Russian government and politics:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London
Red Globe Press
2021
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| Edition: | Third edition |
| Series: | Comparative government and politics series
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | XX, 286 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781352007787 9781352011036 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents xv xvii xx List of Illustrative Material Preface Acknowledgments Part I Russia: Continuity and Change 1 Studying Russian Government and Politics Why we study Russia Russia as a country 3 3 5 Location, size, and geopolitics Regional power Military power Economic and energy power Cultural hub A multiethnic state Russia and the world 5 6 6 6 8 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 14 14 16 16 17 19 19 20 20 20 21 How we study Russia Official reports Documents, letters, and communiqués Intelligence reports Memoirs and eyewitness sources Media reports Surveys Views of Russia and its politics On facts and theory in studying Russia Domestic politics and views of Russia Critical thinking in studying Russia Emotions and judgments Differences in perception Multiple causes of events Political pressure Conclusion 2 The Roots: The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union Early Russian states 22 22 23 24 25 Mongol rule The strengthening of Moscow Russia as an empire Reforms of Peter the Great Becoming a major power The reforms of the 1860s֊70s 25 27 30 vii
viii Contents The revolutions The revolution of1905-07 The revolutions of 1917 The events of February 1917 The events of October and November 1917 The development of the Soviet state The civil war Industrialization Agricultural policies Government bureaucracy Foreign policy Political repression Political mobilization Josef Stalin (1878-1953) World War II The Soviet Union during the Cold War The postwar reconstruction The thaw The stagnation period Critical thinking about Russia’s history The imperial-moralistic tradition The critical-liberal tradition The unique experience models The old and new Sovietologists Conclusion 3 The Soviet Transformation, 1985-91 The beginning of the transformation Mounting problems The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev Attempts to revive the old system Perestroika and glasnost Opening up Reforming the Communist Party Further political changes Economic reforms Weakening the federal system Changes in foreign policy Changes in the military Unintended consequences Growing problems Criticisms of foreign policy The strengthening of the opposition The August 1991 coup Critical thinking about the Soviet transformation International factors: the Cold War pressures 30 31 32 32 33 35 35 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 50 50 50 51 51 53 54 54 55 56 57 57 59 59 59 60 60 62 64 64
Contents International factors: imperial overstretch Domestic economic and political factors Domestic factors: the elites Individual factors: the Gorbachev-Yeltsin struggle Conclusion Part II ix 65 65 66 66 67 Institutions and Players 4 The Executive Branch Key developments The adoption of the Constitution The conflict The president of the Russian Federation President’s functions The transformation of the executive branch The early evolution of the system (1991-2000) Strengthening the executive branch The Presidential Administration (the executive office) The Security Council of the Russian Federation The government (Cabinet of Ministers) of the Russian Federation Main responsibilities The subjects of the Russian Federation Federal districts Russia as a federal state: some legal foundations Local government The Russian establishment and its evolution Critical thinking about the executive branch Authoritarian power consolidation A unique Russian system ? The question of how many times Conclusion 5 The Legislative Branch Key developments The 1993 elections Changing the rules: elections between 1995 and 2003 The reforms after 2005 The State Duma Structure of the Duma The Duma committees Functioning of the Duma The Federation Council Structure of the Federation Council Committees of the Federation Council Membership of the Federation Council Functioning The Duma and the Federation Council: joint functions and procedures 71 71 72 72 73 73 76 76 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 83 83 85 85 86 87 88 89 89 89 91 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 97 97 98
x Contents Critical thinking about the legislative branch Setting a weak legislative branch The Kremlin needs a manageable legislature Conclusion 6 The Judicial Branch Key developments The federal court system The trial system The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation The Court’s functions Court rulings The Supreme Court The Supreme Court s structure Court decisions The Russian Criminal Code Structure of the Criminal Code The Prosecutor’s Office Purpose of the Office Structure The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Justice The Federal Service of Implementation of Sentencing Law enforcement Critical thinking about Russia’s judicial branch How independent is the system? An unfinished work? Conclusion Part III 7 100 100 100 102 103 103 103 104 106 106 107 108 109 109 110 110 Ш Ш 112 113 119 113 114 115 115 HO HO Political Behavior, Participation, and Communication Political Parties Key developments Discovery and growth The third and fourth stages: consolidation and centralization On Russian political terminology “Left’’ and “right” distinctions Spectrum of attitudes Major political parties United Russia The Liberal Democratic Party The Communist Party A just Russia Other political parties Critical thinking about political parties The developmental view The authoritarian power view П9 H9 119 120 121 121 129 124 124 125 122 129 129 129 129 130
Contents The populist view Elite politics Conclusion 8 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections Key developments Early democratic elections Elections in the Soviet Union Parliamentary elections Early Duma elections (1993 and 1995) Later Duma elections (1999-2007) Duma elections of 2011 and 2016 Presidential elections The election of1996: anxiety and populism The presidential elections of2000 and 2004: managing from the top The 2008 elections: staying the course The 2012 and 2018 presidential elections Critical thinking about elections in Russia The electoral process is never perfect Elections are not free Political mechanisms Conclusion 9 Political Communication and Mobilization Key developments The Soviet period Crucial changes The media today Television networks Newspapers Radio Digital media Strategies of political communication and mobilization What the government ignores What the government opposes What the government promotes Critical thinking about political communication and mobilization Russia is like any other country The media are not free The Bolotnaya Square events and the aftermath Creative authoritarianism Conclusion xi 131 131 132 133 133 133 133 134 135 136 137 138 138 139 140 141 142 143 143 144 145 146 146 146 147 148 148 150 151 153 155 155 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 162 Part IV Russian Policies 10 Foreign Policy: Background and Strategies Foreign policy: A brief history Foreign policy during the Cold War 165 165 166
xii Contents Foreign policy at the end of the Cold War Russian foreign policy from 1991 to the early 2000s Foreign policy institutions The president of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign policy strategies Pragmatism and ideology Russia and a multipolar world Russia s imperatives in foreign policy Critical thinking about foreign policy Does Russia have enemies? Why Russia is choosing a tough line Confrontation hurts Looking for possibilities Conclusion 11 Foreign Policy: Countries and Regions Russia s relations with post-Soviet states Russia-US relations Russia’s relations with the EU Russia’s relations with NATO Russia’s relations with European countries Russia-China relations Russia’s regional policies Critical thinking about foreign policy Russia’s grievances Implications for Western policies Conclusion 12 Defense and Security Policies Key developments Soviet policies Policy transitions Key institutions: the president and the Defense Ministry The commander in chief The Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation Structure of the Defense Ministry Military policies Geopolitical strategies The military draft The military reform (2008-20) Nuclear defense Arms sales The Federal Security Service The structure of the FSS Security policies 168 169 170 170 171 172 172 174 176 177 177 178 179 180 180 182 182 186 190 192 193 197 199 202 202 203 204 205 205 205 206 206 206 207 207 209 209 210 210 211 212 213 213 214
Contents The External Intelligence Service State secrets Critical thinking about defense and security policies Politics and security threats Security policies priorities Russian militarism Conclusion 13 Economic and Business Policies Key developments The reforms of the 1990s Economic turmoil An economic upturn Government regulation of the economy The Finance Ministry Taxation and tax policies Economic strategies Modernization and Western sanctions Agricultural policies Russian billionaires Critical thinking about Russia’s economic policies Corruption State capitalism Illiberal models Plans for the future Conclusion 14 Social Policies: Health, Education, and Housing Key developments The Soviet legacy Health and population issues Government institutions Social policies Healthcare Support for families with children Pensions Housing Education Higher education Critical thinking about social policies Policy dilemmas Ideology-driven opinions Pragmatic assessments Conclusion xiii 217 217 218 218 219 220 221 222 222 223 223 224 225 226 227 227 229 230 231 233 233 233 235 236 236 237 237 237 238 239 240 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 247 248 249
