Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz?: gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War
"On a sweltering June evening in 1937, American Juliet Stuart Poyntz left her boardinghouse in Manhattan and walked toward Central Park, three short blocks away. She was never seen or heard from again. Seven months passed before a formal missing person's report was made, since Poyntz worke...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Amherst ; Boston
University of Massachusetts Press
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Culture and politics in the Cold War and beyond
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "On a sweltering June evening in 1937, American Juliet Stuart Poyntz left her boardinghouse in Manhattan and walked toward Central Park, three short blocks away. She was never seen or heard from again. Seven months passed before a formal missing person's report was made, since Poyntz worked for the Soviet Secret Police and her friends (many of whom were anti-Stalinist radicals in the United States) were scared to alert authorities. Her disappearance coincided with Josef Stalin's purges of his political enemies in the Soviet Union and it was feared that Poyntz was a casualty of Soviet brutality. In Where Is Juliet Stuart Poyntz?, Denise M. Lynn argues that Poyntz's sudden disappearance was the final straw for many on the American political left, who then abandoned Marxism and began to embrace anti-communism. In the years to follow, the left crafted narratives of her disappearance that became central to the Cold War. While scholars have thoroughly analyzed the influence of the political right in the anti-communism of this era, this captivating and compelling study is unique in exploring the influence of the political left"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 206 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781625345486 9781625345479 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? |b gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |c Denise M. Lynn |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "On a sweltering June evening in 1937, American Juliet Stuart Poyntz left her boardinghouse in Manhattan and walked toward Central Park, three short blocks away. She was never seen or heard from again. Seven months passed before a formal missing person's report was made, since Poyntz worked for the Soviet Secret Police and her friends (many of whom were anti-Stalinist radicals in the United States) were scared to alert authorities. Her disappearance coincided with Josef Stalin's purges of his political enemies in the Soviet Union and it was feared that Poyntz was a casualty of Soviet brutality. In Where Is Juliet Stuart Poyntz?, Denise M. Lynn argues that Poyntz's sudden disappearance was the final straw for many on the American political left, who then abandoned Marxism and began to embrace anti-communism. In the years to follow, the left crafted narratives of her disappearance that became central to the Cold War. While scholars have thoroughly analyzed the influence of the political right in the anti-communism of this era, this captivating and compelling study is unique in exploring the influence of the political left"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Women communists / United States / Biography | |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Communist Party of the United States of America / Biography | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Communism / United States / History / 20th century | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a POLITICAL SCIENCE / General | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments ¡x A Note on the Text xiii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE The Family 13 CHAPTER TWO The Communist 25 CHAPTER THREE The Anarchist 51 CHAPTER FOUR The Intellectual and the Feds CHAPTER FIVE The Witness 93 CHAPTER SIX The Informers 111 CHAPTER SEVEN The Lady Spy 141 CONCLUSION Notes 169 Index 193 161 73
INDEX Page references in italics refer to figures. 154; and nuclear family, 8-11, 154-55, 167; postwar, and political repression, 6; postwar, and rupture in anti-fascist front, 5; and Poyntzs disappearance, 4-6, 94, no, 128, abolitionism, 13,15-16 Adamson, H. C., 60 Aderholt, Orvill, 47 AFL (American Federation of Labor), 41.46 African Americans. See Black people Allegro, Pietro, 64 Allen, James, 120 Alsop, Joseph, 156-57 ALWF (American League against War and Fascism), 145,148 American Association for Labor Legislation, 32 American Civil Liberties Union, 6, 68 161,165-67; racism linked to, 109; shift from anti-Stalinism to, 4-6, 52, 73-74. 81, 94. no, 132· See ako Chambers, Whittaker; excommunist witnesses anti-fascism: and Bentley, 148,150; and communist organizations, io, 114; and Solow, 75, 82; Spains struggle, 57; and Tresca, 53-55, 64, 69 anti-fascist popular front, 4-5, 64, 71,148 anti-fascist underground, 1 American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 55-56, 76 American Federation of Labor (AFL), anti-feminism, 10 anti-imperialism, 74-75 anti-Nazi underground, 69, 82 anti-racism, 8,10, 45,113,167 anti-radicalism, 10 anti-sexism, 8,10,167. See ako feminism 41.46 American League against War and Fascism (ALWF), 145,148 American Socialist Party, 32 American Womans Association Clubhouse, 1-2 anarchists, 54, 57-58,122. See also Tresca, Carlo anti-slavery activists. See abolitionism anti-Stalinism: and CPUSA, 4-5, 55, 64, 73, 76; and Crouch, 132; and disappearances, 3-4, 52, 57, 61-62, 64-65, 67; and empowerment of Anaya, Joaquin Zenteno, 165-66 anti-capitalism, 45,
52, 53-54,121-22,132 anti-clericalism, 53 anti-communist right, 167; and the Great Terror, 55-57; New York intellectuals and, 74; shift to anti communism from, 4-6, 52, 73-74, 81, 94, no, 132; and Solow, 3, 73, 75-76, 96, no; and Tresca, 3, 52, anti-communism: anti-Stalinism and empowerment of, 167; antiStalinism and political culture of, 119; Cold War and American obses sion with, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94,104-5, 107-8, Ш-12; enduring appeal of, 54-56, 61-62, 64, 71, 76,167; and Tresca Memorial Committee, 118- 166; and gender, 8-12,139,141,143, 154-55,166-67; and homosexuality, 19; and Trotsky, 55-57 193
Index Assassins at Large (Dewar), 161-62 Association of Foreign Press Brandeis, Louis, 122-23 Braun, Fritz, 102 Correspondents, 67 Bridges, Harry, 138 British Communist Party, 161 Brookwood Labor College, 113 Brown, John, 15 bad tendency principle, 122-23 Barmine, Alexander, 56-57, 67 Barnard College, 22-25, 27-29, 32 Barnes, Herbert, 79-80 Brownell, Herbert, 138 Brūnini, John Gilland, 150 Buch, Vera, 47 Budenz, Louis, iii—21; anti-communist career of, 115,131,139,157; and CPUSA, 113-20; and Dewar, 161-62; early life of, 113; female Beal, Fred, 46-48 Beard, Charles, 33 Bedacht, Max, 81 Belgium, 38-39 Bentley, Charles, 144 Bentley, Elizabeth, 141-59; anti communism career of, 138-39,142, 144-46,157; and communism, 144-48; Crouchs information compared to that of, 133; defec tion to FBI, 104,164; early life of, vulnerability and, 141; and Miss Y, 134; religious belief of, 7,113-15, 158; This Is My Story, 112-13,116-21 Bukharin, Nikolai, 38, 41,55, 95 Bureau of Free Love, 8-9 Bykov, Boris, 107 144; and gendered expectations, 11-12, 142-44,146-48,157-59; Out ofBondage, 136,141-44,148-59; Calabi, Giuseppe, 71 Cannon, James, 44 and Packers analysis, hi—12; and Phillips, 83; and Poyntzs disap pearance, 4, 7,136,149; Poyntzs interactions with, 141-44,148-56; as red spy queen, 146-47; and sex capitalism, 10, 45, 53-54,121-22,132 Capshaw, Ron, 166 Carr, Robert, 157 Casella, Mario, 144 Catholic church, 53,113-15,119-21,158 Central Executive Committee (CEC) of WPA, 42-43 Central School, Omaha, 19 Chambers, Esther, 96 Chambers, Jay and Laha, 94 Chambers, Whittaker, 93-110; anti
communist career of, 104,131,133, 139,157; early life of, 94; leaving ual morality, 144-45,147 149-52, 154-55,158 Bergen School for Girls, Jersey City, 25 Berle, Adolf, 103-4 Bemeri, Camillo, 57-58, 71 Bernstein, Dr. and Mrs. Solon, 63 Berson, Joseph, 37, 67 Bitteinään, Alexander, 44 Black people, 9,10, 45. See ako racial the Communist Party, 96-109; legacy of, 109-10; and Packers analysis, in-12; Poyntz compared to, 157; and Poyntzs disappearance, minorities Blackshirts, 54 Bolshevik leadership, 7, 41-42, 55,107 Bolshevik revolution, 8-9, 37-42, 54, 58,122 4. 7, 89, 93-94, 97-98,100-102, 105-7; and Putna, ιοί, 164; and Robinson-Rubens, 97-103; and Bolsheviks, activists labeled as, 12 194
