The lawyer's style guide: a student and practitioner guide
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford, UK ; New York, NY
Hart Publishing
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | liii, 910 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781509936243 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The lawyer's style guide |b a student and practitioner guide |c Peter Butt |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford, UK ; New York, NY |b Hart Publishing |c 2021 | |
| 300 | |a liii, 910 Seiten | ||
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| 653 | 0 | |a Law | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Law / Language | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Legal composition | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents Preface. Explanatory Notes a (indefinite article). 1 Singular or plural?. 1 Choosing between a and an.1 Repeating for clarity. 1 Used distributively. 1 a fortiori. 2 a posteriori. 2 a priori.2 a tempore cuius contrarii memoria non existet. 2 ab agendo. 2 ab ante.2 ab antiquo. З ab extra. 3 ab initio. 3 abate.3 ABBREVIATIONS.4 Full stops?. 4 British and Commonwealth usage.4 US usage. 4 No apostrophes for plurals. 4 Explain clearly.4 abet.5 abeyance. 5 ability / capacity.5
abjudge. 6 able and willing.6 abode. 6 about.6 above / below.7 Vagueness.7 Archaic variants. 7 above-mentioned.7 absent (preposition).7 absente. 8 absente reo. 8 absentia. 8 absolutely void.8 absolve (of / from).8 absque. 8 abstract. 9 abstract of title.9 abundans cautela non nocet. 9 abut. 9 abuttals.10 ACCELERATION CLAUSE. 10 accession.10 Property law.10 International law. 10 accessory.10
accident. 11 accommodate.11 accord / accordance. 11 accord and satisfaction. 12 acknowledge and agree. 12 ACRONYMS.12 Uses, and alternatives. 12 Format. 13 Plurals and possessives. 13 Defining acronyms. 13 Acronyms as irritants. 13 1. Unfamiliar acronyms.13 2. Superfluous acronyms.14 3. Humour-inducing acronyms.14 Act (legislation).14 act (something done). 14 General meaning. 14 ‘acts and omissions’. 15 act of God.15 actio personalis moritur cum persona.15 action or proceeding. 16 ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE.16 Identifying active voice and passive voice. 16 Prefer the active voice. 16 Rewriting passive to active.17
xiv Contents Beneficial uses of the passive. To leave the actor unstated. To appear less accusing’. To improve sentence structure. To add punch at sentence-end. actual. actual notice. actus Dei. actus Dei nemini facit injuriam. actus non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. actus reus. ad colligenda bona defuncti. ad diem. ad hoc. ad hominem. ad idem. ad interim. ad litem. ad longum. ad medium filum. ad referendum. ad rem. ad summám. ad testificandum. ad valorem. add that. ADDRESSING CORRESPONDENCE. adduce / educe. adeem. adhuc sub j udice lis est.
adjacent. adjoining. adjudge. admeasurement. administrator / administratrix. admix. adoption. adumbrate. ADVERBS. adverse possession. adversely affect. advice / advise. ADVICE (FORM OF). Forms of advice. 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 .21 21 22 22 22 22 .22 .23 23 23 .23 .23 ,24 ,24 ,24 .24 ,25 ,25 .25 .25 .26 ,26 .26 ,26 .26 .26 Structure. 27 Traditional structure. 27 Modern structure.27 Order reasons logically. 28 Executive summary?. 28 Other matters to consider. 28 Table of contents.28 Numbered headings. 28 Numbered paragraphs. 29 Recommendations or next steps’.29 Weaknesses in the reasons. 29 Insipid beginnings and endings.29 Design. 30 Barristers’ advices.30 Email
advices.30 ‘Before’ and ‘after’ examples. 30 adviser / advisor.34 aedificatum solo[,] solo cedit. 35 affd/aff’d. 35 affect / effect / impact.35 aforesaid. 35 after (a date). 36 General principle.36 ‘shortly after’.36 age.36 When attained.36 ‘over’ an age. 37 Stating an age. 37 agenda / agendum.37 agree and acknowledge.37 agree and declare.37 agree and warrant.37 AGREEMENT / DEED.38 aid and abet. 38 alibi.38 alien. 38 alienate. 38 alienation. 39 alike. 39 aliquot. 39