xiv Contents 15 Summary and Conclusion A brief review The economy and economic policies Social policies and dependency Foreign policy and security Politics and participation Forecasts References Index 250 250 251 252 252 253 254 256 275
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Index A Abkhazia 68,193,194, 203 Abramovich, Roman 235 absolutism 25 Accounting Chamber 95, 98 Aeroflot 105,234 Afghanistan 29,150,180,193, 206, 217 Soviet war in 44, 58, 64,167,169 Africa 6, 48,157,174,175,182, 200, 202, 220, 252 agriculture 22, 39, 50, 52, 79, 80, 94,195, 218, 225, 230-1, 240, 251 airforce 81,208,209,216 alcoholism 238 anti-alcohol policy 53 alternative energy sources 230 Andropov, Yuri 12, 45, 51 Angola 44, 60,167, 202 Anti-American 6,127,150,188,195, 202 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 211, 212 Anti-terrorism, see counter-terrorism Arendt, Hanna 48 Argumenty і Facty (newspaper) 59,151 Armenia 9, 27, 36, 59, 68,165,182-4,186, 209 Assad, Bashar 180,194,195, 203 atheism 41 authoritarianism authoritarian system 3, 24, 48, 68,122, 123,145, 253 comparative 86 creative 161 defined 130 future of 88,132 Azerbaijan 9, 27, 36, 68,182-4,186, 209 В Belarus 35, 40, 63, 97,165,166,179,182-4, 185,195 Belt and Road Initiative 198 Berezovsky, Boris 105,148,195,196, 228 Berlin Wall 60 billionaires 231-2 birth rates 125, 205, 236, 238, 247, 248 Bogdanov, Andrei 141 Bologna Process 246 Bolotnaya Square protests 157,160-1, 175 Bolsheviks 33, 34, 48 Boyar Duma 24, 25 boyars 23,24 Brazil 4,174,175,177, 201, 213 Brexit 174 Brezhnev, Leonid 45, 50 BRICS countries 174,175, 201, 202 Buddhists 10 Bulgaria 28, 60,166,179,196 bureaucracy 75, 85,101,115,155,187, 223, 228, 251 in USSR 39, 42, 51, 53, 65, 67 Bush, George 144,149 Bush, George H, W. 211 business schools 246 C Canada 3-6,170,175, 247 Castro, Fidel 44,167 Caucasus 27, 28, 36, 38, 42, 68,105,114,157, 191,193, 209, 218, 225
North Caucasus 68,105,114, 225 censorship 13,19,127,146-8,152-4,161 defined 147 perestroika 54, 57, 68 Russian empire 31 Self-censorship 160-2 Soviet Union and 45,48 Central Asia 23, 27, 68,178,184,189,193, 214 Central Bank 95, 233 Central Committee of the Communist Party 39, 41, 52, 55, 78,150 Central Electoral Commission (CEC) 92,108, 134,142 Chechnya 68,107,138,172 war in Chechnya 105,114,139,157,159, 194,195,198 Chernenko, Konstantin 45, 51 Chernobyl nuclear accident 53 China 4-8,10, 52, 53,132,146,153,154,174, 175,195, 206, 207, 234, 243 history of relations, with 23, 27, 38, 40, 44, 166,167 275
276 Index relations with 176,178,180,197-9, 201, 202, 213, 220 Christianity, see Orthodox Christianity Christians 10, 23, 24, 28,142 civil rights, see human rights Civil War 35-6,165 Clinton, Bill 192 Clinton, Hillary 90,189 CNN 72 codes (legal) 13,108,110 Cold War 43-6, 65,122,166-8,186,194,195, 197, 206 ending of 20, 57, 58, 64, 68,168, 252 lessons of 17, 60,172,179,197 new concerns about 177,181,188,193, 212 collective farms 38, 39, 44 collectivization 38, 39, 41 Collins, Naomi 13 Colombia 213 color revolutions 157,187 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 63,169,171,182 communism 20, 34, 41, 43, 45, 67,123,125, 131,161,167,196 Communist Party of the Russian Federation 36, 92,100,101,115,127-8, 135,137,139,144,193 trail of 121 Communist Party of the Soviet Union 18, 31, 33, 38-41, 45, 52, 54, 60, 61, 67, 75, 78, 84, 104,116,119,120,133,134,146,147, 150,154,155,165, 205, 240, 242, 248 Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution 55, 56 Bolshevik party 33, 34, 48 reforms during perestroika 54-6, 60, 63, 66, 84 communist values 159 Congress of People’s Deputies (1989) 55, 63, 72, 89 conservative, see political terminology Constituent Assembly 33, 99 Constitution of 1918 35 of 1924 37 of 1936 41 proposed in 1825 29 Soviet 55,56,133,205 constitutional amendments, xxi 73, 75, 76, 87, 92, 93, 97, 99,108,129, 250 Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation 103-4,105-7 rulings 107,108,115,121,127 constitutional crisis (1993) 71-3, 84, 89, 250 Constitution of the Russian Federation, xix 71 defense 207 elections 91 executive branch 77-9, 80,100 foreign policy 170 freedoms 146,155,157
health care 241 judicial branch 96, 98,103,108, 111, 115, 116 legislative branch 89-91, 94-7, 98, 99 media 159,160 power 69, 71, 81, 83, 89, 97,136, 253 presidency 73-5, 87,100,141,170, 207, 250 territorial units 80, 82, 83 content analysis 14 corruption 12-14,19, 45, 51, 54, 56, 68, 82, 83,103,113,126,128,135,153-5,159, 175,187,188, 213-15, 229, 231, 233, 235, 241 Corruption Perception Index 16 Council of People’s Commissars 33, 37 counterterrorism 4,188,193, 213, 215 coup of August 1991 62-3 СОѴГО-19 169 crime 11, 59, 68, 79,104,105,110, 111, 113, 128,135, 210, 213, 216, 217 Crimean War 28 Criminal Code 103,110-11,116, 215 Critical-liberal tradition 47 critical thinking approach, xx 19 convenient assumptions 20 differences in perception 20 emotional judgments 19 multiple causes of events 20 Cuba 44, 60,147,167,179, 202 cyberattacks 230 Czars of Russia Alexander I 28, 29, 83 Alexander II 29, 30 Alexander III 30 Alexis I 25 Catherine II (empress) 27 Elizabeth (empress) 27 Ivan III 24 Ivan IV the Terrible 24,49 Mikhail 25 Nicolas I 28, 29 Nicolas II 30-2, 33,165 Pavel I 28 Peter the Great 25, 26, 49,105
Index Czechoslovakia 60,166,167 Czechoslovakian revolt of 1968 Czech Republic 179,196 44,167 D death penalty 113,116 Decembrist Revolt 29 defense policies arms sales 213 Christians 28 civil groups 41 Cold War 167,205 Defense Ministry 207-8 Duma 94 foreign threats 169,193, 205, 206, 219, 221 geopolitics 209,219 hawkish attitudes 220 institutions 206-7 Interior Ministry troops 114 militarism 220 military doctrine 207, 209 military draft 210 military reform 210-11 nuclear strategies 211-13,218 pacifism 220 parties 125,126 perestroika 206 Rosgvardia 217 SDI 89 supersonic weapons 6, 212 World War II 42 democracy 16 democratic society 3,18,19,120, 254 democratic transition 3, 4,19, 61, 66, 68, 143, 253 interpretations of 87,124,128,145 liberal 61,116,119,121,122,126,145 managed 158 western type 8, 46,121,122,158 democratic centralism 39 Democratic Union 120 Denmark 24 dependency energy 194,230 on government 247, 252 on modern technologies 190 depopulation 251 Deripaska, Oleg 234 dictatorship of the proletariat 35 diseases 240,248 drug trafficking 111 Dukes of Russia 23, 24, 46 277 Alexander Nevsky 23, 49 Vladimir 23 Duma before 1917 31-3 age limits budget commissions 94 committees 94 demographics elections between 1995 and 2003 91 elections of 1993 73, 89, 90,100 electoral reforms after 2005 91-2 functioning of 74, 78, 79, 82, 93, 95, 98, 99 jurisdiction 73,77 legislative initiative 95 party factions 94 representation 92,101 structure of 89, 93 Б economy agriculture 22, 39, 50, 79, 94, 225, 230-1 budget 7, 59, 77, 79, 95, 98,169, 218, 224, 226, 227, 230, 233, 237, 239, 243
cooperatives 56 countersanctions 9,185,189 crisis of 1998 223-4, 231, 250 crisis of 2008-09 169,174,194, 222, 224, 251 crisis of 2020 247, 251 currency 10, 56, 68, 81,110,116,176,184, 223, 224, 227, 231 denationalization 227,247 economic liberalism 72, 223 energy resources 7, 21,127,158,180,181, 251, 252 exports 6, 65,172,194, 200, 224, 230, 252 financial policy 79, 225 food shortages 3, 9, 32, 35, 38, 44, 68 government control 53,122, 222, 234, 238, 251 growth of the 2000s 7, 224, 236, 250, 251 illiberal policies 233, 235, 236, 251, 252 imports 189,194,195, 224 inflation 7, 35, 38, 56, 59, 65, 68, 223-5, 240, 242, 249 nationalization 34,120,121,123,126,127, 148 oil prices 7, 64, 69, 206, 221-4, 227, 240, 249, 250 oligarchs 227
278 Index planning in Russia 79,171, 240, 248 in the USSR 8,45,56,248 privatization 66, 222, 223, 228, 243, 247 reforms 53, 56-7, 59, 223 sanctions 9,17, 58,105,149,169,177,185, 187-9,192,194-8, 200, 201, 203, 213, 222, 225, 227, 229-30, 231, 236, 251, 253 small business 125,127 socially oriented market 249 Stabilization Fund 226 taxes 11, 26,105,125,128,130,154, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 251 wages 7,11, 34,114,146,161, 224, 239, 241, 252 zones of economic interest 11 education 26, 79, 80, 94,114,121,125,171, 176,187,191,194, 210, 211, 218, 224, 229, 235, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244-6, 247-9 Egypt 88,199, 200 electoral coalitions 120,131,135,136 fatigue 134,254 fraud 19, 92,137,139,143,160 funds 140 hurdles 137 interference 189,195, 230 lessons 90,135,143 procedures 91, 96,101,102,129,133,143 strategies 131,132,135,144, 248 thresholds 91, 92,137 turnout 137,142 elites 23, 52, 66, 67, 77, 83-5, 87,100,130-2, 135,143-5,168,172-5,184,186,193, 199, 204, 214, 216, 221, 223, 228, 233, 236, 250 enemy image 43,179, 206, 253 Estonia 26, 27, 35, 36, 40, 60, 63, 68,165, 166,169,175,182-4,197 Ethiopia 44, 60,167 ethnic groups 4, 8, 9, 28, 43,125 Eurasian model of development 47 Europeanization 25 European Union 4, 6, 8,116,173,177,182, 184-6,190-2,194,196,198, 203, 238, 253 executive branch imperial Russia 28, 32 Russia today 71, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88-90, 95, 97,100-3,108,115,116,119,132, 134,138,171, 226, 239, 251 USSR 76 expansionism 48,166 expert surveys 15,16 External Intelligence Service 217 extradition, 195,196 eyewitness accounts 12,13 F Federal Assembly 14,81,89, 91, 96, 98,102,
106,109,120,128,129,134,145,170, 217 Federal Atomic Agency 226 Federal Border Patrol 114 federal budget 77, 79, 95, 98, 218, 226, 227, 237, 243 federal courts 103,105 federal districts 80, 81,103,112 federal judges 104,109 federal marshals 113 Federal Security Service (FSS) 76, 78, 213-16, 217, 218 Federal Service of Implementation of Sentencing 113-14 Federal Service for Labor and Employment 226 Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation 213 Federal Space Agency 226 federal state 80-2 federal universities 246, 248 Federation Council in the 1990s 73 committees 96-7 functioning 73, 82, 94, 95, 97-9,107,140, 207 jurisdiction 82,104,108,109, 111 membership 97,99 structure 91, 96, 99 Finance Ministry 226 Finland 27, 35, 40,165,166 “first-past-the-post” system 101 Five-year plans 38, 248 focus groups 15, 254 foreign citizens 56, 111 foreign policy assertiveness 153,158,169,176 coexistence concept 45,167 concepts of 64,173,174 confrontation 14,18, 43,151,169,179, 195, 204 cooperation 42, 45, 58, 61, 68,180, 204 criticisms of 60,177,178,181 directions of 182 expansionism 18, 48,165 fabrications 12 grievances 203,204
