Nested nationalism: making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus
"This book explores the politics and practices of managing national minority identifications, rights, and communities in the Soviet Union, and the consequences of such efforts. Drawing on archival and oral history research conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (Dagestan and Mosc...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | "This book explores the politics and practices of managing national minority identifications, rights, and communities in the Soviet Union, and the consequences of such efforts. Drawing on archival and oral history research conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (Dagestan and Moscow), it examines Soviet nation-building, belonging, and citizenship, as well as broader questions about historical memory"-- |
| Physical Description: | xii, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781501753275 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Making minorities and national hierarchies -- Territory, war, and nation-building in the South Caucasus -- Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -- Scientists, politicians, and the production of Soviet assimilation narratives -- Minority activism and citizenship after Stalin | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents Abbreviations ix Explanatory Note xi Introduction 1 1. Making Minorities and National Hierarchies 19 2. Territory, War, and Nation-Building in the South Caucasus 61 Interlude: After Stalin: Reform and Revenge 94 3. Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 106 4. Scholars, Politicians, and the Production of Soviet Assimilation Narratives 144 5. Minority Activism and Citizenship 179 Conclusion Notes 214 241 Bibliography 289 Acknowledgments Index 313 309
Bibliography Archives Armenia HAA HAAHQPB National Archive of Armenia (Hayastani Azgayin Arkhiv) National Archive of Armenia Division of Socio-Political Documenta tion (Hayastani Azgayin Arkhiv Hasarakakan Qaghaqakan Pastatghteri Bazhin) Azerbaijan ARDA ARDAİA ARDA SF ARDKFSA ARDTA ARPİİSSA Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Arxivi) Republic of Azerbaijan State Literature and Art Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt ødebiyyat ѵэ İncesenet Arxivi) Shaki Filial of the Republic of Azerbaijan State Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Arxivinin Şeki filiali) Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Archive of Film and Photo Documents (Azerbaycan Respublikasmin Dövbt Kino-Foto Senedbri Arxivi) Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Historical Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Tarix Arxivi) Archive of Political Documents of the Administrative Department of the President of the Repubhc of Azerbaijan (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Prezidentinin İşler İdaresinin Siyasi Senedler Arxivi) Georgia sšssa (I) sšssa (II) scsa suica Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia I (sakartvelos šinagan sakmeta saministros arqivi I) Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia II (sakartvelos šinagan sakmeta saministros arqivi II) Central Historical Archive of Georgia (sakartvelos centraluri saistoriis arqivi) Central Archive of the Contemporary History of Georgia (sakart velos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi) 289
290 BIBLIOGRAPHY Kazakhstan QRPA Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respublikasy Prezidentmïng Arxiví) Russia Makhachkala, Dagestan TsGA RD Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan (Tsentral'nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Respublika Dagestan) Moscow ARAN GARF RGAE RGANI RGASPI Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Arkhiv Rossiiskoi akademii nauk) State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii) Russian State Archive of the Economy (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki) Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (Rossiiskii gosudarst vennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii) Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiiskii gosudarst vennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii) Documents and Photos Cited from Private Archives/Collections A. A. Isupov, Central Statistical Administration letter number 32-02-1/І-3-1, Janu ary 17, 1979. A. A. Isupov, Central Statistical Administration letter number 32-01-9/kl-16-l, March 27, 1979. Zulfugar Ahmedzade letters and photos from private collection. Ethnographic photos from the archive of Atiga Izmailova. Images from the Photolibrary of Kurdistan. Soviet Information Bureau Photograph Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University. Select Published Primary Sources Journals and Newspapers Bakinskii rabockii Lezginskii vestnik Moambe Pravda Srumtyslit
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I N DEX Abkhazia and Abkhazians, 4, 83-84, 86, 99, 117, 153, 188, 222, 259n85 Aboszoda, Fakhraddm, 234,236-37 Adjaran ASSR and Adjarans, 83, 85, 117, 152-53, 172 Ahmedzade, Zulfugar, 19-20, 41, 53, 54, 55-59, 145, 160, 175, 238 Aliabad Ingilois in, 88, 89, 188,205, 228, 229 language disputes in, 90, 91,131, 185,186, 187, 190, 191, 197, 201 Armenian SSR, 40, 48, 98 claims to Azerbaijani territory, 29, 77, 81, 82,93, 116-17, 157,221 claims to Turkish territory, 62, 75-76, 117 deportations from, 47, 80, 135, 258n78, 260n94, 270ПІ05 See aho Kura-Araks resetdement; Kurds; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Armenians, 33, 40, 65, 66, 86, 117, 159, 197, 260n94 in Azerbaijan, 10, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35, 40, 43-45, 51, 53, 122, 124, 127, 130-32, 155, 196, 215, 221, 223, 249n70 and repatriation, 62, 75, 76-81,257n64, 258Ո78 See aho Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Arutiunov, Grigor, 77, 78, 81, 82, 93, 98, 99, 117, 258Ո69 Assyrians, 33, 35, 40, 44, 45, 53, 66, 155, 249n70 Astara region, 19-20, 39, 40, 49, 74, 170, 172-75 Avars, 22, 41, 43, 45, 52-54, 86, 115, 148-49, 155,207,216, 238, 249n70 Azerbaijan, Republic of discourse of multiculturalism and tolerance, 15, 214-15, 216-20, 230, 235-38, 284n5 minority politics and research environ ment, 9-10, 13-14, 176, 215-16, 234, 236, 284n5, 287n67 (see abo oral history methodology; national minority) See aho Georgian-Ingilois; Lezgins; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO); Talyshes; TalyshMughan Autonomous Republic Azerbaijan Democratic Party (ADP), 67-70, 255n34 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), 86-87, 116, 157-58