aliter. 39 aliunde. 39 all.40 all and every / all and any. 40 all and singular.40
Contents .40 all of. not all /all. not. .40 all reasonable endeavours. ,41 alliteration. ,41 allow /permit. ,41 alternate / alternative. .41 am / pm. .42 AMBIGUITY. ,42 Ambiguity’ explained. ,42 Ambiguity distinguished from vagueness. ,42 Ambiguity and contronyms. ,43 Possible excuses for ambiguity. 43 Syntactic ambiguity. ,43 A common problem. ,43 Adjectives qualifying two or more nouns. ,44 Rule of last antecedent. 45 Transitive or intransitive verbs. .45 ambulance chaser. 46 AMENDING TEXT. 46 amendment (reference to). 46 AMENDMENTS TO LEGISLATION (INTERPRETATION CLAUSE). 46 The issue. 46 The solution: (1) references in statutes. 46 The solution: (2) references in documents. 46 The common law. 46 Express agreement: the need. ,47 Express agreement: standard
clauses. ,47 amicus curiae. 48 Meaning. 48 Replacing the Latin. 48 among / amongst. 48 among / between. 48 amove. 48 ampersand ( ). 49 anchor tenant. 49 ancient lights. 49 ancillary. 49 XV and. 49 Meaning-—and potential ambiguity.49 Can and mean or?.50 Consistency of use a guide. 51 Avoiding misinterpretation. 52 and/or. 52 Use in legal writing.52 Judicial condemnation. 53 Often clear. 53 Judicial use. 54 Lazy and/or.55 And/or in series.56 animus / animo.57 ANNEXURES.57 Purpose. 57 Terminology: annexure/appendix/ schedule.57 Anshun
estoppel.58 answerable. 58 anti money laundering. 58 ANTI-AMENDMENT CLAUSE. 59 anti-assignment provision. 59 Anton Piller order.59 any. 59 Meaning all.59 Possible ambiguity.59 any and all. 60 anything / any thing.60 apparent. 60 apparent paradox.60 appeal. 60 appeal / appeal against. 61 UK. 61 Australia.61 New Zealand.61 Canada. 61 appealable/ appellable. 61 APPENDIX. 61 appertaining to.61 applicable. 62 approbate and reprobate. 62 approximately. 62 appurtenance. 63 arbiter / arbitrator.63
ARCHAISMS. 63
xvi Contents arguendo. 64 argumentum ad hominem. 64 argumentum ad rem. 64 arising from / out of / under. 64 arm’s length. 64 arrangement. 65 arrears . .65 ARTICLE. 66 articles. 66 artificial person. 66 as. 66 as amended. 66 as and when. 67 as he (she) then was. 67 as nearly as may be. 67 as of right. 67 as soon as possible / as soon as practicable. 67 as soon as possible. 67 as soon as practicable. 68 as soon as reasonably practicable. 68 as the case may be. 68 as the crow flies. 69 as to. 69 ascertain. 69 asset lending. 70 assign / assignee
(noun). 70 assign / transfer (verb). 70 General meaning. 70 Subsidiary meaning of ‘assign’: allocate. 71 assignation. 71 assignment / novation. 71 assignment / sublease. 71 assume / presume. 72 assure / ensure / insure. 72 assure. 72 ensure. 73 insure. 73 at any time. 73 at least (time). 73 General meaning. 73 Statutory meaning. 74 Choose a different expression?. 74 at once. 74 at the present time. 74 attach.7attempt.7‘: attendee.75 attest.7S Legal meaning. 7ր Statutory requirements.75 ATTESTATION CLAUSE.75
attorney.76attorney-general. 77 attornment.77 attributable to. 77 audi alteram partem.78 AUDIENCE. 78; Taking audience into account. 78 Who is the audience?.78 automatically. 79 і autrefois.80 avizandum.80 avoid.80 avoidance of doubt. 80 BACKGROUND. 80 backhand rent. 80 BACK-REFERENCES.81 BACKSHEET. 81 balance/ remainder.81 balloon payment. 81 banco.81 bank holiday. 81 basis.81 ‘be’ verbs.82 bearing date. 82 because.82 Avoid weaker substitutes. 82
‘since’. 82 as’. 83 Avoid wordy substitutes.83 Ambiguity at sentence-end. 83 Punctuation. 83 General. 83 Avoiding ambiguity.83 Starting sentences.84 because of. 84 before.84 beginning with / beginning from. 84 beginning with. 84 beginning from. 85
Contents being (participle).,85 Joining relative clauses. ,85 Imposing an obligation. .85 believe / suspect. 85 ,86 below. bencher. 86 beneficial. ,86 bequeath. 86 best endeavours / reasonable endeavours. ,86 ‘best endeavours’. ,87 ‘reasonable endeavours’. ,87 Limits of obligation. 88 Tested objectively. 88 Variants. 88 Vagueness: some issues. 89 between. .89 Two items only?. 89 between / among. 90 between A and [or?] В. 90 between (dates). 90 beyond reasonable doubt. 90 biannual / biennial. 91 Blackacre. 91 black-letter books. 91 black-letter cases. 91 black-letter law. 91 BLANKS (IN