Index history of 20, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 57, 64,147, 165-9 imperatives 176-7,252 insecurity 19 institutions 77, 94,170-1 isolationism 122,180, 219 multilateralism 182,199, 201, 203, 219, 220 multipolarity 158,174,176 new thinking 57-9,168 partisan politics 121,122,125,127,128 peaceful coexistence (see coexistence concept) polycentricity (see multipolarity) pragmatism 172-3,176-8,180, 204 privileged interests 6 security 252-2 stability 176,180 strategies 169,172-3, 220 three phases 169 treaties 168 forested land 7 France 6,165, 236, 247 history of relations with 28, 31, 32, 40, 49, 65,166,194 relations with 138,165,175,194-5,197 Freedom House surveys 15,16, 83,159,160 freedom of speech 31, 59, 68,147,158,159, 161,162,191 G Gagarin, Yuri 9, 49 gambling 216 gas, see hydrocarbons Gazprom 149,177, 200, 228, 234 Gazpromneft 234 GDP 6, 7, 50, 223, 224, 226, 227, 230 Gendarmerie 29 genocide 39,150 geopolitics 5,175,178,181-3,198,204,209,219 Georgia 6, 9, 27, 36, 41, 56, 61, 63, 66, 68, 150,157,169,172,179,182,184,186, 187,192-4, 203, 209, 214, 253 Germany 3, 7,10, 38, 75,147,159,169,175, 191 history of relations with 9,13,18, 32, 39-43, 58, 60,165-7,197 relations with 193-4,195,197 glasnost 53, 54, 56, 59, 63, 66,147,169, 206 Golden Horde 23, 24 Gorbachev, Mikhail arrest during the coup 62 biography 51, 52, 62, 67 279 conflict with Yeltsin 61, 66, 67 denunciation of Stalin 54 early reforms 51, 52, 54 economic reforms 52, 63, 66 idealism 66, 68, 84 international support 66,195 military policies 59,169 mistakes 53, 59, 60, 66, 84 new thinking in foreign policy 57, 58, 60, 168,169,
206 owner of Novaya Gazeta , 151 party reform 55 political reforms 52, 57, 63, 82 president 138 public opinion of him 59, 60, 65 resistance against 60, 61 role in history 20 Government of the Russian Federation (Cabinet of Ministers) 62, 74, 75, 78, 79, 95,100, 106,108 federal agencies 79,107, 216, 226 federal ministries 79, 80,170, 208, 209, 225, 239 federal services 79, 208, 213, 225, 226 governors 26, 81-3, 96, 97,107,110,131 Great Britain, see United Kingdom Great Patriotic War 43, 49 greenhouse gases 8 Gref, German 228 GRIT 58 Gryzlov, Boris 124 Gusinsky, Vladimir 148, 228, 235 H hackers 189 hate crimes 214 health care 79,107,114,121,126,176, 218, 224, 237, 239-42, 246, 247, 249, 252 historical fabrications 13 HIV 114,238 Holy Alliance 28 homosexuality 110,116,175,177 housing problem 242-4 human rights 14, 46, 77, 95,112,113,147, 157,171,175,176,191,194, 218, 219, 229, 230 Hungarian revolt of 1956 44,167 Hungary 28, 44, 60,167,179,196,197 hydrocarbons 6-8,126,127,140,161, 163,172,176,178,180,181,194,198, 200, 204, 224, 225, 227, 230, 234, 235, 240
280 Index I ideology 52, 86,119,122,129,159,172,176, 178,181,191, 204, 246, 247, 252 communist 1, 20, 34, 43, 46, 48, 52,125, 127,134,147,154,165,167, 205, 247 impeachment 73, 95,106 imperialism 43, 45,167 imperial-moralistic tradition 46, 47 incumbency factor 144 industrialization 37, 38, 41 inequality 3, 4, 31, 68,151, 247-9 inflation 7, 35, 38, 56, 59, 65, 68, 223-5, 240, 242, 249 intelligence 12,14, 75,175,189, 213, 217, 219 Interior Ministry troops 114 Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty 58 international observers 92 international treaties 98,106,112,170 Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation 113 Iran 6,10, 52, 58,149,150,176,178-80, 194-6, 200, 210, 212, 213, 219 Iraq 60, 88,150,172,180,193,199, 203, 217, 253 Islam, see Muslims Islamic fundamentalism 178,194,198, 200, 217 Israel 10, 28,149,199, 200, 210 Izvestia (newspaper) 151 J Japan history of relations 9, 31, 40,165,166 relations with 3, 5-7,10,175, 201, 230, 233, 238 Jewish Autonomous Region 80 Jews 10, 31, 80, 200 jurors 105,106 justice administration 103 Just Russia 93,128,137,144 К Kaczyński, Lech 197 Kasparov, Garry 86,129 Kasyanov, Mikhail 129, 234 Katyn massacre 13,197 Kazakhstan 26, 27, 68, 90,182-5,198, 245 KGB (Committee of State Security) 12, 62, 75, 193, 205, 206, 213, 250 khanates 23 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 72 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 228, 229, 235 Khrushchev, Nikita 44, 45, 49, 54,167 Kiev Rus 22, 23 Kommersant (newspaper) 151 Komsomol 40 Korean War 167 Krasnaya Zvezda (newspaper) 150 Kryuchkov, Vladimir 62 Kutuzov, Mikhail 49 L labor camps 40 Latin America 179,182, 201, 202 Latvia 5, 26, 27, 35,
36, 40, 60, 63, 68,165, 166.169.175.182-4,197 law enforcement 79, 84,106,107,109,110, 112,114-15,116,185, 217, 218, 235 Lebanon 142 legal immunity 74, 98 legal state 82 Leningrad, see St Petersburg Lenin, Vladimir 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 48,49 LGBT 95,129 liberal, see political terminology Liberal Democratic Party liberties 3, 8,16, 31, 73, 85, 98,110,112,114, 121,123,128-30,145,158,160,172,175, 195, 218, 219, 251, 254 life expectancy 238-40, 243, 247 Limonov, Eduard 129 Lithuania 5, 24, 25, 27, 35, 40, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68.165.166.169.175.182- 4,197 Litvinenko, Alexander 196 local government 28, 30, 44, 62, 83, 94,112, 237, 242, 244, 245 Lukoil 234 Luzhkov, Yuri 136 M Magnitsky act 105,188,189 market socialism 53 Marshall Plan 68 martial law 74, 94, 98,104,109, 207 Marxism 29, 34, 48, 51,147 Matlock, Jack 13 Matvienko, Valentina 97 media agenda setting 148,149,158 Central Television 54 framing 149,158 freedom of the press 146,155,158 gatekeeping 146,158,162 international events 149-51
Index muckraking 155 newspapers Russian 99,143,146-8,150-2,153 Soviet 4, 32, 38-40, 54 ownership 234 persecution of journalists 159,160, 254 political censorship 13, 31, 54, 57,146,147, 152,154,160 radio 147,148,152,155,159 self-censorship 160-2 television, xix 14, 45, 54, 62,140,143,144, 146-50,153,155-7,159,161,162,188, 189 Medvedev, Dmitry president 14, 71, 74, 76, 85, 92,137,140, 141,144,169, 228, 229, 250, 254 prime minister 71, 78,124,140,154, 248 memoirs 12-13,84 Merkel, Angela 194 Mexico 6,213 Middle East 6,176,180,182,199, 200, 206, 213, 220, 252 militarism 26,220-1 military expenditure 6 Military-Industrial Commission (USSR) 205 military policies, see defense policies military service 26, 29,107,126, 208, 210 Minin, Kuzma 25 ministries 26, 28, 37, 79, 80,170, 225, 226, 239 Mironov, Sergei 97,128 Mishustin, Mikhail 78 Moldova 35, 36, 60, 68,165,182-4,186,192, 209, 214 Mongol rule 23, 24 mortgages 126,128, 242-4, 251 Moscow (city) 5, 23-6, 28, 33, 37 Moscow State University 52, 245 Multi-ethnic state 8, 9, 27 Multi-polarity 125,172,176 Muslims 10,142,192, 202, 253 N Napoleon 28,49 National Agrarian-Industrial Complex Project 231 nationalism 4, 8,18, 25, 41, 65,123,156, 253 National Projects 242, 244, 248 NATO Russia, relations with 5, 44,126,149,167, 172-4,177,178,184,186,191-3,194-7, 202-4, 206, 209, 214, 219, 253 Soviet Union, relations with 44, 60,192 281 NATO-Russia Council 193 natural resources 198 Navalny, Alexey 12,153,154,160, 254 Navy 26, 81, 111, 195, 208, 209 Nekrasov, Nikolai 50 New Economic Policy 38, 51 newspapers, see media Nicaragua 60,167, 202
Nixon, Richard 20 Nord Stream pipeline 194 North America 21, 27,150 North Caucasus, see Caucasus Novaya Gazeta (newspaper) 151,157 Novgorod 22,23 Novodvorskaya, Valeria 120 Nuclear energy 200 nuclear weapons arms race 10,12, 43, 211 arsenal 3, 6, 206, 215 control 189,212 defense 176,212 disarmament 68,168, 212 fear of conflict 57 history of 6, 43, 44, 49,167,195, 211 INF treaty 58,168 Iran issue 195,196, 209, 219 limitation talks (arms) 211, 212, 218 missiles 211,212 nonproliferation 125,149,150,176,180, 193,195, 204, 216 proliferation 149,150,194 reductions 57,168, 211 security 4,180,186, 212, 216, 226 О Obama, Barack 149,187,188 office of the president 72,106 oil, see hydrocarbons oligarchs 227 one-mandate districts 91, 92,100 Oprichnina 24 Orange Revolution 157 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 143 Orthodox Christianity 23, 24, 26, 31, 41, 61, 175,178 Ossetia 68,159,193,194, 203 Other Russia 129,136 P Palazhchenko, Pavel 13 parties, see political parties
282 Index paternalism 48 patriotism 26, 31, 32,125,128,155,157,175 peasants 23, 25-7, 29-31, 33, 35, 38,133, 231 collectivization of 38, 39 collective farms 38, 39, 44 Peasants’ Party 120 Pension Fund of the Russian Federation 226, 242 pension reform, xxi 243 pensions 242, 248, 249, 252 People’s Will 20 perestroika definition 53,54 policies 54-9 Permanent Joint Council 192 personality cult 45 Pipes, Richard 48 planning central 56, 79, 240, 248 Poland 5, 72, 84 history of relations with 5, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35, 60, 64,165-7,175 relations with 5,179,196,197, 214, 216 political communication 146,148,153,155, 157,158 polycentricity 172 political culture 22, 203 political mobilization 40,146,147,155,158, 159,161 political parties in 1990 56, 90,119 in the early 1900s 31-3,133 electoral strategies 135-7,141,144 governmental influence 119 newspapers 150 opposition to the Kremlin 101,121,125-7 organizational challenges 91, 92,136 party lists 83, 91, 92,100,101,138,144 pro-Kremlin 101,123-5 smaller parties 128-9 stages of development 119-20,135 trust in 129 views of 129-32 political repressions 48 political terminology center 120,122 center-left 128,129 center-right 129 conservative 19, 60, 61, 67,84,121-3,127, 159,173,175,176,191,195 illiberal 233, 235, 236, 251, 252 left 33,101,121,122,129,130,135,153, 173, 202, 247, 250 liberal 3, 8,19, 32, 47, 72,120-2,125,129, 132,175,191,195, 223, 227 populist 4,19, 45, 67, 90,120,122,123, 126,131,135,138,139,141,153,174, 247, 250 right 121,130,173 Politburo 39, 52, 55, 59, 60 Politkovskaya, Anna 157 polls, see public opinion popular dissent 61,