Azerbaijan People’s Government (APG), 62, 69-71, 74, 119 Azerbaijan SSR Central Executive Committee, 31, 39, 46, 48, 50, 117, 247ՈՅՅ Communist Party, 17, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 36, 54, 62, 64, 65, 68, 74, 92, 101-4, 106-7, 111, 115-16, 121-24, 128, 132, 140, 185, 189, 191, 194-96, 201, 209, 223, 247Ո27, 251Ш21, 268Ո76 Council of Ministers, 92, 102, 106, 122, 125, 173,185 deportations from, 47-48, 80, 134-35 forced resettlements in, 34, 48-49, 77-78, 134, 173-74 Ministry of Enlightenment, 92, 122, 185, 191, 195 People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment, 20, 24, 28-29, 38-39, 40, 44, 52-53, 65, 68, 89, 90, 91 question of Titular hegemony, 3, 5, 20, 23-24, 28, 35, 38-40, 41, 42, 44, 51, 52-55, 89-92, 114-18, 129-42, 145, 159-60, 161-64, 169-71, 175, 180-81, 188-89, 192, 196-98, 202, 222-24 313
314 INDEX Azerbaijan SSR (continued) and Soviet pretensions to Iranian territory, 62-72, 74-76, 81-82, 86, 93 Supreme Soviet, 65, 102, 106, 123-25, 128 See abo Georgian-Ingilois; Kurds; Lezgins; Kura-Araks resetdement; NagornoKarabakh Autonomous Oblast" (NKAO); national minority; Talyshes Azeris (Tiurks/Türks), 24, 168-69, 197, 217, 222-23 in Armenia, 29, 77-78, 215,221 ethnogenesis, 110-15, 117-18, 159, 161-63, 167, 176, 197, 224, 230, 232-33 naming of, 20-21, 46, 110, 217-19, 284n8 nation-building and national rights, 17, 21, 26-28, 32, 34, 35, 41, 56, 108^10, 168, 180-81, 219-20, 222-24 (see abo census; national minority) repression of, 37, 47, 56, 78 See abo Kura-Araks resetdement; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Azeris in Iran (Iranian Azeris), 17, 48, 63-71, 74-76, 93, 111-12, 119-20 Bagirov, Mir Jafar legacy, 27,104, 108,134 and nationality policies, 54, 77, 78, 91, 93, 108, 111, 121, 137-38, 184, 187, 201, 258Ո69 repression of, 17, 101-5 and Soviet intervention in Iran, 62, 64-75, 81, 82, 86, 254ПІ8, 255n31, 255Ո34, 255Ո37, 256Ո40, 256n47 Bakradze, Valerian, 85, 86, 89, 99 Baku, 13, 26-28, 48, 124, 133, 157, 223, 247n23 Balakan region, 39, 50, 53, 81, 86-87, 89-93, 114, 117, 131, 157, 184, 186, 189-90, 192, 228-29, 237 Balkars, 82, 85, 146, 179, 258n80, 259n92, 260Ո94, 260n98 Barzani, Mustafa, 69, 71, 72-73, 74,255n36, 256Ո45 Barzani, Sheikh Ahmed, 69, 71, 73, 74 Belarusian SSR/Belarusians, 61, 96, 97, 138 Beria, Lavrentiy network, 28, 64, 97-99, 101-2, 104, 185, 258Ո83, 259n85 reforms, 95-97, 105, 106, 139, 263nl5 role in nationality policies and deporta
tions, 75-76, 82-86, 91-92, 184, 259n91 borderlands anxieties about and forced migrations from, 32-36, 47-49, 64, 66, 72, 78-80, 84-85, 111, 135-36, 157-58, 172-74, 181-82 See abo deportations Borshchev, Timofei Mikhailovich, 102-4 breakdown of USSR, 6,11,215,220-24 Britain, 61, 62, 66, 69, 76, 252n7, 254Ш7 Bruk, Solomon Il’ich, 167-68, 169, 170 Bünyadov, Ziya, 113, 116,117,224,233, 266Ո37 Caucasian Albania, 112-13, 115-18, 189, 217, 230-31, 284n3 census 1921,26-27, 160 1926, 46, 149, 259Ո89 1931, 135, 160, 275n59 1937, 46, 135 1939, 46, 55, 83, 86, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 152, 268n89 1959, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 145, 155, 176 1970, 133, 167, 177, 198 1979, 177, 198, 212, 270ПІ08 1989, 172, 174, 175-77, 232 design, 145-47, 152-55, 171, 271ՈՅ debates about erasures in, 161-64, 166-69, 171-72, 205-6, 268Ո82 questions of national classification, 89, 110, 136,259 recognition and erasure, 22, 23, 46, 55, 83, 89, 130, 134, 135-37, 144-47, 149, 153-54, 160-61, 166-68, 171, 174-75, 177-78, 198, 205-6, 218-19, 268n82, 277ПІ12 role of, takers in assimilation, 136-37, 144, 154, 170-72, 176, 198, 205-6, 268Ո82, 270ПІ10 titular bias in, 27, 55, 83, 89, 114, 130, 132-34, 135-37,140-41, 152-54, 166-67, 171-72,174-75,205-6, 218-19, 268n82 Central Statistical Administration, 144, 152-53, 160, 167, 172, 205-6 Charkviani, Kandid, 114, 117, 184, 185, 199, 200, 209, 227, 258n83 Chechens, 82, 85, 98, 134, 146, 179, 204, 258n80, 259Ո92, 260n94, 260n98 Chursin, Grigorii Filippovich, 88,110, 111, 157, 159,160 citizenship, 8, 17, 182-84, 199-201, 212, 278n7, 279ШЗ
INDEX collectivization, 39-40, 49, 95, 146 communism as stage of development, 2, 3, 4, 18, 46-47, 132, 145, 146, 149, 150 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 94, 221, 223 and nationality policies, 7, 20, 40, 107-8 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 72, 78, 85, 95, 122 See aho Azerbaijan SSR: Council of Ministers Crimea, 7, 30-31, 179, 259n92,260n94 Crimean Tatars, 7,153,179-80, 259n92, 260Ո94, 278n2 Dagestan, 77, 82, 86-88, 112, 157, 273n21 kin relationship with minorities in Azerbaijan, 39, 43-44,46, 52, 53, 87, 136, 157, 181, 195, 196, 198, 207 as model of ethnohistorical progress, 148-50, 153, 272Ш6 nationality politics, 13, 44, 98, 208-9, 214, 222,258Ո80 Dargins, 43, 148, 149, 207 Dashnaks, 66, 80, 135, 211, 260n93, 260n94 deportation and return, 7, 22, 33, 47-49, 54-56, 63-64, 66, 73, 78, 80, 82, 84-86, 90, 95, 98, 111, 134-36, 143, 146, 173, 174, 179-80, 204, 210, 212, 222, 258n78, 258n80, 259Ո89, 259n91, 259n92, 260nn93—94, 260n98, 270Ш05 de-Stalinization, 18, 93, 94-105,108-9, 180, 193 "diaspora" nationalities, 46-47, 50, 51, 55, 145, 271n3 discourse of 'backwardness.” See Kurds; Lezgins; Talyshes double assimilation, 4, 107-8, 149, 150, 166 Dungans, 45-46, 180-81 East Germany, 96-97, 263nl5, 278ПІ16 East Turkestan Republic, 61,180, 251nl Emel'ianov, Stepan Fedorovich, 102, 173, 255Ո27, 256Ո40 empire colonialism/postcolonialism, 4-6, 108, 113-14, 123-24, 147,219, 241n6 Soviet condemnation of, 3, 109 Estonian SSR and Estonians, 47, 61, 96, 127, 139, 221,260n94 ethnogenesis, 109-18, 128,129, 159, 161-63, 167, 176, 197, 220, 223, 224, 229-30, 232-33, 237 315
ethnographers, 6, 87-88, 156, 157-61, 171, 210-11 and censuses, 46, 89, 136, 144,145-47, 152-55, 171, 172, 271n3 theories of ethnohistorical progress/ assimilation, 8, 46, 141,145-51, 161-64, 166-67, 170, 232, 276n84 See aho ethnogenesis ethnographic maps, 145, 155, 168-69 ethnoterritorialism, 3-4, 6, 110, 133, 142, 208, 222, 237, 253ПІ2 Fereydan Georgians, 67, 76, 86, 254n23, 257Ո63 Gamkharashvili, Georgii, 89-90, 93, 114, 184-85, 193, 194, 199-201, 209, 227, 26ІПІ10 Georgian-Ingiloi and Georgians in Azerbaijan in ethnography and ethnogenesis, 87-88, 90, 114, 115, 117-18, 149, 187, 189, 217, 229-31, 26ІПІ07, 26ІПІ10 kin relationship with Georgia, 22, 81-82, 86-87, 89-93, 117-18, 137, 181, 184-86, 188, 193-94, 197, 199-200, 209-10, 227-28, 230, 280Ո30 naming and categorization, 87-89, 114, 137, 181, 182-83, 189-90, 198, 205-6, 217, 218, 225-31, 24ІПІ, 249n70, 261Ш07, 261Ш10, 268n82, 270Ш12, 284n7 national rights and lack thereof, 4, 14, 39, 44, 47, 49-50, 51, 86-92, 117-18, 122-24, 127, 129-32, 137, 139, 155, 184-92, 196-98, 201, 205-6, 209, 216, 284n7 petitioning and activism, 1-3, 18, 89-91, 114, 137, 143, 181, 182-94, 196-206, 208-10, 212, 226, 280n27 Georgians, 110, 114, 156-57, 197 Georgian SSR, 2, 20, 28, 39, 99, 100-101, 110, 112, 125, 185-86, 245n9, 247n27 and Fereydan Georgians in Iran, 67, 79, 193, 254Ո23, 257n63 claims to Azerbaijani territory, 81-82, 86-88, 93, 117, 157, 184-85, 237 claims to Turkish territory, 62, 75-76, 81, 82,93 Communist Party, 83-84, 90, 96, 98-100, 184-85, 246n9 deportations from, 80, 84-86, 93, 134, 135-36, 258Ո80, 259n89, 259nn91֊92,
