................................... 479 10.4.1 CHINA ..................................................................................... 479 JUN-SHENG WANG AND XING JIN 10.4.1.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 479 10.4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ........................................................ 487 10.4.1.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL .......................................... 498 10.4.1.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 499 10.4.2 JAPAN ..................................................................................... 499 HIDEKI YOSHIOKA 10.4.2.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 499 10.4.2.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ...................................................... 500 1 0.4.2.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF NEW STANDARD TEST METHODS AS JIS (JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD) 504 10.4.2.4 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................ 509 10.4.2.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 510 10.4.3 REPUBLIC OF KOREA ................................................................. 512 JUNGMIN CHOI 10.4.3.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS .............................. 512 10.4.3.2 FIRE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIALS ........................................ 513 10.4.3.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................ 516 10.4.3.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 517 10.4.4 AUSTRALIA .............................................................................. 518 ALEX WEBB 10.4.4.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 518 1 0.4.4.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ........................................................ 519 10.4.4.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................ 527 10.4.4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 529 10.4.5 NEW ZEALAND ........................................................................ 530 PETER WHITING 10.4.5.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 530 1 0.4.5.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ...................................................... 532 10.4.5.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................ 533 10.4.5.4 CODEMARK ........................................................... 534 10.4.5.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ......................................... 535 11 TRANSPORTATION ................................................................................. 537 11.1 MOTOR VEHICLES ................................................................................... 537 ANJA HOFMANN AND JONAS BRANDT 11.1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 537 11.1.2 BACKGROUND - VEHICLE FIRES ............................................... 538 11.1.3 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ......................................................... 539 11.1.4 REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS OF INTERIOR MATERIALS FOR BUSES AND CARS ................................................................... 541 11.1.5 OTHER FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR VEHICLES .................. 548 11.1.6 CHANGES IN REGULATIONS ..................................................... 550 11.1.7 POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES IN REGULATIONS ........................ 552 11.2 RAIL VEHICLES ..................................................................................... 554 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................... 554 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.2.2 EUROPE ................................................................................... 556 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.2.2.1 HARMONIZED RAILWAY STANDARD EN 45545 .... 556 11.2.2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 569 11.2.3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA .............................. 570 MARC JANSSENS 11.2.3.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .................................. 570 11.2.3.2 CANADA ................................................................. 578 11.2.3.3 FUTURE TRENDS ..................................................... 