92,113,138,144,155, 157,160,161,175 post-Soviet space 6,10,14,116,170,172, 173,179,182,184,187,191 Potanin, Vladimir 235 poverty 31, 35,113,126,127,131,135, 223, 251, 252 power consolidation 85,115, 228 power vertical 77, 85, 228, 240 Pozharsky, Dmitry 25 pragmatism in policy 172,173 Pravda (newspaper) 41,150 Presidential Administration 75, 77,138,170, 171 Presidential elections of 1996 142,233 of 2000 76,139,143 of 2004 140,143 of 2008 140,144 of 2012 141,144 of 2018 141,142,144 President of the Russian Federation chief diplomat 75,170 chief executive officer 73, 76, 79,114 chief legislator 74,82,92,99,100 commander-in-chief 74, 206, 207 functions of 12, 77-9, 81, 99,106,113,114, 170,171, 207, 213, 217 head of state 73,170 immunity 74 impeachment 74, 95, 98 succession 73, 78,108 term of service 73, 87 veto power 75, 99 Primakov, Evgeny 136 Prime Minister (Chair of the Government) appointment 74, 76, 78 functioning 78,79 prisons 109,112,113 private schools 244, 245, 248 privatization 66, 222,223, 228, 243, 247 proletariat 34,35
Index Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation 111, 229 Protestants 10 provisional government 29, 33 psychiatry 107 psychological factors in politics apathy 46, 51 civil militarism 220, 221 confidence 64,142,175, 223, 224, 227 cynicism 46 frustration 59,223 leader’s personality 40, 44, 45, 75,144,158, 170, 250 optimism 63,242 patriotism 26, 31, 32,125,128,155,175 pessimism 59,254 public opinion censorship 147 Communist Party 128 Constitution 124 constitutional amendments 73 corruption 16,124, 233 Coup of August 1991 63 Crime 223 crisis of 1993 72 crisis of 2008-09 224 direction of the country 9,15 elections 91 enemies 47 EU 190 freedom 16 Gorbachev 60 government institutions 254 housing 243,244 Khodorkovsky 229 Lenin 36 liberation of Europe 43 Litvinenko case 196 Medvedev 140 MH-17 flight 186 military 124 Orthodox Church 124 parties 137 pensions 243 Putin 10 religion 86,139,141,144, 243 Russia 124 Soviet Union spiritual (religious) beliefs Stalin 42,45 threats to Russia 178 Ukraine 186 283 United Russia 124 USA 187 values voting for parties World Anti-Doping Agency 177 Yeltsin Pugo, Boris 62 Putin, Vladimir biography 53, 75, 76, 227 Compared with Alexander III constitutional amendments of 2020 108, 250 defens e policies 211,212,220 domestic politics 18, 71, 77, 78, 87,100, 124,137,139-42,148, 250, 254 economic policies 224, 228, 229, 235 foreign policy 14,18,169,174,175, 178-80,185,187-9,191,193,195,198, 202 media policies 148,153,175 pension reform 243 power vertical 82, 85 public protests against 160,175 security policies 206 supporting circles 84,132,145 R radical
economic reform 56 Rasputin, Grigory 32 Reagan, Ronald 58, 64,168 Red Army 42 Reds 35 Red Square 46 red terror 35 religious affiliations 10 Reporters Without Borders 160 revolutions 28, 75,157,187 of 1905-07 30 of February 1917 32, 33 of October-November 1917 33, 34 Romania 36, 60,196 Romanov dynasty 27 Roosevelt, Franklin 12 Rostow, Walt 48 Russia and USSR 9 Russian (definitions) 4 Russian Federation agricultural land 231 Arms sales 213 birth rates 238, 251 coat of arms 34,170 demographics 5,8
284 Index ethnic groups 8 GDP 6 geography 5 immigration 10 life expectancy 238, 240 oil and gas reserves 7 prisons 113 regional power 3 religious affiliations 10 size 5 sovereignty 18, 73,158,185,189 Russian Land Codex 231 Russian Social Democratic Labor Party Russia’s identity 4,43,125 Russo-Japanese war 31 Rutskoy, Alexander 72 Rybakov, Anatoly 129 33, 41 S Sakharov, Andrei 54 salaries 11,161, 224, 241, 246, 252 Saudi Arabia 64,214 schools 30, 39, 41, 67,114,158, 210, 237, 239, 244-6, 248 Security Council of the Russian Federation 75, 78 security policies censorship 160 fears 160,219 foreign enemies 169, 205, 214 intelligence 217 priorities 219 secrecy 214, 215, 218 terrorism 216,217 self-governance 83,86 Senate (in czarist Russia) 25, 28, 29, 93, 97 separation of powers 89, 97,113 serfdom 24, 29, 30 Sevastopol 80 Shanghai Cooperation Organization 198, 201 shock therapy 223 shortages 3, 9, 32, 65, 68, 233, 241 Singapore 223,234 Slovakia 72,179,196,197 Slovenia 196 Sobchak, Anatoly 53, 75 socialist entrepreneurship 53 social policy dilemmas 246,247 education 244-6 families 242 health care 240, 241 housing 242,243 ideology 247 institutions 239 National Priority Projects 240 pensions 242,243 policy options 158, 237, 238 welfare system soft power 8,28,174 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 36,161 South Korea 4, 6, 44, 88,167,177, 201, 206, 210 sovereign democracy 145,158 Sovetskaya Rossiya (newspaper) 150 Soviet-German Pact of 1939 166 Sovietologists 48 Soviets (as an institution) 33, 56, 73, 92,133 Soviet Union bureaucracy 39 censorship 11 Cold War 43-4 collectivization 38-9 democratic
opposition 61 foreign policy 39-40, 42 foundation 35 industrialization 37-8 nuclear arms 12 political repressions 40, 41 stagnation 45 thaw 44 views of 16-19 Spanish Civil War 40,166 sports 8, 52, 79, 80, 94,149,150,177, 239, 244 stagnation period 45, 46, 50,174 Stalin, Josef 12, 40-5, 48, 49, 54,166,167 Stalingrad battle 42, 43 Starovoitova, Galina 61 STARTU 211,212 State Council 28, 83 state of emergency 62, 78, 94, 98,167 state secrets 159, 215, 216, 218 Stolypin, Pyotr 31 St Petersburg 8, 26, 28-33, 42, 43, 53, 61, 71, 75, 80, 85, 97,107,109,110,115,136, 138,144,155, 227, 230, 245 St Petersburg State University 74, 245 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 211 Strategic Defense Initiative 64 Subjects of the Russian Federation 80, 82, 98, 106,107,110-12,123, 240 Sudan 199 superpower 35, 60,179,180, 253
Index supersonic weapons 6, 212 Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 98, 103,104,108 Sweden 24-6 Synod 26 Syria 149,150,157,172,179,180,194,195, 199, 201, 230, 252, 253 T taxes 11, 26,105,125,128,130,154, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 251 teachers 50, 67, 210, 252 terror 24, 35, 40, 41 terrorism 10, 111, 113,115,125,172,180, 198, 200, 216, 217 Teutonic knights 23, 49 thaw (political) 44, 45 Time of Troubles 25 transparency (political) 30, 53, 82, 85, 90,102, 116,120,123,125,143,187, 233 Transparency International 16 Travkin, Nikoki 120 trial system 103-6 trials in absentia 104,105 tricolor 35 Trump, Donald 90,141,149,150,189,190 Tucker, Robert 48 Turkey 5, 88,154,176,198, 200, 216 tyrant 41 U Ukraine 63, 72,165,166,182-5,188,193, 198, 203, 209, 214, 245 annexation of Crimea aftermath 68,138, 172,179,185,187,190,195, 227 conflict in eastern Ukraine 157,185,192, 194,195,197 Malaysia Airlines flight 17,185,186 Union of the Right Forces 130 Union Treaty 62 United Kingdom 3, 4, 6, 9,16, 89,101,122, 142,161,170, 227 history of relations with 9,13, 28, 32, 38, 40,165,166,195 poisoning scandals 196 rektions with 10,138,153,174,175,178,179, 191,195,196,203,214,230,236, 247, 253 United Russia 93,101,120,124-5,126,128, 132,136-8,140-2,144,155, 250, 254 United States 15,16, 61, 73, 80, 89, 93, 95, 104,115,122,133,140-4,195, 227, 230, 238, 247 285 Cold War 20, 43, 44, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 167-9, 211, 212, 214, 219 history of relations before 1945 28, 38, 48, 68,166 Magnitsky act 105,188,189 relations with 90,121,123,126,127,138, 149,150,153,158-60,169,172,173,175,
176,178-80,185-90,192-4,198-203, 207 sanctions 9,17, 58,105,149,169,177,185, 187-9,192,194-8, 200, 201, 203, 213, 222, 225, 227, 229-30, 231, 236, 251, 253 United States Information Agency 15 universities 30, 75, 210, 245, 246, 248 US parties 189 USSR., see Soviet Union V values Christian 120 conservative 175,176,191 cross-ethnic 125 cultural 8,173,175 liberal 3,125,129,191 moral 155,175 patriotic 157 universal 58,168 Vice President 62, 72 Vietnam 44, 60, 201, 213 Vietnam War 44,167 views of Russia authoritarian power 130-1 critical-liberal 47 elite politics 131 Eurasian model 47 Imperial-moralistic 46 like any other country 159 misperceptions 121 populist 131 revisionism 48 sovereign democracy 145,158 Sovietology 48 triumphalist 64 unique experience 47 W Warsaw Pact, 58, 60,169,192 welfare policies 11,120,122,128, 246, 249 welfare state 48, 72,121,122, 237 Western Europe 43, 64,149,166,173,180, 191,195,198, 202, 238, 248 western influence 48 Whites 35
286 Index nationalist rhetoric 65 NATO 196 Nuclear treaties 211 opposition to the coup 62, 63 personal problems 76, 84 president 62, 73,138,139, 228 privatization 243 public opposition 144 public support 67 reformer 76, 84,100,116, 243 resignation 71 supporting team 84 ties with oligarchs 145 Wilson, Woodrow 68,168 women 48, 61,113,114,126,128,150, 238, 242, 243 world revolution 166 World War I 165 World War II 18, 42-3,166,186,193,197, 230 Y Yabloko Party 128,129 Yakovlev, Vladimir 136 Yanaev, Gennadii 62 Yavlinsky, Grigory 128 Yazov, Dmitry 62 Yeltsin, Boris banning Communist Party 121,127 conflict with Gorbachev 61, 66-7 conflict with parliament 72, 73, 89, 90,106, 250 democratic opposition 61 dissolution of USSR 63 economic liberalism 223 elections of 1996 138-9, 233 Bayerische Z Zemstvos 30 “zero out” proposal by Putin 108 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 90,120,125,126,139, 141 Zhukov, Georgy 49 Zhvanetsky, Mikhail, xix Zyuganov, Gennady 127,139,141 Ί
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Contents xv xvii xx List of Illustrative Material Preface Acknowledgments Part I Russia: Continuity and Change 1 Studying Russian Government and Politics Why we study Russia Russia as a country 3 3 5 Location, size, and geopolitics Regional power Military power Economic and energy power Cultural hub A multiethnic state Russia and the world 5 6 6 6 8 8 10 11 11 11 12 12 14 14 16 16 17 19 19 20 20 20 21 How we study Russia Official reports Documents, letters, and communiqués Intelligence reports Memoirs and eyewitness sources Media reports Surveys Views of Russia and its politics On facts and theory in studying Russia Domestic politics and views of Russia Critical thinking in studying Russia Emotions and judgments Differences in perception Multiple causes of events Political pressure Conclusion 2 The Roots: The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union Early Russian states 22 22 23 24 25 Mongol rule The strengthening of Moscow Russia as an empire Reforms of Peter the Great Becoming a major power The reforms of the 1860s֊70s 25 27 30 vii
