Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
St. Louis, Missouri
Elsevier
[2020]
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| Edition: | 8th edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xxi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780323595391 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |c Elena Bablenis Haveles, BS Pharmacy, PharmD, RPh |
| 250 | |a 8th edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a St. Louis, Missouri |b Elsevier |c [2020] | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Dental Hygienists | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dental hygiene | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dental pharmacology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dentistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pharmacology, Clinical | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PART I General Principles 1 Information, Sources, Regulatory Agencies, Drug Legislation, and Prescription Writing, 2 History, 2 Role of the Dental Hygienist, 2 Medication/Health History, 2 Medication Administration, 3 Emergency Situations, 3 Appointment Scheduling, 3 Nonprescription Medication, 3 Nutritional or Herbal Supplements, 3 Sources of Information, 3 Printed Resources, 3 Computer and Online Resources, 4 Drug Names, 4 Drug Substitution, 5 Federal Regulations and Regulatory Agencies, 5 Harrison Narcotic Act, 5 Food and Drug Administration, 5 Federal Trade Commission, 5 Drug Enforcement Administration, 5 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 5 Clinical Evaluation of a New Drug, 5 Drug Legislation, 6 History, 6 Scheduled Drugs, 6 Package Inserts, 6 Black Box Warning, 6 Labeled and Off-Label Uses, 7 Orphan Drugs, 7 Drug Recall, 7 Prescription Writing, 7 Measurement, 7 Prescriptions, 7 Role of the Dental Hygienist and Patient Adherence to Medication Therapy, 9 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 10 Academic Skills Assessment, 10 Clinical Applications, 10 2 Drug Action and Handling, 11 Characterization of Drug Action, 11 Log Dose-Effect Curve, 11 Potency, 11 Efficacy, 11 Therapeutic Index, 12 Mechanism of Action of Drugs, 12 Receptors, 13 Pharmacokinetics, 14 Passage Across Body Membranes, 14 Absorption, 14 Distribution, 15 Redistribution, 16 Metabolism (Biotransformation), 16 Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 18 Half-Life, 18 Kinetics, 18 Factors that Alter Drug Effects, 18 Routes of Administration and Dose Forms, 19 Routes of Administration, 19 Dosage Forms, 23 Dental Hygiene
Considerations, 23 Academic Skills Assessment, 23 Clinical Case Study, 23 3 Adverse Reactions, 24 Definitions and Classifications, 24 Clinical Manifestations of Adverse Reactions, 25 Exaggerated Effect on Target Tissues, 25 Effect on Nontarget Tissues, 25 Effect on Fetal Development (Teratogenic Effect), 25 Local Effect, 25 Drug Interactions, 25 Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reaction), 26 Idiosyncrasy, 27 Interference With Natural Defense Mechanisms, 27 Toxicologic Evaluation of Drugs, 27 Recognizing Adverse Drug Effects, 28 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 28 Academic Skills Assessment, 28 Clinical Case Study, 29 PART II Drugs Used in Dentistry 4 Autonomic Drugs, 31 Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Anatomy, 31 Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Functional Organization, 32 Neurotransmitters, 32 Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 35 Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) Agents, 35 Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) Agents, 37 Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists, 39 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 39 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System Receptors, 39 Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, 40 Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 42 Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs, 43 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 43 Cholinergic Drugs, 43 Anticholinergic Drugs, 43 Adrenergic Agonists, 43 Academic Skills Assessment, 44 Clinical Case Study, 44 5 Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Analgesics, 45 Pain, 45 Classification, 45 Salicylates, 45 Acetylsalicylic Acid, 45 Nonacetylated Salicylates, 50 XV
CONTENTS Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, 50 Chemical Classification, 50 Mechanism of Action, 50 Pharmacokinetics, 50 Pharmacologic Effects, 51 Adverse Reactions, 51 Drug Interactions, 52 Contraindications and Cautions, 52 Precautions, 52 Therapeutic Uses, 52 Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, 53 Acetaminophen, 54 Pharmacokinetics, 54 Pharmacologic Effects, 54 Adverse Reactions, 54 Drug Interactions, 55 Uses, 55 Doses and Preparations, 55 Drugs Used to Treat Gout, 56 Colchicine, 56 Febuxostat, 56 Allopurinol, 56 Probenecid, 56 Other Drugs, 56 Drugs Used to Treat Arthritis, 56 Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, 56 Biologic Response Modifiers, 57 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 57 Academic Skills Assessment, 57 Clinical Case Study, 57 6 Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics and Antagonists, 58 History, 58 Classification, 58 Mechanism of Action, 58 Pharmacokinetics, 58 Pharmacologic Effects, 59 Analgesia, 59 Sedation and Euphoria, 59 Cough Suppression, 60 Gastrointestinal Effects, 60 Adverse Reactions, 60 Respiratory Depression, 60 Nausea and Emesis, 61 Constipation, 61 Miosis, 61 Urinary Retention, 61 Central Nervous System Effects, 61 Cardiovascular Effects, 61 Biliary Tract Constriction, 61 Histamine Release, 61 Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations, 61 Addiction, 61 Allergic Reactions, 62 Drug Interactions, 63 Specific Opioids, 63 Opioid Agonists, 63 Mixed Opioids, 65 Opioid Antagonists, 65 Full Agonist/Reuptake Inhibitors, 66 Dental Use of Opioids, 66 Chronic Dental Pain and Opioid Use, 67 Patient Concerns Regarding Opioid Use, 67 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 67