578 11.2.4 PEOPLE * S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ................................................ 579 SHUAI-XIA TAN 11.2.4.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 579 11.2.4.2 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS, CLASSIFICATION, AND TESTS ............................................................. 581 11.2.4.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 590 11.2.5 JAPAN ..................................................................................... 591 KOICHI WADA 11.2.5.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 591 11.2.5.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS ......................................................... 595 11.2.5.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL ................................................ 598 11.2.5.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 598 11.2.6 REPUBLIC OF KOREA ............................................................... 599 JUNGMIN CHOI 11.2.6.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 599 11.2.6.2 FIRE HAZARD OF RAIL VEHICLES ............................ 600 11.2.6.3 FIRE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ................................ 601 11.2.6.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 606 11.2.7 AUSTRALIA .............................................................................. 607 ALEX WEBB 11.2.7.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................ 607 11.2.7.2 PASSENGER ROLLING STOCK .................................... 607 11.2.7.3 MATERIALS FIRE PERFORMANCE .............................. 608 11.2.7.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................ 608 11.3 SHIPS ................................................................................................... 609 EDITH ANTONATUS 11.3.1 STATISTICS REGARDING FIRES ON BOARD PASSENGER SHIPS ... 610 11.3.2 SOLAS CHAPTER II-2 : INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR FIRE SAFETY OF SHIPS ............................................................ 612 11.3.2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAS FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS AND REVISION ACTIVITIES ................ 612 11.3.2.2 STRUCTURE OF CHAPTER II-2 OF SOLAS ................ 613 11.3.2.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .......................................................... 615 11.3.3 FIRE TEST PROCEDURES CODE (FTP CODE) .............................. 616 11.3.4 PROVISIONS FOR HIGH-SPEED CRAFT ........................................ 625 11.3.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................ 626 11.4 AIRCRAFT .............................................................................................. 627 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 627 11.4.2 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ........................................................ 628 11.4.3 FIRE BEHAVIOR TESTING ........................................................ 629 11.4.3.1 BUNSEN BURNER FLAMMABILITY TESTING .............. 631 11.4.3.2 HEAT RELEASE TESTING ........................................ 635 11.4.3.3 SMOKE EMISSION AND TOXICITY TESTING ............ 637 11.4.3.4 ADDITIONAL TESTING .............................................. 639 11.4.3.5 THERMAL/ACOUSTIC INSULATION TESTING .............. 642 11.4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................ 644 12 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CABLES .............................................. 647 12.1 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING .................................................................... 647 JUNHARUHARA, MATTIA FERRARIS, AND JURGEN TROITZSCH 12.1.1 INTERNATIONAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS (IEC) .................................................................................... 649 12.1.1.1 OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION ............................ 649 12.1.1.2 FIRE HAZARD TESTING, IEC TC 89 ........................ 650 12.1.1.3 INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION .. ............................ 675 12.1.2 FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA (UL, CSA) ... 676 12.1.2.1 TEST AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES OF THE UNDERWRITERS * LABORATORIES .............................. 676 12.1.2.2 CSA TEST AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES ................ 