viii Contents The revolutions The revolution of1905-07 The revolutions of 1917 The events of February 1917 The events of October and November 1917 The development of the Soviet state The civil war Industrialization Agricultural policies Government bureaucracy Foreign policy Political repression Political mobilization Josef Stalin (1878-1953) World War II The Soviet Union during the Cold War The postwar reconstruction The thaw The stagnation period Critical thinking about Russia’s history The imperial-moralistic tradition The critical-liberal tradition The "unique experience" models The old and new Sovietologists Conclusion 3 The Soviet Transformation, 1985-91 The beginning of the transformation Mounting problems The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev Attempts to revive the old system Perestroika and glasnost Opening up Reforming the Communist Party Further political changes Economic reforms Weakening the federal system Changes in foreign policy Changes in the military Unintended consequences Growing problems Criticisms of foreign policy The strengthening of the opposition The August 1991 coup Critical thinking about the Soviet transformation International factors: the Cold War pressures 30 31 32 32 33 35 35 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 50 50 50 51 51 53 54 54 55 56 57 57 59 59 59 60 60 62 64 64
Contents International factors: imperial overstretch Domestic economic and political factors Domestic factors: the elites Individual factors: the Gorbachev-Yeltsin struggle Conclusion Part II ix 65 65 66 66 67 Institutions and Players 4 The Executive Branch Key developments The adoption of the Constitution The conflict The president of the Russian Federation President’s functions The transformation of the executive branch The early evolution of the system (1991-2000) Strengthening the executive branch The Presidential Administration (the executive office) The Security Council of the Russian Federation The government (Cabinet of Ministers) of the Russian Federation Main responsibilities The subjects of the Russian Federation Federal districts Russia as a federal state: some legal foundations Local government The Russian establishment and its evolution Critical thinking about the executive branch Authoritarian power consolidation A unique Russian system ? The question of how many times Conclusion 5 The Legislative Branch Key developments The 1993 elections Changing the rules: elections between 1995 and 2003 The reforms after 2005 The State Duma Structure of the Duma The Duma committees Functioning of the Duma The Federation Council Structure of the Federation Council Committees of the Federation Council Membership of the Federation Council Functioning The Duma and the Federation Council: joint functions and procedures 71 71 72 72 73 73 76 76 76 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 83 83 85 85 86 87 88 89 89 89 91 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 96 97 97 98
x Contents Critical thinking about the legislative branch Setting a weak legislative branch The Kremlin needs a manageable legislature Conclusion 6 The Judicial Branch Key developments The federal court system The trial system The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation The Court’s functions Court rulings The Supreme Court The Supreme Court's structure Court decisions The Russian Criminal Code Structure of the Criminal Code The Prosecutor’s Office Purpose of the Office Structure The Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Justice The Federal Service of Implementation of Sentencing Law enforcement Critical thinking about Russia’s judicial branch How independent is the system? An unfinished work? Conclusion Part III 7 100 100 100 102 103 103 103 104 106 106 107 108 109 109 110 110 Ш Ш 112 113 119 113 114 115 115 HO HO Political Behavior, Participation, and Communication Political Parties Key developments Discovery and growth The third and fourth stages: consolidation and centralization On Russian political terminology “Left’’ and “right” distinctions Spectrum of attitudes Major political parties United Russia The Liberal Democratic Party The Communist Party A just Russia Other political parties Critical thinking about political parties The developmental view The authoritarian power view П9 H9 119 120 121 121 129 124 124 125 122 129 129 129 129 130
Contents The populist view Elite politics Conclusion 8 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections Key developments Early democratic elections Elections in the Soviet Union Parliamentary elections Early Duma elections (1993 and 1995) Later Duma elections (1999-2007) Duma elections of 2011 and 2016 Presidential elections The election of1996: anxiety and populism The presidential elections of2000 and 2004: managing from the top The 2008 elections: staying the course The 2012 and 2018 presidential elections Critical thinking about elections in Russia The electoral process is never perfect Elections are not free Political mechanisms Conclusion 9 Political Communication and Mobilization Key developments The Soviet period Crucial changes The media today Television networks Newspapers Radio Digital media Strategies of political communication and mobilization What the government ignores What the government opposes What the government promotes Critical thinking about political communication and mobilization Russia is like any other country The media are not free The Bolotnaya Square events and the aftermath Creative authoritarianism Conclusion xi 131 131 132 133 133 133 133 134 135 136 137 138 138 139 140 141 142 143 143 144 145 146 146 146 147 148 148 150 151 153 155 155 157 157 158 159 159 160 161 162 Part IV Russian Policies 10 Foreign Policy: Background and Strategies Foreign policy: A brief history Foreign policy during the Cold War 165 165 166
xii Contents Foreign policy at the end of the Cold War Russian foreign policy from 1991 to the early 2000s Foreign policy institutions The president of the Russian Federation The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign policy strategies Pragmatism and ideology Russia and a multipolar world Russia's imperatives in foreign policy Critical thinking about foreign policy Does Russia have enemies? Why Russia is choosing a tough line Confrontation hurts Looking for possibilities Conclusion 11 Foreign Policy: Countries and Regions Russia's relations with post-Soviet states Russia-US relations Russia’s relations with the EU Russia’s relations with NATO Russia’s relations with European countries Russia-China relations Russia’s regional policies Critical thinking about foreign policy Russia’s grievances Implications for Western policies Conclusion 12 Defense and Security Policies Key developments Soviet policies Policy transitions Key institutions: the president and the Defense Ministry The commander in chief The Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation Structure of the Defense Ministry Military policies Geopolitical strategies The military draft The military reform (2008-20) Nuclear defense Arms sales The Federal Security Service The structure of the FSS Security policies 168 169 170 170 171 172 172 174 176 177 177 178 179 180 180 182 182 186 190 192 193 197 199 202 202 203 204 205 205 205 206 206 206 207 207 209 209 210 210 211 212 213 213 214
Contents The External Intelligence Service State secrets Critical thinking about defense and security policies Politics and security threats Security policies'priorities Russian militarism Conclusion 13 Economic and Business Policies Key developments The reforms of the 1990s Economic turmoil An economic upturn Government regulation of the economy The Finance Ministry Taxation and tax policies Economic strategies Modernization and Western sanctions Agricultural policies Russian billionaires Critical thinking about Russia’s economic policies Corruption State capitalism Illiberal models Plans for the future Conclusion 14 Social Policies: Health, Education, and Housing Key developments The Soviet legacy Health and population issues Government institutions Social policies Healthcare Support for families with children Pensions Housing Education Higher education Critical thinking about social policies Policy dilemmas Ideology-driven opinions Pragmatic assessments Conclusion xiii 217 217 218 218 219 220 221 222 222 223 223 224 225 226 227 227 229 230 231 233 233 233 235 236 236 237 237 237 238 239 240 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 247 248 249
xiv Contents 15 Summary and Conclusion A brief review The economy and economic policies Social policies and dependency Foreign policy and security Politics and participation Forecasts References Index 250 250 251 252 252 253 254 256 275
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of the Duma (1998) Adopted on January 22,1998. N 2134-11 GD. Presidential Decree (1991) #239. November 25. Source: Vedomosti Syezda Narodnyh Deputatov RSFSR I Verhovnogo Sověta RSFSR, 1991, N 48, p 1677. http://lawrussia.ru/texts/legal_689/ doc689a672x233.htm Presidential Decree (1993) On a gradual constitutional reform in the Russian Federation,” No. 1400, October 21. Presidential Decree (2004a) “Questions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation,” N 1313, October 13. Presidential Decree (2004b) “Regulations about Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation,” N1082, August 16. Presidential Decree (2006) “About means of counteraction against terrorism,” N116, February 16. Presidential Decree (2007a) “On changes in the Regulations about Military Service,” No. 303, March 8. Presidential Decree (2007b) “About changes in the bylaws of the Foreign Ministry,” N 865, January 26. Strategy for National Security of the Russian Federation until 2020 (2009, May 12). http://www.scrf. gov.ru/documents/99.html WEBSITES Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSS): http://www.fsb.ru Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat): http://www.gks.ru Legal Acts of the Russian Federation: http://www.interlaw.ru Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation: http://www.mvd.ru Russian Center for Public Opinion: http://wciom.ru/ Russian Federal Statistical Service (Rosstat): www.gks.ru