Academic Skills Assessment, 67 Clinical Case Studies, 67 7 Antiinfective Agents, 68 Dental Infection “Evolution”, 68 Definitions, 69 Infection, 69 Resistance, 69 Indications for Antimicrobial Agents, 70 Therapeutic Indications, 70 Prophylactic Indications, 70 General Adverse Reactions and Disadvantages Associated with Antiinfective Agents, 70 Superinfection (Suprainfection), 70 Allergic Reactions, 70 Drug Interactions, 70 Gastrointestinal Complaints, 72 Pregnancy Considerations, 72 Dose Forms, 72 Cost, 72 Penicillins, 72 Pharmacokinetics, 72 Mechanism of Action, 73 Spectrum, 73 Resistance, 73 Adverse Reactions, 73 Uses, 74 Specific Penicillins, 74 Cephalosporins, 75 Pharmacokinetics, 75 Spectrum, 75 Mechanism of Action, 75 Adverse Reactions, 75 Uses, 76 Macrolides, 76 Erythromycin, 76 Azithromycin and Clarithromycin, 77 Tetracyclines, 77 Pharmacokinetics, 77 Spectrum, 77 Adverse Reactions, 77 Drug Interactions, 78 Uses, 79 Clindamycin, 79 Pharmacokinetics, 79 Spectrum, 79 Adverse Reactions, 79 Uses, 80 Metronidazole, 80 Pharmacokinetics, 80 Spectrum, 80 Adverse Reactions, 80 Drug Interactions, 80 Uses, 81 Rational Use of Antiinfective Agents in Dentistry, 81 Stages of Infection, 81 Failure of Antiinfective Therapy, 81 Antimicrobial Agents for Nondental Use, 81 Vancomycin, 81 Aminoglycosides, 82 Sulfonamides, 82
CONTENTS Sulfamethoxazole- Trimethoprim, 83 Nitrofurantoin, 83 Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones), 83 Antituberculosis Agents, 84 Isoniazid, 84 Rifampin, 85 Pyrazinamide, 85 Ethambutol, 85 Topical Antibiotics, 85 Neomycin, Polymyxin, and Bacitracin, 85 Mupirocin, 85 Antibiotic Prophylaxis Used in Dentistry, 86 Prevention of Infective Endocarditis, 86 Prosthetic Joint Prophylaxis, 87 Noncardiac Medical Conditions, 88 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 88 Academic Skills Assessment, 88 Clinical Case Study, 88 Bibliography, 89 iš Antifungal and Antiviral Agents, 90 Antifungal Agents, 90 Nystatin, 90 Imidazoles, 90 Antiviral Agents, 92 Herpes Simplex, 92 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 94 Chronic Hepatitis, 96 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 97 Academic Skills Assessment, 97 Clinical Case Study, 97 Գ Local Anesthetics, 98 History, 98 Ideal Local Anesthetic, 98 Chemistry, 98 Mechanism of Action, 98 Action on Nerve Fibers, 98 Ionization Factors, 99 Pharmacokinetics, 99 Absorption, 99 Distribution, 101 Metabolism, 101 Excretion, 101 Pharmacologic Effects, 101 Peripheral Nerve Conduction (Blocker), 101 Antiarrhythmic, 101 Adverse Reactions, 101 Toxicity, 102 Local Effects, 102 Malignant Hyperthermia, 102 Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations, 102 Allergy, 102 Composition of Local Anesthetic Solutions, 103 Local Anesthetic Agents, 103 Amides, 103 Esters, 105 Other Local Anesthetics, 105 Vasoconstrictors, 105 Overview, 105 Drug Interactions, 107 Choice of Local Anesthetic, 107 Topical Anesthetics, 108 Amides, 109 Esters, 110 Precautions in Topical Anesthesia, 110 Doses of Local Anesthetic
and Vasoconstrictor, 110 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 111 Academic Skills Assessment, 111 Clinical Case Study, 111 10 General Anesthetics, 112 History, 112 Mechanism of Action, 112 Overview, 112 Stages and Planes of Anesthesia, ¡12 Adverse Reactions, 113 General Anesthetics, 113 Classification of Anesthetic Agents, ¡13 Induction Anesthesia, 113 Induction and Maintenance Anesthesia, 115 Nitrous Oxide, 115 Halogenated Hydrocarbons, 117 Balanced General Anesthesia, 117 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 117 Academic Skills Assessment, 117 Clinical Case Study, 118 11 Antianxiety Agents, 119 Definitions, 119 Benzodiazepines, 120 Chemistry, 120 Pharmacokinetics, 120 Mechanism of Action, 121 Pharmacologic Effects, 121 Adverse Reactions, 121 Abuse and Tolerance, 122 Drug Interactions, 123 Medical Uses, 123 Management of the Dental Patient Taking Benzodiazepines, 124 Barbiturates, 124 Chemistry, 125 Pharmacokinetics, 125 Mechanism of Action, 125 Pharmacologic Effects, 125 Adverse Reactions, 125 Long-Term Use, 125 Contraindications, 125 Drug Interactions, 125 Uses, 125 Nonbenzodiazepine-Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics, 126 Buspirone, 126 Nonbenzodiazepine Receptor Hypnotics, 126 Zolpidem, 126 Zaleplon, 126 Eszopiclone, 126 Melatonin Receptor Agonist, 126 Melatonin, 127 Orexin Receptor Antagonist, 127 Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, 127 Pharmacologic Effects, 127 Individual Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, 127 Miscellaneous Agents, 127
CONTENTS Baclofen, 127 Tizanidine, 128 Dantrolene, 128 General Comments About Antianxiety Agents, 128 Analgesic-Sedative Combinations, 128 Special Considerations, 128 Precautions, 128 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 129 Academic Skills Assessment, 129 Clinical Case Study, 129 Part III Drugs That May Alter Dental Treatment 12 Drugs for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, 131 Dental Implications of Cardiovascular Disease, 131 Contraindications to Treatment, 131 Vasoconstrictor Limit, 132 Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, 132 Heart Failure, 132 Treatment of Heart Failure, 132 Angiotensin II Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor, 134 If Channel Inhibitor, 134 Cardiac Glycosides, 134 Digitalis Glycosides, 134 Antiarrhythmic Agents, 135 Automaticity, 135 Arrhythmias, 135 Antiarrhythmic Agents, 135 Antianginal Drugs, 136 Angina Pectoris, 136 Nitroglycerin-Like Compounds, 136 Ç -Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 138 Calcium Channel Blocking Agents, 138 Ranolazine, 138 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 139 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, 139 Dental Implications, 139 Antihypertensive Agents, 139 Patient Evaluation, 141 Treatment of Hypertension, 141 Diuretic Agents, 142 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, 146 Direct Renin Inhibitors, 146 Calcium Channel Blocking Agents, 147 ß-Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 147 aj-Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 148 Central a-Adrenergic Agonists, 149 Peripheral Adrenergic Neuron Antagonist, 149 Management of the Dental Patient Taking Antihypertensive Agents, 149 Antihyperlipidemic Agents, 149 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors,
