Russian conservatism: managing change under permanent revolution
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
[2021]
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| Physical Description: | ix, 244 Seiten |
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Contents Foreword vii Vladimir Yakunin Introduction 1 1 Theorising Russian Conservatism 15 2 The Eurasian Schism in Russian Conservatism 35 3 The Rise of Conservatism from the Early Nineteenth Century 55 4 After the Crimean War: The Great Reforms and Revolutions 77 5 Reforming the Concept of a Conservative Political Economy 97 6 Conservatism under Communism and the Advent of Eurasianism 111 7 The Liberal Revolution of the 1990s 131 8 The Return of Russian Conservatism under Putin 151 9 The End of the Occidental Era and the Birth of Greater Eurasia 169 10 Russia as an International Conservative Power 189 Conclusion: Taming Russia’s Revolutionary Impulses 207 Bibliography 211 Index 231
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Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Adams, B., 65, 98 Adams, John Quincy, 148 agrarian community, 104 agrarian societies, 100, 104, 190 AIIB. See Chinese-led Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Aksakov, Ivan, 70 Aksakov, Konstantin, 6, 67 Albright, Madeleine, 137 Alexander I, 10, 58, 63, 66, 68, 73 Alexander П, 80-82, 85 Alexander III, 86 altmism, 25 American conservatism, 148 American Revolution, 21 American System, 104-6 The Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe (Gumilev), 129 Anglo-Russian rivalry, 91 anti-establishment parties, 198 anti-establishment sentiment, 193 “anti-gay laws,” 165 anti-hegemonic movement, 129 Aron, R., 139 artificial ideological dualism, 152 artificial intelligence, 180, 181 asymmetrical economic interdependence, 101 authoritarianism, 190 autocracy, 16, 26, 28, 34, 35-36, 39, 63, 64, 83, 87, 96, 112, 123; and empire, 44-45 Baker, James, 143 “balance of dependence,” 101 Baldwin, Stanley, 164 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 181 Berdyaev, N„ 4, 8, 20, 22, 24, 25, 44, 71, 93, 100, 122, 159 Bering Strait, 173 Bismarkian economy, 99 Black Sea, 80, 168; expansion in, 88-90 Blair, Tony, 137 Bolshevik Revolution, 6, 7, 11, 20-22, 78, 95, 123, 124, 130, 137, 162 Bolsheviks, 95, 112, 126, 130; feminism for, 118; intemationalism/globalism of, 115; policies, 114; revolutionary mission of, 111 Bolshevik yoke, 126 Bolshevism, 3, 122, 123 231
232 Book of Poverty and Wealth (Pososhkov), 48 Boxer Rebellion, 92 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 140, 141 Bretton Woods system, 180 Brezhnev, L. I., 114, 116 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative Britain: economic-military supremacy, 169; and France, conflict between, 60; geography and topography of, 37; industrial revolution, 79; as maritime power, 105, 108, 109; in Opium Wars, 180; rise to geoeconomic dominance, 102 British Empire, 78, 175 British-French partnership, 75 British India, 90-91, 169 British-Russian rivalry, 174 Brzeziński, Z., 143, 176, 177, 185 Buchanan, Patrick, 197 Bulgakov, Sergei, 93 Burke, Edmund, 4, 20, 21, 24, 31 Bush, G„ 141 Byzantine Empire, 33-34, 38, 40, 41, 80, 135, 207; cultural link to, 39 capitalism, 2, 74, 98, 107, 109, 111, 152; ideological functions of, 117; industrial revolution and, 29-30 Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 160 Catherine the Great, 26, 43, 52, 55-57, 160; liberal reforms of, 66; tradition of, 58 Catholic Church, 39 CEF. See China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund Chaadayev, Pyotr, 67 Chadaaev, 68 change: and modernity, 32; radical and disruptive, 31 chauvinism, 127 Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 24 Chevron-Texaco, 132 Chicherin, Boris, 22, 82, 83, 157 Index China: Boxer Rebellion, 92; cooperation between Russia and, 170; develop Eurasian “American system,” 180; pushing Russia towards, 178-79; rapid and disruptive developments in, 204; Western technologies with, 178 China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund (CEF), 184 Chinese-led Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (АІШ), 184, 187 Chinese Shanghai Spirit, 180 Christianity, 28, 29, 31,
34, 38-39, 41, 57, 65, 67, 87, 98, 120, 126, 147, 148, 193, 201; decline of, 32; tolerance in, 33 Churchill, Winston, 140 The City without a Name and Russian Nights (Odoyevsky), 62 civilisational diversity, 139 “civilised people,” 127 civil liberties, revolutionary change of, 81 civil war, 6, 132, 135 Clay, Henry, 104 Clinton, Bill, 142 Cold War, 1, 9, 12, 13, 113, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 152, 164,169,170, 197; aftermath of, 153; bloc politics, 143, 198; capitalism-communist divide of, 196; conservatism as alternative to dualism of, 152-54; geopolitics of Eurasian Heartland, 174-76; hegemony after, 176-78; ideological division of, 131; United States during, 106 collective identity, 68 Common Eurasian Home, 209 Common European Home, 136, 137, 140, 186-88 communal housing, 118 communes, 11, 45, 60, 69, 82, 85, 93, 190
Index communism, 112, 113, 123, 147, 151, 152, 154, 156; collapse of, 132; Eurasian transition away from, 129-30 communist ideology, 111 communist internationalism, 115 Communist Man, 21, 111 The Communist Manifesto, 74 Communist Party, 112, 116, 152, 204 communist revolution, 131 Communist Revolution, 180 communitarianism, 33 complex society, 29-30 Concert of Europe, 59 Confucianism, 204 Congress of Berlin, 94 Congress of Vienna, 59 Conrad, J., 32 conservatism, 1, 4, 15, 84, 85, 90, 93, 95-99, 117, 126, 131, 151; as alternative to dualism of Cold War, 152-54; challenge for, 32; communist rule of Soviets, 112; core principle of, 15; fundamental assumptions of, 27; ideas of, 21; liberalism versus, 163-65; and liberty, 25-27; of Nicholas I, 56, 61-63; organic change, 16. See also organic change; positional ideology, 20; positional nature of, 20; primary principle for, 1-2; principal idea of, 130; in revolutionary state, 113-14; social exclusion in clashes, 23; theoretical assumptions, 16 conservative development strategy, 107 conservative ideology, 17, 18 conservative philosophy, 112, 124, 192 conservative political economy, 97, 103, 110, 158; theorising of, 98-101; in United States, 104 conservative revolution, 147 conservatives, 27, 32, 82, 85-87, 94, 97, 160, 205; communitarianism of, 24; intervention during revolutions of 233 1848, 73-74; task for, 15; of world unite, 190-92 conservative Slavophiles, rise of, 67-70 conservative state ideology, towards establishment of, 156-59 conservative theory, 19 Constantinople, 41, 42, 57, 78, 80, 89, 135, 189, 208 contemporary
conservatism, 34 contemporary liberals, 158-59 contemporary Russian conservatism, 7, 151, 159 Continental System, 59 Com Laws, 102, 177 cosmopolitan-globalism, nationalpatriotism versus, 196-99 cosmopolitanism, 127 Cossack-Russian Treaty of Pereyaslav, 47 Cossacks, 58, 72 “counter-civilisational force,” 143 Counter-Enlightenment movement, 17, 19 “counter-revolutionary act,” 138 Crédit Mobilier, 105-6 Crimean War, 5, 11, 77, 91, 96, 180; defeat in, 78-80; defeat to Japan, 91-92; Russia’s defeat in, 78, 90 cultural conservatism, 63, 109, 204 cultural conservative movements, 62 cultural conservatives, 55, 56 cultural imperialism, 114 Cultural Revolution, 19, 22, 36, 71, 147, 208; by Peter the Great, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 47-50, 56, 62, 67, 124-25, 131, 195 culture, 16, 127-28; European, 5; religion and morality, 30-34 Danilevsky, N., 6, 28, 73, 80, 89, 90, 139 Dead Souls (Gogol), 71-72 Decembrist Revolt, 59-61, 74 Decree on Land Nationalisation, 120
234 Index de-dollarisation campaign, 183 de Gaulle, Charles, 155 De Maistre, Joseph, 190 democracy, 21,133, 135, 141, 142, 144, 196; durable conception of, 159; egalitarianism within, 33 democratic reforms, 5 Democratic Revolution (1905), 78, 92-95 démocratisation, 155 Denki, Anton, 158 Digital Silk Road, 182 Discourse in Ancient and Modem Style of the Russian Language (Shishkov), 63 disruptions, 96; responding to, 87-88 distinctive social group, 26 distinctive, universal and, 27-29 domestic financial instruments, 183 Donskoy Monastery, Moscow, 158 Dostoyevsky, A., 125, 161 Dostoyevsky, F., 6-8, 18, 19, 71, 81, 83, 87-90,119, 134, 140 dual identity, 50-52 dualism, of Russia, 78 duality of mankind, 15, 17-19 Durkheim, Émile, 98 EAEU, 187 early conservative pragmatism, 154-56 “Eastern Opening” initiative, 203 Eastern Slavic tribes, 38 economic backwardness, 106 economic development models, 35 economic interdependence, 101 economic liberalism, 5, 132; advances individualism, 34; under hegemon, 101-3 ‘economic man,” 195 economic modernisation, in Western Europe, 103 economic nationalism, 100, 103-5, 109, 170; as nation-building, 103-6 economic nationalist policies, 107 education, 82-83 egalitarianism, 33 Eisenhower, Dwight, 147, 175 emancipation, of serfs, 81-82 embedded liberalism, 147 émigré community, 112, 121-24 empire, question of, 134-36 Engels, Friedrich, 74, 118 England, breakup of communes in, 82 Enlightenment, 1,4, 6, 10, 17, 19, 26, 32, 36, 50, 62, 69, 77, 153, 190, 193, 208; conservative ideology, 18 equality, 33, 142; between genders, 117 ethnic minorities, 116