Index A Abkhazia 68,193,194, 203 Abramovich, Roman 235 absolutism 25 Accounting Chamber 95, 98 Aeroflot 105,234 Afghanistan 29,150,180,193, 206, 217 Soviet war in 44, 58, 64,167,169 Africa 6, 48,157,174,175,182, 200, 202, 220, 252 agriculture 22, 39, 50, 52, 79, 80, 94,195, 218, 225, 230-1, 240, 251 airforce 81,208,209,216 alcoholism 238 anti-alcohol policy 53 alternative energy sources 230 Andropov, Yuri 12, 45, 51 Angola 44, 60,167, 202 Anti-American 6,127,150,188,195, 202 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 211, 212 Anti-terrorism, see counter-terrorism Arendt, Hanna 48 Argumenty і Facty (newspaper) 59,151 Armenia 9, 27, 36, 59, 68,165,182-4,186, 209 Assad, Bashar 180,194,195, 203 atheism 41 authoritarianism authoritarian system 3, 24, 48, 68,122, 123,145, 253 comparative 86 creative 161 defined 130 future of 88,132 Azerbaijan 9, 27, 36, 68,182-4,186, 209 В Belarus 35, 40, 63, 97,165,166,179,182-4, 185,195 Belt and Road Initiative 198 Berezovsky, Boris 105,148,195,196, 228 Berlin Wall 60 billionaires 231-2 birth rates 125, 205, 236, 238, 247, 248 Bogdanov, Andrei 141 Bologna Process 246 Bolotnaya Square protests 157,160-1, 175 Bolsheviks 33, 34, 48 Boyar Duma 24, 25 boyars 23,24 Brazil 4,174,175,177, 201, 213 Brexit 174 Brezhnev, Leonid 45, 50 BRICS countries 174,175, 201, 202 Buddhists 10 Bulgaria 28, 60,166,179,196 bureaucracy 75, 85,101,115,155,187, 223, 228, 251 in USSR 39, 42, 51, 53, 65, 67 Bush, George 144,149 Bush, George H, W. 211 business schools 246 C Canada 3-6,170,175, 247 Castro, Fidel 44,167 Caucasus 27, 28, 36, 38, 42, 68,105,114,157, 191,193, 209, 218, 225
North Caucasus 68,105,114, 225 censorship 13,19,127,146-8,152-4,161 defined 147 perestroika 54, 57, 68 Russian empire 31 Self-censorship 160-2 Soviet Union and 45,48 Central Asia 23, 27, 68,178,184,189,193, 214 Central Bank 95, 233 Central Committee of the Communist Party 39, 41, 52, 55, 78,150 Central Electoral Commission (CEC) 92,108, 134,142 Chechnya 68,107,138,172 war in Chechnya 105,114,139,157,159, 194,195,198 Chernenko, Konstantin 45, 51 Chernobyl nuclear accident 53 China 4-8,10, 52, 53,132,146,153,154,174, 175,195, 206, 207, 234, 243 history of relations, with 23, 27, 38, 40, 44, 166,167 275
276 Index relations with 176,178,180,197-9, 201, 202, 213, 220 Christianity, see Orthodox Christianity Christians 10, 23, 24, 28,142 civil rights, see human rights Civil War 35-6,165 Clinton, Bill 192 Clinton, Hillary 90,189 CNN 72 codes (legal) 13,108,110 Cold War 43-6, 65,122,166-8,186,194,195, 197, 206 ending of 20, 57, 58, 64, 68,168, 252 lessons of 17, 60,172,179,197 new concerns about 177,181,188,193, 212 collective farms 38, 39, 44 collectivization 38, 39, 41 Collins, Naomi 13 Colombia 213 color revolutions 157,187 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 63,169,171,182 communism 20, 34, 41, 43, 45, 67,123,125, 131,161,167,196 Communist Party of the Russian Federation 36, 92,100,101,115,127-8, 135,137,139,144,193 trail of 121 Communist Party of the Soviet Union 18, 31, 33, 38-41, 45, 52, 54, 60, 61, 67, 75, 78, 84, 104,116,119,120,133,134,146,147, 150,154,155,165, 205, 240, 242, 248 Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution 55, 56 Bolshevik party 33, 34, 48 reforms during perestroika 54-6, 60, 63, 66, 84 communist values 159 Congress of People’s Deputies (1989) 55, 63, 72, 89 conservative, see political terminology Constituent Assembly 33, 99 Constitution of 1918 35 of 1924 37 of 1936 41 proposed in 1825 29 Soviet 55,56,133,205 constitutional amendments, xxi 73, 75, 76, 87, 92, 93, 97, 99,108,129, 250 Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation 103-4,105-7 rulings 107,108,115,121,127 constitutional crisis (1993) 71-3, 84, 89, 250 Constitution of the Russian Federation, xix 71 defense 207 elections 91 executive branch 77-9, 80,100 foreign policy 170 freedoms 146,155,157
health care 241 judicial branch 96, 98,103,108, 111, 115, 116 legislative branch 89-91, 94-7, 98, 99 media 159,160 power 69, 71, 81, 83, 89, 97,136, 253 presidency 73-5, 87,100,141,170, 207, 250 territorial units 80, 82, 83 content analysis 14 corruption 12-14,19, 45, 51, 54, 56, 68, 82, 83,103,113,126,128,135,153-5,159, 175,187,188, 213-15, 229, 231, 233, 235, 241 Corruption Perception Index 16 Council of People’s Commissars 33, 37 counterterrorism 4,188,193, 213, 215 coup of August 1991 62-3 СОѴГО-19 169 crime 11, 59, 68, 79,104,105,110, 111, 113, 128,135, 210, 213, 216, 217 Crimean War 28 Criminal Code 103,110-11,116, 215 Critical-liberal tradition 47 critical thinking approach, xx 19 convenient assumptions 20 differences in perception 20 emotional judgments 19 multiple causes of events 20 Cuba 44, 60,147,167,179, 202 cyberattacks 230 Czars of Russia Alexander I 28, 29, 83 Alexander II 29, 30 Alexander III 30 Alexis I 25 Catherine II (empress) 27 Elizabeth (empress) 27 Ivan III 24 Ivan IV the Terrible 24,49 Mikhail 25 Nicolas I 28, 29 Nicolas II 30-2, 33,165 Pavel I 28 Peter the Great 25, 26, 49,105
Index Czechoslovakia 60,166,167 Czechoslovakian revolt of 1968 Czech Republic 179,196 44,167 D death penalty 113,116 Decembrist Revolt 29 defense policies arms sales 213 Christians 28 civil groups 41 Cold War 167,205 Defense Ministry 207-8 Duma 94 foreign threats 169,193, 205, 206, 219, 221 geopolitics 209,219 hawkish attitudes 220 institutions 206-7 Interior Ministry troops 114 militarism 220 military doctrine 207, 209 military draft 210 military reform 210-11 nuclear strategies 211-13,218 pacifism 220 parties 125,126 perestroika 206 Rosgvardia 217 SDI 89 supersonic weapons 6, 212 World War II 42 democracy 16 democratic society 3,18,19,120, 254 democratic transition 3, 4,19, 61, 66, 68, 143, 253 interpretations of 87,124,128,145 liberal 61,116,119,121,122,126,145 managed 158 western type 8, 46,121,122,158 democratic centralism 39 Democratic Union 120 Denmark 24 dependency energy 194,230 on government 247, 252 on modern technologies 190 depopulation 251 Deripaska, Oleg 234 dictatorship of the proletariat 35 diseases 240,248 drug trafficking 111 Dukes of Russia 23, 24, 46 277 Alexander Nevsky 23, 49 Vladimir 23 Duma before 1917 31-3 age limits budget commissions 94 committees 94 demographics elections between 1995 and 2003 91 elections of 1993 73, 89, 90,100 electoral reforms after 2005 91-2 functioning of 74, 78, 79, 82, 93, 95, 98, 99 jurisdiction 73,77 legislative initiative 95 party factions 94 representation 92,101 structure of 89, 93 Б economy agriculture 22, 39, 50, 79, 94, 225, 230-1 budget 7, 59, 77, 79, 95, 98,169, 218, 224, 226, 227, 230, 233, 237, 239, 243
cooperatives 56 countersanctions 9,185,189 crisis of 1998 223-4, 231, 250 crisis of 2008-09 169,174,194, 222, 224, 251 crisis of 2020 247, 251 currency 10, 56, 68, 81,110,116,176,184, 223, 224, 227, 231 denationalization 227,247 economic liberalism 72, 223 energy resources 7, 21,127,158,180,181, 251, 252 exports 6, 65,172,194, 200, 224, 230, 252 financial policy 79, 225 food shortages 3, 9, 32, 35, 38, 44, 68 government control 53,122, 222, 234, 238, 251 growth of the 2000s 7, 224, 236, 250, 251 illiberal policies 233, 235, 236, 251, 252 imports 189,194,195, 224 inflation 7, 35, 38, 56, 59, 65, 68, 223-5, 240, 242, 249 nationalization 34,120,121,123,126,127, 148 oil prices 7, 64, 69, 206, 221-4, 227, 240, 249, 250 oligarchs 227
278 Index planning in Russia 79,171, 240, 248 in the USSR 8,45,56,248 privatization 66, 222, 223, 228, 243, 247 reforms 53, 56-7, 59, 223 sanctions 9,17, 58,105,149,169,177,185, 187-9,192,194-8, 200, 201, 203, 213, 222, 225, 227, 229-30, 231, 236, 251, 253 small business 125,127 socially oriented market 249 Stabilization Fund 226 taxes 11, 26,105,125,128,130,154, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 251 wages 7,11, 34,114,146,161, 224, 239, 241, 252 zones of economic interest 11 education 26, 79, 80, 94,114,121,125,171, 176,187,191,194, 210, 211, 218, 224, 229, 235, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244-6, 247-9 Egypt 88,199, 200 electoral coalitions 120,131,135,136 fatigue 134,254 fraud 19, 92,137,139,143,160 funds 140 hurdles 137 interference 189,195, 230 lessons 90,135,143 procedures 91, 96,101,102,129,133,143 strategies 131,132,135,144, 248 thresholds 91, 92,137 turnout 137,142 elites 23, 52, 66, 67, 77, 83-5, 87,100,130-2, 135,143-5,168,172-5,184,186,193, 199, 204, 214, 216, 221, 223, 228, 233, 236, 250 enemy image 43,179, 206, 253 Estonia 26, 27, 35, 36, 40, 60, 63, 68,165, 166,169,175,182-4,197 Ethiopia 44, 60,167 ethnic groups 4, 8, 9, 28, 43,125 Eurasian model of development 47 Europeanization 25 European Union 4, 6, 8,116,173,177,182, 184-6,190-2,194,196,198, 203, 238, 253 executive branch imperial Russia 28, 32 Russia today 71, 77, 79, 82, 85, 86, 88-90, 95, 97,100-3,108,115,116,119,132, 134,138,171, 226, 239, 251 USSR 76 expansionism 48,166 expert surveys 15,16 External Intelligence Service 217 extradition, 195,196 eyewitness accounts 12,13 F Federal Assembly 14,81,89, 91, 96, 98,102,
106,109,120,128,129,134,145,170, 217 Federal Atomic Agency 226 Federal Border Patrol 114 federal budget 77, 79, 95, 98, 218, 226, 227, 237, 243 federal courts 103,105 federal districts 80, 81,103,112 federal judges 104,109 federal marshals 113 Federal Security Service (FSS) 76, 78, 213-16, 217, 218 Federal Service of Implementation of Sentencing 113-14 Federal Service for Labor and Employment 226 Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation 213 Federal Space Agency 226 federal state 80-2 federal universities 246, 248 Federation Council in the 1990s 73 committees 96-7 functioning 73, 82, 94, 95, 97-9,107,140, 207 jurisdiction 82,104,108,109, 111 membership 97,99 structure 91, 96, 99 Finance Ministry 226 Finland 27, 35, 40,165,166 “first-past-the-post” system 101 Five-year plans 38, 248 focus groups 15, 254 foreign citizens 56, 111 foreign policy assertiveness 153,158,169,176 coexistence concept 45,167 concepts of 64,173,174 confrontation 14,18, 43,151,169,179, 195, 204 cooperation 42, 45, 58, 61, 68,180, 204 criticisms of 60,177,178,181 directions of 182 expansionism 18, 48,165 fabrications 12 grievances 203,204