690 12.1.3 FIRE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS IN EUROPE ...................... 691 12.1.3.1 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION (CENELEC).............................. 691 12.1.3.2 ELECTROTECHNICAL PRODUCTS AND EU DIRECTIVES .. 692 12.1.3.3 APPROVAL PROCEDURES IN EUROPE ........................ 694 12.1.4 FIRE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS IN ASIA .......................... 696 12.1.5 OTHER FIRE SAFETY TEST METHODS ........................................ 698 12.1.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ......................................................... 699 12.2 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF CABLES ................................................ 705 ESTHER HILD 12.2.1 SMALL-SCALE TESTING ............................................................. 705 12.2.2 LARGE-SCALE TESTING ............................................................. 709 12.2.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF CABLE FIRES ................................................. 719 12.2.3.1 SMOKE ................................................................. 719 12.2.3.2 FLAMING DROPLETS ............................................... 720 12.2.3.3 ACIDITY ................................................................. 721 12.2.4 FIRE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLES ........................ 721 12.2.5 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT ON RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK CABLES ................................................................................... 725 12.2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ......................................................... 726 13 FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS .............................................................. 729 13.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 729 EDITH ANTONATUS 13.2 UK AND IRELAND ................................................................................. 732 EDITH ANTONATUS 13.2.1 REGULATIONS AND TESTS FOR FURNITURE SUITABLE FOR DOMESTIC USE ....................................................................... 732 13.2.1.1 TEST METHODS APPLIED IN THE UK REGULATIONS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND CORRESPONDING EUROPEAN TEST METHODS .................................... 732 13.2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SOFT UPHOLSTERY IN THE UK ... 734 13.2.2 UK REGULATIONS AND TESTS FOR FURNITURE USED IN PUBLIC AREAS ......................................................................... 736 13.3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ................................................................. 738 MARC JANSSENS 13.3.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS ......................................................... 738 13.3.2 U. S. SMOLDERING TESTS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES ........................................................................... 740 13.3.3 U. S. OPEN-FLAME TESTS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES ........................................................................... 746 13.4 MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF THE BURNING RATE OF FURNITURE ........................................................................................... 750 MARC JANSSENS 13.4.1 MEASUREMENT METHODS ...................................................... 750 13.4.1.1 CONE CALORIMETER .............................................. 750 13.4.1.2 FURNITURE CALORIMETER ...................................... 751 13.4.1.3 ROOM CALORIMETER .............................................. 752 13.4.2 MODEL PREDICTIONS ............................................................... 754 13.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS ...................................... 755 PART III APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 761 APPENDIX 1 - SUPPLIERS OF FLAME RETARDANTS AND SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS ............................................................................... 763 APPENDIX 2 - ABBREVIATIONS FOR PLASTICS AND FLAME RETARDANTS ... 769 APPENDIX 3 - FLAME RETARDANTS: CHEMICAL NAMES AND CAS NUMBERS ........................................................................................... 775 RUDOLF PFAENDNER APPENDIX 4 - JOURNALS AND BOOKS ......................................................... 779 AUTHORS INDEX ........................................................................................... 781 STANDARDS INDEX ...................................................................................... 783 KEYWORDS INDEX ........................................................................................ 791