ethno-cultural distinctiveness, 116 ethno-cultural nation-state, 26 ethno-nationalism, 136 EU. See European Union Eurasia: economic structure, 108; expansion to southern, 90-91; geoeconomic balance of dependence in, 184-85; geography, 35, 36; political economy, 169, 204 Eurasian conservatism, 204-5 Eurasian continental political economy, 188 Eurasian Economic Union, 186 Eurasian empire, 42-44 Eurasian Heartland, 173; Cold War geopolitics of, 174-76 Eurasianism, 3, 113, 162, 171, 186, 187, 204; development of, 169; as evolution of Russian conservatism, 124-29; political economy of, 17274; of Trubetskoi and Savitsky, 169, 173; Western critics of, 126 Eurasianist political economy, 180, 208, 209 Eurasian partnerships, 209 Europe: civilisational belonging in, 80; faltering of political centre, 199; instrument for integrating with, 186-87; religious homogenisation,
Index 48; revolutions across, 74; Russia and, 120-21 European civilisation, 66, 67 European conservatism, 201-3; origin of, 20 European conservatives, 34 European culture, 5 Europe and Mankind (Trubetskoi), 127 European empire, multi-ethnic, 45 European identity, 30, 35, 38, 78 European ideology, 128 European integration, 145 Europeanisation, of Russia, 49, 55 European land-powers, 182 European nation-state model, 136 European question, 140^14 European security system, 59 European Union (EU), 164, 167; Chamber of Commerce in China, 180; INOGATE initiative, 182 European yoke, 45-47 Europe Whole and Free, 137, 142 EU-Russia Common Spaces Agreement (2005), 167 EU-Russian “Partnership for Modernisation” initiative (2010), 142 Exodus to the East (Savitsky), 174 ExxonMobile, 132 family, 116-19 fascism, 121, 147 feminism, 194; for Bolsheviks, 118 Ferguson, Adam, 25 financial instruments, 183-84 First World War, 6, 140, 173; and revolution, 94-96 Floro vsky, Georgy, 124 Ford, Gerald, 197 Foundations of the State Cultural Policy, 159 Fourth Industrial Revolution, 151 France, 78, 79; defeat of, 75; political forces in, 201-2; revolutionary forces 235 from, 56; revolutionary spirit of, 72; victory over, 60 Frank, Semyon, 93, 157 Fredrich Ebert Foundation, 172 Freedman, Milton, 148 free-market, 98, 142 free-market capitalism, 82, 97, 99, 106, 141 free-trade, 102, 104, 147 French Declaration of Rights, 56-57 French Enlightenment, 56 French industrial market economy, 98 French-led Continental System, 59, 105 French National Convention, 137 French nationalism, 2, 56, 64 French Revolution,
20, 21, 26, 28, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 74, 81, 99, 137, 156, 189, 208 Freud, Sigmund, 17 Friedman, G., 175 Fukuyama, F., 137, 196 Gaider, Yegor, 155 Game Laws, 82 genders, equality between, 117 geoeconomic power, 101 geography: of Britain, 37; of Eurasia, 35, 36; of Germany, 37; theorising importance of, 36-38, 52 German nationalism, 28, 72 German unification, 89 Germany: adopted economic nationalist policies, 105; education system, 67; geography, 37; political and economic structures in, 191; principal nodes on western and eastern edge of Eurasia, 177; rise of, 106 German Zollverein, 105 Gershenzon, Mikhail, 93 Glazyev, Sergei, 133, 157 Glinka, Sergei, 62, 63, 70 global financial crisis, 179
236 globalisation, 202; liberal format for, 193 globalism, of Bolsheviks, 115 Gogol, Nikolai, 71-72 Golden Horde, 35, 39-42, 135 gold reserve, 183-84 Gorbachev, 116, 136; Common European Home, 140, 186-88 Gore, Al, 198 gradual development, 22, 34, 65-66 Gramschi, 129 Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 59 Grand Principality of Moscow, 42 The Great Deflation, 90 Greater Eurasia, 170, 185, 187; geoeconomic strategy for, 170 Greater Eurasia Initiative, 186 Greater Europe, 140, 141, 170; political economy of, 171-72 Great Game, 91,169 Great Northern War, 47-48, 80,134 Great Reforms, 11, 77, 78, 80-81, 88, 96 The Great Transformation (Polanyi), 29 Greek civilisation, 67 Greek mythology, 18 Grigoryev, Apollon, 71, 90 Grigoryev, L., 161 group, individual versus, 23-25 Gumilev, Lev, 129-30 Hamann, Johann Georg, 62 Hamilton, Alexander, 11, 103-7; threepillared American System, 180 Haxthausen, A., 191 Heartland Theory, 174; analytical framework of, 175; ideas behind, 176 Heidegger, M., 84, 121 Herder, J. G., 24, 28, 62, 67, 85,121 Hindu nationalism, 204 Hitchens, Peter, 42 Hobsbawm, E., 194 Index homogenisation, 116 human development, 2 human rights, 32-33 Hungarian conservatives, 203 Hungarian Turanism, 203 Huntington, S. P., 20, 153, 197 idealism, 140 ideologies, 157; artificial ideological dualism, 152; communist, 111; conservatism, positional ideology, 20; conservative, 17,18; European, 128; functions of capitalism, 117; liberal, 147; liberalism, 194; Marxist, 114,162; political, 157; positional, 20; of socialism, 194; Western, 129 “illiberal hegemony,” 138 Ilyin, Ivan, 8, 121-22, 124, 158,
159 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Indian conservatism, 204 individual: collective and, 26; versus group, 23-25 individualism, 148, 149, 195; and communitarianism, 33; political and economic liberalism advances, 34 industrialisation, 77, 78, 80, 97-99, 103, 104, 106, 109, 208 industrialised conservative political economy, 170 industrialised economy, 79 industrial power, 100 industrial revolution, 79, 98, 108, 180, 193; and capitalism, 29-30 industrial society, 98; in Western Europe, 3; Western European, 100 The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Mahan), 175 instability, responding to, 87-88 instinct, reason versus, 17-19 international conservatism, 205 internationalism, 129, 137; of Bolsheviks, 115 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 179
Index investment banks, 184 Islamic Ottoman Empire, 80 Island Russia, 165-68 Island Theory (Tsymbursky), 166 Ivanov, Igor, 172 Ivan the Terrible, 43, 45^46 Izgoev, Aleksandr, 93 Jacobin movement, 57 Japan: Crimean War, defeat to, 91-92; defeat to, 78; under pressure to improve relations with Russia, 185; principal nodes on western and eastern edge of Eurasia, 177; rise of, 106 Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 29, 30, 100, 104, 148 judicial reforms, 82-83 Jung, Carl, 17, 29 The Justification of the Good (Solovyov), 159 Kant’s “Perpetual Peace,” 137 Karaganov, Sergei, 149, 162, 166 The Karamazov Brothers (Dostoyevsky), 134 Karamzin, N. M., 6, 8, 21, 48, 51, 56, 63, 69, 70 Karsavin, Lev, 124 Katkov, Mikhail, 32, 82, 84, 85, 88 Kazan, victory and conquest of, 42 Kennan, George, 24, 36, 43, 133, 138, 141-43, 148, 149, 173, 176, 191 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 132 Khomyakov, A., 6, 33, 67-70, 190 Khrushchev, 113, 114, 116, 120 Kievan Rus, 3, 7, 9, 33, 35, 59, 100, 116, 126, 135; fragmentation of, 39, 207; history and legacy of, 40, 160; to Mongol yoke, from, 38-42 Kireevsky, Ivan, 6, 67-70 Kissinger, Henry, 142, 145 237 Kistiakovskii, Bogdan, 93 Kostomarov, 83 Kotkin, S., 43 Kozyrev, Andrei, 171, 172 Kremlin, 113, 159, 160, 164, 166; conservatism of, 200 land-based empire, 45, 52 Lavrov, Sergei, 139, 167, 199 The Law of Civilization and Decay (Adams), 98-99 Lenin, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120 Leontiev, Konstantin, 6, 33, 90, 192 Le Pen, Marine, 201-2 Levada Center, 172 liberal democratic bias, 199 “liberal division of labour trap,” 178 liberal economics, 150; advocacy of, 104 liberal hegemony, 137,
138, 142, 155 “liberal idea,” 138 liberal ideology, 147 liberal individualism, 24 liberal internationalism, 172 liberal international order, 131, 136^10, 144, 192 liberal intolerance, 195 liberalisation, 113, 134, 154 liberalism, 17, 29, 84, 132, 137, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 189, 192, 193, 195; of Alexander I, (1801-1825), 58; versus authoritarianism, 190; versus conservatism, 163-65; contemporary decoupling of, 25; crisis of ravages, 203; excesses of, 159; function of, 138; ideologies of, 194; political and economic, 34; progressive ideologies of, 18-20; versus socialism, 152; triumph of, 137 liberalism internationalism, 142 liberal laissez-faire economics, 103 liberal post-ethnic identity, 144