150 Inhibitors of Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, 151 Niacin, 152 Cholestyramine, 152 Fibric Acid Derivatives, 152 Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors, 152 Fish Oils, 152 Dental Implications of Elevated Cholesterol Levels, 152 Drugs That Affect Blood Coagulation, 152 Anticoagulants, 152 Parenteral Anticoagulants, 153 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, 153 Oral Anticoagulants, 153 Factor Xa Inhibitors, 154 Direct Thrombin Inhibitor, 155 Thienopyridines, 155 Clopidogrel, 155 Ticlopidine, 155 Prasugrel, 155 Ticagrelor, 155 Streptokinase and Alteplase, 155 Dipyridamole, 155 Pentoxifylline, 156 Drugs That Increase Blood Clotting, 156 Hemostatic Agents (Fibrinolytic Inhibitor.·֊ · . і 56 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 156 Academic Skills Assessment, 156 Clinical Case Study, 156 References, 157 13 Drugs for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders, 158 Gastrointestinal Drugs, 158 Gastrointestinal Diseases, 158 Dental Implications, 159 Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Dise·· ՝s, 159 Histamine¡-Blocking Agents, 159 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 160 Mixed Anti-Infective Therapy for I lccr Treatment, 160 Antacids, 161 Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs, H֊i Laxatives and Antidiarrheals, 161 Agents Used to Manage Chronic Inflamo: : Bowel Disease, 163 Celiac Disease, 163 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 164 Academic Skills Assessment, 164 Clinical Case Study, 164 14 Drugs for the Treatment of Seizure Disorders, 16Б Epilepsy, 165 Generalized Seizures, 165 Partial (Focal) Seizures, 166 Drug Therapy of Patients with Epilepsy, 166 General Adverse Reactions of
Antiepileptic Agents, 167 Gastrointestinal Distress, 167 Valproate, 167 Lamotrigine, 168 Levetiracetam, 168 Oxcarbazepine, 168 Carbamazepine, 168 Phenytoin, 170 Ethosuximide, 171 Benzodiazepines, 171 Other Antiepileptic Agents, 172 Dental Treatment of the Patient with Epilepsy, 172 Nonseizure Uses of Antiepileptics, 172
CONTENTS Neurologic Pain, 172 Psychiatric Use, 172 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 172 Academic Skills Assessment, 172 Clinical Case Study, 173 15 Drugs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders, 174 Psychiatric Disorders, 174 Antipsychotic Agents, 175 Mechanism ofAction, 175 Pharmacologic Effects, 175 Drug Interactions, 177 Uses, 178 Dental Implications, 178 Antidepressant Agents, 179 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 179 Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, 180 Tricyclic Antidepressants, 180 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, 181 Other Antidepressants, 181 Suicide and Antidepressants, 182 Dental Implications, 182 Drugs for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, 182 Lithium, 182 Antiepileptic Drugs, 182 Second-Generation Antipsychotics, 183 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 183 Academic Skills Assessment, 183 Clinical Case Study, 183 : Adrenocorticosteroids, 184 Mechanism of Release, 184 Classification, 184 Definitions, 184 Routes of Administration, 185 Mechanism of Action, 185 Pharmacologic Effects, 185 Adverse Reactions, 185 Metabolic Changes, 186 Infections, 186 Central Nervous System Effects, 186 Peptic Ulcer, 186 Impaired Wound Healing and Osteoporosis, 186 Ophthalmic Effects, 186 Electrolyte and Fluid Balance, 187 Adrenal Crisis, 187 Dental Effects, 187 Uses, 187 Medical Uses, 187 Dental Uses, 188 Corticosteroid Products, 188 Dental Implications, 189 Adverse Reactions, 189 Steroid Supplementation, 190 Topical Use, 190 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 191 Academic Skills Assessment, 191 Clinical Case Study, 191 Reference, 191 17 Drugs for the Treatment of
Respiratory Disorders and Allergic Rhinitis, 192 Respiratory Diseases, 192 Asthma, 192 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 192 Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Diseases, 195 Metered-Dose Inhalers, 195 Sympathomimetic Agents, 196 Corticosteroids, 196 Leukotriene Modifiers, 197 Cromolyn, 198 Methylxanthines, 198 Antimuscarinic, 198 Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibodies, 198 Interleukin-5 Antibody Antagonists, 198 Agents Used to Manage Upper Respiratory Infections, 198 Dental Implications of the Respiratory Drugs, 199 Allergic Rhinitis, 199 Pharmacologic Effects, 200 H¡-Receptor Blocking Effects, 201 Other Effects (Unrelated to H¡-Blocking Effects), 201 Adverse Reactions, 201 Central Nervous System Depression, 201 Anticholinergic Effects, 201 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 202 Academic Skills Assessment, 202 Clinical Case Study, 203 18 Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, 204 Pancreatic Hormones, 204 Diabetes Mellitus, 204 Types of Diabetes, 204 Dental Implications of Diabetes, 205 Systemic Complications of Diabetes, 207 Evaluation of the Dental Patient With Diabetes, 207 Goals of Therapy, 208 Drugs Used to Manage Diabetes, 208 Insulins, 208 Oral Antidiabetic Agents, 209 Treatment of Hypoglycemia, 214 Glucagon, 214 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 214 Academic Skills Assesment, 214 Clinical Case Study, 214 Bibliography, 214 19 Drugs for the Treatment of Other Endocrine Disorders, 215 Pituitary Hormones, 215 Anterior Pituitary, 215 Posterior Pituitary, 217 Thyroid Hormones, 217 Iodine, 217 Hypothyroidism, 217 Hyperthyroidism, 217 Female Sex Hormones, 218 Estrogens, 219