Index history of 20, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 57, 64,147, 165-9 imperatives 176-7,252 insecurity 19 institutions 77, 94,170-1 isolationism 122,180, 219 multilateralism 182,199, 201, 203, 219, 220 multipolarity 158,174,176 new thinking 57-9,168 partisan politics 121,122,125,127,128 peaceful coexistence (see coexistence concept) polycentricity (see multipolarity) pragmatism 172-3,176-8,180, 204 privileged interests 6 security 252-2 stability 176,180 strategies 169,172-3, 220 three phases 169 treaties 168 forested land 7 France 6,165, 236, 247 history of relations with 28, 31, 32, 40, 49, 65,166,194 relations with 138,165,175,194-5,197 Freedom House surveys 15,16, 83,159,160 freedom of speech 31, 59, 68,147,158,159, 161,162,191 G Gagarin, Yuri 9, 49 gambling 216 gas, see hydrocarbons Gazprom 149,177, 200, 228, 234 Gazpromneft 234 GDP 6, 7, 50, 223, 224, 226, 227, 230 Gendarmerie 29 genocide 39,150 geopolitics 5,175,178,181-3,198,204,209,219 Georgia 6, 9, 27, 36, 41, 56, 61, 63, 66, 68, 150,157,169,172,179,182,184,186, 187,192-4, 203, 209, 214, 253 Germany 3, 7,10, 38, 75,147,159,169,175, 191 history of relations with 9,13,18, 32, 39-43, 58, 60,165-7,197 relations with 193-4,195,197 glasnost 53, 54, 56, 59, 63, 66,147,169, 206 Golden Horde 23, 24 Gorbachev, Mikhail arrest during the coup 62 biography 51, 52, 62, 67 279 conflict with Yeltsin 61, 66, 67 denunciation of Stalin 54 early reforms 51, 52, 54 economic reforms 52, 63, 66 idealism 66, 68, 84 international support 66,195 military policies 59,169 mistakes 53, 59, 60, 66, 84 new thinking in foreign policy 57, 58, 60, 168,169,
206 owner of Novaya Gazeta , 151 party reform 55 political reforms 52, 57, 63, 82 president 138 public opinion of him 59, 60, 65 resistance against 60, 61 role in history 20 Government of the Russian Federation (Cabinet of Ministers) 62, 74, 75, 78, 79, 95,100, 106,108 federal agencies 79,107, 216, 226 federal ministries 79, 80,170, 208, 209, 225, 239 federal services 79, 208, 213, 225, 226 governors 26, 81-3, 96, 97,107,110,131 Great Britain, see United Kingdom Great Patriotic War 43, 49 greenhouse gases 8 Gref, German 228 GRIT 58 Gryzlov, Boris 124 Gusinsky, Vladimir 148, 228, 235 H hackers 189 hate crimes 214 health care 79,107,114,121,126,176, 218, 224, 237, 239-42, 246, 247, 249, 252 historical fabrications 13 HIV 114,238 Holy Alliance 28 homosexuality 110,116,175,177 housing problem 242-4 human rights 14, 46, 77, 95,112,113,147, 157,171,175,176,191,194, 218, 219, 229, 230 Hungarian revolt of 1956 44,167 Hungary 28, 44, 60,167,179,196,197 hydrocarbons 6-8,126,127,140,161, 163,172,176,178,180,181,194,198, 200, 204, 224, 225, 227, 230, 234, 235, 240
280 Index I ideology 52, 86,119,122,129,159,172,176, 178,181,191, 204, 246, 247, 252 communist 1, 20, 34, 43, 46, 48, 52,125, 127,134,147,154,165,167, 205, 247 impeachment 73, 95,106 imperialism 43, 45,167 imperial-moralistic tradition 46, 47 incumbency factor 144 industrialization 37, 38, 41 inequality 3, 4, 31, 68,151, 247-9 inflation 7, 35, 38, 56, 59, 65, 68, 223-5, 240, 242, 249 intelligence 12,14, 75,175,189, 213, 217, 219 Interior Ministry troops 114 Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty 58 international observers 92 international treaties 98,106,112,170 Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation 113 Iran 6,10, 52, 58,149,150,176,178-80, 194-6, 200, 210, 212, 213, 219 Iraq 60, 88,150,172,180,193,199, 203, 217, 253 Islam, see Muslims Islamic fundamentalism 178,194,198, 200, 217 Israel 10, 28,149,199, 200, 210 Izvestia (newspaper) 151 J Japan history of relations 9, 31, 40,165,166 relations with 3, 5-7,10,175, 201, 230, 233, 238 Jewish Autonomous Region 80 Jews 10, 31, 80, 200 jurors 105,106 justice administration 103 Just Russia 93,128,137,144 К Kaczyński, Lech 197 Kasparov, Garry 86,129 Kasyanov, Mikhail 129, 234 Katyn massacre 13,197 Kazakhstan 26, 27, 68, 90,182-5,198, 245 KGB (Committee of State Security) 12, 62, 75, 193, 205, 206, 213, 250 khanates 23 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 72 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 228, 229, 235 Khrushchev, Nikita 44, 45, 49, 54,167 Kiev Rus 22, 23 Kommersant (newspaper) 151 Komsomol 40 Korean War 167 Krasnaya Zvezda (newspaper) 150 Kryuchkov, Vladimir 62 Kutuzov, Mikhail 49 L labor camps 40 Latin America 179,182, 201, 202 Latvia 5, 26, 27, 35,
36, 40, 60, 63, 68,165, 166.169.175.182-4,197 law enforcement 79, 84,106,107,109,110, 112,114-15,116,185, 217, 218, 235 Lebanon 142 legal immunity 74, 98 legal state 82 Leningrad, see St Petersburg Lenin, Vladimir 33, 34, 36, 40, 41, 48,49 LGBT 95,129 liberal, see political terminology Liberal Democratic Party liberties 3, 8,16, 31, 73, 85, 98,110,112,114, 121,123,128-30,145,158,160,172,175, 195, 218, 219, 251, 254 life expectancy 238-40, 243, 247 Limonov, Eduard 129 Lithuania 5, 24, 25, 27, 35, 40, 57, 60, 63, 66, 68.165.166.169.175.182- 4,197 Litvinenko, Alexander 196 local government 28, 30, 44, 62, 83, 94,112, 237, 242, 244, 245 Lukoil 234 Luzhkov, Yuri 136 M Magnitsky act 105,188,189 market socialism 53 Marshall Plan 68 martial law 74, 94, 98,104,109, 207 Marxism 29, 34, 48, 51,147 Matlock, Jack 13 Matvienko, Valentina 97 media agenda setting 148,149,158 Central Television 54 framing 149,158 freedom of the press 146,155,158 gatekeeping 146,158,162 international events 149-51
Index muckraking 155 newspapers Russian 99,143,146-8,150-2,153 Soviet 4, 32, 38-40, 54 ownership 234 persecution of journalists 159,160, 254 political censorship 13, 31, 54, 57,146,147, 152,154,160 radio 147,148,152,155,159 self-censorship 160-2 television, xix 14, 45, 54, 62,140,143,144, 146-50,153,155-7,159,161,162,188, 189 Medvedev, Dmitry president 14, 71, 74, 76, 85, 92,137,140, 141,144,169, 228, 229, 250, 254 prime minister 71, 78,124,140,154, 248 memoirs 12-13,84 Merkel, Angela 194 Mexico 6,213 Middle East 6,176,180,182,199, 200, 206, 213, 220, 252 militarism 26,220-1 military expenditure 6 Military-Industrial Commission (USSR) 205 military policies, see defense policies military service 26, 29,107,126, 208, 210 Minin, Kuzma 25 ministries 26, 28, 37, 79, 80,170, 225, 226, 239 Mironov, Sergei 97,128 Mishustin, Mikhail 78 Moldova 35, 36, 60, 68,165,182-4,186,192, 209, 214 Mongol rule 23, 24 mortgages 126,128, 242-4, 251 Moscow (city) 5, 23-6, 28, 33, 37 Moscow State University 52, 245 Multi-ethnic state 8, 9, 27 Multi-polarity 125,172,176 Muslims 10,142,192, 202, 253 N Napoleon 28,49 National Agrarian-Industrial Complex Project 231 nationalism 4, 8,18, 25, 41, 65,123,156, 253 National Projects 242, 244, 248 NATO Russia, relations with 5, 44,126,149,167, 172-4,177,178,184,186,191-3,194-7, 202-4, 206, 209, 214, 219, 253 Soviet Union, relations with 44, 60,192 281 NATO-Russia Council 193 natural resources 198 Navalny, Alexey 12,153,154,160, 254 Navy 26, 81, 111, 195, 208, 209 Nekrasov, Nikolai 50 New Economic Policy 38, 51 newspapers, see media Nicaragua 60,167, 202
Nixon, Richard 20 Nord Stream pipeline 194 North America 21, 27,150 North Caucasus, see Caucasus Novaya Gazeta (newspaper) 151,157 Novgorod 22,23 Novodvorskaya, Valeria 120 Nuclear energy 200 nuclear weapons arms race 10,12, 43, 211 arsenal 3, 6, 206, 215 control 189,212 defense 176,212 disarmament 68,168, 212 fear of conflict 57 history of 6, 43, 44, 49,167,195, 211 INF treaty 58,168 Iran issue 195,196, 209, 219 limitation talks (arms) 211, 212, 218 missiles 211,212 nonproliferation 125,149,150,176,180, 193,195, 204, 216 proliferation 149,150,194 reductions 57,168, 211 security 4,180,186, 212, 216, 226 О Obama, Barack 149,187,188 office of the president 72,106 oil, see hydrocarbons oligarchs 227 one-mandate districts 91, 92,100 Oprichnina 24 Orange Revolution 157 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 143 Orthodox Christianity 23, 24, 26, 31, 41, 61, 175,178 Ossetia 68,159,193,194, 203 Other Russia 129,136 P Palazhchenko, Pavel 13 parties, see political parties
282 Index paternalism 48 patriotism 26, 31, 32,125,128,155,157,175 peasants 23, 25-7, 29-31, 33, 35, 38,133, 231 collectivization of 38, 39 collective farms 38, 39, 44 Peasants’ Party 120 Pension Fund of the Russian Federation 226, 242 pension reform, xxi 243 pensions 242, 248, 249, 252 People’s Will 20 perestroika definition 53,54 policies 54-9 Permanent Joint Council 192 personality cult 45 Pipes, Richard 48 planning central 56, 79, 240, 248 Poland 5, 72, 84 history of relations with 5, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35, 60, 64,165-7,175 relations with 5,179,196,197, 214, 216 political communication 146,148,153,155, 157,158 polycentricity 172 political culture 22, 203 political mobilization 40,146,147,155,158, 159,161 political parties in 1990 56, 90,119 in the early 1900s 31-3,133 electoral strategies 135-7,141,144 governmental influence 119 newspapers 150 opposition to the Kremlin 101,121,125-7 organizational challenges 91, 92,136 party lists 83, 91, 92,100,101,138,144 pro-Kremlin 101,123-5 smaller parties 128-9 stages of development 119-20,135 trust in 129 views of 129-32 political repressions 48 political terminology center 120,122 center-left 128,129 center-right 129 conservative 19, 60, 61, 67,84,121-3,127, 159,173,175,176,191,195 illiberal 233, 235, 236, 251, 252 left 33,101,121,122,129,130,135,153, 173, 202, 247, 250 liberal 3, 8,19, 32, 47, 72,120-2,125,129, 132,175,191,195, 223, 227 populist 4,19, 45, 67, 90,120,122,123, 126,131,135,138,139,141,153,174, 247, 250 right 121,130,173 Politburo 39, 52, 55, 59, 60 Politkovskaya, Anna 157 polls, see public opinion popular dissent 61,