238 liberal reforms, 26, 37, 59; of Peter the Great, Catherine the Great and Alexander I, 66 liberal revolution (1990), 6, 131,150, 151, 162; failure of, 152 liberal universalism, 139 liberty, conservatism and, 25-27 “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” slogan, 64 Lieven, Andrei, 124 The Life of Genghis Khan (Vladimirtsov), 184 Lindbergh, Charles, 21 List, Friedrich, 11, 97, 100, 103, 105-7 Livonian War, 45-46 local governance, 82-83 Louis XVI, 57 Louis-Philippe, King, 73 Lukin, Vladimir, 141 Lutheran Church, 119 Maas, Haiko, 164, 165 Mackinder, H. J„ 108, 140, 170, 17375, 177, 182; Heartland Theoiy, 108 Macron, E., 202 The Made in China 2025 Initiative, 180 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 175 mankind: dominant instinct in, 15; duality of, 15, 17-19; intrinsic and misguided belief, 18; liberal idea posits, 17; primordial instinct in, 34; principal instinct of, 23; schism within, 29 manners, 32 Marcuse, H., 195 Marxism, 113, 119,128,131,153; legal relativism of, 132 Marxist communitarianism, 24 Marxist ideology, 114, 162 Marxist internationalism, 142 Marx, Karl, 24, 74,119 materialism, 195 Matlock, Jack, 141 McCain, John, 144 Index Medvedev (President), 164 Meiji Restoration, 106 Merkel, 188 Migranyan, Andranik, 166 military draft, 60 military power, demand for, 45 Mill, John Stuart, 23 modernisation, 1, 5, 36, 47, 51, 55, 80, 81, 86, 93, 104, 105, 155, 156, 169, 208; change and, 32; policies, 77; in Western Europe, 5 modem Russia, 133; conservatism, 168 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 164 Mongols, 19, 35, 39, 125, 135, 203, 207; invasion of, 40, 41, 52, 124; supremacy, 41 Mongol yoke, 22, 26,
33, 35, 46,126, 207; from Kievan Rus to, 38^42 morality, 26; culture, religion and, 30-34 moral relativism, 33 Moscow, 152, 181; conservative philosophy, 192; expansion and consolidation of Russian lands by, 45; political platform, 202; principality of, 40; rejection of role to Western civilisation and liberal hegemony, 155; relationship with West, 185; Russian historical figures in, 157-58; spiritual centre, 41 Motherland Movement, 157 Mozhaev, Boris, 49 Mudde, C., 194 multi-ethnic empire, 64 Munich Security Conference, 188 Muslim Tatars, 136 Napoleon, 58, 74, 134, 189; and Decembrist Revolt, 59-61 Napoleonic Continental System, 105 Napoleonic Wars, 144 Narochnitskaya, N., 39, 198 Narodmki movement, 84—86 nation, 114-16; question of, 134-36
Index national identity, development of, 34 national integration, 103 nationalism, 24, 25, 89, 121,136, 144; German nationalism, 28 nationalist movements, 26 national-patriotism versus cosmopolitanglobalism, 196-99 National Security Concept, 171 national unity, 194 nation-building project, 116 nation-states, 192; reinvention of, 135 NATO, 121, 141-42, 167; Uberal “humanitarian” intervention, 145 NATO expansionism, 143, 171, 172 Navalny, 146 Nazi Germany, 113, 164 neoconservatives, 148 neoUberaUsm, 193, 196 neoUberal policies, 132 Nicholas I, 60, 61, 66, 73, 74, 77, 80; conservatism of, 61-63 Nicholas П, 86, 92-94, 107 Nietzsche, F„ 32, 69, 84, 111 nihilism, 84, 112, 132, 198 Nixon, Richard, 197 non-Russian ethnic groups, 115 Nordic Rus, 19, 207 Norris, John, 145 Northern Society, 61 North-South Transportation Corridor (NSTC), 183 November uprising, 61 NSTC. See North-South Transportation Corridor Nuova, Forza, 202 Obama, В., 179 October Manifesto (1905), 93 October Revolution, 160 Odoyevsky, Vladimir, 62, 63 official nationaUsm, 2 Official NationaUty, 63-65, 74 OIC. See Organisation of the Islamic Conference 239 The Old Regime and the Revolution (Tocqueville), 99 One-China policy, 179 Opium Wars, 91, 180, 204 optimism, 87 Orange Revolution, 144 Orbán, Viktor, 203 Order of Maternal Glory, 119 organic change, 2, 4, 5, 15, 16; versus revolutionary change, 19-23 organic development, 61 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 140, 150nl, 192 Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 186 Orthodox Christianity, 48 Orthodox Church, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 33-35,
37, 40, 49, 50, 52, 57, 58, 63, 64, 68, 84, 85, 87, 93, 107, 112, 114, 119-21, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 163, 168, 191, 207, 209 “Orthodox-Russian conservatism,” 26 OSCE. See Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Ottoman Empire, 47, 79, 89, 91, 94 Our Tasks (Ilyin), 159 Paine, Thomas, 23 Panarin, A., 156, 185, 186, 195 Pan-Slavism, 3, 6-7, 26, 28, 72-73; philosophy of, 120; revival of, 8890; Russian-centric format for, 89 Pan-Turkism, 125 parenting, 118 Pascal, Blaise, 17 Paul I, 57, 59, 78 Pavlik Morozov, 118 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 144 Pensées, 17 Peresvetov, 41 Peter the Great, 19, 34, 43, 51, 52, 55, 59, 75, 77, 80, 90, 134, 155, 174, 208; Cultural Revolution by, 3,
240 4, 6, 7, 10, 22, 47-50, 56, 62, 67, 124-25, 131, 195; deep and rapid reforms, 36; liberal reforms of, 66; modernisation of Russia, 4; tradition of, 58 Petrine reforms, 47, 49, 50 Petrograd Soviet, 95 Philosophy of Inequality (Berdyaev), 159 Pitt, William, 102 Plato, 33, 158, 196 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 21, 88, 107 Pogodin, Mikhail, 38 Poland, 202 Polanyi, K., 29 polarisation, 194; of Western society, 195 “Polar Silk Road,” 183 Polish-Lithuanian occupation forces, 160 Polish Rebellion (1830-1831), 61, 84 political conservatism, 6, 55, 64, 109 political culture, 83 political economy, 8, 14, 97; of conservative Eurasianism, 170; of Eurasianism, 172-74; of Greater Eurasia, 170; of Greater Europe, 171-72 political ideology, 157 political liberalism, advances individualism, 34 political pluralism, 2, 21, 67 Political Right, 147, 194 populism, 193 populists, rise of, 192-96, 198 Port Arthur, 92 Posen, B., 138, 163 positional ideology, 20 Pososhkov, Ivan, 48, 103 post-Cold War era, 138, 142, 177 Dost-Cold War generation, 172 post-Cold War strategy, 178 post-imperial conservatism, 165-68 post-imperial Russia, 135 post-national Soviet Union, 116 Index post-Soviet conservatism, 201 post-Soviet Russia, 121, 185, 209 post-Soviet space, 201 pre-communist Russia, 1, 190 pre-Petrine Russia, 71 Primakov, Yevgeny, 171, 172 private ownership, 93-94 purchasing power parity (PPP), 183 Putin, V., 7, 8, 13, 27, 129, 133,136, 146, 151, 153-55, 160, 163, 168, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199-202, 209; conservative argument against West, 164; defined himself as pragmatic conservative, 158; excesses of
liberalism, 159; official state ideology, 157; policy manifesto (1999), 156; reject radical secularism of West, 197 Quigley, Carroll, 65 radical changes, 2, 4, 9 radical individualism, 195 radicalism, 93, 139 radical modernisation, 50 radical movements, rise of, 83-85 radical secularism, 37 rapid industrialisation, 85-87, 109 RCIF. See Russia-China Investment Fund Reagan, R„ 148, 176, 197 Realien, 36 reason: versus instinct, 17-19; and religion, 30; sovereignty of, 17; in Western Europe, 5 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 4 regional financial instruments, 183 Reign of Terror, 57, 139 religion: culture, morality and, 30-34; homogenisation, 48; practices, 160 Repressive Tolerance, 195 reversed colonisation, 135 revisionism, 144
Index revolutionary century, of history, 159-61 revolutionary change, organic change versus, 19-23 revolutionary reforms, 83-84 revolutionary Russia, 3-6 revolutionary soviet legacy, conservatives salvaging parts of, 161-63 Ricardo, David, 102 “Rimland Theory,” 174 Rogozin, Dmitri, 157 Roman Empire, 33, 39 Romanov dynasty, 43 Romanov, Mikhail, 46 romanticism, 3, 17, 19 Rorty, R., 196 Rostopchin, Fedor, 62, 63 rural communities, 191 Rurik dynasty, 38, 46, 132 Russia: cultural distinctiveness and unity of, 122; historical peculiarities of, 55; modem conservatism of, 181; origin and civilisational roots of, 38; relationship with Europe, 120-21; socio-economic and political backwardness of, 96; technological and economic backwardness, 79 Russia-China Investment Fund (RCIF), 184 Russia-friendly political groups, 202 Russian-British Great Game, 169 Russian-Chinese partnership, 181 Russian conservatism, 2; “anti-Western” bent of, 28; challenges for, 207; Eurasianism as evolution of, 124—29; evolution of, 3, 6-8, 207, 209; historical challenge for, 209; resurgence of, 192; as soft power, 199-201 Russian economic nationalism, 106-9 Russian Empire, 26, 62, 89, 114, 116, 134 Russian Enlightenment, 77 241 Russian Eurasian Empire, 35 Russian Federation, 133, 136, 140, 160, 162, 165, 205 Russian Foreign Policy Concept, 200 Russian identity, 70 Russian international conservatism, 189 Russian Orthodox Church, 160, 167-68 Russian peasant, paradox for, 45 Russian Revolution, 182 Russian Trans-Caspian railway, 169 Russification, 89, 116, 126 Russo-Persian war (1826-1828), 78 Sakwa, Richard,