Progestins, 220 Hormonal Contraceptives, 220
CONTENTS Male Sex Hormones, 221 Androgens, 221 Other Agents That Affect Sex Hormone Systems, 222 Clomiphene, 222 Leuprolide, 222 Tamoxifen, 222 Danazol, 223 Aromatase Inhibitors, 223 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 223 Academic Skills Assessment, 223 Clinical Case Study, 223 20 Antineoplastic Drugs, 225 Use of Antineoplastic Agents, 225 Mechanisms of Action, 225 Classification, 227 Adverse Drug Effects, 227 Bone Marrow Suppression, 227 Osteonecrosis, 227 Gastrointestinal Effects, 230 Dermatologic Effects, 230 Hepatotoxicity, 230 Nephrotoxicity, 230 Immunosuppression, 230 Germ Cells, 230 Oral Effects, 230 Combinations, 231 Dental Implications, 231 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 232 Academic Skills Assessment, 232 Clinical Case Study, 232 PART IV Special Situations 21 Emergency Drugs, 234 General Measures, 234 Steps Indicated, 234 Preparation for Treatment, 234 Categories of Emergencies, 235 Lost or Altered Consciousness, 235 Respiratory Emergencies, 236 Cardiovascular System Emergencies, 236 Other Emergency Situations, 239 Drug-Related Emergencies, 239 Emergency Kit for the Dental Office, 239 Drugs, 239 Equipment, 242 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 243 Academic Skills Assessment, 243 Clinical Case Study, 243 22 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, 244 General Principles, 244 Two Main Concerns, 244 History, 244 Pregnancy, 244 Pregnancy Trimesters, 244 Teratogenicity, 245 US Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Categories, 245 Breastfeeding, 246 Dental Drugs, 246 Local Anesthetic Agents, 246 Epinephrine, 246 Analgesics, 246 Antiinfective Agents, 249 Antianxiety Agents, 250 Dental
Hygiene Considerations, 251 Academic Skills Assessment, 251 Clincial Case Study, 251 23 Substance Use Disorders, 252 General Considerations, 252 Definitions, 252 Psychological Dependence, 253 Physical Dependence, 253 Tolerance, 253 Central Nervous System Depressants, 254 Ethyl Alcohol, 254 Nitrous Oxide, 257 Opioid Analgesics, 258 Opioid Street Drug 259 Sedative-Hypnotics, 259 Pattern of Abuse, 259 Management of Acute Overdose and Withdrawal, 260 Central Nervous System Stimulants, 260 Cocaine, 260 Amphetamines, 260 Caffeine, 261 Tobacco, 261 Psychedelics (Hallucinogens), 262 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 263 Phencyclidine, 263 Marijuana, 263 Identifying the Substance User, 263 The Impaired Dental Hygienist, 264 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 264 Academic Skills Assessment, 264 Clinical Case Study, 264 24 Natural/Herbal Products and Dietary Supplente ։ 265 Limited Regulation, 265 Dietary Supplement Health and Education ct, 265 Package Labeling, 266 Safety of Herbal and Nutritional Produc ts, 466 Oral Adverse Effects, 266 Drug Interactions, 266 Standardization of Herbal Products, 267 Good Manufacturing Practice, 268 Herbal Supplements Used in Oral Health ( are, 269 Acemannan, 269 Essential Oil Mouth Rinse, 269 Oil of Cloves (Eugenol), 269 Triclosan, 269 Xylitol, 269 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 270 Academic Skills Assessment, 270 Clinical Case Study, 270 25 Oral Conditions and Their Treatment, 271 Infectious Lesions, 271 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis, 271 Herpes Infections, 271 Candidiasis (Moniliasis), 273
CONTENTS Angular Cheilitis/Cheilosis, 274 Alveolar Osteitis, 275 Immune Reactions, 275 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, 275 Lichen Planus, 276 Miscellaneous Oral Conditions, 276 Geographic Tongue, 276 Burning Mouth or Tongue Syndrome, 276 Inflammation, 277 Pericoronitis, 277 Postirradiation Caries, 277 Root Sensitivity, 277 Actinic Lip Changes, 277 Stomatitis, 277 Drug-Induced Oral Side Effects, 277 Xerostomia, 277 Sialorrhea, 277 Hypersensitivity-Type Reactions, 278 Oral Lesions That Resemble Autoimmune-Type Reactions, 279 Stains, 279 Gingival Enlargement, 279 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw, 279 Agents Commonly Used to Treat Oral Lesions, 279 Corticosteroids, 279 Palliative Treatment, 280 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 281 Academic Skills Assessment, 28] Clinical Case Study, 281 26 Hygiene-Related Ora! Disorders, 282 Dental Caries, 282 Prevention, 282 Gingivitis, 288 Prevention, 288 Tooth Hypersensitivity, 288 Pathophysiology, 289 Treatment, 289 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 290 Academic Skills Assessment, 291 Clinical Case Study, 291 Reference, 291 Bibliography, 291 Appendix A: Medical Acronyms, 292 Appendix B: Medical Terminology, 295 Appendix C: What If..297 Appendix D: Oral Manifestations: Xerostomia and Taste Changes, 302 Appendix E: Children s Dose Calculations, 305 Glossary, 306 Drug Index, 315 Index, 327