Index to, 121; and sexist stereotypes, 143-44; social justice movements linked to, 116; Trescas disappoint ment in, and opposition to, 52, 54-55, 58, 66, 68-69. See ако anti communism; anti-Stalinism communist, Poyntz as, 25-50; devotion to communism, 8,11,13; and disillusionment, 126,135-36; and divisions among socialists, 38-40; and early causes, 25-29; and Glaser, 29-32; party leadership, 26-27, 45-50,125-26; and unionism and socialism, 32-37; and WPA, 40-45. See ако under Soviet underground Communist International (Comintern): and Dewar, 161; fascism con demned by, 114; and Gitlow, 123-24; and Kornfeder, 80-81; and LaFollettes campaign, 42; and Lenin, 39-40; and Poyntz’s asso ciation with Lore, 42-45; Poyntz’s involvement in, 45, 48, 90 Communist Labor Party (CLP), 39 Communist Party (CP), 39 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Solow, 7, 74-75, 89, 93-103,106; and Soviet underground, 7, 93, 96-98,103-4; Witness, 94-95,100, 102.104- 9 Charlotte News, 46 Chelyuskinetz (Soviet freighter), 68 Choctaw Nation, 16-18, 21 citizenship, women and, 30-31, 37 civil rights movement, 6, 8,12,162,167 class solidarity, 35, 52 CLP (Communist Labor Party), 39 Cold War: American left and ideology of, 4; American obsession with communism and, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94.104-5,107-8, Ш-12; female spy depictions and, 65,142; gender expectations and, 142-44,146-48, ī57֊59; political repression as legacy of, 6; powerful· women as threat during, 124; shift from anti-Stalinism to anti-communism and, 73, no; Vietnam War and containment policy, 109-10 collective bargaining, 39 College Equal Suffrage
League, 26 College Settlements Association, 22-23 Columbia University, 1, 28-29, 66, 74, 37, 41-42, 44-45, 51-52-, 96, in, 114 Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA): and anti-fascism, 10, 114; and anti-imperialism, 75; and anti-Stalinism, 4-5, 55, 64, 73, 76; and Bentley, 145-46,148-49, 154,156-58; and Budenz, 113-20; and Chambers, 95-98,103-5, 108-9; and dass equality, 157; Cold War repression of, 94; and Crouch, 131-34,138-39; defection of leftists from, 4,105; and Dewey Commission, 76; disappearances, and Crouch’s accusations against, 132-33; disappearances, and Dewars accusations against, 161-62; 82, 94,144-45.148,154-55 Comintern. See Communist International Commentary, 130 Commission to Combat CounterRevolution and Sabotage, 3 “The Communazi Lady Vanishes” (Tresca), 69, 87 communism: American obsession with, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94,104-5,1078, in-12; and Bentley, 144-48; Chambers’s disillusionment with, 102.104-5; and fascists/fascism, 10, 49,114; leftist abandonment of, 4-6, 52, 57, 74; Nazism compared 195
Index Crouch, Isaac, 131 Crouch, Paul, 131-39; early life of, 131; and female vulnerability, 141; and Gastonia textile strike, 48,132-33, 135; Miami Daily News articles, 112; Poyntz’s disappearance and story of, 7, 79,133-38; Poyntz’s relationship with, 132-33,135; as professional informant, 137-39; shift from anti-Stalinism to anti communism, 132 Crouch, Sylvia, 132-33, J37 “The Crouch Appendix,” 138 Cuordileone, K. A., 154 Czołgosz, Leon, 122 Communist Party of the United States {continued) disappearances, and responses of, 60-61, 64, 70,133; disappearances, and Solow’s accusations against, 76-77, 91; disappearances, and Tresca’s accusations against, 4, 51-52, 64, 66, 68-72, ։66; estab lishment of, 40; and Gastonia textile strike, 46-48; and gender equality, 10-11, 45,143,157; and Gitlow, 121,123-26,130-31; and Great Depression, ю-π; and Krumbein, 124-25; and Mink, 134; and Packer, in; Poyntz disavowed by, 81,165; Poyntz’s disappoint ment in, 133; Poyntz’s leadership in, 8,13, 26-27, 45-50, 60,125-26; Poyntz’s leaving of, 1; Poyntz’s path to, 25; and racial equality, 10, 45,157; radicalism of, 10; and the Robinson-Rubens, 3, 63, 77-78, 99; and Solow, 73, 76-77, 83, 91; and Tresca, 4, 51-52, 54-55, 58, 64, 68, 70-72,166; and Trotsky, 5,58, 118; and Van Kleeck, 23 Comrade C, 155-56 Comrade H, 117-18 Congress, U.S., 8, 31,115,131,137,139, 162. See ako House Un-American Activities Committee conservatism, Cold War, 4, 8, 9 Contraras, Carlos, 71 Coolidge, Calvin, 47 Cooney, Terry, 76 Coplan, Judith, 143 Cott, Nancy, 31 counterrevolutionaries, 141,155-56 CP (Communist Party),
39 CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States Criminal Anarchy Act, 122 Daily Mirror, 60, 62 Daily Worker, 50, 60-61, 64,108-9, m 114-17,120 Darrow, Clarence, 122 Davis, David, 138 Day ofReckoning (de Toledano), 162-63 DeHart, Jane Sherron, 154 Delaware River, body in, 79-80 Delegard, Kirsten, 8 Delphian Society, 21-22 Democratic Party, 8, 20,146 depression of 1893,18 de Toledano, Ralph, 162-63 Dewar, Hugo, 161-62 Dewey, John, 55,119 Dewey Commission, 55-56, 46, 76 Dickinson High School, Jersey City, 21-22 Dies Committee, 81 Diggins, John Patrick, 158 Dillingham Commission (U.S. Immi gration Commission), 25-26, 28 “Disappeared” (Gallagher), 166 Drama Travel League, 61 Dunne, Matthew, 104-5 Dunne, William, 44 19Ó
Index economic justice, 34, 36-37,116. See ako on, 49; Poyntz’s dedication to unionism Eisenhower, Dwight D., 109 defeat of, 8, 34; rise of, in Europe, 3, 49, 69, 75; and Spanish Civil War, 57. See ako anti-fascism FBI: and Barmine, 57; and Bendey, Epstein, Melach, 78 Epstein, Schachno: Bentley, and newspa per story alleging involvement of, 104,142,145-46,148-51,158,164; and Budenz, 115,120-21,134,157; 149; Crouch’s accusations against, 133-34,136; Freeman’s statements and Chambers, 103-4,157; and Crouch, 138-39; and Epstein, Schachno, 67,133; and Gidow, 131; about, 163; Gidow’s accusations against, 127,130; Poyntz’s relation ship with, 37,127,163; Solow’s and Hirsch, 88-89; and Lieberman, 91; and MacMaster, 86; and accusations against, 79; Tresca’s accusations against, 63-64, 67-68 espionage. See Nazis and Nazi under ground; Soviet underground espionage trials, Soviet, 6-7 ex-communist witnesses, 6-8, in-39; murders ofTresca and Poyntz, 119, 129,136-37,166; and Narceny’s tip about Lena, 85; and Poyntz’s dis appearance, 2, 59-60, 73-74; and Robinson-Rubens, 61; and Solow, 78-81, 87-88,109; and Tresca, 52, Budenz, 7, in-21; and Communist Party, 108-9; Crouch, 7,112,13139; Gidow, 7,112,121-31; Packer’s analysis of, іи-12. See ako Bentley, Elizabeth; Chambers, Whittaker Ex-Communist Witnesses (Packer), in-12, 139 58, 67-68; and Turrou, 89 female spies, 11-12, 65,142-44,146-48, 150-51,156-58. See ako Bentley, Elizabeth femininity, 106,154,157 feminism, 8, 26, 38, 48-49. See ako anti-sexism “The Feminist Revolution” (Poyntz), 35-36 femme fatale trope, 143-44 fifth columns,
71,116,121 Fischer, Nick, 8 Flanagan, Hallie, 144 Fordham University, 115,121 Fortune, 109 Expatriation Act, 30-31 Fabian socialism, 94 Fadiman, Clifton, 74 “The Faking of Americans” (Solow), 98-99 Fake Witness (Matusow), 138 family of Poyntz, 13-24; estrangement from, 40-41; Jersey City and New York, 21-24; in Omaha, Nebraska, Foster, William Z., 40, 42-45, 63,124 18-21; Points family, 13-16; Stewart family, 16-18 Foxcroft Preparatory and Finishing School for Girls, Middleburg, Farberindustrie Trust, 30 farmers’ alliance movement, 20 fascism: American focus on threat of, 123; and Bentley, 144—46,148; com Virginia, 144 France, 33, 38-39 Franco, Francisco, 57 Frank, Nelson, 146 munist condemnation of, 10,114; and left-wing organizations, attacks Frankfeld, Phil, 134 Freeman, Joseph, 163 197
Index Party, 40,121-23; The Whole of Their Lives, 7,112,124-30,133 Glaser, Carl, 30 Glaser, Frederick Franz Ludwig, 29-32, 37, 40-41, 69-70, 87-89, 92,102 Golos, Jacob, 114,145,149-52,158 Graubard, Mark, 81-84, 87,153 Great Depression, 10-11, 49, 75 Great Terror: and anti-Stalinism, 55-57; and Chambers, 98,102, 105; CPUSA accused of being complicit in, 5, 64, 68, 73, 76, 96; and defections from the Communist Party, 4; executions of condemned, 55; and fear in the Soviet underground, 98; and Gitlow’s anti-communism, 131; and Kirov’s assassination, 126; Poyntz’s disappearance linked to, 3, 7, 51, 61, 90, 94,102; and the RobinsonRubens, 51, 61-62,103; Tresca’s interest in, 57-58; and Trotskyism, or accusations of, 45, 55-56. See abo show trials Griebi (Nazi underground agent), 87, 89 GRU (Intelligence Directorate Red Army), 104,164-65 Guthrie, Talitha, 14-16 free-soilers, 15. See aho abolitionism Friedman, Robert, 108-9 Fuhr, Lee, 145,148,154-55 Galante, Carmine, 72 Gallagher, Dorothy, 166 Galois, Helene, 84 Gastonia textile strike, 46-48,132-33, 135 gender: and anti-communism, 8-12,139, 141,143,154-55,166-67; anxiety about changing roles, 166-67; յո՛! assumptions about vulnerability and intelligence, 123-24,126-30, 152; and citizenship, 30-31, 37; and expectations in Cold War America, 11-12,142-44,146-48,157-59. See abo female spies; womens rights movement gendered construction of victimization: and portrayal of Bentley, 142, 146,148,150,153-54,156-58; and portrayal of Poyntz, 8-11, 65,1067,118,129,141,167; and portrayal of Ruth Rubens, її, 65, 77-78, IOO-IOI gender
inequality, 10 General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 29 George, Henry, 21 Gerechtigkeit (newspaper), 37 German consulate, 31, 63, 66, 69, 87-89, 203 Germany, 31-32, 38-39, 57 Gessen, Masha, 166 Gestapo, 69-70, 87-89 Giovannini, Arturo, 71 Gitlow, Benjamin, 121-31; conviction and imprisonment of, 122-23; and CPUSA, 121,123; and Dewar, 16162; and female vulnerability, 141; I Confess, 43-44,123-24,126; Poyntz described by, 43-45; and Socialist Hale, William Harlan, 84-85, 87 Harris, Selwyn, 61 Haskell, William, 89 Hathaway, C. A., 60-61 Haynes, John Earl, 6-7,104,164 Henderson, Loy, 62, 77-78 Herzog, Jonathan, 107-8 Hicks, Granville, 124,130,162-63 Hillquit, Morris, 33 Hinkley, Meg, 155 Hirsch, Gertrude Loescher, 88-89 Hiss, Alger, 104,108-10 Hiss, Priscilla, n, 143 198