DOCUMENTS). 91 blind-eye knowledge. 92 BLOCK TEXT. 92 boarder / lodger. 92 body corporate. 93 boilerplate. 93 bona fide. 94 Meaning: in good faith. 94 Meaning: genuine. 94 bona fides. 94 bona vacantia. 95 bondsman. 95 bracket principle. 95 BRACKETS. 95 Terminology. 95 Usage: round brackets. 96 To mark off explanatory material. 96 To mark off subsidiary material. 96 To replace commas. 97 xvii To enclose defined terms or acronyms.97 Usage: square brackets. 97 To indicate interpolated material.97 To indicate material excised, rewritten, or repunctuated. 98 A caution: go easy.98 Usage: law reports.98 Punctuation issues.99 Whole sentence / part sentence.99 Commas around brackets. 99 Brackets within brackets. 99 Stylistic
issues.99 Brackets and ambiguity. 100 Misplaced brackets: words.100 Misplaced brackets: formulas.100 break costs.100 brevi manu.101 brevitatis causa.101 BREVITY.101 brief (noun).102 brocard. 102 brown land site.102 brutum fűimen.102 building. 102 Substantial structure?. 102 Non-structure?.103 BULLET POINTS. 103 Points of style.103 Sentence fragments. 103 Complete sentences. 104 Do not mix sentence fragments and complete sentences. 104 No numbers for bullet points.104 Hanging indents. 104 bullet repayment.104 Bullock order.104 business day.104 Meaning.104 In statutes.105 In contracts and other
documents. 105 Where no definition. 105 Performance on non-business day.106 Must perform early?. 106 May perform later?. 106
xviii Contents but. As sentence-opener. Some cautions. ‘but for test. but so that. buy-back. by [a date]. by and between [persons]. by reason [of]. by reason of the fact that. by right. bylaw. cadit quaestio. CADENCE. caeteris paribus. calculated (to .). Calderbank letter. calendar month. call option. camera. can. can / may. cannot. cannot. CANONS OF CONSTRUCTION (INTERPRETATION). capacity. CAPITALS. Overuse of capitals. Capitals for emphasis. United States practice. case. case law / caselaw. casebook method. casus omissus.
causa causans. causa sine qua non. cause (noun, verb). cause (litigation). cause (to be done). cause of action estoppel. caution. cav. cave. caveat. caveat emptor. 106 106 107 107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 109 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 111 in 112 112 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 117 117 117 118 118 caveator / caveatrix.1: cease and desist. U ceiling.II certificates. II _ certiorari. II cerium est quod certum reddi potest. lí: cessante ratione legis, cessat lex ipsa. 12 cestui que trust. 12 Meaning. 12 Plural. 12 ceteris paribus. 12 cf.12; chapeau. 12:
charity. 12' charterparty. 121 chattel. 12! chattel real. 12' child.12' Meaning. 121 Legitimate only?.12'; Age. 12Г Unborn child.122 child of the marriage’. 12First generation only?.122 choate. 122 ‘CHOICE OF LAW’ CLAUSE. 124 chose in action.124 circa.124՛ CITATION OF BOOKS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES. 124 How much information?. 124 Pinpoint references.125 CITATION OF CASES.126 The parties’ names.126 General. 126 Where parties are individuals.126 Where parties are corporations or businesses.126 Where Commonwealth, a State or a Territory is a party. 126 The Crown.126 Public and governmental entities. 126
Contents Attorney-General and Director of Public Prosecutions. Multiple proceedings between parties. Procedural tags: shorter is better. Citing law reports. Abbreviations. Where authorised report. Where no authorised report. Year and volume. Neutral citations. Unreported decisions. Retrospective neutral citations. Pinpoint references. Pages and paragraphs. Spans. Older law reports (no paragraph references). Ίη-texť citations?. CITATION OF LEGISLATION. Statutes: primary legislation. UK statutes. Imperial statutes. Statutes: Commonwealth primary legislation. Pinpoint references. Sections. Subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs. Delegated legislation. Bills. References to later-amended statutes. CITATION SYMBOLS. The need. The symbols.