154 Salvini, Matteo, 202 Samarin, Yuri, 6, 67, 69, 70 Savitsky, P., 125, 127, 174, 180; Eurasianism of, 169, 173 Savitsky, Pyotr, 7, 124 schism, 10, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 35, 39, 51; in American conservatism, 148; between Europe and Asia, 22; in human nature, 33 Schmitt, Carl, 20 Scmton, R., 32 Second Russian Enlightenment, 77 Second Slav Congress, 89 Second World War, 6, 34, 118, 121, 137, 145, 162, 164, 169, 175 secularism, 37, 49, 197 serfdom, 35-36, 45, 55, 60, 62, 66, 69, 79, 81, 96; abolishment of, 77; emancipation of, 81-82, 95 Seven Years War, 52 shared national identity, 67 Shishkov, Aleksandr, 62-63 Siberian Republic, 177 Silk Road concept, 183 Single Alternative Fallacy, 153 Sino-Russian Union, 186 Slavdom, 39, 73, 185, 207 Slavophile movement, 3
242 Index Slavophiles, 3, 5, 6, 11, ЗО, 70, 74, 81, 87, 114, 125, 191; legacy of, 71-72; philosophy of, 120; predecessors of, 68 Slavophilism, 26, 67, 72, 113 Smith, Adam, 99, 103 Smith, E. Pechine, 106 social disruption, 82 social group, 16, 23, 32; distinctive, 26; united and cohesive, 25-26 socialism, 84, 85, 99, 115, 117; ideologies of, 194; liberalism versus, 152; progressive ideologies of, 18-20 “social man,” 195 social membership, change and reproduction of, 3 societies, with high industrial capacity, 98 socio-economic collapse, 132-34, 151 socio-economic disruptions, 48, 78, 85, 86 socio-economic reforms, 5 socio-political reforms, 94 Solovyov, Vladimir, 159 Solzhenitsyn, A., 8, 31, 135, 152, 153, 160 Sorokin, Pitirim, 65 Soviet communism, 43, 113; internationalism of, 115 Soviet Eurasianism, 126 Soviet liberation, 165 Soviet patriotism, 115 Soviet Republics, 135, 145,146 Soviet Union, 8, 12, 26, 27, 29, 47, 95, 112-15, 118, 120, 121, 127, 129, 133, 135, 149, 154, 160, 164, 173-75, 208, 209; collapse of, 130, 134, 137, 141, 142, 162, 163; disintegration of, 177; ethno-federal structure of, 116; leadership of, 136-37 Sowell, T., 25 Spengler, О., 21, 65, 191 Speransky, Mikhail, 10, 58, 59, 65 spheres of influence, 167 spheres of interests, 167 spirituality, 3, 208 splinternet, 180-81 Spykman (1942), 174, 175 “Spykman-Kennan thesis of containment,” 175-76 Stalin, J., 33, 34, 114, 115, 121, 163; “bourgeois nations” versus “socialist nations,” 115; denunciation of, 113; ethnic minorities deported by, 116 state-led industrialisation, 99 “state-protective conservatism,” 26
Stolypin, Pyotr, 5, 6, 8, 93, 157 St. Petersburg, 49, 52 strategic industries, 180-81 Struve, Peter, 92, 93, 123, 157 Stuart, John, 23 Sullivan, Andrew, 4 Suvchinsky, 121 Talbott, Strobe, 145 Tariff Act (1891), 107 Tatars, 42-46 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 87 territorial expansion, 41 “Third Holy Rome,” 28, 34, 41 ‘Third Rome,” 189 Times of Trouble, 36, 46 Tocqueville, 99 Tolstoy, Leo, 87 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 29 top-down growth, 30 top-down reforms, 27 topography: of Britain, 37; theorising importance of, 36-38, 52 Toppi, Gian Luca, 198 totalitarianism, 164 Toynbee, Arnold, 65 TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement trade-related intellectual property rights, 178
243 Index tradition, 3, 24; disruptive and destructive pendulum swing, 30; of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, 58 traditional communities, 82, 93, 100, 193 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, 179 transportation corridors, 181-83 Transport Corridor Europe-CaucasusAsia (TRACECA), 182 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 91, 93, 108, 182 Treatise on the Origin of Language (Herder), 62 Treaty of Aigun (1858), 91 Treaty of Etemal Peace (1686), 47 Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 173 Treaty of Paris (1856), 80, 81 Treaty of Peking (1860), 91 Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654), 116 Treaty of Rapallo (1922), 173 Treaty of Štolbovo (1617), 80, 143, 209 Trenin, D., 145, 156 tribalism, 23 Trotsky, Leon, 22 Trubetskoi, N„ 7, 124, 125, 127-29; Eurasianism of, 169, 173 Trump, Donald, 179, 196, 199, 202 Tsarist Russia, 114 Tsymbursky, Vadim, 166, 167 Turanism, 203 Turgenev, Ivan, 87 Turner, Fredrick Jackson, 148 Tusk, Donald, 163 105; establish autonomous economic infrastructure, 104; geoeconomic leadership of, 178; hegemonic strategy of, 176; historical responsibility of, 174; ideological leadership of, 137; invigorated in, 175; leadership of, 136-37; liberal economics, 177; revisionism as, 141; state intervention and protectionism, Vehki, 93 Vernadsky, Georgy, 129 Vico, Giambattista, 65 Vikings, 38 Vladimirtsov, 184 Vladivostok, 95; establishment of, 91 Volfson, S„ 118 Von Bismarck, Otto, 31 Von Clausewitz, 188 von Hayek, Friedrich, 148 von Schelling, Friedrich, 67 Ukraine: crisis (2014), 167-68; Western-backed coup in, 172 unbalanced development, 22 United States, 37; armed with nuclear
weapons, 121; during Cold War, 106; conservatism in, 148; conservative political economy, 104; economic self-sufficiency for nation-building, Walesa, Lech, 202 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 87 WASP. See White Anglo-Saxon Protestants Weber, Max, 29, 98 West: anti-Russian historical revisionism of, 165; ethno-nationalist paradox, 144-46; hostile strategy 102 universalism, 127, 139, 154, 162; and distinctive, 27-29 urbanisation, 78, 85-87 US Defense Planning Guidance, 176 US-led international economic system, 179 US National Security Council, 176 US National Security Strategy, 176 US post-Cold War Strategy, 176 Uvarov, Sergei, 10, 27, 28, 56, 77, 156, 160, 208; and civilisation, 65-66; and education, 66-67; and Official Nationality, 63-65, 74
244 Index to Russia, 185; liberal inclinations of, 163; liberal revolutionary movements, 168; lose stams as role model, 146-49; radical secularism of, 197; re-interpreting history, 164; Russian conservatism in, 191 Western-centric approach, 189 Western civilisation, 155 Western community, 171 Western conservatives, 146, 190, 192; segments of, 199 Western cosmopolitanism, 127 Western Europe: economic modernisation in, 103; economic relations with, 107; industrial societies in, 3; liberal decadence in, 28; military campaign in, 120֊21; peoples of, 23; reason and modernisation in, 5 Western identity, 3 Western ideology, 129 Westemisers, 114,125 Western liberal elites, 200-201 Western liberal hegemony, 156 Western society, 149; polarisation of, 195 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP), 147 Wilde, Oscar, 196 Wilson, Woodrow, 137 Witte, Sergei, 8, 11, 86, 93, 97, 103, 107, 108, 183 Yabloko, 141 Yanukovich (President), 134 Yaroslav the Wise, 39 Yeltsin, 12, 13, 131, 136, 140, 151, 156, 171 Zemsky Sobor, 46 zemstvo, 82-83, 86-87 zero-sum approach, 167 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Contents Foreword vii Vladimir Yakunin Introduction 1 1 Theorising Russian Conservatism 15 2 The Eurasian Schism in Russian Conservatism 35 3 The Rise of Conservatism from the Early Nineteenth Century 55 4 After the Crimean War: The Great Reforms and Revolutions 77 5 Reforming the Concept of a Conservative Political Economy 97 6 Conservatism under Communism and the Advent of Eurasianism 111 7 The Liberal Revolution of the 1990s 131 8 The Return of Russian Conservatism under Putin 151 9 The End of the Occidental Era and the Birth of Greater Eurasia 169 10 Russia as an International Conservative Power 189 Conclusion: Taming Russia’s Revolutionary Impulses 207 Bibliography 211 Index 231