Index Intelligence Directorate Red Army (GRU), 104,164-65 International Labor Defense (ILD), 46-48, 68 International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWUEE 4, 67, 91 International Womans Day celebration (1928), 48 International Workers Order, 63 International Worker’s Organization (IWO), 81 Intrator, Mike, 93, 95-97,162 Irwin, Arthur, 51, 58-59, 65 Italian American Victory Council, 129 Italian National Commission of the Communist Party, 71 Italy, 57,144-45,148-5° IWO (International Worker’s Organization), 81 IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 46, 53 Hider, Adolf, 66, 69, 82, 96,116-17, 120, 146 Hogan, Frank, 119,129 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 122-23 Home Relief Bureau, 148,153-54 homosexuality, 145,152,154-55 Hook, Sidney, 75,108 Hoover, J. Edgar, 61, 78-79,104,129, 147,162 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): Bentley’s tesdmony before, 142; Budenz’s testimony before, 112,115-17; Carr’s study of 157; Crouchs testimony before, 79,136-37; Solows testi mony before, 81; Welch’s testimony before, 132-33 Hull, Cordell, 61 Hutchins, Grace, 109 I Confess (Gidow), 43-44,123-24,1շ6 IG Farben, 30 ILD (International Labor Defense), 46-48, 68 II Germe (newspaper), 53 ILGWU (International Ladies Garment Workers Union), 33-38, 54, 67, 91 Il Martello (newspaper), 54, 70 immigrants and immigration: con descension toward, 23, 25-26; educational programs for, 33-34; and ethnic stereotypes, 28-29; seen as sexually degenerate, 9 Immigration and Naturalization Services, 49 Immigration Commission, U.S. See Dillingham Commission incorporation doctrine, 122 Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW), 46, 53 informers. See ex-communist witnesses intellectuals, 74. See ako Solow, Herbert Jersey City, New Jersey, 20-22, 25 Jersey City Journal, 22 Jimison, Tom, 47 Joint Board of Sanitary Control, 34—35 Joint State Political Directorate. See OGPU Jumonville, Neil, 76 Kamenev, Lev, 41-42, 45,55,107 Kansas, 15-16,18, 20 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 15 Kansas State Agricultural College, 16 Kappa Gamma fraternity, 22 Kelley, Florence, 22-23 KGB, 164-65 Kirov, Sergei, 126 Klehr, Harvey, 6-7,104,164 Klement, Rudolf 57 Kollontay, Alexandra, 38 Kornfeder, Joseph Zack, 80-81 199
Index Loray Textile Mill, 46-47 Lore, Ludwig, 38-45, 59, 87,124,128-29 Lovestone, Jay, 95,123 Łubianka Prison, 58, 62 Luce Corporation, 109 Lumpkin, Grace, 95,162 Lupus, 59 Lusk Committee, 122 Krebs, Paul, 134 Krivitsky, Walter, 57, 66-67,164-66 Kropotkin, Peter, 54 Krugman, Herbert, 143 Krumbein, Charles, 124-25 Kutepov, Alexander, 100 Kutulas, Judy, 4-5, 64, 74 Labor Age, 113 Labor Defender, 47 labor movement and organizing, 33-37, 39-40,113. See abo unionism; women workers; working-class people labor rights, 167 labor unions and organizations, 8, 49. See abo specific organization names LaFollette, Robert, 41-43 La Guardia, Fiorello, 49-50,163,165 Land (CPUSA member), 154-55 Lautner, John, in-12 L’Avvenire (newspaper), 53 League for Industrial Democracy, 144 “Left Wing Manifesto,” 122 Lena (Soviet underground agent), 8487, 98,166 Lenape tribe, 14 Lenin, Vladimir, 39-42, 95 Leninist branch of Communist Party, 43 Lesser, David, 163-64 Levine, Isaac Don, 103 liberal anti-communism, 4-5 Liberty Conservative, 166 Lichtman, Robert, 115,120-21 Lieberman, Elias, 2, 31, 37, 59-60, 6870, 90-92 Lipsky, Eleazar, 92 Littinskys, 86 Local 25 of the Waist and Dressmakers Union, 33, 35-36 London Library of Economics, 30 London School of Economics, 29 MacDonald, Marie B., 2, 34, 37, 59, 80 MacMaster, Amy, 85-86 Mahoney, Francis, 61 Manhattan, Kansas, 16,18 Marcantonio, Vito, 64, 68, 92 Marinelli, Albert, 62 Marxism: and anti-Stalinism, 55; and batde for Communist Party con trol, 41; and feminism, 38; Poyntzs devotion to, 13, 44,125; and revolutionary syndicalism, 53; shift of allegiances
from, 4-6, 52,167; and Solow, 73, 75, 95; and Spanish Civil War, 57 Marxist-Leninism, 5, ա, 121,123 masculinity, 141,154-55 Matusow, Harvey, 138,158 May, Elaine Tyler, 12 Mazzini Society, 71-72,129 McCall’s, 149-50 McCarthy, Joseph, 138 McCarthyism, 115 McClelland, Eulalie. See Points, Margaret McClelland, Raymond, 40 McKinley, William, assassination of, 122 Menorah Journal 74-75 Message (magazine), 35-38 Miami Daily News, 112,131-37 Michigan Socialist Party, 40 Midwest Daily Record, 117 Mink, George: and Crouch, 134-36; and Narcenys story, 85; in photograph, 200
Index New York Sun, 76, 78-79 New York Times, 50,108,147,156,162-63 New York Working Womens Federation, 49 New York World-Telegram, 51,146,157 88; Poyntz associated with, 165; and Solow, 79, 85, 87, 90; and Tresca, 57-58, 66, 85 “Missing a Year! Where Is Julia Poyntz?” (Solow), 90 Mockridge, Norton, 146 Morgan, Anne, 1 Mormons, 23 Nicholas, A. J., 87 Nixon, Richard, 109 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Morningside, 94 Moscow Lenin School, 80 Moscow Trials. See show trials North Carolina, 46-48 NTWU. See National Textile Workers Mountain Whites, 23 Mundelein College, 158 Union nuclear family and anti-communism, Internal Affairs), 3,101,119,149 Mussolini, Benito, 53-54, 71,144 8-II, 154-55.167 Oakes, John, 156 Oberlin College, 16, 40 OGPU (GPU; Joint State Political Directorate): and Budenz, 134; and Narceny, Mr. (FBI informant), 85 Nation, 39 National American Woman Suffrage Association, 26-27 National Association for the Epstein, Schachno, 37, 67; and Gitlows account about Poyntz, 125-30; and Kutepovs kidnapping, Advancement of Colored People, 6 National Committee of the International Juridical Association, 100; Poyntz as agent of, 3, 63, 81, 91; and Poyntz’s alleged murder, 98,105,156; and Poyntz’s disap pearance, 60, 81; and RobinsonRubens, 63, 77-78, 99; and Stone, 91 National Textile Workers Union (NTWU), 46 Native Americans, 13-14,16-18, 23. See also racial minorities Nazis and Nazi underground, 13, 51, 6466, 69, 83, 87,102 Nazism, communism compared to, 121 Nazi-Soviet pact, 69, 87,103,123,131 134 Oklahoma Territory, 16-18 Olgin, Moissaye, 42 Olmsted, Kathryn, 11,
65,143,149-51, 158 Omaha, Nebraska, 18-21 Out ofBondage (Bentley), 136,141-44, 148-59 Overman Committee, 8-ю Nebraska, 18-21. See abo Omaha, Nebraska New Deal, 108,148 New Leader, 73, 76, 90, 98,118,147 Oxford University, 29 New Masses, 75, 95-96 New York City, New York, 22-24, 49- Packer, Herbert, in-12,139 Palmer, Mitchell, 131 50.133-35 New Yorker, 166 New York Independent, 165 New York intellectuals, 74 Panic of 1873,18 Panucco, Louis, 129 201
Index Solow, 73-92; and lady spy Bendey, 141-59; and witness Chambers, Pappas, Charles, 129 Parsons, Alice McDonnell, 137 Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI), 53 passport ring, 62, 64, 99-101,133 Patterson, William, 116 93-110 Price, Mary, 151-52 Progressive Era, 25-26 Progressive Labor Action (PLA), 113-14 peace movements, 12 progressivem, 22-26 Proskauer, Joseph M., 92 prostitution, 36-37 pellagra, 46 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 3, roi, 119,149 Pepper, John, 42 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 162 PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano), 53 Public School 9, Jersey City, 21 “A Puny Soul Seeks Salvation in Fascism” (Allen), 120 purges. See Great Terror Puma, Viovt, 101,164 Pyatakov, Georgi, 55 Pernicone, Nunzio, 53-54, 71 Peterson, Agent (character in Gitlow draft), 130 Phillips/Smith (Soviet underground agent), 82-84, 87, 89,153 PLA (Progressive Labor Action), 113—14 racial minorities, 10, 26. See ako Black people; Native Americans racism, 10, 45,109,116,154. See ako anti-racism Points, Charles (Poyntzs brother), 19 Points, John (Poyntzs great grandfather), 14 Points, John J. (Poyntzs father), 13-14, 16,18-21, 41,165 Points, John T. (Poyntzs brother), 19 Radek, Karl, 90 radicalism and religious faith, 7, 47-48, 107-8,113,119-21,158 radicals, 4-6,131-32 Rafiery, Gerald, 165 Raisin, Jacob. See Golos, Jacob Rand School of Social Science, 32—33 Rankin, John, 109 Rauch, Professor, 164 Red Aid Network, 46 red scare, io, 121,131. See oho anti-communism Points, Margaret (Eulalie; Poyntzs sister), 19, 40-41, 92 Points, Thomas (Poyntzs grandfather), 14-16
populism, 20 Populist Party, 20-21 Pottawatomie, Kansas, 15-16 POUM (Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification), 57-58 Poyntz, Julia Stuart: birth of, 19; as com munist, 25-50; family of, 13-24; marriage of, 30-31, 40-41, 70; as Reed, John, 40,122 Reiss, Ignace, 57, 63, 67, 71, 98,105-6, 115-16 religious faith and radicalism, 7, 47-48, student, 21-25, 27-30 Poyntz, Julia Stuart, disappearance and 107-8,113-15,119-21,158 Remington, William, 150,157 suspected murder of, 2-8, 37,16167; and anarchist Tresca, 51-72; and informers Budenz, Gitlow, and reproductive tights, IO-II Republican Party, 4, 20 Rhodes Trust, 29 Crouch, in-39; and intellectual 202