260nn93֊94, 270ПІ05
316 INDEX Georgian SSR (continued) nationality policies in and assimilation, 32, 34, 37, 40, 63-64, 82-86, 93, 99, 116-17, 123, 129, 146, 152-53, 166-67, 172,211-12 Germans (in the Russian Empire and USSR), 23, 35, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 135, 146, 155, 222, 249Ո70, 259n92, 260n94, 269ПІ04, 271n3 Germany, 61, 62, 64-67, 76, 252n2, 260Ո98 Gilan, 62, 67, 68, 71, 157, 274n47 Glasnost', 175-78, 221, 225-26, 232 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 220-23 Great Terror, 6, 20, 21-22, 54-59, 83, 97, 99-100, 102-4, 145-46, 175 Greeks, 23, 30, 35, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 80, 85, 93, 111, 135, 249n70, 260nn93-94, 27ІПЗ Hiimmatov (Gummatzoda/ Gumbatov), Alakram, 231, 233-35, 244n26 Ibragimov, Mirza dismissal, 106-7, 264nl as head of Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet, 17, 102, 108, 118, 121, 123, 125, 128, 133, 138, 139, 227 in Iran, 65, 67, 68, 119-20, 256n40 involvement in Ingiloi matters, 91 Ingiloi. See Georgian-Ingiloi and Georgians in Azerbaijan Ingushes, 40, 82, 85, 134, 179, 222, 258n80, 259Ո92, 260Ո94, 260n98 Institute of Ethnography, 147-^18, 152-53, 161, 162, 167, 168, 172, 210-11, 271n3, 273Ո32, 274Ո34 Iran, 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 32-36, 47-49, 61-82, 85-86, 93, 102, 111-12, 119-22, 135, 156-58, 169, 170, 172-73, 181-82, 193, 210, 224, 232, 235, 252n2, 252n4, 252ՈՈ7-8, 253Ш5, 254ПІ7, 254n23 See aho Persian Empire Iranian Azerbaijan, 62-71, 74-76, 81, 82, 86, 93, 112-13, 119-21 Iranians, 66, 159 repression in Soviet Union, 48, 63, 85, 135, 146,271n3 in Soviet Azerbaijan, 23, 27, 48-49, 64, 135, 249Ո70 Iraq, 35, 69-73, 210, 256n52 ititala, 89, 90, 91, 131, 185, 189, 191 Izmailova, Atiga, 161-65,
167-68 Japan, 61, 62, 27ІПЗ Jews and Mountain Jews, 23, 24, 27, 30-31, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 155, 217, 246nl8, 249Ո70 Kalmyks, 179, 259n92, 260n94 Karachays, 179, 259n92, 260n94 Kazakhstan ASSR/SSR, 46, 47, 84, 135, 142, 180-81, 204, 212, 221, 222, 259n91 Khanlar (Elendorf, Helenendorf, and Göygöl), 41, 78, 131, 269ПІ04 Khemshins (Khemshils), 84, 85, 86, 93, 259n91, 259Ո92, 260n94 Khorasan, 62,66, 67,252n4 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 95, 97 and building communism, 146,150 de-Stalinization and the Thaw, 17, 99-105, 193-94, 198, 201, 203-8, 212-13, 282Ո77 and national relations, 1,17,106-7, 121, 123, 127-28, 133, 138-39, 163, 174, 179, 189 Korenizatsiia/indigenization. See Commu nist Party of the Soviet Union: nationality policies Kozlov, Viktor Ivanovich, 150, 167-68, 170, 171 Kura-Araks resettlement, 77-78, 134, 173, 258Ո69, 269n95, 269n98 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, 62, 69-71 Kurds, 34, 197, 211, 215, 284n4 in Armenia, 34, 47-48, 135, 210-12 in Azerbaijan, 22, 24, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47-48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 71-72, 74, 115, 135, 155, 209-12, 222-23, 238, 249n70, 283ПІ09 and Britain, 34-35, 69, 72 and discourses of backwardness, 24, 34, 40, 54 and Iran, 17, 33, 35, 48, 62-72, 93,181-82, 210, 253Ш5, 254ПІ7, 255Ո31, 266n31 and Iraq, 35, 69-73, 210,256n52 language reform in Soviet Union, 34, 52, 53, 54,211 repression in Soviet Union, 47-48, 49, 54, 55, 63-64, 72-73, 84-86, 135, 145-46, 212, 214, 244Ո25, 259n91, 259n92, 260n94, 261Ш03
INDEX Soviet Kurdish autonomy, 31-32, 59, 73-74, 75, 135, 182, 212, 222-23, 237, 247ՈՅՅ, 283ПІ09 and Turkey, 33-35, 48, 66, 70, 72, 84-85, 93, 181-82, 210 Kyrgyz ASSR/SSR, 45-46, 84, 108, 212, 259Ո91 Laks, 55, 81, 86, 148, 216 Lankaran region, 20, 32, 36, 39, 40, 42, 49, 157, 158, 160, 166, 169, 172, 173, 176, 231,233-34 Latvian SSR and Latvians, 47, 61, 108,127, 128, 139, 180, 260Ո94, 268n76 Laz, 83, 152, 260Ո93 Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich, 37, 147,245n9, 272ПІ4 Lerik, 42, 172, 173 Lezgins (Lezgians), 157 and autonomy/unification, 13, 46, 59, 184, 196, 206, 207, 214, 220, 224-25, 237, 238 in Azerbaijan, 22, 23, 27, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42—45, 49, 51-53, 81, 88, 92, 114, 130, 132, 136, 137, 155, 195, 196, 215, 218, 227, 249Ո70, 270Ш13, 276n84 community fear, 12-14, 207-8 and discourses of backwardness, 24,40 and Dagestan, 43, 46, 136, 148-50,181, 195-96, 198,207-8 and discrimination, 12-13, 24, 38,49, 115, 137-38, 141, 169, 184, 187, 196-97, 206-8,216, 219 and national activism in Azerbaijan, 46, 137, 143, 181, 184, 194-98, 200, 201-4, 206, 207-10, 212-13, 224-25 Lithuanian SSR and Lithuanians, 61, 96, 139-40, 221, 260n94 Malenkov, Georgii Maksimilianovich, 73 , 95, 96, 97, 254ПІ8, 259n91 Mammadov, Hilal, 14-15, 233-36 Mammadov, Novruzali, 12,14-15, 233,235, 236, 287Ո62 maps, See ethnographic maps Mazandaran, 62, 66, 67, 156, 252n4 Meskhetian Turks deportation of, 7, 84, 85, 86, 93, 111, 136, 179, 259Ո89, 259n91, 259n92, 260n94 naming of, as "Turks,” 86, 136,197, 259Ո89, 270Ш06 Mgeladze, Akaki, 83-84, 86, 98-99,259n85 Miller, Boris Vsevolodovich, 157, 159,160 317 Mingrelian Affair,
96, 98,100, 185 Mingrelians, 83, 152, 166-67 Mirtskhulava, Aleksandr, 96, 98-99 Moambe newspaper, 225-26,228 Moldovan SSR, 61, 97, 108, 260n94 Molotov, Viacheslav, 62, 73, 95, 97,98, 254ПІ8, 259Ո91 Mosul, 89, 91, 205-6 Mountain Jews, 24, 30, 38, 41, 43,44, 55, 155,246nl8,249n70 Mugáis, 81, 88, 92, 114 Muhammad, Qazi, 68-72, 254nl7, 255n31 Mustafayev, imam Dashdamir oglu dismissal, 106-7, 128, 131, 132, 140, 172, 174, 189, 264n5, 268Ո76 as first secretary, 17, 102, 108, 112, 118-21, 123, 125-27, 133-34, 138, 187 Mzhvanadze, Vasil Pavlovich, 99, 185, 201, 206 Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO), 9-10, 29, 31-32, 40, 86, 105, 248Ո34 attempts to adjoin it to Armenian SSR, 81-82, 93, 116-17, 157, 214, 221, 222 autonomous oblasť, 248n34 related population displacement and conflict, 211, 215, 221, 223, 231, 234, 236, 238, 266Ո45, 284ՈՈ4-5, 285n26 Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 29, 31, 34, 39, 48, 73, 116 national question and policies Leninist nationality politics, 2-3, 6, 18, 22, 28, 47, 93, 124, 128, 181, 184, 194, 198, 200, 208, 220, 222, 242Ш0 passport nationality, 22, 89, 110, 137-38, 140, 142, 145, 149, 171, 175, 188, 206, 212,218, 226 titularity/nontitularity, 1-10, 21-24, 28, 38, 44-45, 47, 51, 55, 63-64, 96, 107, 109-11, 113, 115, 118-19, 129-30, 133-34, 136, 140, 142-43, 145, 163-64, 166, 188,217,219, 238 See aho national minority national minority (natsmen) and archives/research, 2, 6-8, 9-16, 182-83, 185-86, 204-7, 209-10 definition, of, 3-4, 5-6, 21, 23-25,46, 50-51, 55, 188 and early national development, 22-23, 28-29, 35-36, 38—45, 49-52