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Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. Adams, B., 65, 98 Adams, John Quincy, 148 agrarian community, 104 agrarian societies, 100, 104, 190 AIIB. See Chinese-led Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Aksakov, Ivan, 70 Aksakov, Konstantin, 6, 67 Albright, Madeleine, 137 Alexander I, 10, 58, 63, 66, 68, 73 Alexander П, 80-82, 85 Alexander III, 86 altmism, 25 American conservatism, 148 American Revolution, 21 American System, 104-6 The Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe (Gumilev), 129 Anglo-Russian rivalry, 91 anti-establishment parties, 198 anti-establishment sentiment, 193 “anti-gay laws,” 165 anti-hegemonic movement, 129 Aron, R., 139 artificial ideological dualism, 152 artificial intelligence, 180, 181 asymmetrical economic interdependence, 101 authoritarianism, 190 autocracy, 16, 26, 28, 34, 35-36, 39, 63, 64, 83, 87, 96, 112, 123; and empire, 44-45 Baker, James, 143 “balance of dependence,” 101 Baldwin, Stanley, 164 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 181 Berdyaev, N„ 4, 8, 20, 22, 24, 25, 44, 71, 93, 100, 122, 159 Bering Strait, 173 Bismarkian economy, 99 Black Sea, 80, 168; expansion in, 88-90 Blair, Tony, 137 Bolshevik Revolution, 6, 7, 11, 20-22, 78, 95, 123, 124, 130, 137, 162 Bolsheviks, 95, 112, 126, 130; feminism for, 118; intemationalism/globalism of, 115; policies, 114; revolutionary mission of, 111 Bolshevik yoke, 126 Bolshevism, 3, 122, 123 231
232 Book of Poverty and Wealth (Pososhkov), 48 Boxer Rebellion, 92 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 140, 141 Bretton Woods system, 180 Brezhnev, L. I., 114, 116 BRI. See Belt and Road Initiative Britain: economic-military supremacy, 169; and France, conflict between, 60; geography and topography of, 37; industrial revolution, 79; as maritime power, 105, 108, 109; in Opium Wars, 180; rise to geoeconomic dominance, 102 British Empire, 78, 175 British-French partnership, 75 British India, 90-91, 169 British-Russian rivalry, 174 Brzeziński, Z., 143, 176, 177, 185 Buchanan, Patrick, 197 Bulgakov, Sergei, 93 Burke, Edmund, 4, 20, 21, 24, 31 Bush, G„ 141 Byzantine Empire, 33-34, 38, 40, 41, 80, 135, 207; cultural link to, 39 capitalism, 2, 74, 98, 107, 109, 111, 152; ideological functions of, 117; industrial revolution and, 29-30 Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 160 Catherine the Great, 26, 43, 52, 55-57, 160; liberal reforms of, 66; tradition of, 58 Catholic Church, 39 CEF. See China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund Chaadayev, Pyotr, 67 Chadaaev, 68 change: and modernity, 32; radical and disruptive, 31 chauvinism, 127 Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 24 Chevron-Texaco, 132 Chicherin, Boris, 22, 82, 83, 157 Index China: Boxer Rebellion, 92; cooperation between Russia and, 170; develop Eurasian “American system,” 180; pushing Russia towards, 178-79; rapid and disruptive developments in, 204; Western technologies with, 178 China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund (CEF), 184 Chinese-led Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (АІШ), 184, 187 Chinese Shanghai Spirit, 180 Christianity, 28, 29, 31,
34, 38-39, 41, 57, 65, 67, 87, 98, 120, 126, 147, 148, 193, 201; decline of, 32; tolerance in, 33 Churchill, Winston, 140 The City without a Name and Russian Nights (Odoyevsky), 62 civilisational diversity, 139 “civilised people,” 127 civil liberties, revolutionary change of, 81 civil war, 6, 132, 135 Clay, Henry, 104 Clinton, Bill, 142 Cold War, 1, 9, 12, 13, 113, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 152, 164,169,170, 197; aftermath of, 153; bloc politics, 143, 198; capitalism-communist divide of, 196; conservatism as alternative to dualism of, 152-54; geopolitics of Eurasian Heartland, 174-76; hegemony after, 176-78; ideological division of, 131; United States during, 106 collective identity, 68 Common Eurasian Home, 209 Common European Home, 136, 137, 140, 186-88 communal housing, 118 communes, 11, 45, 60, 69, 82, 85, 93, 190
Index communism, 112, 113, 123, 147, 151, 152, 154, 156; collapse of, 132; Eurasian transition away from, 129-30 communist ideology, 111 communist internationalism, 115 Communist Man, 21, 111 The Communist Manifesto, 74 Communist Party, 112, 116, 152, 204 communist revolution, 131 Communist Revolution, 180 communitarianism, 33 complex society, 29-30 Concert of Europe, 59 Confucianism, 204 Congress of Berlin, 94 Congress of Vienna, 59 Conrad, J., 32 conservatism, 1, 4, 15, 84, 85, 90, 93, 95-99, 117, 126, 131, 151; as alternative to dualism of Cold War, 152-54; challenge for, 32; communist rule of Soviets, 112; core principle of, 15; fundamental assumptions of, 27; ideas of, 21; liberalism versus, 163-65; and liberty, 25-27; of Nicholas I, 56, 61-63; organic change, 16. See also organic change; positional ideology, 20; positional nature of, 20; primary principle for, 1-2; principal idea of, 130; in revolutionary state, 113-14; social exclusion in clashes, 23; theoretical assumptions, 16 conservative development strategy, 107 conservative ideology, 17, 18 conservative philosophy, 112, 124, 192 conservative political economy, 97, 103, 110, 158; theorising of, 98-101; in United States, 104 conservative revolution, 147 conservatives, 27, 32, 82, 85-87, 94, 97, 160, 205; communitarianism of, 24; intervention during revolutions of 233 1848, 73-74; task for, 15; of world unite, 190-92 conservative Slavophiles, rise of, 67-70 conservative state ideology, towards establishment of, 156-59 conservative theory, 19 Constantinople, 41, 42, 57, 78, 80, 89, 135, 189, 208 contemporary
conservatism, 34 contemporary liberals, 158-59 contemporary Russian conservatism, 7, 151, 159 Continental System, 59 Com Laws, 102, 177 cosmopolitan-globalism, nationalpatriotism versus, 196-99 cosmopolitanism, 127 Cossack-Russian Treaty of Pereyaslav, 47 Cossacks, 58, 72 “counter-civilisational force,” 143 Counter-Enlightenment movement, 17, 19 “counter-revolutionary act,” 138 Crédit Mobilier, 105-6 Crimean War, 5, 11, 77, 91, 96, 180; defeat in, 78-80; defeat to Japan, 91-92; Russia’s defeat in, 78, 90 cultural conservatism, 63, 109, 204 cultural conservative movements, 62 cultural conservatives, 55, 56 cultural imperialism, 114 Cultural Revolution, 19, 22, 36, 71, 147, 208; by Peter the Great, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 47-50, 56, 62, 67, 124-25, 131, 195 culture, 16, 127-28; European, 5; religion and morality, 30-34 Danilevsky, N., 6, 28, 73, 80, 89, 90, 139 Dead Souls (Gogol), 71-72 Decembrist Revolt, 59-61, 74 Decree on Land Nationalisation, 120
234 Index de-dollarisation campaign, 183 de Gaulle, Charles, 155 De Maistre, Joseph, 190 democracy, 21,133, 135, 141, 142, 144, 196; durable conception of, 159; egalitarianism within, 33 democratic reforms, 5 Democratic Revolution (1905), 78, 92-95 démocratisation, 155 Denki, Anton, 158 Digital Silk Road, 182 Discourse in Ancient and Modem Style of the Russian Language (Shishkov), 63 disruptions, 96; responding to, 87-88 distinctive social group, 26 distinctive, universal and, 27-29 domestic financial instruments, 183 Donskoy Monastery, Moscow, 158 Dostoyevsky, A., 125, 161 Dostoyevsky, F., 6-8, 18, 19, 71, 81, 83, 87-90,119, 134, 140 dual identity, 50-52 dualism, of Russia, 78 duality of mankind, 15, 17-19 Durkheim, Émile, 98 EAEU, 187 early conservative pragmatism, 154-56 “Eastern Opening” initiative, 203 Eastern Slavic tribes, 38 economic backwardness, 106 economic development models, 35 economic interdependence, 101 economic liberalism, 5, 132; advances individualism, 34; under hegemon, 101-3 ‘economic man,” 195 economic modernisation, in Western Europe, 103 economic nationalism, 100, 103-5, 109, 170; as nation-building, 103-6 economic nationalist policies, 107 education, 82-83 egalitarianism, 33 Eisenhower, Dwight, 147, 175 emancipation, of serfs, 81-82 embedded liberalism, 147 émigré community, 112, 121-24 empire, question of, 134-36 Engels, Friedrich, 74, 118 England, breakup of communes in, 82 Enlightenment, 1,4, 6, 10, 17, 19, 26, 32, 36, 50, 62, 69, 77, 153, 190, 193, 208; conservative ideology, 18 equality, 33, 142; between genders, 117 ethnic minorities, 116
ethno-cultural distinctiveness, 116 ethno-cultural nation-state, 26 ethno-nationalism, 136 EU. See European Union Eurasia: economic structure, 108; expansion to southern, 90-91; geoeconomic balance of dependence in, 184-85; geography, 35, 36; political economy, 169, 204 Eurasian conservatism, 204-5 Eurasian continental political economy, 188 Eurasian Economic Union, 186 Eurasian empire, 42-44 Eurasian Heartland, 173; Cold War geopolitics of, 174-76 Eurasianism, 3, 113, 162, 171, 186, 187, 204; development of, 169; as evolution of Russian conservatism, 124-29; political economy of, 17274; of Trubetskoi and Savitsky, 169, 173; Western critics of, 126 Eurasianist political economy, 180, 208, 209 Eurasian partnerships, 209 Europe: civilisational belonging in, 80; faltering of political centre, 199; instrument for integrating with, 186-87; religious homogenisation,