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CONTENTS PART I General Principles 1 Information, Sources, Regulatory Agencies, Drug Legislation, and Prescription Writing, 2 History, 2 Role of the Dental Hygienist, 2 Medication/Health History, 2 Medication Administration, 3 Emergency Situations, 3 Appointment Scheduling, 3 Nonprescription Medication, 3 Nutritional or Herbal Supplements, 3 Sources of Information, 3 Printed Resources, 3 Computer and Online Resources, 4 Drug Names, 4 Drug Substitution, 5 Federal Regulations and Regulatory Agencies, 5 Harrison Narcotic Act, 5 Food and Drug Administration, 5 Federal Trade Commission, 5 Drug Enforcement Administration, 5 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 5 Clinical Evaluation of a New Drug, 5 Drug Legislation, 6 History, 6 Scheduled Drugs, 6 Package Inserts, 6 Black Box Warning, 6 Labeled and Off-Label Uses, 7 Orphan Drugs, 7 Drug Recall, 7 Prescription Writing, 7 Measurement, 7 Prescriptions, 7 Role of the Dental Hygienist and Patient Adherence to Medication Therapy, 9 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 10 Academic Skills Assessment, 10 Clinical Applications, 10 2 Drug Action and Handling, 11 Characterization of Drug Action, 11 Log Dose-Effect Curve, 11 Potency, 11 Efficacy, 11 Therapeutic Index, 12 Mechanism of Action of Drugs, 12 Receptors, 13 Pharmacokinetics, 14 Passage Across Body Membranes, 14 Absorption, 14 Distribution, 15 Redistribution, 16 Metabolism (Biotransformation), 16 Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 18 Half-Life, 18 Kinetics, 18 Factors that Alter Drug Effects, 18 Routes of Administration and Dose Forms, 19 Routes of Administration, 19 Dosage Forms, 23 Dental Hygiene
Considerations, 23 Academic Skills Assessment, 23 Clinical Case Study, 23 3 Adverse Reactions, 24 Definitions and Classifications, 24 Clinical Manifestations of Adverse Reactions, 25 Exaggerated Effect on Target Tissues, 25 Effect on Nontarget Tissues, 25 Effect on Fetal Development (Teratogenic Effect), 25 Local Effect, 25 Drug Interactions, 25 Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reaction), 26 Idiosyncrasy, 27 Interference With Natural Defense Mechanisms, 27 Toxicologic Evaluation of Drugs, 27 Recognizing Adverse Drug Effects, 28 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 28 Academic Skills Assessment, 28 Clinical Case Study, 29 PART II Drugs Used in Dentistry 4 Autonomic Drugs, 31 Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Anatomy, 31 Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 31 Functional Organization, 32 Neurotransmitters, 32 Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 35 Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) Agents, 35 Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) Agents, 37 Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists, 39 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System, 39 Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System Receptors, 39 Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents, 40 Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 42 Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs, 43 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 43 Cholinergic Drugs, 43 Anticholinergic Drugs, 43 Adrenergic Agonists, 43 Academic Skills Assessment, 44 Clinical Case Study, 44 5 Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Analgesics, 45 Pain, 45 Classification, 45 Salicylates, 45 Acetylsalicylic Acid, 45 Nonacetylated Salicylates, 50 XV
CONTENTS Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, 50 Chemical Classification, 50 Mechanism of Action, 50 Pharmacokinetics, 50 Pharmacologic Effects, 51 Adverse Reactions, 51 Drug Interactions, 52 Contraindications and Cautions, 52 Precautions, 52 Therapeutic Uses, 52 Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, 53 Acetaminophen, 54 Pharmacokinetics, 54 Pharmacologic Effects, 54 Adverse Reactions, 54 Drug Interactions, 55 Uses, 55 Doses and Preparations, 55 Drugs Used to Treat Gout, 56 Colchicine, 56 Febuxostat, 56 Allopurinol, 56 Probenecid, 56 Other Drugs, 56 Drugs Used to Treat Arthritis, 56 Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, 56 Biologic Response Modifiers, 57 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 57 Academic Skills Assessment, 57 Clinical Case Study, 57 6 Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics and Antagonists, 58 History, 58 Classification, 58 Mechanism of Action, 58 Pharmacokinetics, 58 Pharmacologic Effects, 59 Analgesia, 59 Sedation and Euphoria, 59 Cough Suppression, 60 Gastrointestinal Effects, 60 Adverse Reactions, 60 Respiratory Depression, 60 Nausea and Emesis, 61 Constipation, 61 Miosis, 61 Urinary Retention, 61 Central Nervous System Effects, 61 Cardiovascular Effects, 61 Biliary Tract Constriction, 61 Histamine Release, 61 Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations, 61 Addiction, 61 Allergic Reactions, 62 Drug Interactions, 63 Specific Opioids, 63 Opioid Agonists, 63 Mixed Opioids, 65 Opioid Antagonists, 65 Full Agonist/Reuptake Inhibitors, 66 Dental Use of Opioids, 66 Chronic Dental Pain and Opioid Use, 67 Patient Concerns Regarding Opioid Use, 67 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 67
Academic Skills Assessment, 67 Clinical Case Studies, 67 7 Antiinfective Agents, 68 Dental Infection “Evolution”, 68 Definitions, 69 Infection, 69 Resistance, 69 Indications for Antimicrobial Agents, 70 Therapeutic Indications, 70 Prophylactic Indications, 70 General Adverse Reactions and Disadvantages Associated with Antiinfective Agents, 70 Superinfection (Suprainfection), 70 Allergic Reactions, 70 Drug Interactions, 70 Gastrointestinal Complaints, 72 Pregnancy Considerations, 72 Dose Forms, 72 Cost, 72 Penicillins, 72 Pharmacokinetics, 72 Mechanism of Action, 73 Spectrum, 73 Resistance, 73 Adverse Reactions, 73 Uses, 74 Specific Penicillins, 74 Cephalosporins, 75 Pharmacokinetics, 75 Spectrum, 75 Mechanism of Action, 75 Adverse Reactions, 75 Uses, 76 Macrolides, 76 Erythromycin, 76 Azithromycin and Clarithromycin, 77 Tetracyclines, 77 Pharmacokinetics, 77 Spectrum, 77 Adverse Reactions, 77 Drug Interactions, 78 Uses, 79 Clindamycin, 79 Pharmacokinetics, 79 Spectrum, 79 Adverse Reactions, 79 Uses, 80 Metronidazole, 80 Pharmacokinetics, 80 Spectrum, 80 Adverse Reactions, 80 Drug Interactions, 80 Uses, 81 Rational Use of Antiinfective Agents in Dentistry, 81 Stages of Infection, 81 Failure of Antiinfective Therapy, 81 Antimicrobial Agents for Nondental Use, 81 Vancomycin, 81 Aminoglycosides, 82 Sulfonamides, 82