adam_txt	CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION . V LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . IX PART I FUNDAMENTALS . 1 1 INTRODUCTION . 3 1.1 FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRES . 3 JURGEN TROITZSCH 1.2 FIRE STATISTICS . 10 ERIC GUILLAUME 1.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 10 1.2.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM RECENT ISO WORK ON FIRE STATISTICS . 10 1.2.3 CURRENT NATIONAL FIRE STATISTICS: RELEVANT DATA ON SPECIFIC ISSUES . 12 1.2.3.1 NUMBER OF FIRES . 12 1.2.3.2 NUMBER OF FIRE FATALITIES . 14 1.2.3.3 NUMBER OF FIRE INJURIES . 17 1.2.3.4 COSTS OF FIRE LOSSES . 19 1.2.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 21 2 THE BURNING OF PLASTICS . 23 BERNHARD SCHARTEL 2.1 PRODUCTION OF VOLATILE FUEL: HEATING, PYROLYSIS, CHARRING, HEAT OF COMBUSTION . 27 2.2 DECOMPOSITION OF POLYMERS . 34 2.3 IGNITION AND SMOLDERING . 38 2.4 STEADY BURNING AND FLAME SPREAD . 42 2.5 FIRE LOAD AND FIRE RESISTANCE . 47 2.6 CONCLUSIONS . 48 3 FLAME RETARDANTS AND FLAME-RETARDED PLASTICS . 53 3.1 FLAME RETARDANTS . 53 MANFRED DORING, LARA GREINER, AND DANIELA GOEDDERZ 3.1.1 IMPORTANCE, DEVELOPMENT, AND MARKET . 53 3.1.2 MODE OF ACTION . 54 3.1.2.1 PHYSICAL ACTION . 55 3.1.2.2 CHEMICAL ACTION . 55 3.1.3 IMPORTANT FLAME RETARDANT CLASSES . 57 3.1.3.1 METAL HYDROXIDES AND MINERAL FILLERS . 57 3.1.3.2 HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS . 61 3.1.3.3 PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING FLAME RETARDANTS . 64 3.1.3.4 ORGANIC RADICAL-FORMING AGENTS AND N-, GL AND S-CONTAINING SYNERGISTS . 72 3.1.3.5 SYNERGISTIC FLAME RETARDANT SYSTEMS . 75 3.1.3.6 OTHER FLAME RETARDANTS . 77 3.1.4 GREENER ALTERNATIVES TO COMMON FLAME RETARDANTS . 80 3.2 FLAME-RETARDED PLASTICS . 95 RUDOLF PFAENDNER 3.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 95 3.2.2 THERMOPLASTICS . 98 3.2.2.1 POLYPROPYLENE . 98 3.2.2.2 POLYETHYLENE . 100 3.2.2.3 OTHER POLYOLEFINS . 103 3.2.2.4 POLYSTYRENES . 104 3.2.2.5 STYRENE COPOLYMERS . 105 3.2.2.6 POLYMETHACRYLATES AND POLYACRYLATES . 106 3.2.2.7 POLYOXYMETHYLENE AND POLYACETALS . 106 3.2.2.8 POLYAMIDES . 107 3.2.2.9 POLYESTERS . 109 3.2.2.10 POLYCARBONATE AND POLYCARBONATE BLENDS . ILL 3.2.2.11 POLYURETHANES . 112 3.2.2.12 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE . 113 3.2.2.13 OTHER HALOGENATED POLYMERS . 114 3.2.2.14 HIGH-PERFORMANCE POLYMERS . 114 3.2.3 THERMOSETS . 115 3.2.3.1 EPOXY RESINS . 115 3.2.3.2 POLYURETHANES . 117 3.2.3.3 PHENOLIC FORMALDEHYDE RESINS . 118 3.2.3.4 UNSATURATED POLYESTERS . 118 3.2.4 ELASTOMERS . 119 4 TEXTILES . 129 A. RICHARD HORROCKS AND BALJINDER K. KANDOLA 4.1 INTRODUCTION . 129 4.1.1 BURNING BEHAVIOR OF TEXTILE FIBERS AND FABRICS . 130 4.1.2 EFFECT OF FABRIC AND YARN STRUCTURES . 133 4.2 FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF TEXTILES . 134 4.2.1 REGULATIONS . 134 4.2.2 TEST CATEGORIZATION . , 136 4.3 FLAME-RETARDANT TEXTILES . 142 4.3.1 CELLULOSICS . 143 4.3.1.1 FLAME-RETARDANT COTTONS . 143 4.3.1.2 FLAME-RETARDANT VISCOSE . 144 4.3.1.3 FLAME-RETARDANT CELLULOSIC BLENDS . 144 4.3.2 FLAME-RETARDANT WOOL AND BLENDS . 145 4.3.3 FLAME-RETARDANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS . 146 4.4 INHERENTLY FLAME-RETARDANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS . 147 4.5 HIGH HEAT-AND FLAME-RESISTANT SYNTHETIC FIBERS AND TEXTILES . 148 4.6 INTUMESCENT APPLICATIONS TO TEXTILES . 149 5 SMOKE DEVELOPMENT AND SUPPRESSION . 153 5.1 SMOKE DEVELOPMENT AND MEASUREMENT . 153 ERIC GUILLAUME 5.1.1 INTRODUCTION . 153 5.1.2 SMOKE GENERATION . 154 5.1.2.1 DEFINITIONS . 154 5.1.2.2 PRINCIPLES . 155 5.1.2.3 NUCLEATION AND SURFACE GROWTH . 157 5.1.2.4 COAGULATION AND AGGLOMERATION . 159 5.1.2.5 OXIDATION . 160 5.1.2.6 LIQUID AEROSOLS . 160 5.1.3 SMOKE PRODUCTION FROM THE MOST IMPORTANT POLYMERS . 161 5.1.4 SMOKE MEASUREMENT . 162 5.1.4.1 SMOKE OPACITY . 162 5.1.4.2 OTHER SMOKE PARAMETERS . 166 5.1.5 VISIBILITY MODELS . 169 5.1.5.1 DEFINITION OF VISIBILITY . 169 5.1.5.2 SIMPLIFIED MODELS (1950-1980) . 169 5.1.5.3 JIN AND YAMADA MODELS . 170 5.1.5.4 ISO 13571 MODEL . 171 5.1.6 FIRE THREAT RELATED TO SMOKE . 