Index sexism, 10, 27, 30-31, 44-45, 49,116, 157—58. See abo anti-sexism; female spies; gender sexual morality and Bentley, 144-45,147, Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Donald. See Robinson-Rubens Robinson-Rubens: arrest of A. A. (Arthur), 133; and Chambers, 97юз; disappearance of, 3,11,51-52, 58-59, 61, 64-65, 76-77; gendered depicdons of Ruth, 65, 77-78, loo-ioi, 106-7; identity of A. A. (Arthur), 62, 77,102; imprisonment of, 62-63, 98.102-3; investigation into case of, and anti-communism, no; and passport fraud, 62-63, 79, 99-103; and Poyntz’s disappearance, 2-3,51,58-61, 63, 66,101-2,117-18, 161; suspected murder of A. A. (Arthur), 51,103; travel to Soviet Union, 62, 78, IOI Rogers, Pauline, 141,148,150,152,156 Rogovin, Vadim, 55 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 89,103 Rosenberg, Ethel, и, 143 Rosenthal, Raymond, 130 Rubens, Adolph Arnold (Arthur). See under Robinson-Rubens Rubens, Alma Marie (Ruth). See under Robinson-Rubens Rudewitz, Christian, 62, 77, 99-100,102 Rumrich, Gunther, 102 Russia, 37, 38. See abo Bolshevik revolu tion; Soviet Union Russian Revolution, 121-22 Ruthenberg, Charles, 41-42, 44-45 149-52,154-55. U» Shapiro, Meyer, 74 Sharfin, Arthur, 63 Sheen, Fulton, 115 show trials: and accusations of Trotskyism, 45; and CPUSA, 5, 76; and defections from Communist Party, 4; forced confessions during, 55; leftist disgust with, 123; and POUM, 57; Poyntz’s disappearance linked to, 90,107; and Poyntz’s disillusionment, 66,126; Poyntz’s rumored interrogation of defen dants in, 3, ii, 126,165; and Puma’s “plot” against Stalin, 101. See abo Great Terror Shultz, Edna, 85 Sillen,
Samuel, 119-20 Škripal, Sergei, 166 Slate, Juliette, 16,18-19 Slate, Rosana, 18 Sloane, Thomas, 150 Smith Act (1940), 108, in, 123 Smith/Phillips (Soviet underground agent), 82-84, 87, 89,153 Social Democrats, 38-39, 49 socialism; and anti-Stalinism, 76, 119; and Budenz, 113-14; and Chambers, 94-95; Fabian, 94; and feminism, 38; and Gitlow, 121-22; Glasers commitment to, 30; and Poyntz’s activism, 8, 23, 26, 32-40; and Poyntz’s master’s thesis, 29; and Poyntz’s paternalism, 23; Rand School and study of, 32; and reformism, 45; and religion, 113; Tresca’s involvement in, 53; and World War I, 38-39 Sacco-Vanzetti case, 47-48 Sass, Louis, 149,155-56 Schlafly, Phyllis, 165-66 school of unionism, 33-34 Schrecker, Ellen, 6, 8, 94,100,108 Scottoriggio, Joseph, 92 Sedition Act, 39 Sedov, Lev, 57 Senate Judiciary Committee, 137 203
Index Socialist Call, 164 Socialist Patty: and anti-Stalinism, 76; divisions within, 38-40,121-22; and Gitlow, 121-23; Poyntz’s involvement in, 26, 38-40,125 social justice movements, 6, 8,12,116 Solow, Herbert, 73-92; and antiStalinism, 3, 73, 75-76, 96, no; and Chambers, 7, 74-75, 89, 93-103,106; early life of, 74-75; and ex-communist witnesses, 118; “The Faking of Americans,” 98-99; journalism of, 89-92, 109; legacy of, 109-10; and photo graph from Turrou, 87-89; and Poyntz’s disappearance, 4-5, 68, 70, 73-74, 76-87,100,162,164; and Robinson-Rubens and Poyntz connection, 76-78, 98,101-3; shift to anti-communism from anti-Stalinism, 5-6, 73-74, 76-77, no; and Trotsky/Trotskyism, 56, 75,109-10 Solow, Leon J., 74 Soviet espionage trials, 6-7 “The Soviets at Work” (Lenin), 95 Soviet underground: and Chambers, 7. 93 96-98,103-5; and disap pearances, 2-3, 7,107,167; and Graubard, 81—83; investigation of Poyntz’s involvement in, 73-74, 79, 81-89, № and Krumbein, 124; Nazi underground link with, 1012; Poyntz’s disillusionment with, 5,126; Poyntz’s joining of, 1-2, 98, 125,164-65; Poyntz’s knowledge of, 63, 66; and Poyntz’s name versions, 13-14, 31-32, 49, 66; Poyntz’s suitability for, 49-50; women’s involvement in, 11-12,143. See also Bentley, Elizabeth Soviet Union: abductions and returns to, 100,105; and anti-Stalinists, 76; Bendey’s connection with, 145—46; Bolshevik leadership liquidation, 7; and Budenz’s story, 114—20; and CPUSA, 117,132; leftist abandon ment of, 57; Lenin’s death and battle for control of Communist Party, 41-45; Poyntz as threat to, 63, 66, 87, 90; and
Poyntz’s disap pearance, 3, 7, 68, 76-77, 79, 85, 94,100; Poyntz’s disillusionment with, 58, 63, 66; and the RobinsonRubens, 61-63, 77-78 101-2; Solow’s impression of, 75; and Spanish Civil War, 57; and Tresca, 55, 58, 65; Trotsky exiled from, 45; United States’s relationship with, 7 93-94.117; women’s liberadon in, 10, 48-49. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union Spanish Civil War, 57-58 Spiegelglass (Soviet agent), 67 Stachel, Jack, 45 Stalin, Josef: and batde for Communist Party control, 41-43, 45; Chambers on, 104; Gidow’s confrontation with, 123,131; and Kirov, 126; and Kutepov’s kidnapping, 100; Puma’s “plot” against, ioi; and Reiss, 105; and Trotskyites, 55-56,114. See abo anti-Stalinism; Great Terror “Stalin’s Spy Scare—American Edition” (Solow), 90 State Department, U.S., 2, 48,58, 62, 77, 87. 89,154 Sterling, Richard, 165 Stevenson, Archibald, 122 Stewart, Alice Eulalia, 13,16-20,17, 40-41 Stewart, Arthur, 18, 21 204
Index compared to that of, 125,127-28; and Poyntzs disappearance, 68—70, Stewart, Charles (Poyntzs mothers halfbrother), 18 Stewart, Charles Fanning (Poyntzs grandfather), 16-18 79, 87-90, 97,100,161,163-64; and Robinson-Rubens and Poyntz connection, 58-70,101-2; socialist Stewart, Henry, 18, 21 Stewart, Juliette Slate, 16,18-19 Stewart, Lavinia, 18, 21 Stewart, Mariah, 18, 21 involvement of, 53 Tresca, Ettore, 53 Tresca Memorial Committee, 71, 91, Stone, Martha, 134,136 Supreme Court, U.S., 122,130 syndicalism, revolutionary, 53 118-19,129 Trilling, Lionel, 74 Trotsky, Leon: and anti-Stalinism, 55-57, 61; assassination of, 45, 58, 71,114,118,134,136,166; and Communist Party control, 41-42, 45,106; and CPUSA, 5, 58; and Dewey Commission, 76; exile of, Syracuse University, 27 Taft, William Howard, 27 Taylor, Gregory, 131-32,136 Thackerberry, Mr., 1-2, 59 Thiess, Sophie, 80 This Is My Story (Budenz), 112-13,116-21 Thomas, Norman, 118-19,129 Thompkins, William, 138 Thurston, Robert, tot Trade Union Education League, 41 45; and the Great Terror, 55-57; and Poyntz, 38, 43-45, 61,123; and the Robinson-Rubens, 58-59, 61, 64, 77; and Solow, 56, 75,109-10; and Tresca, 54-56, 64; and WPA internal conflict, 42 Trotskyites and Trotskyism: accusations of, 37, 45,141,156; American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 55-56, 76; and Train School, Omaha, 20 Tresca, Carlo, 51-72; accusations against CPUSA, 4-5, 51-52, 58, 64, 66, 68-72,166; as anarcho-syndicalist, 53-54; and anti-communism, 8, 52, Budenz, 113-14; and the Great Terror, 55-57; and Puma, tor; and risk of defection, 106;
and 58, 69; and anti-fascism, 53-55, 64, 69; and anti-Stalinism, 3,52, 54-58, 61-62, 64, 71, 76,167; assassination of, 5, 52, 70-72; assassination of, Robinson-Rubens, 59, 64, 77; and Solow, 73, 75,109; and Tresca, 90 Truman, Harry S., 104,142,148 investigations into and specula tions about, 5, 91-92, no, 119,129, Turrill, May Charlotte, 144 Turrou (FBI agent), 87, 89,102 161-63; The Communazi Lady Vanishes,” 69, 87; Crouch’s account underemployment, 32 unemployment, 10, 25, 30, 32 compared to that of, 134; and Dewar, 161-62; early life of, 52-53; and Epstein, Schachno, 133; and ex-communist witnesses, 8,112, unionism, 25, 32-37,131-32 Unitary Socialist Party, 54 118; and Freeman, 163; Gallaghers United States: anti-Stalinists in, 55; Col lege Equal Suffrage League in, 26; book about, 166; Gitlows account 205
Index United States {continued) communist penetration of, ա; communists and suspected threat to, 48,116,118—19; and GPU, 81; Krivitsky’s defection to, 57,164; minority populations in, 23; Nazi spies in, 69,102; Poyntzs possible murder in, 79, 90,106; Rubens’s (A. A.) work for Soviets in, 63, 77, 99; Russian/Soviet spies in, 61,104, in—12,116-17,163-64; socialism in, 114; Soviet Unions relation ship with, 7, 93-94,117; Stalinist conspiracy envisioned in, 2; Trescas emigration to, 53; and World War I, 38-39. See abo Communist Party of the United States Unity Center, 34-35 Unity Houses, 34, 37 University of Florence, 144 Valenti, Giralelmo, 64 Van Kleeck, Mary, 23 Vassar College, 144 Vassiliev, Alexander, 164-65 Vietnam War, 109 Volkszeitung (newspaper), 38, 44 r ՚ I HMk Bayerisch* Staatsbibliothek З» women’s suffrage movement, 21, 25-28, 36-37 women workers: Communist Party and equality for, 45; educational pro grams for, 33-34; Poyntz’s advocacy for, 35-37, 48-50; in Soviet Union, 10, 48-49 Wong, Susan, 34 Worker, 119-20 Workers’ Council, 40,122 Worker’s International Relief Society, 47 Worker’s Party of America (WPA), 40— 46, 76 Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), 57-58 working-class people; education and organization of, 33-35, 42; patron izing view of, 26; politics of, 25; and postwar unrest, 39; seen as sexually degenerate, 9. See ако women workers World War I, 31, 38-39 WPA (Worker’s Party of America), 40— 46,76 Wagenknecht, Alfred, 47-48 Waist and Dressmakers’ Union of New York, 33, 35-36 Wald, Alan, 93,109-10 Walker, Adelaide, 96 Wall, Tryphena, 16-18
Wasserman, Rosalie, 74 Webb, Sidney, 30 Welch, Hoke, 132-35 The Whoև of Their Lives (Gidow), 7,112, 124-30,133 Wilson, Veronica, 142,147,157 Witness (Chambers), 94-95,100,102, 104-9 .11 witnesses. See ex-communist witnesses Wolfe, Bert, 123 Woltman, Frederick, 146 Womans City Club of Boston, 32 womens rights movement; and anti communism, 8,12,162; at Barnard College, Poyntz s promotion of, 27; and CPUSA, 10, 45; patronizing remarks about, 27; and socialism, Yessof (Soviet general), 116 Zam, Herbert, 134 Zinoviev, Grigoril, 41-42, 45, 55 Zionism, 74-75 Zitensky, Milton, 134 206