hierarchies of, 22, 23, 30, 43-45, 47, 49, 88-89, 181-82, 184, 212
318 INDEX national minority (continued) and minoritization, 14, 21-22, 47-49, 50-55, 56, 59, 109, 216-17, 237-39 minority assimilation and titular nation-building, 6, 8, 23, 29, 32, 46-47, 54-55, 59, 64, 82-86, 109, 115-18, 128-32, 134-43, 145-46, 150, 155, 161-68, 170, 174-75, 177, 180, 182-83, 208,215-20 See aho Georgian-Ingilois; Kurds; Lezgins; Talyshes nested nationalism, 4-6, 107-9, 113-15, 128-29, 138-43, 180-81, 208, 209, 216-17, 219-20, 237-39 See also national minority; Russification/ de-Russification Nukha. See Shaki region (also Nukha) Operation Volna, 80, 84, 85, 135, 258n78, 260n93, 270ПІ05 oral history methodology, 10-16 and fear, 11-14, 192, 204-7, 216 Ordzhonikidze, Grigorii (Sergo), 29, 87, 246n9, 247Ո27 Ossetians and South Ossetian, 83, 99, 117, 153, 155, 197, 222 Pamiris, 152, 165-67, 172, 174 People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 47, 48, 64, 66, 90, 104, 145, 259n91, 264n28 Persian Empire, 33, 48, 156, 265n21 petitioning, 182-83, 198-99 See abo Georgian-Ingilois; Lezgins; Talyshes Pishevari, Ja'far, 68, 71, 75, 255n34, 256n43 Qakh region, 39, 40, 44, 49-50, 53, 81, 86-93, 114, 117, 118, 131, 157, 184, 186, 187, 189-91, 198, 228-31, 237 Quba region, 24, 30, 32, 38, 206, 276n84 Qusar region, 13, 46, 155, 157, 187, 194-97, 206,219 Ragimov, Sadiq Hajiyarali oglu, 17, 102, 106-8, 122-23, 125 Reza Shah, 33, 61, 66, 71, 119, 252n2 Rik'in Gaf (Serdechnoe Slovo), 12-13,194-96, 201-4, 207-8, 212-13, 224, 281n47 Rizvanov, Zabit, 194, 195-96,204, 207-8, 224-25 Russian Empire, 62, 75, 86, 88, 182 imperial legacy, 3,33,109,123-24,147, 156, 162, 269ПІ04 Russian
Federation, 224-25,235-38 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 43, 61, 82, 103, 206, 222 Russians in Azerbaijan, 26-27, 36, 41, 124, 130, 133, 136, 155, 157, 168-69, 217, 249n70, 268Ո90 as oppressor nation, 37, 96, 101, 104-5, 113, 123-24, 138-40 Russification and de-Russification, 23, 51,56, 83, 96, 108, 139 Russian hegemony, 4-5, 24, 36-37, 52, 107-9, 112-13, 115, 119, 121-22, 129-31, 138-39, 142-43, 148, 166, 180, 181, 183, 188, 196, 209, 219, 221 Russian language learning, 29,35, 43, 44, 45, 51-53, 83, 99, 109, 118, 122-24, 127-31, 137, 149, 181, 196 Sadval, 13,214,220,224 Setdechnoe Slovo. See Rik'in Gaf (Serdech noe Slovo) Shah Abbas, 67, 88, 254n23, 261nl 10 Shahsevans, 33, 48, 65, 66, 107, 152, 153 Shaki region (also Nukha), 30, 32, 34, 39, 149, 206, 273Ո21 socialism, as stage of development, 36-38, 45—47, 50, 55, 56, 145-47, 150-51, 160, 162-66 Soviet Socialist Republic of Gilan. See Gilan Stalin, Joseph and internal national politics, 3, 28, 29, 45-52, 54-57, 77-78, 81-85, 90-93, 180, 184-85, 198-200, 245n9, 247n27, 253ПІ2, 259Ո91 and patronage networks, 90-91,99, 258n83,259n85 (seeabo Mingrelian Affair) transition from, 94-109, 119-21, 145-47, 174, 180, 182, 187, 193, 202-4, 208, 212-13 See abo World War II; deportations Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 97, 123, 124, 212, 222 See abo Azerbaijan SSR: Supreme Soviet Tajiks and Tajikistan, 38, 108, 114—15, 152, 166, 167,172 Talyshes and assimilation, 18—19, 126, 141—42, 143, 144-45, 149, 150, 152-55, 159-78, 180, 209-10,215-18
INDEX and autonomy, 36, 58-59, 182, 214-15, 220, 231-37, 238 censuses and erasure, 136,141,144-45, 152-54, 155, 159-61, 167-70, 176, 249Ո70, 277Ш12 community fear, 12, 175, 176-78, 234, 238 and discourses of backwardness, 24,40, 44, 48, 54, 141, 162, 163-64, 166, 170, 177 ethnogenesis and ethnography, 115, 141, 144-45, 154-71, 218, 232-33, 275n61 forced resettlements, 48-49, 78, 135, 173-74 and Iran/Iranian borderlands, 33, 35-36, 48-49, 78, 135, 156-58, 169, 172-74, 181-82,235 national rights and lack thereof, 4,24, 35-45, 48-49, 51, 128, 132, 141-42, 144-45, 160, 198, 209, 213, 233 (see aho Talyshes: assimilation) petitioning and activism, 12, 175-76, 181-82 repression, 19-20, 47, 48-49, 57-59, 78, 170-71, 173-74, 175, 177-78, 235-37, 244n26 (see aho Talyshes: assimilation) Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, 214, 220, 231-37 Tasmali, 89, 131, 185, 187 Tats, 23, 24, 27, 38, 40, 45, 53, 55, 115, 149, 155, 159, 209, 217, 274n45, 276Ո84 Thaw, 186, 202-8 Tiurks. See Azeris Tolstoy Sergei Pavlovich, 152,166,167, 210-11 Tolyshi Sado, 12, 15, 232, 234, 235, 236 Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (TSFSR), 20, 29, 37, 40, 46, 135, 245Ո9, 247n27 Tsakhurs, 40, 41, 44, 47, 49-50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 81, 149, 209, 216, 217, 230, 249n70 Turkey, 2, 7, 66, 88, 116 in Azerbaijani ethnogenesis and national narratives, 111-13, 125 and Kurds, 33-35, 48, 66, 69-70, 71-73, 181-82,210 Soviet pretensions to Turkish territory, 17, 61-64, 75-81, 82, 90, 93, 117 Soviet-Turkish borderlands, 66, 80-81, 84-85, 93, 111, 172, 181-82 319 relations with Soviet Union, 39, 48, 62-63, 75-81, 111,
120, 135, 157, 172, 252n8, 265ПІ5 Turkmenistan SSR and Turkmen, 33, 103, 104, 108, 255Ո26 Turks, 7, 21, 33, 85, 135, 259n89, 260n93 See aho Meskhetian Turks; Azeris Udins, 44, 155, 249Ո70 Ukrainian SSR and Ukrainians, 37, 61, 96, 97, 127, 138, 139, 155 USSR breakdown of, 6, 211-12, 220-23, 266Ո45 formation, 29-30, 86-87, 116, 157-58, 247n27 as model of socialist progress, 1-2, 34-35, 62-67, 69-70, 78-80, 113, 120, 150-51, 164-66, 180-81, 210 See aho World War II Uyghurs, 180-81, 222 See aho East Turkestan Republic Uzbekistan, 37-38, 72-73, 84, 108, 127, 136, 152, 259Ո91 Vinnikov, Iakov Romanovich, 167, 168, 170 Volga Tatars, 35, 43, 44,45, 51 Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich, 97, 123, 124, 139 World War II Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran in, 61-75 influence on postwar politics and society, 93, 119-21,203,226 Soviet pretensions to Turkish territory in, 62-64, 75-81 See aho Armenians: repatriation; Azeris in Iran; deportation; Kurds Xinjiang, 61, 63, 180 Yerevan, 47, 75, 77, 80, 117, 221, 237 Zangezur (Syunik), 29, 32, 116 Zaqatala region, 20,29, 32,38-39, 41, 50, 53, 81, 86-93, 114, 117, 131, 137, 184, 186, 187, 190-92, 197-98, 205, 228-29, 237, 261Ш07 Zayam, 89, 131, 185-87 BlļflnlCM І Staatsbibliothek München ! |
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Contents Abbreviations ix Explanatory Note xi Introduction 1 1. Making Minorities and National Hierarchies 19 2. Territory, War, and Nation-Building in the South Caucasus 61 Interlude: After Stalin: Reform and Revenge 94 3. Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 106 4. Scholars, Politicians, and the Production of Soviet Assimilation Narratives 144 5. Minority Activism and Citizenship 179 Conclusion Notes 214 241 Bibliography 289 Acknowledgments Index 313 309