Index 48; revolutions across, 74; Russia and, 120-21 European civilisation, 66, 67 European conservatism, 201-3; origin of, 20 European conservatives, 34 European culture, 5 Europe and Mankind (Trubetskoi), 127 European empire, multi-ethnic, 45 European identity, 30, 35, 38, 78 European ideology, 128 European integration, 145 Europeanisation, of Russia, 49, 55 European land-powers, 182 European nation-state model, 136 European question, 140^14 European security system, 59 European Union (EU), 164, 167; Chamber of Commerce in China, 180; INOGATE initiative, 182 European yoke, 45-47 Europe Whole and Free, 137, 142 EU-Russia Common Spaces Agreement (2005), 167 EU-Russian “Partnership for Modernisation” initiative (2010), 142 Exodus to the East (Savitsky), 174 ExxonMobile, 132 family, 116-19 fascism, 121, 147 feminism, 194; for Bolsheviks, 118 Ferguson, Adam, 25 financial instruments, 183-84 First World War, 6, 140, 173; and revolution, 94-96 Floro vsky, Georgy, 124 Ford, Gerald, 197 Foundations of the State Cultural Policy, 159 Fourth Industrial Revolution, 151 France, 78, 79; defeat of, 75; political forces in, 201-2; revolutionary forces 235 from, 56; revolutionary spirit of, 72; victory over, 60 Frank, Semyon, 93, 157 Fredrich Ebert Foundation, 172 Freedman, Milton, 148 free-market, 98, 142 free-market capitalism, 82, 97, 99, 106, 141 free-trade, 102, 104, 147 French Declaration of Rights, 56-57 French Enlightenment, 56 French industrial market economy, 98 French-led Continental System, 59, 105 French National Convention, 137 French nationalism, 2, 56, 64 French Revolution,
20, 21, 26, 28, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 74, 81, 99, 137, 156, 189, 208 Freud, Sigmund, 17 Friedman, G., 175 Fukuyama, F., 137, 196 Gaider, Yegor, 155 Game Laws, 82 genders, equality between, 117 geoeconomic power, 101 geography: of Britain, 37; of Eurasia, 35, 36; of Germany, 37; theorising importance of, 36-38, 52 German nationalism, 28, 72 German unification, 89 Germany: adopted economic nationalist policies, 105; education system, 67; geography, 37; political and economic structures in, 191; principal nodes on western and eastern edge of Eurasia, 177; rise of, 106 German Zollverein, 105 Gershenzon, Mikhail, 93 Glazyev, Sergei, 133, 157 Glinka, Sergei, 62, 63, 70 global financial crisis, 179
236 globalisation, 202; liberal format for, 193 globalism, of Bolsheviks, 115 Gogol, Nikolai, 71-72 Golden Horde, 35, 39-42, 135 gold reserve, 183-84 Gorbachev, 116, 136; Common European Home, 140, 186-88 Gore, Al, 198 gradual development, 22, 34, 65-66 Gramschi, 129 Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 59 Grand Principality of Moscow, 42 The Great Deflation, 90 Greater Eurasia, 170, 185, 187; geoeconomic strategy for, 170 Greater Eurasia Initiative, 186 Greater Europe, 140, 141, 170; political economy of, 171-72 Great Game, 91,169 Great Northern War, 47-48, 80,134 Great Reforms, 11, 77, 78, 80-81, 88, 96 The Great Transformation (Polanyi), 29 Greek civilisation, 67 Greek mythology, 18 Grigoryev, Apollon, 71, 90 Grigoryev, L., 161 group, individual versus, 23-25 Gumilev, Lev, 129-30 Hamann, Johann Georg, 62 Hamilton, Alexander, 11, 103-7; threepillared American System, 180 Haxthausen, A., 191 Heartland Theory, 174; analytical framework of, 175; ideas behind, 176 Heidegger, M., 84, 121 Herder, J. G., 24, 28, 62, 67, 85,121 Hindu nationalism, 204 Hitchens, Peter, 42 Hobsbawm, E., 194 Index homogenisation, 116 human development, 2 human rights, 32-33 Hungarian conservatives, 203 Hungarian Turanism, 203 Huntington, S. P., 20, 153, 197 idealism, 140 ideologies, 157; artificial ideological dualism, 152; communist, 111; conservatism, positional ideology, 20; conservative, 17,18; European, 128; functions of capitalism, 117; liberal, 147; liberalism, 194; Marxist, 114,162; political, 157; positional, 20; of socialism, 194; Western, 129 “illiberal hegemony,” 138 Ilyin, Ivan, 8, 121-22, 124, 158,
159 IMF. See International Monetary Fund Indian conservatism, 204 individual: collective and, 26; versus group, 23-25 individualism, 148, 149, 195; and communitarianism, 33; political and economic liberalism advances, 34 industrialisation, 77, 78, 80, 97-99, 103, 104, 106, 109, 208 industrialised conservative political economy, 170 industrialised economy, 79 industrial power, 100 industrial revolution, 79, 98, 108, 180, 193; and capitalism, 29-30 industrial society, 98; in Western Europe, 3; Western European, 100 The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Mahan), 175 instability, responding to, 87-88 instinct, reason versus, 17-19 international conservatism, 205 internationalism, 129, 137; of Bolsheviks, 115 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 179
Index investment banks, 184 Islamic Ottoman Empire, 80 Island Russia, 165-68 Island Theory (Tsymbursky), 166 Ivanov, Igor, 172 Ivan the Terrible, 43, 45^46 Izgoev, Aleksandr, 93 Jacobin movement, 57 Japan: Crimean War, defeat to, 91-92; defeat to, 78; under pressure to improve relations with Russia, 185; principal nodes on western and eastern edge of Eurasia, 177; rise of, 106 Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 29, 30, 100, 104, 148 judicial reforms, 82-83 Jung, Carl, 17, 29 The Justification of the Good (Solovyov), 159 Kant’s “Perpetual Peace,” 137 Karaganov, Sergei, 149, 162, 166 The Karamazov Brothers (Dostoyevsky), 134 Karamzin, N. M., 6, 8, 21, 48, 51, 56, 63, 69, 70 Karsavin, Lev, 124 Katkov, Mikhail, 32, 82, 84, 85, 88 Kazan, victory and conquest of, 42 Kennan, George, 24, 36, 43, 133, 138, 141-43, 148, 149, 173, 176, 191 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 132 Khomyakov, A., 6, 33, 67-70, 190 Khrushchev, 113, 114, 116, 120 Kievan Rus, 3, 7, 9, 33, 35, 59, 100, 116, 126, 135; fragmentation of, 39, 207; history and legacy of, 40, 160; to Mongol yoke, from, 38-42 Kireevsky, Ivan, 6, 67-70 Kissinger, Henry, 142, 145 237 Kistiakovskii, Bogdan, 93 Kostomarov, 83 Kotkin, S., 43 Kozyrev, Andrei, 171, 172 Kremlin, 113, 159, 160, 164, 166; conservatism of, 200 land-based empire, 45, 52 Lavrov, Sergei, 139, 167, 199 The Law of Civilization and Decay (Adams), 98-99 Lenin, 114, 115, 118, 119, 120 Leontiev, Konstantin, 6, 33, 90, 192 Le Pen, Marine, 201-2 Levada Center, 172 liberal democratic bias, 199 “liberal division of labour trap,” 178 liberal economics, 150; advocacy of, 104 liberal hegemony, 137,
138, 142, 155 “liberal idea,” 138 liberal ideology, 147 liberal individualism, 24 liberal internationalism, 172 liberal international order, 131, 136^10, 144, 192 liberal intolerance, 195 liberalisation, 113, 134, 154 liberalism, 17, 29, 84, 132, 137, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 189, 192, 193, 195; of Alexander I, (1801-1825), 58; versus authoritarianism, 190; versus conservatism, 163-65; contemporary decoupling of, 25; crisis of ravages, 203; excesses of, 159; function of, 138; ideologies of, 194; political and economic, 34; progressive ideologies of, 18-20; versus socialism, 152; triumph of, 137 liberalism internationalism, 142 liberal laissez-faire economics, 103 liberal post-ethnic identity, 144
238 liberal reforms, 26, 37, 59; of Peter the Great, Catherine the Great and Alexander I, 66 liberal revolution (1990), 6, 131,150, 151, 162; failure of, 152 liberal universalism, 139 liberty, conservatism and, 25-27 “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” slogan, 64 Lieven, Andrei, 124 The Life of Genghis Khan (Vladimirtsov), 184 Lindbergh, Charles, 21 List, Friedrich, 11, 97, 100, 103, 105-7 Livonian War, 45-46 local governance, 82-83 Louis XVI, 57 Louis-Philippe, King, 73 Lukin, Vladimir, 141 Lutheran Church, 119 Maas, Haiko, 164, 165 Mackinder, H. J„ 108, 140, 170, 17375, 177, 182; Heartland Theoiy, 108 Macron, E., 202 The Made in China 2025 Initiative, 180 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 175 mankind: dominant instinct in, 15; duality of, 15, 17-19; intrinsic and misguided belief, 18; liberal idea posits, 17; primordial instinct in, 34; principal instinct of, 23; schism within, 29 manners, 32 Marcuse, H., 195 Marxism, 113, 119,128,131,153; legal relativism of, 132 Marxist communitarianism, 24 Marxist ideology, 114, 162 Marxist internationalism, 142 Marx, Karl, 24, 74,119 materialism, 195 Matlock, Jack, 141 McCain, John, 144 Index Medvedev (President), 164 Meiji Restoration, 106 Merkel, 188 Migranyan, Andranik, 166 military draft, 60 military power, demand for, 45 Mill, John Stuart, 23 modernisation, 1, 5, 36, 47, 51, 55, 80, 81, 86, 93, 104, 105, 155, 156, 169, 208; change and, 32; policies, 77; in Western Europe, 5 modem Russia, 133; conservatism, 168 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 164 Mongols, 19, 35, 39, 125, 135, 203, 207; invasion of, 40, 41, 52, 124; supremacy, 41 Mongol yoke, 22, 26,