171 5.2 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS . 173 RUDOLF PFAENDNER 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 173 5.2.2 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR PVC . 174 5.2.2.1 MOLYBDATES . 175 5.2.2.2 STANNATES . 175 5.2.2.3 BORATES . 176 5.2.3 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS IN COMBINATION WITH HALOGENATED FLAME RETARDANTS . 177 5.2.4 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS IN COMBINATION WITH HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS . 178 5.2.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK . 179 6 SMOKE AND TOXICITY FROM FIRE EFFLUENTS . 185 ERIC GUILLAUME 6.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS . 185 6.2 ACUTE EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 186 6.2.1 ASPHYXIANTS . 187 6.2.2 IRRITANTS . 188 6.3 SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 188 6.4 CHRONIC EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 188 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 189 6.6 QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 190 6.6.1 INTRODUCTION . 190 6.6.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT METHODS . 190 6.6.2.1 DIRECT METHODS . 191 6.6.2.2 INDIRECT METHODS . 192 6.7 GENERATION OF FIRE EFFLUENTS: PHYSICAL FIRE MODELS USED FOR TOXICITY TESTING . 193 6.7.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL FIRE MODELS . 193 6.7.2 WHAT IS A PHYSICAL FIRE MODEL? . 193 6.7.3 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS TO BE REPRODUCED BY THE FIRE MODEL . 195 6.7.3.1 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE NATURE AND PROPORTION OF GAS RELEASE . 195 6.7.3.2 COMBUSTION CONDITIONS . 195 6.7.3.3 THERMAL CONDITIONS OF DEGRADATION AND EQUIVALENCE RATIO . 196 6.7.3.4 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS . 197 6.7.3.5 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SCALE EFFECTS . 198 6.7.3.6 PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF THE FIRE MODEL . 202 6.8 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FIRE EFFLUENTS . 204 6.8.1 GASES OF INTEREST . 204 6.8.2 SAMPLING . 204 6.8.2.1 FROM FIRE SOURCE TO ANALYSIS . 204 6.8.2.2 PROBES . 205 6.8.2.3 FILTERS . 206 6.8.2.4 SAMPLING LINE . 207 6.8.2.5 PUMPING SYSTEM . 208 6.8.2.6 SAMPLING CONDITIONS . 208 6.8.2.7 GAS-SOLUTION ABSORBERS . 208 6.8.2.8 SOLID SORPTION TUBES . 210 6.8.2.9 GAS BAGS . 211 6.8.3 SELECTION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS . 211 6.8.4 VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS . 215 6.8.4.1 EVALUATION OF A METHOD . 215 6.8.4.2 SELECTIVITY . 215 6.8.4.3 SENSITIVITY . 215 6.8.4.4 CONCENTRATION RANGES . 215 6.8.4.5 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION LIMITS . 216 6.8.4.6 ACCURACY OF THE METHOD . 216 6.8.4.7 REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE METHOD . 217 7 COMBUSTION TOXICOLOGY . 219 JURGEN PAULUHN 7.1 INTRODUCTION . 219 7.2 TOXIC HAZARDS . 221 7.2.1 INHALATION TOXICITY OF HCN AND CO . 224 7.2.2 INHALATION TOXICITY OF CO 2 . 226 7.2.3 RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANTS . 229 7.3 TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT . 234 7.3.1 DEFINITION OF UNCERTAINTY . 234 7.3.2 ANALYSIS OF TIME-DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS . 235 7.3.2.1 ASPHYXIANTS . 235 7.3.2.2 IRRITANTS . 238 7.4 APPLICATION OF THE FRACTIONAL EFFECTIVE DOSE (FED) MODEL . 240 7.5 CONCLUSIONS . 242 PART II NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION REGULATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES . 247 8 REGULATIONS AND TESTING . 249 EDITH ANTONATUS AND JIIRGEN TROITZSCH 8.1 INTRODUCTION . 249 8.2 SETS OF REGULATIONS AND CODES . 251 8.2.1 TYPES AND BASIS . 251 8.2.2 APPLICATION . 252 8.2.3 THE ROLE OF STANDARDS . 253 8.3 TEST METHODS . 253 8.3.1 LABORATORY-SCALE TESTS . 254 8.3.1.1 TEST SPECIMENS . 254 8.3.1.2 IGNITION SOURCES . 254 8.3.1.3 PARAMETERS MEASURED . 255 8.3.2 LARGE-SCALE TESTS . 256 9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION . 257 9.1 INTRODUCTION . 257 . EDITH ANTONATUS 9.1.1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION . 257 9.1.2 REGIONAL STANDARDIZATION . 259 9.1.3 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL FIRE-RELATED STANDARDS FOR TRANSPORTATION . 259 9.2 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) . 261 BJORN SUNDSTROM 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 261 9.2.2 SCOPE OF ISO/TC 92 FIRE-RELATED ACTIVITIES . 