Bibliography Archives Armenia HAA HAAHQPB National Archive of Armenia (Hayastani Azgayin Arkhiv) National Archive of Armenia Division of Socio-Political Documenta tion (Hayastani Azgayin Arkhiv Hasarakakan Qaghaqakan Pastatghteri Bazhin) Azerbaijan ARDA ARDAİA ARDA SF ARDKFSA ARDTA ARPİİSSA Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Arxivi) Republic of Azerbaijan State Literature and Art Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt ødebiyyat ѵэ İncesenet Arxivi) Shaki Filial of the Republic of Azerbaijan State Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Arxivinin Şeki filiali) Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Archive of Film and Photo Documents (Azerbaycan Respublikasmin Dövbt Kino-Foto Senedbri Arxivi) Repubhc of Azerbaijan State Historical Archive (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dövbt Tarix Arxivi) Archive of Political Documents of the Administrative Department of the President of the Repubhc of Azerbaijan (Azerbaycan Respublikasi Prezidentinin İşler İdaresinin Siyasi Senedler Arxivi) Georgia sšssa (I) sšssa (II) scsa suica Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia I (sakartvelos šinagan sakmeta saministros arqivi I) Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia II (sakartvelos šinagan sakmeta saministros arqivi II) Central Historical Archive of Georgia (sakartvelos centraluri saistoriis arqivi) Central Archive of the Contemporary History of Georgia (sakart velos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi) 289
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I N DEX Abkhazia and Abkhazians, 4, 83-84, 86, 99, 117, 153, 188, 222, 259n85 Aboszoda, Fakhraddm, 234,236-37 Adjaran ASSR and Adjarans, 83, 85, 117, 152-53, 172 Ahmedzade, Zulfugar, 19-20, 41, 53, 54, 55-59, 145, 160, 175, 238 Aliabad Ingilois in, 88, 89, 188,205, 228, 229 language disputes in, 90, 91,131, 185,186, 187, 190, 191, 197, 201 Armenian SSR, 40, 48, 98 claims to Azerbaijani territory, 29, 77, 81, 82,93, 116-17, 157,221 claims to Turkish territory, 62, 75-76, 117 deportations from, 47, 80, 135, 258n78, 260n94, 270ПІ05 See aho Kura-Araks resetdement; Kurds; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Armenians, 33, 40, 65, 66, 86, 117, 159, 197, 260n94 in Azerbaijan, 10, 22, 23, 26, 27, 35, 40, 43-45, 51, 53, 122, 124, 127, 130-32, 155, 196, 215, 221, 223, 249n70 and repatriation, 62, 75, 76-81,257n64, 258Ո78 See aho Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Arutiunov, Grigor, 77, 78, 81, 82, 93, 98, 99, 117, 258Ո69 Assyrians, 33, 35, 40, 44, 45, 53, 66, 155, 249n70 Astara region, 19-20, 39, 40, 49, 74, 170, 172-75 Avars, 22, 41, 43, 45, 52-54, 86, 115, 148-49, 155,207,216, 238, 249n70 Azerbaijan, Republic of discourse of multiculturalism and tolerance, 15, 214-15, 216-20, 230, 235-38, 284n5 minority politics and research environ ment, 9-10, 13-14, 176, 215-16, 234, 236, 284n5, 287n67 (see abo oral history methodology; national minority) See aho Georgian-Ingilois; Lezgins; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO); Talyshes; TalyshMughan Autonomous Republic Azerbaijan Democratic Party (ADP), 67-70, 255n34 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR), 86-87, 116, 157-58
Azerbaijan People’s Government (APG), 62, 69-71, 74, 119 Azerbaijan SSR Central Executive Committee, 31, 39, 46, 48, 50, 117, 247ՈՅՅ Communist Party, 17, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 36, 54, 62, 64, 65, 68, 74, 92, 101-4, 106-7, 111, 115-16, 121-24, 128, 132, 140, 185, 189, 191, 194-96, 201, 209, 223, 247Ո27, 251Ш21, 268Ո76 Council of Ministers, 92, 102, 106, 122, 125, 173,185 deportations from, 47-48, 80, 134-35 forced resettlements in, 34, 48-49, 77-78, 134, 173-74 Ministry of Enlightenment, 92, 122, 185, 191, 195 People’s Commissariat of Enlightenment, 20, 24, 28-29, 38-39, 40, 44, 52-53, 65, 68, 89, 90, 91 question of Titular hegemony, 3, 5, 20, 23-24, 28, 35, 38-40, 41, 42, 44, 51, 52-55, 89-92, 114-18, 129-42, 145, 159-60, 161-64, 169-71, 175, 180-81, 188-89, 192, 196-98, 202, 222-24 313
314 INDEX Azerbaijan SSR (continued) and Soviet pretensions to Iranian territory, 62-72, 74-76, 81-82, 86, 93 Supreme Soviet, 65, 102, 106, 123-25, 128 See abo Georgian-Ingilois; Kurds; Lezgins; Kura-Araks resetdement; NagornoKarabakh Autonomous Oblast" (NKAO); national minority; Talyshes Azeris (Tiurks/Türks), 24, 168-69, 197, 217, 222-23 in Armenia, 29, 77-78, 215,221 ethnogenesis, 110-15, 117-18, 159, 161-63, 167, 176, 197, 224, 230, 232-33 naming of, 20-21, 46, 110, 217-19, 284n8 nation-building and national rights, 17, 21, 26-28, 32, 34, 35, 41, 56, 108^10, 168, 180-81, 219-20, 222-24 (see abo census; national minority) repression of, 37, 47, 56, 78 See abo Kura-Araks resetdement; Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO) Azeris in Iran (Iranian Azeris), 17, 48, 63-71, 74-76, 93, 111-12, 119-20 Bagirov, Mir Jafar legacy, 27,104, 108,134 and nationality policies, 54, 77, 78, 91, 93, 108, 111, 121, 137-38, 184, 187, 201, 258Ո69 repression of, 17, 101-5 and Soviet intervention in Iran, 62, 64-75, 81, 82, 86, 254ПІ8, 255n31, 255Ո34, 255Ո37, 256Ո40, 256n47 Bakradze, Valerian, 85, 86, 89, 99 Baku, 13, 26-28, 48, 124, 133, 157, 223, 247n23 Balakan region, 39, 50, 53, 81, 86-87, 89-93, 114, 117, 131, 157, 184, 186, 189-90, 192, 228-29, 237 Balkars, 82, 85, 146, 179, 258n80, 259n92, 260Ո94, 260n98 Barzani, Mustafa, 69, 71, 72-73, 74,255n36, 256Ո45 Barzani, Sheikh Ahmed, 69, 71, 73, 74 Belarusian SSR/Belarusians, 61, 96, 97, 138 Beria, Lavrentiy network, 28, 64, 97-99, 101-2, 104, 185, 258Ո83, 259n85 reforms, 95-97, 105, 106, 139, 263nl5 role in nationality policies and deporta
tions, 75-76, 82-86, 91-92, 184, 259n91 borderlands anxieties about and forced migrations from, 32-36, 47-49, 64, 66, 72, 78-80, 84-85, 111, 135-36, 157-58, 172-74, 181-82 See abo deportations Borshchev, Timofei Mikhailovich, 102-4 breakdown of USSR, 6,11,215,220-24 Britain, 61, 62, 66, 69, 76, 252n7, 254Ш7 Bruk, Solomon Il’ich, 167-68, 169, 170 Bünyadov, Ziya, 113, 116,117,224,233, 266Ո37 Caucasian Albania, 112-13, 115-18, 189, 217, 230-31, 284n3 census 1921,26-27, 160 1926, 46, 149, 259Ո89 1931, 135, 160, 275n59 1937, 46, 135 1939, 46, 55, 83, 86, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 152, 268n89 1959, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 145, 155, 176 1970, 133, 167, 177, 198 1979, 177, 198, 212, 270ПІ08 1989, 172, 174, 175-77, 232 design, 145-47, 152-55, 171, 271ՈՅ debates about erasures in, 161-64, 166-69, 171-72, 205-6, 268Ո82 questions of national classification, 89, 110, 136,259 recognition and erasure, 22, 23, 46, 55, 83, 89, 130, 134, 135-37, 144-47, 149, 153-54, 160-61, 166-68, 171, 174-75, 177-78, 198, 205-6, 218-19, 268n82, 277ПІ12 role of, takers in assimilation, 136-37, 144, 154, 170-72, 176, 198, 205-6, 268Ո82, 270ПІ10 titular bias in, 27, 55, 83, 89, 114, 130, 132-34, 135-37,140-41, 152-54, 166-67, 171-72,174-75,205-6, 218-19, 268n82 Central Statistical Administration, 144, 152-53, 160, 167, 172, 205-6 Charkviani, Kandid, 114, 117, 184, 185, 199, 200, 209, 227, 258n83 Chechens, 82, 85, 98, 134, 146, 179, 204, 258n80, 259Ո92, 260n94, 260n98 Chursin, Grigorii Filippovich, 88,110, 111, 157, 159,160 citizenship, 8, 17, 182-84, 199-201, 212, 278n7, 279ШЗ