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ¡x A Note on the Text xiii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE The Family 13 CHAPTER TWO The Communist 25 CHAPTER THREE The Anarchist 51 CHAPTER FOUR The Intellectual and the Feds CHAPTER FIVE The Witness 93 CHAPTER SIX The Informers 111 CHAPTER SEVEN The Lady Spy 141 CONCLUSION Notes 169 Index 193 161 73
INDEX Page references in italics refer to figures. 154; and nuclear family, 8-11, 154-55, 167; postwar, and political repression, 6; postwar, and rupture in anti-fascist front, 5; and Poyntzs disappearance, 4-6, 94, no, 128, abolitionism, 13,15-16 Adamson, H. C., 60 Aderholt, Orvill, 47 AFL (American Federation of Labor), 41.46 African Americans. See Black people Allegro, Pietro, 64 Allen, James, 120 Alsop, Joseph, 156-57 ALWF (American League against War and Fascism), 145,148 American Association for Labor Legislation, 32 American Civil Liberties Union, 6, 68 161,165-67; racism linked to, 109; shift from anti-Stalinism to, 4-6, 52, 73-74. 81, 94. no, 132· See ako Chambers, Whittaker; excommunist witnesses anti-fascism: and Bentley, 148,150; and communist organizations, io, 114; and Solow, 75, 82; Spains struggle, 57; and Tresca, 53-55, 64, 69 anti-fascist popular front, 4-5, 64, 71,148 anti-fascist underground, 1 American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 55-56, 76 American Federation of Labor (AFL), anti-feminism, 10 anti-imperialism, 74-75 anti-Nazi underground, 69, 82 anti-racism, 8,10, 45,113,167 anti-radicalism, 10 anti-sexism, 8,10,167. See ako feminism 41.46 American League against War and Fascism (ALWF), 145,148 American Socialist Party, 32 American Womans Association Clubhouse, 1-2 anarchists, 54, 57-58,122. See also Tresca, Carlo anti-slavery activists. See abolitionism anti-Stalinism: and CPUSA, 4-5, 55, 64, 73, 76; and Crouch, 132; and disappearances, 3-4, 52, 57, 61-62, 64-65, 67; and empowerment of Anaya, Joaquin Zenteno, 165-66 anti-capitalism, 45,
52, 53-54,121-22,132 anti-clericalism, 53 anti-communist right, 167; and the Great Terror, 55-57; New York intellectuals and, 74; shift to anti communism from, 4-6, 52, 73-74, 81, 94, no, 132; and Solow, 3, 73, 75-76, 96, no; and Tresca, 3, 52, anti-communism: anti-Stalinism and empowerment of, 167; antiStalinism and political culture of, 119; Cold War and American obses sion with, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94,104-5, 107-8, Ш-12; enduring appeal of, 54-56, 61-62, 64, 71, 76,167; and Tresca Memorial Committee, 118- 166; and gender, 8-12,139,141,143, 154-55,166-67; and homosexuality, 19; and Trotsky, 55-57 193
Index Assassins at Large (Dewar), 161-62 Association of Foreign Press Brandeis, Louis, 122-23 Braun, Fritz, 102 Correspondents, 67 Bridges, Harry, 138 British Communist Party, 161 Brookwood Labor College, 113 Brown, John, 15 bad tendency principle, 122-23 Barmine, Alexander, 56-57, 67 Barnard College, 22-25, 27-29, 32 Barnes, Herbert, 79-80 Brownell, Herbert, 138 Brūnini, John Gilland, 150 Buch, Vera, 47 Budenz, Louis, iii—21; anti-communist career of, 115,131,139,157; and CPUSA, 113-20; and Dewar, 161-62; early life of, 113; female Beal, Fred, 46-48 Beard, Charles, 33 Bedacht, Max, 81 Belgium, 38-39 Bentley, Charles, 144 Bentley, Elizabeth, 141-59; anti communism career of, 138-39,142, 144-46,157; and communism, 144-48; Crouchs information compared to that of, 133; defec tion to FBI, 104,164; early life of, vulnerability and, 141; and Miss Y, 134; religious belief of, 7,113-15, 158; This Is My Story, 112-13,116-21 Bukharin, Nikolai, 38, 41,55, 95 Bureau of Free Love, 8-9 Bykov, Boris, 107 144; and gendered expectations, 11-12, '142-44,146-48,157-59; Out ofBondage, 136,141-44,148-59; Calabi, Giuseppe, 71 Cannon, James, 44 and Packers analysis, hi—12; and Phillips, 83; and Poyntzs disap pearance, 4, 7,136,149; Poyntzs interactions with, 141-44,148-56; as red spy queen, 146-47; and sex capitalism, 10, 45, 53-54,121-22,132 Capshaw, Ron, 166 Carr, Robert, 157 Casella, Mario, 144 Catholic church, 53,113-15,119-21,158 Central Executive Committee (CEC) of WPA, 42-43 Central School, Omaha, 19 Chambers, Esther, 96 Chambers, Jay and Laha, 94 Chambers, Whittaker, 93-110; anti
communist career of, 104,131,133, 139,157; early life of, 94; leaving ual morality, 144-45,147 149-52, 154-55,158 Bergen School for Girls, Jersey City, 25 Berle, Adolf, 103-4 Bemeri, Camillo, 57-58, 71 Bernstein, Dr. and Mrs. Solon, 63 Berson, Joseph, 37, 67 Bitteinään, Alexander, 44 Black people, 9,10, 45. See ako racial the Communist Party, 96-109; legacy of, 109-10; and Packers analysis, in-12; Poyntz compared to, 157; and Poyntzs disappearance, minorities Blackshirts, 54 Bolshevik leadership, 7, 41-42, 55,107 Bolshevik revolution, 8-9, 37-42, 54, 58,122 4. 7, 89, 93-94, 97-98,100-102, 105-7; and Putna, ιοί, 164; and Robinson-Rubens, 97-103; and Bolsheviks, activists labeled as, 12 194
Index to, 121; and sexist stereotypes, 143-44; social justice movements linked to, 116; Trescas disappoint ment in, and opposition to, 52, 54-55, 58, 66, 68-69. See ако anti communism; anti-Stalinism communist, Poyntz as, 25-50; devotion to communism, 8,11,13; and disillusionment, 126,135-36; and divisions among socialists, 38-40; and early causes, 25-29; and Glaser, 29-32; party leadership, 26-27, 45-50,125-26; and unionism and socialism, 32-37; and WPA, 40-45. See ако under Soviet underground Communist International (Comintern): and Dewar, 161; fascism con demned by, 114; and Gitlow, 123-24; and Kornfeder, 80-81; and LaFollettes campaign, 42; and Lenin, 39-40; and Poyntz’s asso ciation with Lore, 42-45; Poyntz’s involvement in, 45, 48, 90 Communist Labor Party (CLP), 39 Communist Party (CP), 39 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Solow, 7, 74-75, 89, 93-103,106; and Soviet underground, 7, 93, 96-98,103-4; Witness, 94-95,100, 102.104- 9 Charlotte News, 46 Chelyuskinetz (Soviet freighter), 68 Choctaw Nation, 16-18, 21 citizenship, women and, 30-31, 37 civil rights movement, 6, 8,12,162,167 class solidarity, 35, 52 CLP (Communist Labor Party), 39 Cold War: American left and ideology of, 4; American obsession with communism and, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94.104-5,107-8, Ш-12; female spy depictions and, 65,142; gender expectations and, 142-44,146-48, ī57֊59; political repression as legacy of, 6; powerful· women as threat during, 124; shift from anti-Stalinism to anti-communism and, 73, no; Vietnam War and containment policy, 109-10 collective bargaining, 39 College Equal Suffrage
League, 26 College Settlements Association, 22-23 Columbia University, 1, 28-29, 66, 74, 37, 41-42, 44-45, 51-52-, 96, in, 114 Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA): and anti-fascism, 10, 114; and anti-imperialism, 75; and anti-Stalinism, 4-5, 55, 64, 73, 76; and Bentley, 145-46,148-49, 154,156-58; and Budenz, 113-20; and Chambers, 95-98,103-5, 108-9; and dass equality, 157; Cold War repression of, 94; and Crouch, 131-34,138-39; defection of leftists from, 4,105; and Dewey Commission, 76; disappearances, and Crouch’s accusations against, 132-33; disappearances, and Dewars accusations against, 161-62; 82, 94,144-45.148,154-55 Comintern. See Communist International Commentary, 130 Commission to Combat CounterRevolution and Sabotage, 3 “The Communazi Lady Vanishes” (Tresca), 69, 87 communism: American obsession with, 3-4, 6-7, 74, 94,104-5,1078, in-12; and Bentley, 144-48; Chambers’s disillusionment with, 102.104-5; and fascists/fascism, 10, 49,114; leftist abandonment of, 4-6, 52, 57, 74; Nazism compared 195
Index Crouch, Isaac, 131 Crouch, Paul, 131-39; early life of, 131; and female vulnerability, 141; and Gastonia textile strike, 48,132-33, 135; Miami Daily News articles, 112; Poyntz’s disappearance and story of, 7, 79,133-38; Poyntz’s relationship with, 132-33,135; as professional informant, 137-39; shift from anti-Stalinism to anti communism, 132 Crouch, Sylvia, 132-33, J37 “The Crouch Appendix,” 138 Cuordileone, K. A., 154 Czołgosz, Leon, 122 Communist Party of the United States {continued) disappearances, and responses of, 60-61, 64, 70,133; disappearances, and Solow’s accusations against, 76-77, 91; disappearances, and Tresca’s accusations against, 4, 51-52, 64, 66, 68-72, ։66; estab lishment of, 40; and Gastonia textile strike, 46-48; and gender equality, 10-11, 45,143,157; and Gitlow, 121,123-26,130-31; and Great Depression, ю-π; and Krumbein, 124-25; and Mink, 134; and Packer, in; Poyntz disavowed by, 81,165; Poyntz’s disappoint ment in, 133; Poyntz’s leadership in, 8,13, 26-27, 45-50, 60,125-26; Poyntz’s leaving of, 1; Poyntz’s path to, 25; and racial equality, 10, 45,157; radicalism of, 10; and the Robinson-Rubens, 3, 63, 77-78, 99; and Solow, 73, 76-77, 83, 91; and Tresca, 4, 51-52, 54-55, 58, 64, 68, 70-72,166; and Trotsky, 5,58, 118; and Van Kleeck, 23 Comrade C, 155-56 Comrade H, 117-18 Congress, U.S., 8, 31,115,131,137,139, 162. See ako House Un-American Activities Committee conservatism, Cold War, 4, 8, 9 Contraras, Carlos, 71 Coolidge, Calvin, 47 Cooney, Terry, 76 Coplan, Judith, 143 Cott, Nancy, 31 counterrevolutionaries, 141,155-56 CP (Communist Party),