CONTENTS Sulfamethoxazole- Trimethoprim, 83 Nitrofurantoin, 83 Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones), 83 Antituberculosis Agents, 84 Isoniazid, 84 Rifampin, 85 Pyrazinamide, 85 Ethambutol, 85 Topical Antibiotics, 85 Neomycin, Polymyxin, and Bacitracin, 85 Mupirocin, 85 Antibiotic Prophylaxis Used in Dentistry, 86 Prevention of Infective Endocarditis, 86 Prosthetic Joint Prophylaxis, 87 Noncardiac Medical Conditions, 88 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 88 Academic Skills Assessment, 88 Clinical Case Study, 88 Bibliography, 89 iš Antifungal and Antiviral Agents, 90 Antifungal Agents, 90 Nystatin, 90 Imidazoles, 90 Antiviral Agents, 92 Herpes Simplex, 92 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 94 Chronic Hepatitis, 96 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 97 Academic Skills Assessment, 97 Clinical Case Study, 97 Գ Local Anesthetics, 98 History, 98 Ideal Local Anesthetic, 98 Chemistry, 98 Mechanism of Action, 98 Action on Nerve Fibers, 98 Ionization Factors, 99 Pharmacokinetics, 99 Absorption, 99 Distribution, 101 Metabolism, 101 Excretion, 101 Pharmacologic Effects, 101 Peripheral Nerve Conduction (Blocker), 101 Antiarrhythmic, 101 Adverse Reactions, 101 Toxicity, 102 Local Effects, 102 Malignant Hyperthermia, 102 Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations, 102 Allergy, 102 Composition of Local Anesthetic Solutions, 103 Local Anesthetic Agents, 103 Amides, 103 Esters, 105 Other Local Anesthetics, 105 Vasoconstrictors, 105 Overview, 105 Drug Interactions, 107 Choice of Local Anesthetic, 107 Topical Anesthetics, 108 Amides, 109 Esters, 110 Precautions in Topical Anesthesia, 110 Doses of Local Anesthetic
and Vasoconstrictor, 110 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 111 Academic Skills Assessment, 111 Clinical Case Study, 111 10 General Anesthetics, 112 History, 112 Mechanism of Action, 112 Overview, 112 Stages and Planes of Anesthesia, ¡12 Adverse Reactions, 113 General Anesthetics, 113 Classification of Anesthetic Agents, ¡13 Induction Anesthesia, 113 Induction and Maintenance Anesthesia, 115 Nitrous Oxide, 115 Halogenated Hydrocarbons, 117 Balanced General Anesthesia, 117 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 117 Academic Skills Assessment, 117 Clinical Case Study, 118 11 Antianxiety Agents, 119 Definitions, 119 Benzodiazepines, 120 Chemistry, 120 Pharmacokinetics, 120 Mechanism of Action, 121 Pharmacologic Effects, 121 Adverse Reactions, 121 Abuse and Tolerance, 122 Drug Interactions, 123 Medical Uses, 123 Management of the Dental Patient Taking Benzodiazepines, 124 Barbiturates, 124 Chemistry, 125 Pharmacokinetics, 125 Mechanism of Action, 125 Pharmacologic Effects, 125 Adverse Reactions, 125 Long-Term Use, 125 Contraindications, 125 Drug Interactions, 125 Uses, 125 Nonbenzodiazepine-Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics, 126 Buspirone, 126 Nonbenzodiazepine Receptor Hypnotics, 126 Zolpidem, 126 Zaleplon, 126 Eszopiclone, 126 Melatonin Receptor Agonist, 126 Melatonin, 127 Orexin Receptor Antagonist, 127 Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, 127 Pharmacologic Effects, 127 Individual Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants, 127 Miscellaneous Agents, 127
CONTENTS Baclofen, 127 Tizanidine, 128 Dantrolene, 128 General Comments About Antianxiety Agents, 128 Analgesic-Sedative Combinations, 128 Special Considerations, 128 Precautions, 128 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 129 Academic Skills Assessment, 129 Clinical Case Study, 129 Part III Drugs That May Alter Dental Treatment 12 Drugs for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, 131 Dental Implications of Cardiovascular Disease, 131 Contraindications to Treatment, 131 Vasoconstrictor Limit, 132 Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease, 132 Heart Failure, 132 Treatment of Heart Failure, 132 Angiotensin II Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor, 134 If Channel Inhibitor, 134 Cardiac Glycosides, 134 Digitalis Glycosides, 134 Antiarrhythmic Agents, 135 Automaticity, 135 Arrhythmias, 135 Antiarrhythmic Agents, 135 Antianginal Drugs, 136 Angina Pectoris, 136 Nitroglycerin-Like Compounds, 136 Ç -Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 138 Calcium Channel Blocking Agents, 138 Ranolazine, 138 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 139 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, 139 Dental Implications, 139 Antihypertensive Agents, 139 Patient Evaluation, 141 Treatment of Hypertension, 141 Diuretic Agents, 142 Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, 146 Direct Renin Inhibitors, 146 Calcium Channel Blocking Agents, 147 ß-Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 147 aj-Adrenergic Blocking Agents, 148 Central a-Adrenergic Agonists, 149 Peripheral Adrenergic Neuron Antagonist, 149 Management of the Dental Patient Taking Antihypertensive Agents, 149 Antihyperlipidemic Agents, 149 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors,
150 Inhibitors of Intestinal Absorption of Cholesterol, 151 Niacin, 152 Cholestyramine, 152 Fibric Acid Derivatives, 152 Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors, 152 Fish Oils, 152 Dental Implications of Elevated Cholesterol Levels, 152 Drugs That Affect Blood Coagulation, 152 Anticoagulants, 152 Parenteral Anticoagulants, 153 Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, 153 Oral Anticoagulants, 153 Factor Xa Inhibitors, 154 Direct Thrombin Inhibitor, 155 Thienopyridines, 155 Clopidogrel, 155 Ticlopidine, 155 Prasugrel, 155 Ticagrelor, 155 Streptokinase and Alteplase, 155 Dipyridamole, 155 Pentoxifylline, 156 Drugs That Increase Blood Clotting, 156 Hemostatic Agents (Fibrinolytic Inhibitor.·֊ ·'. і 56 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 156 Academic Skills Assessment, 156 Clinical Case Study, 156 References, 157 13 Drugs for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders, 158 Gastrointestinal Drugs, 158 Gastrointestinal Diseases, 158 Dental Implications, 159 Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Dise·· ՝s, 159 Histamine¡-Blocking Agents, 159 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 160 Mixed Anti-Infective Therapy for I'lccr Treatment, 160 Antacids, 161 Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs, H֊i Laxatives and Antidiarrheals, 161 Agents Used to Manage Chronic Inflamo: : Bowel Disease, 163 Celiac Disease, 163 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 164 Academic Skills Assessment, 164 Clinical Case Study, 164 14 Drugs for the Treatment of Seizure Disorders, 16Б Epilepsy, 165 Generalized Seizures, 165 Partial (Focal) Seizures, 166 Drug Therapy of Patients with Epilepsy, 166 General Adverse Reactions of