INDEX collectivization, 39-40, 49, 95, 146 communism as stage of development, 2, 3, 4, 18, 46-47, 132, 145, 146, 149, 150 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 94, 221, 223 and nationality policies, 7, 20, 40, 107-8 Council of Ministers of the USSR, 72, 78, 85, 95, 122 See aho Azerbaijan SSR: Council of Ministers Crimea, 7, 30-31, 179, 259n92,260n94 Crimean Tatars, 7,153,179-80, 259n92, 260Ո94, 278n2 Dagestan, 77, 82, 86-88, 112, 157, 273n21 kin relationship with minorities in Azerbaijan, 39, 43-44,46, 52, 53, 87, 136, 157, 181, 195, 196, 198, 207 as model of ethnohistorical progress, 148-50, 153, 272Ш6 nationality politics, 13, 44, 98, 208-9, 214, 222,258Ո80 Dargins, 43, 148, 149, 207 Dashnaks, 66, 80, 135, 211, 260n93, 260n94 deportation and return, 7, 22, 33, 47-49, 54-56, 63-64, 66, 73, 78, 80, 82, 84-86, 90, 95, 98, 111, 134-36, 143, 146, 173, 174, 179-80, 204, 210, 212, 222, 258n78, 258n80, 259Ո89, 259n91, 259n92, 260nn93—94, 260n98, 270Ш05 de-Stalinization, 18, 93, 94-105,108-9, 180, 193 "diaspora" nationalities, 46-47, 50, 51, 55, 145, 271n3 discourse of 'backwardness.” See Kurds; Lezgins; Talyshes double assimilation, 4, 107-8, 149, 150, 166 Dungans, 45-46, 180-81 East Germany, 96-97, 263nl5, 278ПІ16 East Turkestan Republic, 61,180, 251nl Emel'ianov, Stepan Fedorovich, 102, 173, 255Ո27, 256Ո40 empire colonialism/postcolonialism, 4-6, 108, 113-14, 123-24, 147,219, 241n6 Soviet condemnation of, 3, 109 Estonian SSR and Estonians, 47, 61, 96, 127, 139, 221,260n94 ethnogenesis, 109-18, 128,129, 159, 161-63, 167, 176, 197, 220, 223, 224, 229-30, 232-33, 237 315
ethnographers, 6, 87-88, 156, 157-61, 171, 210-11 and censuses, 46, 89, 136, 144,145-47, 152-55, 171, 172, 271n3 theories of ethnohistorical progress/ assimilation, 8, 46, 141,145-51, 161-64, 166-67, 170, 232, 276n84 See aho ethnogenesis ethnographic maps, 145, 155, 168-69 ethnoterritorialism, 3-4, 6, 110, 133, 142, 208, 222, 237, 253ПІ2 Fereydan Georgians, 67, 76, 86, 254n23, 257Ո63 Gamkharashvili, Georgii, 89-90, 93, 114, 184-85, 193, 194, 199-201, 209, 227, 26ІПІ10 Georgian-Ingiloi and Georgians in Azerbaijan in ethnography and ethnogenesis, 87-88, 90, 114, 115, 117-18, 149, 187, 189, 217, 229-31, 26ІПІ07, 26ІПІ10 kin relationship with Georgia, 22, 81-82, 86-87, 89-93, 117-18, 137, 181, 184-86, 188, 193-94, 197, 199-200, 209-10, 227-28, 230, 280Ո30 naming and categorization, 87-89, 114, 137, 181, 182-83, 189-90, 198, 205-6, 217, 218, 225-31, 24ІПІ, 249n70, 261Ш07, 261Ш10, 268n82, 270Ш12, 284n7 national rights and lack thereof, 4, 14, 39, 44, 47, 49-50, 51, 86-92, 117-18, 122-24, 127, 129-32, 137, 139, 155, 184-92, 196-98, 201, 205-6, 209, 216, 284n7 petitioning and activism, 1-3, 18, 89-91, 114, 137, 143, 181, 182-94, 196-206, 208-10, 212, 226, 280n27 Georgians, 110, 114, 156-57, 197 Georgian SSR, 2, 20, 28, 39, 99, 100-101, 110, 112, 125, 185-86, 245n9, 247n27 and Fereydan Georgians in Iran, 67, 79, 193, 254Ո23, 257n63 claims to Azerbaijani territory, 81-82, 86-88, 93, 117, 157, 184-85, 237 claims to Turkish territory, 62, 75-76, 81, 82,93 Communist Party, 83-84, 90, 96, 98-100, 184-85, 246n9 deportations from, 80, 84-86, 93, 134, 135-36, 258Ո80, 259n89, 259nn91֊92,
260nn93֊94, 270ПІ05
316 INDEX Georgian SSR (continued) nationality policies in and assimilation, 32, 34, 37, 40, 63-64, 82-86, 93, 99, 116-17, 123, 129, 146, 152-53, 166-67, 172,211-12 Germans (in the Russian Empire and USSR), 23, 35, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 135, 146, 155, 222, 249Ո70, 259n92, 260n94, 269ПІ04, 271n3 Germany, 61, 62, 64-67, 76, 252n2, 260Ո98 Gilan, 62, 67, 68, 71, 157, 274n47 Glasnost', 175-78, 221, 225-26, 232 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 220-23 Great Terror, 6, 20, 21-22, 54-59, 83, 97, 99-100, 102-4, 145-46, 175 Greeks, 23, 30, 35, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 80, 85, 93, 111, 135, 249n70, 260nn93-94, 27ІПЗ Hiimmatov (Gummatzoda/ Gumbatov), Alakram, 231, 233-35, 244n26 Ibragimov, Mirza dismissal, 106-7, 264nl as head of Azerbaijan Supreme Soviet, 17, 102, 108, 118, 121, 123, 125, 128, 133, 138, 139, 227 in Iran, 65, 67, 68, 119-20, 256n40 involvement in Ingiloi matters, 91 Ingiloi. See Georgian-Ingiloi and Georgians in Azerbaijan Ingushes, 40, 82, 85, 134, 179, 222, 258n80, 259Ո92, 260Ո94, 260n98 Institute of Ethnography, 147-^18, 152-53, 161, 162, 167, 168, 172, 210-11, 271n3, 273Ո32, 274Ո34 Iran, 2, 7, 17, 18, 21, 32-36, 47-49, 61-82, 85-86, 93, 102, 111-12, 119-22, 135, 156-58, 169, 170, 172-73, 181-82, 193, 210, 224, 232, 235, 252n2, 252n4, 252ՈՈ7-8, 253Ш5, 254ПІ7, 254n23 See aho Persian Empire Iranian Azerbaijan, 62-71, 74-76, 81, 82, 86, 93, 112-13, 119-21 Iranians, 66, 159 repression in Soviet Union, 48, 63, 85, 135, 146,271n3 in Soviet Azerbaijan, 23, 27, 48-49, 64, 135, 249Ո70 Iraq, 35, 69-73, 210, 256n52 ititala, 89, 90, 91, 131, 185, 189, 191 Izmailova, Atiga, 161-65,
167-68 Japan, 61, 62, 27ІПЗ Jews and Mountain Jews, 23, 24, 27, 30-31, 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 44, 155, 217, 246nl8, 249Ո70 Kalmyks, 179, 259n92, 260n94 Karachays, 179, 259n92, 260n94 Kazakhstan ASSR/SSR, 46, 47, 84, 135, 142, 180-81, 204, 212, 221, 222, 259n91 Khanlar (Elendorf, Helenendorf, and Göygöl), 41, 78, 131, 269ПІ04 Khemshins (Khemshils), 84, 85, 86, 93, 259n91, 259Ո92, 260n94 Khorasan, 62,66, 67,252n4 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 95, 97 and building communism, 146,150 de-Stalinization and the Thaw, 17, 99-105, 193-94, 198, 201, 203-8, 212-13, 282Ո77 and national relations, 1,17,106-7, 121, 123, 127-28, 133, 138-39, 163, 174, 179, 189 Korenizatsiia/indigenization. See Commu nist Party of the Soviet Union: nationality policies Kozlov, Viktor Ivanovich, 150, 167-68, 170, 171 Kura-Araks resettlement, 77-78, 134, 173, 258Ո69, 269n95, 269n98 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, 62, 69-71 Kurds, 34, 197, 211, 215, 284n4 in Armenia, 34, 47-48, 135, 210-12 in Azerbaijan, 22, 24, 35, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47-48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 71-72, 74, 115, 135, 155, 209-12, 222-23, 238, 249n70, 283ПІ09 and Britain, 34-35, 69, 72 and discourses of backwardness, 24, 34, 40, 54 and Iran, 17, 33, 35, 48, 62-72, 93,181-82, 210, 253Ш5, 254ПІ7, 255Ո31, 266n31 and Iraq, 35, 69-73, 210,256n52 language reform in Soviet Union, 34, 52, 53, 54,211 repression in Soviet Union, 47-48, 49, 54, 55, 63-64, 72-73, 84-86, 135, 145-46, 212, 214, 244Ո25, 259n91, 259n92, 260n94, 261Ш03