39 CPUSA. See Communist Party of the United States Criminal Anarchy Act, 122 Daily Mirror, 60, 62 Daily Worker, 50, 60-61, 64,108-9, m 114-17,120 Darrow, Clarence, 122 Davis, David, 138 Day ofReckoning (de Toledano), 162-63 DeHart, Jane Sherron, 154 Delaware River, body in, 79-80 Delegard, Kirsten, 8 Delphian Society, 21-22 Democratic Party, 8, 20,146 depression of 1893,18 de Toledano, Ralph, 162-63 Dewar, Hugo, 161-62 Dewey, John, 55,119 Dewey Commission, 55-56, 46, 76 Dickinson High School, Jersey City, 21-22 Dies Committee, 81 Diggins, John Patrick, 158 Dillingham Commission (U.S. Immi gration Commission), 25-26, 28 “Disappeared” (Gallagher), 166 Drama Travel League, 61 Dunne, Matthew, 104-5 Dunne, William, 44 19Ó
Index economic justice, 34, 36-37,116. See ako on, 49; Poyntz’s dedication to unionism Eisenhower, Dwight D., 109 defeat of, 8, 34; rise of, in Europe, 3, 49, 69, 75; and Spanish Civil War, 57. See ako anti-fascism FBI: and Barmine, 57; and Bendey, Epstein, Melach, 78 Epstein, Schachno: Bentley, and newspa per story alleging involvement of, 104,142,145-46,148-51,158,164; and Budenz, 115,120-21,134,157; 149; Crouch’s accusations against, 133-34,136; Freeman’s statements and Chambers, 103-4,157; and Crouch, 138-39; and Epstein, Schachno, 67,133; and Gidow, 131; about, 163; Gidow’s accusations against, 127,130; Poyntz’s relation ship with, 37,127,163; Solow’s and Hirsch, 88-89; and Lieberman, 91; and MacMaster, 86; and accusations against, 79; Tresca’s accusations against, 63-64, 67-68 espionage. See Nazis and Nazi under ground; Soviet underground espionage trials, Soviet, 6-7 ex-communist witnesses, 6-8, in-39; murders ofTresca and Poyntz, 119, 129,136-37,166; and Narceny’s tip about Lena, 85; and Poyntz’s dis appearance, 2, 59-60, 73-74; and Robinson-Rubens, 61; and Solow, 78-81, 87-88,109; and Tresca, 52, Budenz, 7, in-21; and Communist Party, 108-9; Crouch, 7,112,13139; Gidow, 7,112,121-31; Packer’s analysis of, іи-12. See ako Bentley, Elizabeth; Chambers, Whittaker Ex-Communist Witnesses (Packer), in-12, 139 58, 67-68; and Turrou, 89 female spies, 11-12, 65,142-44,146-48, 150-51,156-58. See ako Bentley, Elizabeth femininity, 106,154,157 feminism, 8, 26, 38, 48-49. See ako anti-sexism “The Feminist Revolution” (Poyntz), 35-36 femme fatale trope, 143-44 fifth columns,
71,116,121 Fischer, Nick, 8 Flanagan, Hallie, 144 Fordham University, 115,121 Fortune, 109 Expatriation Act, 30-31 Fabian socialism, 94 Fadiman, Clifton, 74 “The Faking of Americans” (Solow), 98-99 Fake Witness (Matusow), 138 family of Poyntz, 13-24; estrangement from, 40-41; Jersey City and New York, 21-24; in Omaha, Nebraska, Foster, William Z., 40, 42-45, 63,124 18-21; Points family, 13-16; Stewart family, 16-18 Foxcroft Preparatory and Finishing School for Girls, Middleburg, Farberindustrie Trust, 30 farmers’ alliance movement, 20 fascism: American focus on threat of, 123; and Bentley, 144—46,148; com Virginia, 144 France, 33, 38-39 Franco, Francisco, 57 Frank, Nelson, 146 munist condemnation of, 10,114; and left-wing organizations, attacks Frankfeld, Phil, 134 Freeman, Joseph, 163 197
Index Party, 40,121-23; The Whole of Their Lives, 7,112,124-30,133 Glaser, Carl, 30 Glaser, Frederick Franz Ludwig, 29-32, 37, 40-41, 69-70, 87-89, 92,102 Golos, Jacob, 114,145,149-52,158 Graubard, Mark, 81-84, 87,153 Great Depression, 10-11, 49, 75 Great Terror: and anti-Stalinism, 55-57; and Chambers, 98,102, 105; CPUSA accused of being complicit in, 5, 64, 68, 73, 76, 96; and defections from the Communist Party, 4; executions of condemned, 55; and fear in the Soviet underground, 98; and Gitlow’s anti-communism, 131; and Kirov’s assassination, 126; Poyntz’s disappearance linked to, 3, 7, 51, 61, 90, 94,102; and the RobinsonRubens, 51, 61-62,103; Tresca’s interest in, 57-58; and Trotskyism, or accusations of, 45, 55-56. See abo show trials Griebi (Nazi underground agent), 87, 89 GRU (Intelligence Directorate Red Army), 104,164-65 Guthrie, Talitha, 14-16 free-soilers, 15. See aho abolitionism Friedman, Robert, 108-9 Fuhr, Lee, 145,148,154-55 Galante, Carmine, 72 Gallagher, Dorothy, 166 Galois, Helene, 84 Gastonia textile strike, 46-48,132-33, 135 gender: and anti-communism, 8-12,139, 141,143,154-55,166-67; anxiety about changing roles, 166-67; յո՛! assumptions about vulnerability and intelligence, 123-24,126-30, 152; and citizenship, 30-31, 37; and expectations in Cold War America, 11-12,142-44,146-48,157-59. See abo female spies; womens rights movement gendered construction of victimization: and portrayal of Bentley, 142, 146,148,150,153-54,156-58; and portrayal of Poyntz, 8-11, 65,1067,118,129,141,167; and portrayal of Ruth Rubens, її, 65, 77-78, IOO-IOI gender
inequality, 10 General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 29 George, Henry, 21 Gerechtigkeit (newspaper), 37 German consulate, 31, 63, 66, 69, 87-89, 203 Germany, 31-32, 38-39, 57 Gessen, Masha, 166 Gestapo, 69-70, 87-89 Giovannini, Arturo, 71 Gitlow, Benjamin, 121-31; conviction and imprisonment of, 122-23; and CPUSA, 121,123; and Dewar, 16162; and female vulnerability, 141; I Confess, 43-44,123-24,126; Poyntz described by, 43-45; and Socialist Hale, William Harlan, 84-85, 87 Harris, Selwyn, 61 Haskell, William, 89 Hathaway, C. A., 60-61 Haynes, John Earl, 6-7,104,164 Henderson, Loy, 62, 77-78 Herzog, Jonathan, 107-8 Hicks, Granville, 124,130,162-63 Hillquit, Morris, 33 Hinkley, Meg, 155 Hirsch, Gertrude Loescher, 88-89 Hiss, Alger, 104,108-10 Hiss, Priscilla, n, 143 198
Index Intelligence Directorate Red Army (GRU), 104,164-65 International Labor Defense (ILD), 46-48, 68 International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWUEE 4, 67, 91 International Womans Day celebration (1928), 48 International Workers Order, 63 International Worker’s Organization (IWO), 81 Intrator, Mike, 93, 95-97,162 Irwin, Arthur, 51, 58-59, 65 Italian American Victory Council, 129 Italian National Commission of the Communist Party, 71 Italy, 57,144-45,148-5° IWO (International Worker’s Organization), 81 IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 46, 53 Hider, Adolf, 66, 69, 82, 96,116-17, 120, 146 Hogan, Frank, 119,129 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 122-23 Home Relief Bureau, 148,153-54 homosexuality, 145,152,154-55 Hook, Sidney, 75,108 Hoover, J. Edgar, 61, 78-79,104,129, 147,162 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): Bentley’s tesdmony before, 142; Budenz’s testimony before, 112,115-17; Carr’s study of 157; Crouchs testimony before, 79,136-37; Solows testi mony before, 81; Welch’s testimony before, 132-33 Hull, Cordell, 61 Hutchins, Grace, 109 I Confess (Gidow), 43-44,123-24,1շ6 IG Farben, 30 ILD (International Labor Defense), 46-48, 68 II Germe (newspaper), 53 ILGWU (International Ladies Garment Workers Union), 33-38, 54, 67, 91 Il Martello (newspaper), 54, 70 immigrants and immigration: con descension toward, 23, 25-26; educational programs for, 33-34; and ethnic stereotypes, 28-29; seen as sexually degenerate, 9 Immigration and Naturalization Services, 49 Immigration Commission, U.S. See Dillingham Commission incorporation doctrine, 122 Industrial Workers of the
World (IWW), 46, 53 informers. See ex-communist witnesses intellectuals, 74. See ako Solow, Herbert Jersey City, New Jersey, 20-22, 25 Jersey City Journal, 22 Jimison, Tom, 47 Joint Board of Sanitary Control, 34—35 Joint State Political Directorate. See OGPU Jumonville, Neil, 76 Kamenev, Lev, 41-42, 45,55,107 Kansas, 15-16,18, 20 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 15 Kansas State Agricultural College, 16 Kappa Gamma fraternity, 22 Kelley, Florence, 22-23 KGB, 164-65 Kirov, Sergei, 126 Klehr, Harvey, 6-7,104,164 Klement, Rudolf 57 Kollontay, Alexandra, 38 Kornfeder, Joseph Zack, 80-81 199
Index Loray Textile Mill, 46-47 Lore, Ludwig, 38-45, 59, 87,124,128-29 Lovestone, Jay, 95,123 Łubianka Prison, 58, 62 Luce Corporation, 109 Lumpkin, Grace, 95,162 Lupus, 59 Lusk Committee, 122 Krebs, Paul, 134 Krivitsky, Walter, 57, 66-67,164-66 Kropotkin, Peter, 54 Krugman, Herbert, 143 Krumbein, Charles, 124-25 Kutepov, Alexander, 100 Kutulas, Judy, 4-5, 64, 74 Labor Age, 113 Labor Defender, 47 labor movement and organizing, 33-37, 39-40,113. See abo unionism; women workers; working-class people labor rights, 167 labor unions and organizations, 8, 49. See abo specific organization names LaFollette, Robert, 41-43 La Guardia, Fiorello, 49-50,163,165 Land (CPUSA member), 154-55 Lautner, John, in-12 L’Avvenire (newspaper), 53 League for Industrial Democracy, 144 “Left Wing Manifesto,” 122 Lena (Soviet underground agent), 8487, 98,166 Lenape tribe, 14 Lenin, Vladimir, 39-42, 95 Leninist branch of Communist Party, 43 Lesser, David, 163-64 Levine, Isaac Don, 103 liberal anti-communism, 4-5 Liberty Conservative, 166 Lichtman, Robert, 115,120-21 Lieberman, Elias, 2, 31, 37, 59-60, 6870, 90-92 Lipsky, Eleazar, 92 Littinskys, 86 Local 25 of the Waist and Dressmakers Union, 33, 35-36 London Library of Economics, 30 London School of Economics, 29 MacDonald, Marie B., 2, 34, 37, 59, 80 MacMaster, Amy, 85-86 Mahoney, Francis, 61 Manhattan, Kansas, 16,18 Marcantonio, Vito, 64, 68, 92 Marinelli, Albert, 62 Marxism: and anti-Stalinism, 55; and batde for Communist Party con trol, 41; and feminism, 38; Poyntzs devotion to, 13, 44,125; and revolutionary syndicalism, 53; shift of allegiances