262 9.2.3 ISO/TC 9 2/SC1: FIRE INITIATION AND GROWTH . 264 9.2.3.1 GENERAL USE OF TEST DATA AND FIRE SAFETY ENGINEERING . 268 9.2.3.2 NON-COMBUSTIBILITY . 268 9.2.3.3 IGNITION AND FLAME SPREAD . 269 9.2.3.4 HEAT RELEASE AND SMOKE PRODUCTION . 273 9.2.3.5 LARGE-SCALE . 276 9.2.3.6 CALIBRATION AND SUPPORTING PROCEDURES . 280 9.2.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 280 9.3 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION (CEN) . 282 EDITH ANTONATUS 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION . 282 9.3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS . 282 9.3.3 FIRE-RELATED ACTIVITIES IN BUILDING . 284 10 BUILDING . 287 10.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS . 287 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.1.1 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 289 10.1.1.1 NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS . 289 10.1.1.2 COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS - LABORATORY TESTS . 290 10.1.1.3 ROOFS . 291 10.1.1.4 LARGE-SCALE TESTS . 291 10.1.2 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 292 10.1.3 PRESENT SITUATION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 292 10.2 AMERICAS . 293 MARC JANSSENS 10.2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . 293 10.2.1.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 293 10.2.1.2 CONSENSUS STANDARDS . 297 10.2.1.3 TEST METHODS REFERENCED IN U.S. BUILDING AND FIRE SAFETY CODES . 300 10.2.1.4 SUMMARY OF SMALL-SCALE IGNITION AND COMBUSTIBILITY TESTS . 303 10.2.1.5 SUMMARY OF SMALL-SCALE REACTION-TO-FIRE TESTS . 309 10.2.1.6 SUMMARY OF INTERMEDIATE AND LARGE-SCALE REACTION-TO-FIRE TESTS . 315 10.2.1.7 SUMMARY OF FIRE TESTS FOR FURNISHINGS AND CONTENTS . 325 10.2.1.8 SUMMARY OF FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS . 325 10.2.1.9 SUMMARY OF EXTERIOR FIRE EXPOSURE TESTS . 329 10.2.1.10 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 334 10.2.2 CANADA . 335 10.2.2.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 335 1 0.2.2.2 TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 336 1 0.2.2.3 SUMMARY OF SELECTED MATERIAL FLAMMABILITY TESTS REFERENCED IN THE NBCC . 339 10.2.2.4 NBCC FIRE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERIOR FINISH MATERIALS . 345 10.2.2.5 ACCREDITED TESTING LABORATORIES . 346 10.2.2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 346 10.3 EUROPE . 348 10.3.1 EUROPEAN UNION . 348 BJORN SUNDSTROM 10.3.1.1 INTRODUCTION . 348 10.3.1.2 THE EUROCLASSES: CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND FIRE TESTS . 350 10.3.1.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 376 10.3.2 NATIONAL FIRE REGULATIONS AND TESTS . 377 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.3.2.1 AUSTRIA . 378 DIETER WERNER 10.3.2.2 BELGIUM . 388 BARTSETTE 10.3.2.3 FRANCE . 394 ERIC GUILLAUME 10.3.2.4 GERMANY . 403 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.3.2.5 HUNGARY . 413 ISTVDN MDDER, IMRE JUHDSZ 10.3.2.6 ITALY . 417 ELEONORA ANSELMI 10.3.2.7 THE NETHERLANDS . 428 R.J. M. (RUDOLF) VAN MIERLO 10.3.2.8 NORDIC COUNTRIES . 432 BJORN SUNDSTROM 10.3.2.9 POLAND . 435 JADWIGA FANGRAT 10.3.2.10 SPAIN . 442 ANTONIO GALDN PENALVA 10.3.2.11 SWITZERLAND . 451 MARCEL DONZD 10.3.2.12 UNITED KINGDOM . 465 EDITH ANTONATUS 10.4 ASIA/PACIFIC . 479 10.4.1 CHINA . 479 JUN-SHENG WANG AND XING JIN 10.4.1.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 479 10.4.1.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 487 10.4.1.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 498 10.4.1.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 499 10.4.2 JAPAN . 499 HIDEKI YOSHIOKA 10.4.2.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 499 10.4.2.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 500 1 0.4.2.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF NEW STANDARD TEST METHODS AS JIS (JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD) 504 10.4.2.4 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 509 10.4.2.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 510 10.4.3 REPUBLIC OF KOREA . 512 JUNGMIN CHOI 10.4.3.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 512 10.4.3.2 FIRE PERFORMANCE CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF BUILDING MATERIALS . 513 10.4.3.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 516 10.4.3.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 517 10.4.4 AUSTRALIA . 518 ALEX WEBB 10.4.4.