INDEX Soviet Kurdish autonomy, 31-32, 59, 73-74, 75, 135, 182, 212, 222-23, 237, 247ՈՅՅ, 283ПІ09 and Turkey, 33-35, 48, 66, 70, 72, 84-85, 93, 181-82, 210 Kyrgyz ASSR/SSR, 45-46, 84, 108, 212, 259Ո91 Laks, 55, 81, 86, 148, 216 Lankaran region, 20, 32, 36, 39, 40, 42, 49, 157, 158, 160, 166, 169, 172, 173, 176, 231,233-34 Latvian SSR and Latvians, 47, 61, 108,127, 128, 139, 180, 260Ո94, 268n76 Laz, 83, 152, 260Ո93 Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich, 37, 147,245n9, 272ПІ4 Lerik, 42, 172, 173 Lezgins (Lezgians), 157 and autonomy/unification, 13, 46, 59, 184, 196, 206, 207, 214, 220, 224-25, 237, 238 in Azerbaijan, 22, 23, 27, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42—45, 49, 51-53, 81, 88, 92, 114, 130, 132, 136, 137, 155, 195, 196, 215, 218, 227, 249Ո70, 270Ш13, 276n84 community fear, 12-14, 207-8 and discourses of backwardness, 24,40 and Dagestan, 43, 46, 136, 148-50,181, 195-96, 198,207-8 and discrimination, 12-13, 24, 38,49, 115, 137-38, 141, 169, 184, 187, 196-97, 206-8,216, 219 and national activism in Azerbaijan, 46, 137, 143, 181, 184, 194-98, 200, 201-4, 206, 207-10, 212-13, 224-25 Lithuanian SSR and Lithuanians, 61, 96, 139-40, 221, 260n94 Malenkov, Georgii Maksimilianovich, 73 , 95, 96, 97, 254ПІ8, 259n91 Mammadov, Hilal, 14-15, 233-36 Mammadov, Novruzali, 12,14-15, 233,235, 236, 287Ո62 maps, See ethnographic maps Mazandaran, 62, 66, 67, 156, 252n4 Meskhetian Turks deportation of, 7, 84, 85, 86, 93, 111, 136, 179, 259Ո89, 259n91, 259n92, 260n94 naming of, as "Turks,” 86, 136,197, 259Ո89, 270Ш06 Mgeladze, Akaki, 83-84, 86, 98-99,259n85 Miller, Boris Vsevolodovich, 157, 159,160 317 Mingrelian Affair,
96, 98,100, 185 Mingrelians, 83, 152, 166-67 Mirtskhulava, Aleksandr, 96, 98-99 Moambe newspaper, 225-26,228 Moldovan SSR, 61, 97, 108, 260n94 Molotov, Viacheslav, 62, 73, 95, 97,98, 254ПІ8, 259Ո91 Mosul, 89, 91, 205-6 Mountain Jews, 24, 30, 38, 41, 43,44, 55, 155,246nl8,249n70 Mugáis, 81, 88, 92, 114 Muhammad, Qazi, 68-72, 254nl7, 255n31 Mustafayev, imam Dashdamir oglu dismissal, 106-7, 128, 131, 132, 140, 172, 174, 189, 264n5, 268Ո76 as first secretary, 17, 102, 108, 112, 118-21, 123, 125-27, 133-34, 138, 187 Mzhvanadze, Vasil Pavlovich, 99, 185, 201, 206 Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblasť (NKAO), 9-10, 29, 31-32, 40, 86, 105, 248Ո34 attempts to adjoin it to Armenian SSR, 81-82, 93, 116-17, 157, 214, 221, 222 autonomous oblasť, 248n34 related population displacement and conflict, 211, 215, 221, 223, 231, 234, 236, 238, 266Ո45, 284ՈՈ4-5, 285n26 Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 29, 31, 34, 39, 48, 73, 116 national question and policies Leninist nationality politics, 2-3, 6, 18, 22, 28, 47, 93, 124, 128, 181, 184, 194, 198, 200, 208, 220, 222, 242Ш0 passport nationality, 22, 89, 110, 137-38, 140, 142, 145, 149, 171, 175, 188, 206, 212,218, 226 titularity/nontitularity, 1-10, 21-24, 28, 38, 44-45, 47, 51, 55, 63-64, 96, 107, 109-11, 113, 115, 118-19, 129-30, 133-34, 136, 140, 142-43, 145, 163-64, 166, 188,217,219, 238 See aho national minority national minority (natsmen) and archives/research, 2, 6-8, 9-16, 182-83, 185-86, 204-7, 209-10 definition, of, 3-4, 5-6, 21, 23-25,46, 50-51, 55, 188 and early national development, 22-23, 28-29, 35-36, 38—45, 49-52
hierarchies of, 22, 23, 30, 43-45, 47, 49, 88-89, 181-82, 184, 212
318 INDEX national minority (continued) and minoritization, 14, 21-22, 47-49, 50-55, 56, 59, 109, 216-17, 237-39 minority assimilation and titular nation-building, 6, 8, 23, 29, 32, 46-47, 54-55, 59, 64, 82-86, 109, 115-18, 128-32, 134-43, 145-46, 150, 155, 161-68, 170, 174-75, 177, 180, 182-83, 208,215-20 See aho Georgian-Ingilois; Kurds; Lezgins; Talyshes nested nationalism, 4-6, 107-9, 113-15, 128-29, 138-43, 180-81, 208, 209, 216-17, 219-20, 237-39 See also national minority; Russification/ de-Russification Nukha. See Shaki region (also Nukha) Operation Volna, 80, 84, 85, 135, 258n78, 260n93, 270ПІ05 oral history methodology, 10-16 and fear, 11-14, 192, 204-7, 216 Ordzhonikidze, Grigorii (Sergo), 29, 87, 246n9, 247Ո27 Ossetians and South Ossetian, 83, 99, 117, 153, 155, 197, 222 Pamiris, 152, 165-67, 172, 174 People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, 47, 48, 64, 66, 90, 104, 145, 259n91, 264n28 Persian Empire, 33, 48, 156, 265n21 petitioning, 182-83, 198-99 See abo Georgian-Ingilois; Lezgins; Talyshes Pishevari, Ja'far, 68, 71, 75, 255n34, 256n43 Qakh region, 39, 40, 44, 49-50, 53, 81, 86-93, 114, 117, 118, 131, 157, 184, 186, 187, 189-91, 198, 228-31, 237 Quba region, 24, 30, 32, 38, 206, 276n84 Qusar region, 13, 46, 155, 157, 187, 194-97, 206,219 Ragimov, Sadiq Hajiyarali oglu, 17, 102, 106-8, 122-23, 125 Reza Shah, 33, 61, 66, 71, 119, 252n2 Rik'in Gaf (Serdechnoe Slovo), 12-13,194-96, 201-4, 207-8, 212-13, 224, 281n47 Rizvanov, Zabit, 194, 195-96,204, 207-8, 224-25 Russian Empire, 62, 75, 86, 88, 182 imperial legacy, 3,33,109,123-24,147, 156, 162, 269ПІ04 Russian
Federation, 224-25,235-38 Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 43, 61, 82, 103, 206, 222 Russians in Azerbaijan, 26-27, 36, 41, 124, 130, 133, 136, 155, 157, 168-69, 217, 249n70, 268Ո90 as oppressor nation, 37, 96, 101, 104-5, 113, 123-24, 138-40 Russification and de-Russification, 23, 51,56, 83, 96, 108, 139 Russian hegemony, 4-5, 24, 36-37, 52, 107-9, 112-13, 115, 119, 121-22, 129-31, 138-39, 142-43, 148, 166, 180, 181, 183, 188, 196, 209, 219, 221 Russian language learning, 29,35, 43, 44, 45, 51-53, 83, 99, 109, 118, 122-24, 127-31, 137, 149, 181, 196 Sadval, 13,214,220,224 Setdechnoe Slovo. See Rik'in Gaf (Serdech noe Slovo) Shah Abbas, 67, 88, 254n23, 261nl 10 Shahsevans, 33, 48, 65, 66, 107, 152, 153 Shaki region (also Nukha), 30, 32, 34, 39, 149, 206, 273Ո21 socialism, as stage of development, 36-38, 45—47, 50, 55, 56, 145-47, 150-51, 160, 162-66 Soviet Socialist Republic of Gilan. See Gilan Stalin, Joseph and internal national politics, 3, 28, 29, 45-52, 54-57, 77-78, 81-85, 90-93, 180, 184-85, 198-200, 245n9, 247n27, 253ПІ2, 259Ո91 and patronage networks, 90-91,99, 258n83,259n85 (seeabo Mingrelian Affair) transition from, 94-109, 119-21, 145-47, 174, 180, 182, 187, 193, 202-4, 208, 212-13 See abo World War II; deportations Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 97, 123, 124, 212, 222 See abo Azerbaijan SSR: Supreme Soviet Tajiks and Tajikistan, 38, 108, 114—15, 152, 166, 167,172 Talyshes and assimilation, 18—19, 126, 141—42, 143, 144-45, 149, 150, 152-55, 159-78, 180, 209-10,215-18