92,113,138,144,155, 157,160,161,175 post-Soviet space 6,10,14,116,170,172, 173,179,182,184,187,191 Potanin, Vladimir 235 poverty 31, 35,113,126,127,131,135, 223, 251, 252 power consolidation 85,115, 228 power vertical 77, 85, 228, 240 Pozharsky, Dmitry 25 pragmatism in policy 172,173 Pravda (newspaper) 41,150 Presidential Administration 75, 77,138,170, 171 Presidential elections of 1996 142,233 of 2000 76,139,143 of 2004 140,143 of 2008 140,144 of 2012 141,144 of 2018 141,142,144 President of the Russian Federation chief diplomat 75,170 chief executive officer 73, 76, 79,114 chief legislator 74,82,92,99,100 commander-in-chief 74, 206, 207 functions of 12, 77-9, 81, 99,106,113,114, 170,171, 207, 213, 217 head of state 73,170 immunity 74 impeachment 74, 95, 98 succession 73, 78,108 term of service 73, 87 veto power 75, 99 Primakov, Evgeny 136 Prime Minister (Chair of the Government) appointment 74, 76, 78 functioning 78,79 prisons 109,112,113 private schools 244, 245, 248 privatization 66, 222,223, 228, 243, 247 proletariat 34,35
Index Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation 111, 229 Protestants 10 provisional government 29, 33 psychiatry 107 psychological factors in politics apathy 46, 51 civil militarism 220, 221 confidence 64,142,175, 223, 224, 227 cynicism 46 frustration 59,223 leader’s personality 40, 44, 45, 75,144,158, 170, 250 optimism 63,242 patriotism 26, 31, 32,125,128,155,175 pessimism 59,254 public opinion censorship 147 Communist Party 128 Constitution 124 constitutional amendments 73 corruption 16,124, 233 Coup of August 1991 63 Crime 223 crisis of 1993 72 crisis of 2008-09 224 direction of the country 9,15 elections 91 enemies 47 EU 190 freedom 16 Gorbachev 60 government institutions 254 housing 243,244 Khodorkovsky 229 Lenin 36 liberation of Europe 43 Litvinenko case 196 Medvedev 140 MH-17 flight 186 military 124 Orthodox Church 124 parties 137 pensions 243 Putin 10 religion 86,139,141,144, 243 Russia 124 Soviet Union spiritual (religious) beliefs Stalin 42,45 threats to Russia 178 Ukraine 186 283 United Russia 124 USA 187 values voting for parties World Anti-Doping Agency 177 Yeltsin Pugo, Boris 62 Putin, Vladimir biography 53, 75, 76, 227 Compared with Alexander III constitutional amendments of 2020 108, 250 defens e policies 211,212,220 domestic politics 18, 71, 77, 78, 87,100, 124,137,139-42,148, 250, 254 economic policies 224, 228, 229, 235 foreign policy 14,18,169,174,175, 178-80,185,187-9,191,193,195,198, 202 media policies 148,153,175 pension reform 243 power vertical 82, 85 public protests against 160,175 security policies 206 supporting circles 84,132,145 R radical
economic reform 56 Rasputin, Grigory 32 Reagan, Ronald 58, 64,168 Red Army 42 Reds 35 Red Square 46 red terror 35 religious affiliations 10 Reporters Without Borders 160 revolutions 28, 75,157,187 of 1905-07 30 of February 1917 32, 33 of October-November 1917 33, 34 Romania 36, 60,196 Romanov dynasty 27 Roosevelt, Franklin 12 Rostow, Walt 48 Russia and USSR 9 Russian (definitions) 4 Russian Federation agricultural land 231 Arms sales 213 birth rates 238, 251 coat of arms 34,170 demographics 5,8
284 Index ethnic groups 8 GDP 6 geography 5 immigration 10 life expectancy 238, 240 oil and gas reserves 7 prisons 113 regional power 3 religious affiliations 10 size 5 sovereignty 18, 73,158,185,189 Russian Land Codex 231 Russian Social Democratic Labor Party Russia’s identity 4,43,125 Russo-Japanese war 31 Rutskoy, Alexander 72 Rybakov, Anatoly 129 33, 41 S Sakharov, Andrei 54 salaries 11,161, 224, 241, 246, 252 Saudi Arabia 64,214 schools 30, 39, 41, 67,114,158, 210, 237, 239, 244-6, 248 Security Council of the Russian Federation 75, 78 security policies censorship 160 fears 160,219 foreign enemies 169, 205, 214 intelligence 217 priorities 219 secrecy 214, 215, 218 terrorism 216,217 self-governance 83,86 Senate (in czarist Russia) 25, 28, 29, 93, 97 separation of powers 89, 97,113 serfdom 24, 29, 30 Sevastopol 80 Shanghai Cooperation Organization 198, 201 shock therapy 223 shortages 3, 9, 32, 65, 68, 233, 241 Singapore 223,234 Slovakia 72,179,196,197 Slovenia 196 Sobchak, Anatoly 53, 75 socialist entrepreneurship 53 social policy dilemmas 246,247 education 244-6 families 242 health care 240, 241 housing 242,243 ideology 247 institutions 239 National Priority Projects 240 pensions 242,243 policy options 158, 237, 238 welfare system soft power 8,28,174 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 36,161 South Korea 4, 6, 44, 88,167,177, 201, 206, 210 sovereign democracy 145,158 Sovetskaya Rossiya (newspaper) 150 Soviet-German Pact of 1939 166 Sovietologists 48 Soviets (as an institution) 33, 56, 73, 92,133 Soviet Union bureaucracy 39 censorship 11 Cold War 43-4 collectivization 38-9 democratic
opposition 61 foreign policy 39-40, 42 foundation 35 industrialization 37-8 nuclear arms 12 political repressions 40, 41 stagnation 45 thaw 44 views of 16-19 Spanish Civil War 40,166 sports 8, 52, 79, 80, 94,149,150,177, 239, 244 stagnation period 45, 46, 50,174 Stalin, Josef 12, 40-5, 48, 49, 54,166,167 Stalingrad battle 42, 43 Starovoitova, Galina 61 STARTU 211,212 State Council 28, 83 state of emergency 62, 78, 94, 98,167 state secrets 159, 215, 216, 218 Stolypin, Pyotr 31 St Petersburg 8, 26, 28-33, 42, 43, 53, 61, 71, 75, 80, 85, 97,107,109,110,115,136, 138,144,155, 227, 230, 245 St Petersburg State University 74, 245 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 211 Strategic Defense Initiative 64 Subjects of the Russian Federation 80, 82, 98, 106,107,110-12,123, 240 Sudan 199 superpower 35, 60,179,180, 253
Index supersonic weapons 6, 212 Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 98, 103,104,108 Sweden 24-6 Synod 26 Syria 149,150,157,172,179,180,194,195, 199, 201, 230, 252, 253 T taxes 11, 26,105,125,128,130,154, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 251 teachers 50, 67, 210, 252 terror 24, 35, 40, 41 terrorism 10, 111, 113,115,125,172,180, 198, 200, 216, 217 Teutonic knights 23, 49 thaw (political) 44, 45 Time of Troubles 25 transparency (political) 30, 53, 82, 85, 90,102, 116,120,123,125,143,187, 233 Transparency International 16 Travkin, Nikoki 120 trial system 103-6 trials in absentia 104,105 tricolor 35 Trump, Donald 90,141,149,150,189,190 Tucker, Robert 48 Turkey 5, 88,154,176,198, 200, 216 tyrant 41 U Ukraine 63, 72,165,166,182-5,188,193, 198, 203, 209, 214, 245 annexation of Crimea aftermath 68,138, 172,179,185,187,190,195, 227 conflict in eastern Ukraine 157,185,192, 194,195,197 Malaysia Airlines flight 17,185,186 Union of the Right Forces 130 Union Treaty 62 United Kingdom 3, 4, 6, 9,16, 89,101,122, 142,161,170, 227 history of relations with 9,13, 28, 32, 38, 40,165,166,195 poisoning scandals 196 rektions with 10,138,153,174,175,178,179, 191,195,196,203,214,230,236, 247, 253 United Russia 93,101,120,124-5,126,128, 132,136-8,140-2,144,155, 250, 254 United States 15,16, 61, 73, 80, 89, 93, 95, 104,115,122,133,140-4,195, 227, 230, 238, 247 285 Cold War 20, 43, 44, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 167-9, 211, 212, 214, 219 history of relations before 1945 28, 38, 48, 68,166 Magnitsky act 105,188,189 relations with 90,121,123,126,127,138, 149,150,153,158-60,169,172,173,175,
176,178-80,185-90,192-4,198-203, 207 sanctions 9,17, 58,105,149,169,177,185, 187-9,192,194-8, 200, 201, 203, 213, 222, 225, 227, 229-30, 231, 236, 251, 253 United States Information Agency 15 universities 30, 75, 210, 245, 246, 248 US parties 189 USSR., see Soviet Union V values Christian 120 conservative 175,176,191 cross-ethnic 125 cultural 8,173,175 liberal 3,125,129,191 moral 155,175 patriotic 157 universal 58,168 Vice President 62, 72 Vietnam 44, 60, 201, 213 Vietnam War 44,167 views of Russia authoritarian power 130-1 critical-liberal 47 elite politics 131 Eurasian model 47 Imperial-moralistic 46 like any other country 159 misperceptions 121 populist 131 revisionism 48 sovereign democracy 145,158 Sovietology 48 triumphalist 64 unique experience 47 W Warsaw Pact, 58, 60,169,192 welfare policies 11,120,122,128, 246, 249 welfare state 48, 72,121,122, 237 Western Europe 43, 64,149,166,173,180, 191,195,198, 202, 238, 248 western influence 48 Whites 35
286 Index nationalist rhetoric 65 NATO 196 Nuclear treaties 211 opposition to the coup 62, 63 personal problems 76, 84 president 62, 73,138,139, 228 privatization 243 public opposition 144 public support 67 reformer 76, 84,100,116, 243 resignation 71 supporting team 84 ties with oligarchs 145 Wilson, Woodrow 68,168 women 48, 61,113,114,126,128,150, 238, 242, 243 world revolution 166 World War I 165 World War II 18, 42-3,166,186,193,197, 230 Y Yabloko Party 128,129 Yakovlev, Vladimir 136 Yanaev, Gennadii 62 Yavlinsky, Grigory 128 Yazov, Dmitry 62 Yeltsin, Boris banning Communist Party 121,127 conflict with Gorbachev 61, 66-7 conflict with parliament 72, 73, 89, 90,106, 250 democratic opposition 61 dissolution of USSR 63 economic liberalism 223 elections of 1996 138-9, 233 Bayerische Z Zemstvos 30 “zero out” proposal by Putin 108 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 90,120,125,126,139, 141 Zhukov, Georgy 49 Zhvanetsky, Mikhail, xix Zyuganov, Gennady 127,139,141 Ί |
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| author | Shiraev, Eric 1960- |
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| edition | Third edition |
| era | Geschichte 1992- gnd |
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| id | DE-604.BV047128025 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:31:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:03:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| language | English |
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| title | Russian government and politics |
| title_auth | Russian government and politics |
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| title_full | Russian government and politics Eric Shiraev |
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| title_short | Russian government and politics |
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