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 518 1 0.4.4.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 519 10.4.4.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 527 10.4.4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 529 10.4.5 NEW ZEALAND . 530 PETER WHITING 10.4.5.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 530 1 0.4.5.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF THE FIRE PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 532 10.4.5.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 533 10.4.5.4 CODEMARK . 534 10.4.5.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 535 11 TRANSPORTATION . 537 11.1 MOTOR VEHICLES . 537 ANJA HOFMANN AND JONAS BRANDT 11.1.1 INTRODUCTION . 537 11.1.2 BACKGROUND - VEHICLE FIRES . 538 11.1.3 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 539 11.1.4 REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS OF INTERIOR MATERIALS FOR BUSES AND CARS . 541 11.1.5 OTHER FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR VEHICLES . 548 11.1.6 CHANGES IN REGULATIONS . 550 11.1.7 POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES IN REGULATIONS . 552 11.2 RAIL VEHICLES . 554 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 554 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.2.2 EUROPE . 556 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.2.2.1 HARMONIZED RAILWAY STANDARD EN 45545 . 556 11.2.2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 569 11.2.3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND CANADA . 570 MARC JANSSENS 11.2.3.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . 570 11.2.3.2 CANADA . 578 11.2.3.3 FUTURE TRENDS . 578 11.2.4 PEOPLE * S REPUBLIC OF CHINA . 579 SHUAI-XIA TAN 11.2.4.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 579 11.2.4.2 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS, CLASSIFICATION, AND TESTS . 581 11.2.4.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 590 11.2.5 JAPAN . 591 KOICHI WADA 11.2.5.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 591 11.2.5.2 CLASSIFICATION AND TESTING OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS . 595 11.2.5.3 OFFICIAL APPROVAL . 598 11.2.5.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 598 11.2.6 REPUBLIC OF KOREA . 599 JUNGMIN CHOI 11.2.6.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 599 11.2.6.2 FIRE HAZARD OF RAIL VEHICLES . 600 11.2.6.3 FIRE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA . 601 11.2.6.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 606 11.2.7 AUSTRALIA . 607 ALEX WEBB 11.2.7.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 607 11.2.7.2 PASSENGER ROLLING STOCK . 607 11.2.7.3 MATERIALS FIRE PERFORMANCE . 608 11.2.7.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 608 11.3 SHIPS . 609 EDITH ANTONATUS 11.3.1 STATISTICS REGARDING FIRES ON BOARD PASSENGER SHIPS . 610 11.3.2 SOLAS CHAPTER II-2 : INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR FIRE SAFETY OF SHIPS . 612 11.3.2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAS FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS AND REVISION ACTIVITIES . 612 11.3.2.2 STRUCTURE OF CHAPTER II-2 OF SOLAS . 613 11.3.2.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY . 615 11.3.3 FIRE TEST PROCEDURES CODE (FTP CODE) . 616 11.3.4 PROVISIONS FOR HIGH-SPEED CRAFT . 625 11.3.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 626 11.4 AIRCRAFT . 627 TORBEN KEMPERS 11.4.1 INTRODUCTION . 627 11.4.2 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 628 11.4.3 FIRE BEHAVIOR TESTING . 629 11.4.3.1 BUNSEN BURNER FLAMMABILITY TESTING . 631 11.4.3.2 HEAT RELEASE TESTING . 635 11.4.3.3 SMOKE EMISSION AND TOXICITY TESTING . 637 11.4.3.4 ADDITIONAL TESTING . 639 11.4.3.5 THERMAL/ACOUSTIC INSULATION TESTING . 642 11.4.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 644 12 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND CABLES . 647 12.1 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING . 647 JUNHARUHARA, MATTIA FERRARIS, AND JURGEN TROITZSCH 12.1.1 INTERNATIONAL FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS (IEC) . 649 12.1.1.1 OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION . 649 12.1.1.2 FIRE HAZARD TESTING, IEC TC 89 . 650 12.1.1.3 INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION . . 675 12.1.2 FIRE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA (UL, CSA) . 676 12.1.2.1 TEST AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES OF THE UNDERWRITERS * LABORATORIES . 