33, 35, 46,126, 207; from Kievan Rus to, 38^42 morality, 26; culture, religion and, 30-34 moral relativism, 33 Moscow, 152, 181; conservative philosophy, 192; expansion and consolidation of Russian lands by, 45; political platform, 202; principality of, 40; rejection of role to Western civilisation and liberal hegemony, 155; relationship with West, 185; Russian historical figures in, 157-58; spiritual centre, 41 Motherland Movement, 157 Mozhaev, Boris, 49 Mudde, C., 194 multi-ethnic empire, 64 Munich Security Conference, 188 Muslim Tatars, 136 Napoleon, 58, 74, 134, 189; and Decembrist Revolt, 59-61 Napoleonic Continental System, 105 Napoleonic Wars, 144 Narochnitskaya, N., 39, 198 Narodmki movement, 84—86 nation, 114-16; question of, 134-36
Index national identity, development of, 34 national integration, 103 nationalism, 24, 25, 89, 121,136, 144; German nationalism, 28 nationalist movements, 26 national-patriotism versus cosmopolitanglobalism, 196-99 National Security Concept, 171 national unity, 194 nation-building project, 116 nation-states, 192; reinvention of, 135 NATO, 121, 141-42, 167; Uberal “humanitarian” intervention, 145 NATO expansionism, 143, 171, 172 Navalny, 146 Nazi Germany, 113, 164 neoconservatives, 148 neoUberaUsm, 193, 196 neoUberal policies, 132 Nicholas I, 60, 61, 66, 73, 74, 77, 80; conservatism of, 61-63 Nicholas П, 86, 92-94, 107 Nietzsche, F„ 32, 69, 84, 111 nihilism, 84, 112, 132, 198 Nixon, Richard, 197 non-Russian ethnic groups, 115 Nordic Rus, 19, 207 Norris, John, 145 Northern Society, 61 North-South Transportation Corridor (NSTC), 183 November uprising, 61 NSTC. See North-South Transportation Corridor Nuova, Forza, 202 Obama, В., 179 October Manifesto (1905), 93 October Revolution, 160 Odoyevsky, Vladimir, 62, 63 official nationaUsm, 2 Official NationaUty, 63-65, 74 OIC. See Organisation of the Islamic Conference 239 The Old Regime and the Revolution (Tocqueville), 99 One-China policy, 179 Opium Wars, 91, 180, 204 optimism, 87 Orange Revolution, 144 Orbán, Viktor, 203 Order of Maternal Glory, 119 organic change, 2, 4, 5, 15, 16; versus revolutionary change, 19-23 organic development, 61 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 140, 150nl, 192 Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 186 Orthodox Christianity, 48 Orthodox Church, 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 33-35,
37, 40, 49, 50, 52, 57, 58, 63, 64, 68, 84, 85, 87, 93, 107, 112, 114, 119-21, 125, 126, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 163, 168, 191, 207, 209 “Orthodox-Russian conservatism,” 26 OSCE. See Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Ottoman Empire, 47, 79, 89, 91, 94 Our Tasks (Ilyin), 159 Paine, Thomas, 23 Panarin, A., 156, 185, 186, 195 Pan-Slavism, 3, 6-7, 26, 28, 72-73; philosophy of, 120; revival of, 8890; Russian-centric format for, 89 Pan-Turkism, 125 parenting, 118 Pascal, Blaise, 17 Paul I, 57, 59, 78 Pavlik Morozov, 118 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 144 Pensées, 17 Peresvetov, 41 Peter the Great, 19, 34, 43, 51, 52, 55, 59, 75, 77, 80, 90, 134, 155, 174, 208; Cultural Revolution by, 3,
240 4, 6, 7, 10, 22, 47-50, 56, 62, 67, 124-25, 131, 195; deep and rapid reforms, 36; liberal reforms of, 66; modernisation of Russia, 4; tradition of, 58 Petrine reforms, 47, 49, 50 Petrograd Soviet, 95 Philosophy of Inequality (Berdyaev), 159 Pitt, William, 102 Plato, 33, 158, 196 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 21, 88, 107 Pogodin, Mikhail, 38 Poland, 202 Polanyi, K., 29 polarisation, 194; of Western society, 195 “Polar Silk Road,” 183 Polish-Lithuanian occupation forces, 160 Polish Rebellion (1830-1831), 61, 84 political conservatism, 6, 55, 64, 109 political culture, 83 political economy, 8, 14, 97; of conservative Eurasianism, 170; of Eurasianism, 172-74; of Greater Eurasia, 170; of Greater Europe, 171-72 political ideology, 157 political liberalism, advances individualism, 34 political pluralism, 2, 21, 67 Political Right, 147, 194 populism, 193 populists, rise of, 192-96, 198 Port Arthur, 92 Posen, B., 138, 163 positional ideology, 20 Pososhkov, Ivan, 48, 103 post-Cold War era, 138, 142, 177 Dost-Cold War generation, 172 post-Cold War strategy, 178 post-imperial conservatism, 165-68 post-imperial Russia, 135 post-national Soviet Union, 116 Index post-Soviet conservatism, 201 post-Soviet Russia, 121, 185, 209 post-Soviet space, 201 pre-communist Russia, 1, 190 pre-Petrine Russia, 71 Primakov, Yevgeny, 171, 172 private ownership, 93-94 purchasing power parity (PPP), 183 Putin, V., 7, 8, 13, 27, 129, 133,136, 146, 151, 153-55, 160, 163, 168, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199-202, 209; conservative argument against West, 164; defined himself as pragmatic conservative, 158; excesses of
liberalism, 159; official state ideology, 157; policy manifesto (1999), 156; reject radical secularism of West, 197 Quigley, Carroll, 65 radical changes, 2, 4, 9 radical individualism, 195 radicalism, 93, 139 radical modernisation, 50 radical movements, rise of, 83-85 radical secularism, 37 rapid industrialisation, 85-87, 109 RCIF. See Russia-China Investment Fund Reagan, R„ 148, 176, 197 Realien, 36 reason: versus instinct, 17-19; and religion, 30; sovereignty of, 17; in Western Europe, 5 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 4 regional financial instruments, 183 Reign of Terror, 57, 139 religion: culture, morality and, 30-34; homogenisation, 48; practices, 160 Repressive Tolerance, 195 reversed colonisation, 135 revisionism, 144
Index revolutionary century, of history, 159-61 revolutionary change, organic change versus, 19-23 revolutionary reforms, 83-84 revolutionary Russia, 3-6 revolutionary soviet legacy, conservatives salvaging parts of, 161-63 Ricardo, David, 102 “Rimland Theory,” 174 Rogozin, Dmitri, 157 Roman Empire, 33, 39 Romanov dynasty, 43 Romanov, Mikhail, 46 romanticism, 3, 17, 19 Rorty, R., 196 Rostopchin, Fedor, 62, 63 rural communities, 191 Rurik dynasty, 38, 46, 132 Russia: cultural distinctiveness and unity of, 122; historical peculiarities of, 55; modem conservatism of, 181; origin and civilisational roots of, 38; relationship with Europe, 120-21; socio-economic and political backwardness of, 96; technological and economic backwardness, 79 Russia-China Investment Fund (RCIF), 184 Russia-friendly political groups, 202 Russian-British Great Game, 169 Russian-Chinese partnership, 181 Russian conservatism, 2; “anti-Western” bent of, 28; challenges for, 207; Eurasianism as evolution of, 124—29; evolution of, 3, 6-8, 207, 209; historical challenge for, 209; resurgence of, 192; as soft power, 199-201 Russian economic nationalism, 106-9 Russian Empire, 26, 62, 89, 114, 116, 134 Russian Enlightenment, 77 241 Russian Eurasian Empire, 35 Russian Federation, 133, 136, 140, 160, 162, 165, 205 Russian Foreign Policy Concept, 200 Russian identity, 70 Russian international conservatism, 189 Russian Orthodox Church, 160, 167-68 Russian peasant, paradox for, 45 Russian Revolution, 182 Russian Trans-Caspian railway, 169 Russification, 89, 116, 126 Russo-Persian war (1826-1828), 78 Sakwa, Richard,
154 Salvini, Matteo, 202 Samarin, Yuri, 6, 67, 69, 70 Savitsky, P., 125, 127, 174, 180; Eurasianism of, 169, 173 Savitsky, Pyotr, 7, 124 schism, 10, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 35, 39, 51; in American conservatism, 148; between Europe and Asia, 22; in human nature, 33 Schmitt, Carl, 20 Scmton, R., 32 Second Russian Enlightenment, 77 Second Slav Congress, 89 Second World War, 6, 34, 118, 121, 137, 145, 162, 164, 169, 175 secularism, 37, 49, 197 serfdom, 35-36, 45, 55, 60, 62, 66, 69, 79, 81, 96; abolishment of, 77; emancipation of, 81-82, 95 Seven Years War, 52 shared national identity, 67 Shishkov, Aleksandr, 62-63 Siberian Republic, 177 Silk Road concept, 183 Single Alternative Fallacy, 153 Sino-Russian Union, 186 Slavdom, 39, 73, 185, 207 Slavophile movement, 3