INDEX and autonomy, 36, 58-59, 182, 214-15, 220, 231-37, 238 censuses and erasure, 136,141,144-45, 152-54, 155, 159-61, 167-70, 176, 249Ո70, 277Ш12 community fear, 12, 175, 176-78, 234, 238 and discourses of backwardness, 24,40, 44, 48, 54, 141, 162, 163-64, 166, 170, 177 ethnogenesis and ethnography, 115, 141, 144-45, 154-71, 218, 232-33, 275n61 forced resettlements, 48-49, 78, 135, 173-74 and Iran/Iranian borderlands, 33, 35-36, 48-49, 78, 135, 156-58, 169, 172-74, 181-82,235 national rights and lack thereof, 4,24, 35-45, 48-49, 51, 128, 132, 141-42, 144-45, 160, 198, 209, 213, 233 (see aho Talyshes: assimilation) petitioning and activism, 12, 175-76, 181-82 repression, 19-20, 47, 48-49, 57-59, 78, 170-71, 173-74, 175, 177-78, 235-37, 244n26 (see aho Talyshes: assimilation) Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic, 214, 220, 231-37 Tasmali, 89, 131, 185, 187 Tats, 23, 24, 27, 38, 40, 45, 53, 55, 115, 149, 155, 159, 209, 217, 274n45, 276Ո84 Thaw, 186, 202-8 Tiurks. See Azeris Tolstoy Sergei Pavlovich, 152,166,167, 210-11 Tolyshi Sado, 12, 15, 232, 234, 235, 236 Transcaucasian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (TSFSR), 20, 29, 37, 40, 46, 135, 245Ո9, 247n27 Tsakhurs, 40, 41, 44, 47, 49-50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 81, 149, 209, 216, 217, 230, 249n70 Turkey, 2, 7, 66, 88, 116 in Azerbaijani ethnogenesis and national narratives, 111-13, 125 and Kurds, 33-35, 48, 66, 69-70, 71-73, 181-82,210 Soviet pretensions to Turkish territory, 17, 61-64, 75-81, 82, 90, 93, 117 Soviet-Turkish borderlands, 66, 80-81, 84-85, 93, 111, 172, 181-82 319 relations with Soviet Union, 39, 48, 62-63, 75-81, 111,
120, 135, 157, 172, 252n8, 265ПІ5 Turkmenistan SSR and Turkmen, 33, 103, 104, 108, 255Ո26 Turks, 7, 21, 33, 85, 135, 259n89, 260n93 See aho Meskhetian Turks; Azeris Udins, 44, 155, 249Ո70 Ukrainian SSR and Ukrainians, 37, 61, 96, 97, 127, 138, 139, 155 USSR breakdown of, 6, 211-12, 220-23, 266Ո45 formation, 29-30, 86-87, 116, 157-58, 247n27 as model of socialist progress, 1-2, 34-35, 62-67, 69-70, 78-80, 113, 120, 150-51, 164-66, 180-81, 210 See aho World War II Uyghurs, 180-81, 222 See aho East Turkestan Republic Uzbekistan, 37-38, 72-73, 84, 108, 127, 136, 152, 259Ո91 Vinnikov, Iakov Romanovich, 167, 168, 170 Volga Tatars, 35, 43, 44,45, 51 Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich, 97, 123, 124, 139 World War II Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran in, 61-75 influence on postwar politics and society, 93, 119-21,203,226 Soviet pretensions to Turkish territory in, 62-64, 75-81 See aho Armenians: repatriation; Azeris in Iran; deportation; Kurds Xinjiang, 61, 63, 180 Yerevan, 47, 75, 77, 80, 117, 221, 237 Zangezur (Syunik), 29, 32, 116 Zaqatala region, 20,29, 32,38-39, 41, 50, 53, 81, 86-93, 114, 117, 131, 137, 184, 186, 187, 190-92, 197-98, 205, 228-29, 237, 261Ш07 Zayam, 89, 131, 185-87 BlļflnlCM І Staatsbibliothek München ! |
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| author | Goff, Krista A. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1187262269 |
| author_facet | Goff, Krista A. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Goff, Krista A. |
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| bvnumber | BV047117676 |
| contents | Making minorities and national hierarchies -- Territory, war, and nation-building in the South Caucasus -- Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -- Scientists, politicians, and the production of Soviet assimilation narratives -- Minority activism and citizenship after Stalin |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1245341480 (DE-599)BVBBV047117676 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Goff, Krista A. Verfasser (DE-588)1187262269 aut Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus Krista A. Goff Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2020 xii, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Making minorities and national hierarchies -- Territory, war, and nation-building in the South Caucasus -- Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -- Scientists, politicians, and the production of Soviet assimilation narratives -- Minority activism and citizenship after Stalin "This book explores the politics and practices of managing national minority identifications, rights, and communities in the Soviet Union, and the consequences of such efforts. Drawing on archival and oral history research conducted in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Russia (Dagestan and Moscow), it examines Soviet nation-building, belonging, and citizenship, as well as broader questions about historical memory"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Minorities / Azerbaijan / History / 20th century Minorities / Caucasus, South / History / 20th century Nationalism / Azerbaijan / History / 20th century Nationalism / Caucasus, South / History / 20th century Collective memory / Azerbaijan / History / 20th century Collective memory / Caucasus, South / History / 20th century Azerbaijan / Ethnic relations Caucasus, South / Ethnic relations Collective memory Ethnic relations Minorities Nationalism Azerbaijan South Caucasus 1900-1999 History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Aserbaidschan (DE-588)4068887-2 g Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 s Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 s Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, pdf 978-1-5017-5329-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, epub 978-1-5017-5328-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Goff, Krista A. Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus Making minorities and national hierarchies -- Territory, war, and nation-building in the South Caucasus -- Defining the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -- Scientists, politicians, and the production of Soviet assimilation narratives -- Minority activism and citizenship after Stalin Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153096-2 (DE-588)4170001-6 (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4068887-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus |
| title_auth | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus |
| title_exact_search | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus |
| title_full | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus Krista A. Goff |
| title_fullStr | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus Krista A. Goff |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus Krista A. Goff |
| title_short | Nested nationalism |
| title_sort | nested nationalism making and unmaking nations in the soviet caucasus |
| title_sub | making and unmaking nations in the Soviet Caucasus |
| topic | Ethnische Identität (DE-588)4153096-2 gnd Minderheitenpolitik (DE-588)4170001-6 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnische Identität Minderheitenpolitik Nationalismus Aserbaidschan Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032524044&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT goffkristaa nestednationalismmakingandunmakingnationsinthesovietcaucasus |