from, 4-6, 52,167; and Solow, 73, 75, 95; and Spanish Civil War, 57 Marxist-Leninism, 5, ա, 121,123 masculinity, 141,154-55 Matusow, Harvey, 138,158 May, Elaine Tyler, 12 Mazzini Society, 71-72,129 McCall’s, 149-50 McCarthy, Joseph, 138 McCarthyism, 115 McClelland, Eulalie. See Points, Margaret McClelland, Raymond, 40 McKinley, William, assassination of, 122 Menorah Journal 74-75 Message (magazine), 35-38 Miami Daily News, 112,131-37 Michigan Socialist Party, 40 Midwest Daily Record, 117 Mink, George: and Crouch, 134-36; and Narcenys story, 85; in photograph, 200
Index New York Sun, 76, 78-79 New York Times, 50,108,147,156,162-63 New York Working Womens Federation, 49 New York World-Telegram, 51,146,157 88; Poyntz associated with, 165; and Solow, 79, 85, 87, 90; and Tresca, 57-58, 66, 85 “Missing a Year! Where Is Julia Poyntz?” (Solow), 90 Mockridge, Norton, 146 Morgan, Anne, 1 Mormons, 23 Nicholas, A. J., 87 Nixon, Richard, 109 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Morningside, 94 Moscow Lenin School, 80 Moscow Trials. See show trials North Carolina, 46-48 NTWU. See National Textile Workers Mountain Whites, 23 Mundelein College, 158 Union nuclear family and anti-communism, Internal Affairs), 3,101,119,149 Mussolini, Benito, 53-54, 71,144 8-II, 154-55.167 Oakes, John, 156 Oberlin College, 16, 40 OGPU (GPU; Joint State Political Directorate): and Budenz, 134; and Narceny, Mr. (FBI informant), 85 Nation, 39 National American Woman Suffrage Association, 26-27 National Association for the Epstein, Schachno, 37, 67; and Gitlows account about Poyntz, 125-30; and Kutepovs kidnapping, Advancement of Colored People, 6 National Committee of the International Juridical Association, 100; Poyntz as agent of, 3, 63, 81, 91; and Poyntz’s alleged murder, 98,105,156; and Poyntz’s disap pearance, 60, 81; and RobinsonRubens, 63, 77-78, 99; and Stone, 91 National Textile Workers Union (NTWU), 46 Native Americans, 13-14,16-18, 23. See also racial minorities Nazis and Nazi underground, 13, 51, 6466, 69, 83, 87,102 Nazism, communism compared to, 121 Nazi-Soviet pact, 69, 87,103,123,131 134 Oklahoma Territory, 16-18 Olgin, Moissaye, 42 Olmsted, Kathryn, 11,
65,143,149-51, 158 Omaha, Nebraska, 18-21 Out ofBondage (Bentley), 136,141-44, 148-59 Overman Committee, 8-ю Nebraska, 18-21. See abo Omaha, Nebraska New Deal, 108,148 New Leader, 73, 76, 90, 98,118,147 Oxford University, 29 New Masses, 75, 95-96 New York City, New York, 22-24, 49- Packer, Herbert, in-12,139 Palmer, Mitchell, 131 50.133-35 New Yorker, 166 New York Independent, 165 New York intellectuals, 74 Panic of 1873,18 Panucco, Louis, 129 201
Index Solow, 73-92; and lady spy Bendey, 141-59; and witness Chambers, Pappas, Charles, 129 Parsons, Alice McDonnell, 137 Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI), 53 passport ring, 62, 64, 99-101,133 Patterson, William, 116 93-110 Price, Mary, 151-52 Progressive Era, 25-26 Progressive Labor Action (PLA), 113-14 peace movements, 12 progressivem, 22-26 Proskauer, Joseph M., 92 prostitution, 36-37 pellagra, 46 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 3, roi, 119,149 Pepper, John, 42 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 162 PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano), 53 Public School 9, Jersey City, 21 “A Puny Soul Seeks Salvation in Fascism” (Allen), 120 purges. See Great Terror Puma, Viovt, 101,164 Pyatakov, Georgi, 55 Pernicone, Nunzio, 53-54, 71 Peterson, Agent (character in Gitlow draft), 130 Phillips/Smith (Soviet underground agent), 82-84, 87, 89,153 PLA (Progressive Labor Action), 113—14 racial minorities, 10, 26. See ako Black people; Native Americans racism, 10, 45,109,116,154. See ako anti-racism Points, Charles (Poyntzs brother), 19 Points, John (Poyntzs great grandfather), 14 Points, John J. (Poyntzs father), 13-14, 16,18-21, 41,165 Points, John T. (Poyntzs brother), 19 Radek, Karl, 90 radicalism and religious faith, 7, 47-48, 107-8,113,119-21,158 radicals, 4-6,131-32 Rafiery, Gerald, 165 Raisin, Jacob. See Golos, Jacob Rand School of Social Science, 32—33 Rankin, John, 109 Rauch, Professor, 164 Red Aid Network, 46 red scare, io, 121,131. See oho anti-communism Points, Margaret (Eulalie; Poyntzs sister), 19, 40-41, 92 Points, Thomas (Poyntzs grandfather), 14-16
populism, 20 Populist Party, 20-21 Pottawatomie, Kansas, 15-16 POUM (Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification), 57-58 Poyntz, Julia Stuart: birth of, 19; as com munist, 25-50; family of, 13-24; marriage of, 30-31, 40-41, 70; as Reed, John, 40,122 Reiss, Ignace, 57, 63, 67, 71, 98,105-6, 115-16 religious faith and radicalism, 7, 47-48, student, 21-25, 27-30 Poyntz, Julia Stuart, disappearance and 107-8,113-15,119-21,158 Remington, William, 150,157 suspected murder of, 2-8, 37,16167; and anarchist Tresca, 51-72; and informers Budenz, Gitlow, and reproductive tights, IO-II Republican Party, 4, 20 Rhodes Trust, 29 Crouch, in-39; and intellectual 202
Index sexism, 10, 27, 30-31, 44-45, 49,116, 157—58. See abo anti-sexism; female spies; gender sexual morality and Bentley, 144-45,147, Robinson, Mr. and Mrs. Donald. See Robinson-Rubens Robinson-Rubens: arrest of A. A. (Arthur), 133; and Chambers, 97юз; disappearance of, 3,11,51-52, 58-59, 61, 64-65, 76-77; gendered depicdons of Ruth, 65, 77-78, loo-ioi, 106-7; identity of A. A. (Arthur), 62, 77,102; imprisonment of, 62-63, 98.102-3; investigation into case of, and anti-communism, no; and passport fraud, 62-63, 79, 99-103; and Poyntz’s disappearance, 2-3,51,58-61, 63, 66,101-2,117-18, 161; suspected murder of A. A. (Arthur), 51,103; travel to Soviet Union, 62, 78, IOI Rogers, Pauline, 141,148,150,152,156 Rogovin, Vadim, 55 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 89,103 Rosenberg, Ethel, и, 143 Rosenthal, Raymond, 130 Rubens, Adolph Arnold (Arthur). See under Robinson-Rubens Rubens, Alma Marie (Ruth). See under Robinson-Rubens Rudewitz, Christian, 62, 77, 99-100,102 Rumrich, Gunther, 102 Russia, 37, 38. See abo Bolshevik revolu tion; Soviet Union Russian Revolution, 121-22 Ruthenberg, Charles, 41-42, 44-45 149-52,154-55. U» Shapiro, Meyer, 74 Sharfin, Arthur, 63 Sheen, Fulton, 115 show trials: and accusations of Trotskyism, 45; and CPUSA, 5, 76; and defections from Communist Party, 4; forced confessions during, 55; leftist disgust with, 123; and POUM, 57; Poyntz’s disappearance linked to, 90,107; and Poyntz’s disillusionment, 66,126; Poyntz’s rumored interrogation of defen dants in, 3, ii, 126,165; and Puma’s “plot” against Stalin, 101. See abo Great Terror Shultz, Edna, 85 Sillen,
Samuel, 119-20 Škripal, Sergei, 166 Slate, Juliette, 16,18-19 Slate, Rosana, 18 Sloane, Thomas, 150 Smith Act (1940), 108, in, 123 Smith/Phillips (Soviet underground agent), 82-84, 87, 89,153 Social Democrats, 38-39, 49 socialism; and anti-Stalinism, 76, 119; and Budenz, 113-14; and Chambers, 94-95; Fabian, 94; and feminism, 38; and Gitlow, 121-22; Glasers commitment to, 30; and Poyntz’s activism, 8, 23, 26, 32-40; and Poyntz’s master’s thesis, 29; and Poyntz’s paternalism, 23; Rand School and study of, 32; and reformism, 45; and religion, 113; Tresca’s involvement in, 53; and World War I, 38-39 Sacco-Vanzetti case, 47-48 Sass, Louis, 149,155-56 Schlafly, Phyllis, 165-66 school of unionism, 33-34 Schrecker, Ellen, 6, 8, 94,100,108 Scottoriggio, Joseph, 92 Sedition Act, 39 Sedov, Lev, 57 Senate Judiciary Committee, 137 203
Index Socialist Call, 164 Socialist Patty: and anti-Stalinism, 76; divisions within, 38-40,121-22; and Gitlow, 121-23; Poyntz’s involvement in, 26, 38-40,125 social justice movements, 6, 8,12,116 Solow, Herbert, 73-92; and antiStalinism, 3, 73, 75-76, 96, no; and Chambers, 7, 74-75, 89, 93-103,106; early life of, 74-75; and ex-communist witnesses, 118; “The Faking of Americans,” 98-99; journalism of, 89-92, 109; legacy of, 109-10; and photo graph from Turrou, 87-89; and Poyntz’s disappearance, 4-5, 68, 70, 73-74, 76-87,100,162,164; and Robinson-Rubens and Poyntz connection, 76-78, 98,101-3; shift to anti-communism from anti-Stalinism, 5-6, 73-74, 76-77, no; and Trotsky/Trotskyism, 56, 75,109-10 Solow, Leon J., 74 Soviet espionage trials, 6-7 “The Soviets at Work” (Lenin), 95 Soviet underground: and Chambers, 7. 93 96-98,103-5; and disap pearances, 2-3, 7,107,167; and Graubard, 81—83; investigation of Poyntz’s involvement in, 73-74, 79, 81-89, № and Krumbein, 124; Nazi underground link with, 1012; Poyntz’s disillusionment with, 5,126; Poyntz’s joining of, 1-2, 98, 125,164-65; Poyntz’s knowledge of, 63, 66; and Poyntz’s name versions, 13-14, 31-32, 49, 66; Poyntz’s suitability for, 49-50; women’s involvement in, 11-12,143. See also Bentley, Elizabeth Soviet Union: abductions and returns to, 100,105; and anti-Stalinists, 76; Bendey’s connection with, 145—46; Bolshevik leadership liquidation, 7; and Budenz’s story, 114—20; and CPUSA, 117,132; leftist abandon ment of, 57; Lenin’s death and battle for control of Communist Party, 41-45; Poyntz as threat to, 63, 66, 87, 90; and