242 Index Slavophiles, 3, 5, 6, 11, ЗО, 70, 74, 81, 87, 114, 125, 191; legacy of, 71-72; philosophy of, 120; predecessors of, 68 Slavophilism, 26, 67, 72, 113 Smith, Adam, 99, 103 Smith, E. Pechine, 106 social disruption, 82 social group, 16, 23, 32; distinctive, 26; united and cohesive, 25-26 socialism, 84, 85, 99, 115, 117; ideologies of, 194; liberalism versus, 152; progressive ideologies of, 18-20 “social man,” 195 social membership, change and reproduction of, 3 societies, with high industrial capacity, 98 socio-economic collapse, 132-34, 151 socio-economic disruptions, 48, 78, 85, 86 socio-economic reforms, 5 socio-political reforms, 94 Solovyov, Vladimir, 159 Solzhenitsyn, A., 8, 31, 135, 152, 153, 160 Sorokin, Pitirim, 65 Soviet communism, 43, 113; internationalism of, 115 Soviet Eurasianism, 126 Soviet liberation, 165 Soviet patriotism, 115 Soviet Republics, 135, 145,146 Soviet Union, 8, 12, 26, 27, 29, 47, 95, 112-15, 118, 120, 121, 127, 129, 133, 135, 149, 154, 160, 164, 173-75, 208, 209; collapse of, 130, 134, 137, 141, 142, 162, 163; disintegration of, 177; ethno-federal structure of, 116; leadership of, 136-37 Sowell, T., 25 Spengler, О., 21, 65, 191 Speransky, Mikhail, 10, 58, 59, 65 spheres of influence, 167 spheres of interests, 167 spirituality, 3, 208 splinternet, 180-81 Spykman (1942), 174, 175 “Spykman-Kennan thesis of containment,” 175-76 Stalin, J., 33, 34, 114, 115, 121, 163; “bourgeois nations” versus “socialist nations,” 115; denunciation of, 113; ethnic minorities deported by, 116 state-led industrialisation, 99 “state-protective conservatism,” 26
Stolypin, Pyotr, 5, 6, 8, 93, 157 St. Petersburg, 49, 52 strategic industries, 180-81 Struve, Peter, 92, 93, 123, 157 Stuart, John, 23 Sullivan, Andrew, 4 Suvchinsky, 121 Talbott, Strobe, 145 Tariff Act (1891), 107 Tatars, 42-46 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 87 territorial expansion, 41 “Third Holy Rome,” 28, 34, 41 ‘Third Rome,” 189 Times of Trouble, 36, 46 Tocqueville, 99 Tolstoy, Leo, 87 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 29 top-down growth, 30 top-down reforms, 27 topography: of Britain, 37; theorising importance of, 36-38, 52 Toppi, Gian Luca, 198 totalitarianism, 164 Toynbee, Arnold, 65 TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement trade-related intellectual property rights, 178
243 Index tradition, 3, 24; disruptive and destructive pendulum swing, 30; of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, 58 traditional communities, 82, 93, 100, 193 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, 179 transportation corridors, 181-83 Transport Corridor Europe-CaucasusAsia (TRACECA), 182 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 91, 93, 108, 182 Treatise on the Origin of Language (Herder), 62 Treaty of Aigun (1858), 91 Treaty of Etemal Peace (1686), 47 Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 173 Treaty of Paris (1856), 80, 81 Treaty of Peking (1860), 91 Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654), 116 Treaty of Rapallo (1922), 173 Treaty of Štolbovo (1617), 80, 143, 209 Trenin, D., 145, 156 tribalism, 23 Trotsky, Leon, 22 Trubetskoi, N„ 7, 124, 125, 127-29; Eurasianism of, 169, 173 Trump, Donald, 179, 196, 199, 202 Tsarist Russia, 114 Tsymbursky, Vadim, 166, 167 Turanism, 203 Turgenev, Ivan, 87 Turner, Fredrick Jackson, 148 Tusk, Donald, 163 105; establish autonomous economic infrastructure, 104; geoeconomic leadership of, 178; hegemonic strategy of, 176; historical responsibility of, 174; ideological leadership of, 137; invigorated in, 175; leadership of, 136-37; liberal economics, 177; revisionism as, 141; state intervention and protectionism, Vehki, 93 Vernadsky, Georgy, 129 Vico, Giambattista, 65 Vikings, 38 Vladimirtsov, 184 Vladivostok, 95; establishment of, 91 Volfson, S„ 118 Von Bismarck, Otto, 31 Von Clausewitz, 188 von Hayek, Friedrich, 148 von Schelling, Friedrich, 67 Ukraine: crisis (2014), 167-68; Western-backed coup in, 172 unbalanced development, 22 United States, 37; armed with nuclear
weapons, 121; during Cold War, 106; conservatism in, 148; conservative political economy, 104; economic self-sufficiency for nation-building, Walesa, Lech, 202 War and Peace (Tolstoy), 87 WASP. See White Anglo-Saxon Protestants Weber, Max, 29, 98 West: anti-Russian historical revisionism of, 165; ethno-nationalist paradox, 144-46; hostile strategy 102 universalism, 127, 139, 154, 162; and distinctive, 27-29 urbanisation, 78, 85-87 US Defense Planning Guidance, 176 US-led international economic system, 179 US National Security Council, 176 US National Security Strategy, 176 US post-Cold War Strategy, 176 Uvarov, Sergei, 10, 27, 28, 56, 77, 156, 160, 208; and civilisation, 65-66; and education, 66-67; and Official Nationality, 63-65, 74
244 Index to Russia, 185; liberal inclinations of, 163; liberal revolutionary movements, 168; lose stams as role model, 146-49; radical secularism of, 197; re-interpreting history, 164; Russian conservatism in, 191 Western-centric approach, 189 Western civilisation, 155 Western community, 171 Western conservatives, 146, 190, 192; segments of, 199 Western cosmopolitanism, 127 Western Europe: economic modernisation in, 103; economic relations with, 107; industrial societies in, 3; liberal decadence in, 28; military campaign in, 120֊21; peoples of, 23; reason and modernisation in, 5 Western identity, 3 Western ideology, 129 Westemisers, 114,125 Western liberal elites, 200-201 Western liberal hegemony, 156 Western society, 149; polarisation of, 195 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP), 147 Wilde, Oscar, 196 Wilson, Woodrow, 137 Witte, Sergei, 8, 11, 86, 93, 97, 103, 107, 108, 183 Yabloko, 141 Yanukovich (President), 134 Yaroslav the Wise, 39 Yeltsin, 12, 13, 131, 136, 140, 151, 156, 171 Zemsky Sobor, 46 zemstvo, 82-83, 86-87 zero-sum approach, 167 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Diesen, Glenn |
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| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV047192677 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:48:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:37:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538149980 9781538150009 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032597842 |
| oclc_num | 1249661781 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-521 |
| physical | ix, 244 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210604 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Diesen, Glenn Verfasser (DE-588)1164975889 aut Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution Glenn Diesen Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield Publishers [2021] ix, 244 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Konservativismus (DE-588)4032187-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Conservatism / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Politics and government Conservatism Politics and government Russia (Federation) Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Konservativismus (DE-588)4032187-3 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5381-4999-7 (DE-604)BV047147895 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Diesen, Glenn Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution Konservativismus (DE-588)4032187-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032187-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution |
| title_auth | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution |
| title_exact_search | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution |
| title_full | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution Glenn Diesen |
| title_fullStr | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution Glenn Diesen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution Glenn Diesen |
| title_short | Russian conservatism |
| title_sort | russian conservatism managing change under permanent revolution |
| title_sub | managing change under permanent revolution |
| topic | Konservativismus (DE-588)4032187-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konservativismus Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032597842&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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