676 12.1.2.2 CSA TEST AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES . 690 12.1.3 FIRE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS IN EUROPE . 691 12.1.3.1 EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL STANDARDIZATION (CENELEC). 691 12.1.3.2 ELECTROTECHNICAL PRODUCTS AND EU DIRECTIVES . 692 12.1.3.3 APPROVAL PROCEDURES IN EUROPE . 694 12.1.4 FIRE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS IN ASIA . 696 12.1.5 OTHER FIRE SAFETY TEST METHODS . 698 12.1.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 699 12.2 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF CABLES . 705 ESTHER HILD 12.2.1 SMALL-SCALE TESTING . 705 12.2.2 LARGE-SCALE TESTING . 709 12.2.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF CABLE FIRES . 719 12.2.3.1 SMOKE . 719 12.2.3.2 FLAMING DROPLETS . 720 12.2.3.3 ACIDITY . 721 12.2.4 FIRE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CABLES . 721 12.2.5 FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT ON RAILWAY ROLLING STOCK CABLES . 725 12.2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 726 13 FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS . 729 13.1 INTRODUCTION . 729 EDITH ANTONATUS 13.2 UK AND IRELAND . 732 EDITH ANTONATUS 13.2.1 REGULATIONS AND TESTS FOR FURNITURE SUITABLE FOR DOMESTIC USE . 732 13.2.1.1 TEST METHODS APPLIED IN THE UK REGULATIONS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND CORRESPONDING EUROPEAN TEST METHODS . 732 13.2.1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SOFT UPHOLSTERY IN THE UK . 734 13.2.2 UK REGULATIONS AND TESTS FOR FURNITURE USED IN PUBLIC AREAS . 736 13.3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . 738 MARC JANSSENS 13.3.1 STATUTORY REGULATIONS . 738 13.3.2 U. S. SMOLDERING TESTS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES . 740 13.3.3 U. S. OPEN-FLAME TESTS FOR UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES . 746 13.4 MEASUREMENTS AND PREDICTIONS OF THE BURNING RATE OF FURNITURE . 750 MARC JANSSENS 13.4.1 MEASUREMENT METHODS . 750 13.4.1.1 CONE CALORIMETER . 750 13.4.1.2 FURNITURE CALORIMETER . 751 13.4.1.3 ROOM CALORIMETER . 752 13.4.2 MODEL PREDICTIONS . 754 13.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS . 755 PART III APPENDICES . 761 APPENDIX 1 - SUPPLIERS OF FLAME RETARDANTS AND SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS . 763 APPENDIX 2 - ABBREVIATIONS FOR PLASTICS AND FLAME RETARDANTS . 769 APPENDIX 3 - FLAME RETARDANTS: CHEMICAL NAMES AND CAS NUMBERS . 775 RUDOLF PFAENDNER APPENDIX 4 - JOURNALS AND BOOKS . 779 AUTHORS INDEX . 781 STANDARDS INDEX . 783 KEYWORDS INDEX . 791
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spelling	International plastics flammability handbook Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval 4th edition Cincinnati Hanser 2020 XXIII, 803 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd rswk-swf Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd rswk-swf Bauwesen Brandprüfung Brandverhalten Flammschutzmittel Kunststoffe Transportwesen FBKTALLG: Kunststoffe allgemein PLAS2020 Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 s Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 s DE-604 Troitzsch, Jürgen (DE-588)1068372516 edt Antonatus, Edith edt Hanser Publications (DE-588)1064064051 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-56990-763-4 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032610707&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4033676-1 (DE-588)4130914-5
title	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_alt	International plastics flammability handbook
title_auth	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_exact_search	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_exact_search_txtP	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_full	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_fullStr	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_full_unstemmed	Plastics flammability handbook principles, regulations, testing, and approval
title_short	Plastics flammability handbook
title_sort	plastics flammability handbook principles regulations testing and approval
title_sub	principles, regulations, testing, and approval
topic	Kunststoff (DE-588)4033676-1 gnd Brandverhalten (DE-588)4130914-5 gnd
topic_facet	Kunststoff Brandverhalten
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032610707&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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