Poyntz’s disap pearance, 3, 7, 68, 76-77, 79, 85, 94,100; Poyntz’s disillusionment with, 58, 63, 66; and the RobinsonRubens, 61-63, 77-78 101-2; Solow’s impression of, 75; and Spanish Civil War, 57; and Tresca, 55, 58, 65; Trotsky exiled from, 45; United States’s relationship with, 7 93-94.117; women’s liberadon in, 10, 48-49. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union Spanish Civil War, 57-58 Spiegelglass (Soviet agent), 67 Stachel, Jack, 45 Stalin, Josef: and batde for Communist Party control, 41-43, 45; Chambers on, 104; Gidow’s confrontation with, 123,131; and Kirov, 126; and Kutepov’s kidnapping, 100; Puma’s “plot” against, ioi; and Reiss, 105; and Trotskyites, 55-56,114. See abo anti-Stalinism; Great Terror “Stalin’s Spy Scare—American Edition” (Solow), 90 State Department, U.S., 2, 48,58, 62, 77, 87. 89,154 Sterling, Richard, 165 Stevenson, Archibald, 122 Stewart, Alice Eulalia, 13,16-20,17, 40-41 Stewart, Arthur, 18, 21 204
Index compared to that of, 125,127-28; and Poyntzs disappearance, 68—70, Stewart, Charles (Poyntzs mothers halfbrother), 18 Stewart, Charles Fanning (Poyntzs grandfather), 16-18 79, 87-90, 97,100,161,163-64; and Robinson-Rubens and Poyntz connection, 58-70,101-2; socialist Stewart, Henry, 18, 21 Stewart, Juliette Slate, 16,18-19 Stewart, Lavinia, 18, 21 Stewart, Mariah, 18, 21 involvement of, 53 Tresca, Ettore, 53 Tresca Memorial Committee, 71, 91, Stone, Martha, 134,136 Supreme Court, U.S., 122,130 syndicalism, revolutionary, 53 118-19,129 Trilling, Lionel, 74 Trotsky, Leon: and anti-Stalinism, 55-57, 61; assassination of, 45, 58, 71,114,118,134,136,166; and Communist Party control, 41-42, 45,106; and CPUSA, 5, 58; and Dewey Commission, 76; exile of, Syracuse University, 27 Taft, William Howard, 27 Taylor, Gregory, 131-32,136 Thackerberry, Mr., 1-2, 59 Thiess, Sophie, 80 This Is My Story (Budenz), 112-13,116-21 Thomas, Norman, 118-19,129 Thompkins, William, 138 Thurston, Robert, tot Trade Union Education League, 41 45; and the Great Terror, 55-57; and Poyntz, 38, 43-45, 61,123; and the Robinson-Rubens, 58-59, 61, 64, 77; and Solow, 56, 75,109-10; and Tresca, 54-56, 64; and WPA internal conflict, 42 Trotskyites and Trotskyism: accusations of, 37, 45,141,156; American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, 55-56, 76; and Train School, Omaha, 20 Tresca, Carlo, 51-72; accusations against CPUSA, 4-5, 51-52, 58, 64, 66, 68-72,166; as anarcho-syndicalist, 53-54; and anti-communism, 8, 52, Budenz, 113-14; and the Great Terror, 55-57; and Puma, tor; and risk of defection, 106;
and 58, 69; and anti-fascism, 53-55, 64, 69; and anti-Stalinism, 3,52, 54-58, 61-62, 64, 71, 76,167; assassination of, 5, 52, 70-72; assassination of, Robinson-Rubens, 59, 64, 77; and Solow, 73, 75,109; and Tresca, 90 Truman, Harry S., 104,142,148 investigations into and specula tions about, 5, 91-92, no, 119,129, Turrill, May Charlotte, 144 Turrou (FBI agent), 87, 89,102 161-63; "The Communazi Lady Vanishes,” 69, 87; Crouch’s account underemployment, 32 unemployment, 10, 25, 30, 32 compared to that of, 134; and Dewar, 161-62; early life of, 52-53; and Epstein, Schachno, 133; and ex-communist witnesses, 8,112, unionism, 25, 32-37,131-32 Unitary Socialist Party, 54 118; and Freeman, 163; Gallaghers United States: anti-Stalinists in, 55; Col lege Equal Suffrage League in, 26; book about, 166; Gitlows account 205
Index United States {continued) communist penetration of, ա; communists and suspected threat to, 48,116,118—19; and GPU, 81; Krivitsky’s defection to, 57,164; minority populations in, 23; Nazi spies in, 69,102; Poyntzs possible murder in, 79, 90,106; Rubens’s (A. A.) work for Soviets in, 63, 77, 99; Russian/Soviet spies in, 61,104, in—12,116-17,163-64; socialism in, 114; Soviet Unions relation ship with, 7, 93-94,117; Stalinist conspiracy envisioned in, 2; Trescas emigration to, 53; and World War I, 38-39. See abo Communist Party of the United States Unity Center, 34-35 Unity Houses, 34, 37 University of Florence, 144 Valenti, Giralelmo, 64 Van Kleeck, Mary, 23 Vassar College, 144 Vassiliev, Alexander, 164-65 Vietnam War, 109 Volkszeitung (newspaper), 38, 44 r ՚ I "HMk Bayerisch* Staatsbibliothek З» women’s suffrage movement, 21, 25-28, 36-37 women workers: Communist Party and equality for, 45; educational pro grams for, 33-34; Poyntz’s advocacy for, 35-37, 48-50; in Soviet Union, 10, 48-49 Wong, Susan, 34 Worker, 119-20 Workers’ Council, 40,122 Worker’s International Relief Society, 47 Worker’s Party of America (WPA), 40— 46, 76 Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), 57-58 working-class people; education and organization of, 33-35, 42; patron izing view of, 26; politics of, 25; and postwar unrest, 39; seen as sexually degenerate, 9. See ако women workers World War I, 31, 38-39 WPA (Worker’s Party of America), 40— 46,76 Wagenknecht, Alfred, 47-48 Waist and Dressmakers’ Union of New York, 33, 35-36 Wald, Alan, 93,109-10 Walker, Adelaide, 96 Wall, Tryphena, 16-18
Wasserman, Rosalie, 74 Webb, Sidney, 30 Welch, Hoke, 132-35 The Whoև of Their Lives (Gidow), 7,112, 124-30,133 Wilson, Veronica, 142,147,157 Witness (Chambers), 94-95,100,102, 104-9 .11 witnesses. See ex-communist witnesses Wolfe, Bert, 123 Woltman, Frederick, 146 Womans City Club of Boston, 32 womens rights movement; and anti communism, 8,12,162; at Barnard College, Poyntz s promotion of, 27; and CPUSA, 10, 45; patronizing remarks about, 27; and socialism, Yessof (Soviet general), 116 Zam, Herbert, 134 Zinoviev, Grigoril, 41-42, 45, 55 Zionism, 74-75 Zitensky, Milton, 134 206 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047158380 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:39:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:04:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781625345486 9781625345479 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xiii, 206 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| series2 | Culture and politics in the Cold War and beyond |
| spelling | Lynn, Denise Verfasser (DE-588)1098161866 aut Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War Denise M. Lynn Amherst ; Boston University of Massachusetts Press [2021] xiii, 206 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Culture and politics in the Cold War and beyond "On a sweltering June evening in 1937, American Juliet Stuart Poyntz left her boardinghouse in Manhattan and walked toward Central Park, three short blocks away. She was never seen or heard from again. Seven months passed before a formal missing person's report was made, since Poyntz worked for the Soviet Secret Police and her friends (many of whom were anti-Stalinist radicals in the United States) were scared to alert authorities. Her disappearance coincided with Josef Stalin's purges of his political enemies in the Soviet Union and it was feared that Poyntz was a casualty of Soviet brutality. In Where Is Juliet Stuart Poyntz?, Denise M. Lynn argues that Poyntz's sudden disappearance was the final straw for many on the American political left, who then abandoned Marxism and began to embrace anti-communism. In the years to follow, the left crafted narratives of her disappearance that became central to the Cold War. While scholars have thoroughly analyzed the influence of the political right in the anti-communism of this era, this captivating and compelling study is unique in exploring the influence of the political left"-- Poyntz, Juliet 1886-1937 (DE-588)1098161408 gnd rswk-swf Poyntz, Juliet Stuart / 1886-1937 Women communists / United States / Biography Women spies / United States / Biography Communist Party of the United States of America / Biography Intellectuals / Political activity / United States / History / 20th century Communism / United States / History / 20th century Spies / Soviet Union / Biography Espionage, Soviet / United States Missing persons / New York (State) / New York City / Biography Women college teachers / New York (State) / New York City / Biography POLITICAL SCIENCE / General Communist Party of the United States of America Communism Espionage, Soviet Intellectuals / Political activity Missing persons Spies Women college teachers Women communists Women spies New York (State) / New York Soviet Union United States 1900-1999 Biographies History (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Poyntz, Juliet 1886-1937 (DE-588)1098161408 p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032564041&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032564041&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Lynn, Denise Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War Poyntz, Juliet 1886-1937 (DE-588)1098161408 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1098161408 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |
| title_auth | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |
| title_exact_search | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |
| title_full | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War Denise M. Lynn |
| title_fullStr | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War Denise M. Lynn |
| title_full_unstemmed | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War Denise M. Lynn |
| title_short | Where is Juliet Stuart Poyntz? |
| title_sort | where is juliet stuart poyntz gender spycraft and anti stalinism in the early cold war |
| title_sub | gender, spycraft, and anti-stalinism in the early Cold War |
| topic | Poyntz, Juliet 1886-1937 (DE-588)1098161408 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poyntz, Juliet 1886-1937 Biografie |
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