Antiepileptic Agents, 167 Gastrointestinal Distress, 167 Valproate, 167 Lamotrigine, 168 Levetiracetam, 168 Oxcarbazepine, 168 Carbamazepine, 168 Phenytoin, 170 Ethosuximide, 171 Benzodiazepines, 171 Other Antiepileptic Agents, 172 Dental Treatment of the Patient with Epilepsy, 172 Nonseizure Uses of Antiepileptics, 172
CONTENTS Neurologic Pain, 172 Psychiatric Use, 172 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 172 Academic Skills Assessment, 172 Clinical Case Study, 173 15 Drugs for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders, 174 Psychiatric Disorders, 174 Antipsychotic Agents, 175 Mechanism ofAction, 175 Pharmacologic Effects, 175 Drug Interactions, 177 Uses, 178 Dental Implications, 178 Antidepressant Agents, 179 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 179 Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, 180 Tricyclic Antidepressants, 180 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, 181 Other Antidepressants, 181 Suicide and Antidepressants, 182 Dental Implications, 182 Drugs for Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, 182 Lithium, 182 Antiepileptic Drugs, 182 Second-Generation Antipsychotics, 183 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 183 Academic Skills Assessment, 183 Clinical Case Study, 183 : Adrenocorticosteroids, 184 Mechanism of Release, 184 Classification, 184 Definitions, 184 Routes of Administration, 185 Mechanism of Action, 185 Pharmacologic Effects, 185 Adverse Reactions, 185 Metabolic Changes, 186 Infections, 186 Central Nervous System Effects, 186 Peptic Ulcer, 186 Impaired Wound Healing and Osteoporosis, 186 Ophthalmic Effects, 186 Electrolyte and Fluid Balance, 187 Adrenal Crisis, 187 Dental Effects, 187 Uses, 187 Medical Uses, 187 Dental Uses, 188 Corticosteroid Products, 188 Dental Implications, 189 Adverse Reactions, 189 Steroid Supplementation, 190 Topical Use, 190 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 191 Academic Skills Assessment, 191 Clinical Case Study, 191 Reference, 191 17 Drugs for the Treatment of
Respiratory Disorders and Allergic Rhinitis, 192 Respiratory Diseases, 192 Asthma, 192 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 192 Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Diseases, 195 Metered-Dose Inhalers, 195 Sympathomimetic Agents, 196 Corticosteroids, 196 Leukotriene Modifiers, 197 Cromolyn, 198 Methylxanthines, 198 Antimuscarinic, 198 Anti-Immunoglobulin E Antibodies, 198 Interleukin-5 Antibody Antagonists, 198 Agents Used to Manage Upper Respiratory Infections, 198 Dental Implications of the Respiratory Drugs, 199 Allergic Rhinitis, 199 Pharmacologic Effects, 200 H¡-Receptor Blocking Effects, 201 Other Effects (Unrelated to H¡-Blocking Effects), 201 Adverse Reactions, 201 Central Nervous System Depression, 201 Anticholinergic Effects, 201 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 202 Academic Skills Assessment, 202 Clinical Case Study, 203 18 Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, 204 Pancreatic Hormones, 204 Diabetes Mellitus, 204 Types of Diabetes, 204 Dental Implications of Diabetes, 205 Systemic Complications of Diabetes, 207 Evaluation of the Dental Patient With Diabetes, 207 Goals of Therapy, 208 Drugs Used to Manage Diabetes, 208 Insulins, 208 Oral Antidiabetic Agents, 209 Treatment of Hypoglycemia, 214 Glucagon, 214 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 214 Academic Skills Assesment, 214 Clinical Case Study, 214 Bibliography, 214 19 Drugs for the Treatment of Other Endocrine Disorders, 215 Pituitary Hormones, 215 Anterior Pituitary, 215 Posterior Pituitary, 217 Thyroid Hormones, 217 Iodine, 217 Hypothyroidism, 217 Hyperthyroidism, 217 Female Sex Hormones, 218 Estrogens, 219
Progestins, 220 Hormonal Contraceptives, 220
CONTENTS Male Sex Hormones, 221 Androgens, 221 Other Agents That Affect Sex Hormone Systems, 222 Clomiphene, 222 Leuprolide, 222 Tamoxifen, 222 Danazol, 223 Aromatase Inhibitors, 223 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 223 Academic Skills Assessment, 223 Clinical Case Study, 223 20 Antineoplastic Drugs, 225 Use of Antineoplastic Agents, 225 Mechanisms of Action, 225 Classification, 227 Adverse Drug Effects, 227 Bone Marrow Suppression, 227 Osteonecrosis, 227 Gastrointestinal Effects, 230 Dermatologic Effects, 230 Hepatotoxicity, 230 Nephrotoxicity, 230 Immunosuppression, 230 Germ Cells, 230 Oral Effects, 230 Combinations, 231 Dental Implications, 231 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 232 Academic Skills Assessment, 232 Clinical Case Study, 232 PART IV Special Situations 21 Emergency Drugs, 234 General Measures, 234 Steps Indicated, 234 Preparation for Treatment, 234 Categories of Emergencies, 235 Lost or Altered Consciousness, 235 Respiratory Emergencies, 236 Cardiovascular System Emergencies, 236 Other Emergency Situations, 239 Drug-Related Emergencies, 239 Emergency Kit for the Dental Office, 239 Drugs, 239 Equipment, 242 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 243 Academic Skills Assessment, 243 Clinical Case Study, 243 22 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding, 244 General Principles, 244 Two Main Concerns, 244 History, 244 Pregnancy, 244 Pregnancy Trimesters, 244 Teratogenicity, 245 US Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Categories, 245 Breastfeeding, 246 Dental Drugs, 246 Local Anesthetic Agents, 246 Epinephrine, 246 Analgesics, 246 Antiinfective Agents, 249 Antianxiety Agents, 250 Dental
Hygiene Considerations, 251 Academic Skills Assessment, 251 Clincial Case Study, 251 23 Substance Use Disorders, 252 General Considerations, 252 Definitions, 252 Psychological Dependence, 253 Physical Dependence, 253 Tolerance, 253 Central Nervous System Depressants, 254 Ethyl Alcohol, 254 Nitrous Oxide, 257 Opioid Analgesics, 258 Opioid Street Drug 259 Sedative-Hypnotics, 259 Pattern of Abuse, 259 Management of Acute Overdose and Withdrawal, 260 Central Nervous System Stimulants, 260 Cocaine, 260 Amphetamines, 260 Caffeine, 261 Tobacco, 261 Psychedelics (Hallucinogens), 262 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, 263 Phencyclidine, 263 Marijuana, 263 Identifying the Substance User, 263 The Impaired Dental Hygienist, 264 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 264 Academic Skills Assessment, 264 Clinical Case Study, 264 24 Natural/Herbal Products and Dietary Supplente ։ 265 Limited Regulation, 265 Dietary Supplement Health and Education \ct, 265 Package Labeling, 266 Safety of Herbal and Nutritional Produc ts, 466 Oral Adverse Effects, 266 Drug Interactions, 266 Standardization of Herbal Products, 267 Good Manufacturing Practice, 268 Herbal Supplements Used in Oral Health ('are, 269 Acemannan, 269 Essential Oil Mouth Rinse, 269 Oil of Cloves (Eugenol), 269 Triclosan, 269 Xylitol, 269 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 270 Academic Skills Assessment, 270 Clinical Case Study, 270 25 Oral Conditions and Their Treatment, 271 Infectious Lesions, 271 Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis, 271 Herpes Infections, 271 Candidiasis (Moniliasis), 273
CONTENTS Angular Cheilitis/Cheilosis, 274 Alveolar Osteitis, 275 Immune Reactions, 275 Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, 275 Lichen Planus, 276 Miscellaneous Oral Conditions, 276 Geographic Tongue, 276 Burning Mouth or Tongue Syndrome, 276 Inflammation, 277 Pericoronitis, 277 Postirradiation Caries, 277 Root Sensitivity, 277 Actinic Lip Changes, 277 Stomatitis, 277 Drug-Induced Oral Side Effects, 277 Xerostomia, 277 Sialorrhea, 277 Hypersensitivity-Type Reactions, 278 Oral Lesions That Resemble Autoimmune-Type Reactions, 279 Stains, 279 Gingival Enlargement, 279 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw, 279 Agents Commonly Used to Treat Oral Lesions, 279 Corticosteroids, 279 Palliative Treatment, 280 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 281 Academic Skills Assessment, 28] Clinical Case Study, 281 26 Hygiene-Related Ora! Disorders, 282 Dental Caries, 282 Prevention, 282 Gingivitis, 288 Prevention, 288 Tooth Hypersensitivity, 288 Pathophysiology, 289 Treatment, 289 Dental Hygiene Considerations, 290 Academic Skills Assessment, 291 Clinical Case Study, 291 Reference, 291 Bibliography, 291 Appendix A: Medical Acronyms, 292 Appendix B: Medical Terminology, 295 Appendix C: What If.297 Appendix D: Oral Manifestations: Xerostomia and Taste Changes, 302 Appendix E: Children's Dose Calculations, 305 Glossary, 306 Drug Index, 315 Index, 327 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047174284 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:44:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:04:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780323595391 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xxi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
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| spelling | Haveles, Elena Verfasser (DE-588)1230494634 aut Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist Elena Bablenis Haveles, BS Pharmacy, PharmD, RPh 8th edition St. Louis, Missouri Elsevier [2020] xxi, 340 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Dental Hygienists Dental hygiene Dental pharmacology Dentistry Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd rswk-swf Zahnmedizin (DE-588)4079454-4 gnd rswk-swf Zahnmedizin (DE-588)4079454-4 s Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032579686&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Haveles, Elena Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist Dental Hygienists Dental hygiene Dental pharmacology Dentistry Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd Zahnmedizin (DE-588)4079454-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045687-0 (DE-588)4079454-4 |
| title | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| title_auth | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| title_exact_search | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| title_full | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist Elena Bablenis Haveles, BS Pharmacy, PharmD, RPh |
| title_fullStr | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist Elena Bablenis Haveles, BS Pharmacy, PharmD, RPh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist Elena Bablenis Haveles, BS Pharmacy, PharmD, RPh |
| title_short | Applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| title_sort | applied pharmacology for the dental hygienist |
| topic | Dental Hygienists Dental hygiene Dental pharmacology Dentistry Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmakologie (DE-588)4045687-0 gnd Zahnmedizin (DE-588)4079454-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dental Hygienists Dental hygiene Dental pharmacology Dentistry Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmakologie Zahnmedizin |
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