CJ. claim. Clapham omnibus. clause. CLAUSE STRUCTURE. Benefits of a careful structure. Move from general to particular. One main concept per clause. More than one sentence per clause?. 127 127 127 128 128 128 128 128 129 129 129 130 130 130 130 131 131 131 131 132 132 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 134 134 134 135 135 136 136 136 136 137 137 xix Paragraphing conventions.137 When to paragraph. 137 Paragraph-formatting conventions. 139 Indenting.140 To prevent ambiguity. 140 To show relationship between parts. 141 Judicial approaches to indenting. 142 Avoid over-division. 143 Reduce cross-references. 143 Avoid ‘sandwich’ constructions.144 Referring to subclauses and paragraphs.145 clean hands.145 clear day.145 Meaning.145 Is clear superfluous?. 146 clearly / obviously.146
CLICHÉS. 146 clog on the equity of redemption.147 close proximity.147 co- words.147 co-operate / cooperate. 148 co-owner / coowner. 148 co-partner / copartner. 148 co-payment / copayment. 148 co-worker / coworker. 148 codefendant / co-defendant. 148 codify / consolidate. 149 coemployee / co-employee. 149 COGNATE TERMS. 149 collateral.149 COLLATERAL CONTRACT. 149 COLON PLUS DASH (SYMBOL).150 COLONS.150 Uses. 150 Abuses.150 COLUMNS.150 COMMA SPLICE. 150 COMMAS.150 To aid understanding. 150 To mark off independent clauses.151 To mark off subsidiary information. 152
xx Contents Judicial recognition of commas. Grammatical use normally assumed. Consistent use assumed. Poor grammar excused?. Serial (Oxford) comma. Alternatives to commas. ‘Stronger’ punctuation. Brackets. commence. commencing with / commencing from. common / mutual. common land. common property. common property / joint property. commorientes. communis error facit jus. compear. complaint. complement / compliment. comply. compos mentis. COMPOSITE EXPRESSIONS. compound. COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. comprise / composed of. compromise. concerned in. conclusive certificate. concurrent lease. condescendence. condition. A contractual provision giving the right to terminate for breach. A generic
term of a contract. condition / warranty. condition precedent / condition subsequent. Condition precedent. Meaning. Pronunciation of‘precedent’. Condition subsequent. Difference can depend on drafting 152 152 153 153 154 155 155 155 156 156 156 157 157 157 158 158 158 158 159 159 159 159 160 160 160 160 161 161 162 162 162 162 162 163 163 163 163 164 164 164 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. 164 Structure of conditional clauses.164 Traditional structure: condition before substantive provision.16И Modern structure: substantive provision before condition.165 Stand-alone conditional clause. 166. Usefulness. 166 Location. 166 ‘Method’ form for multiple conditions.167 Commas after lead-in.16 Concealed conditions.16 Dispersed conditions.16. Conditions framed as relative clauses. 17 Has the condition been fulfilled?.17 conjunct and several.17 CONJUNCTIONS.17 As sentence-starters.17 Qualifications. 17 connected with. 17 consensus ad idem.17 consensus in
idem.17' consequence of. 17' consequential loss.17' Conventional view.17' Wider view. 17' The future?. 17' consider. 177 consideration. 17ձ1 Meaning. 174՝ Use a different word?.17*' CONSISTENCY OF TERMINOLOGY.17· The drafter’s golden rule. 17 ՞ Judicial leniency.17' General. 175 Specific situations.176 ՛ consortium. 17' constat.177 constrain. 17’, construction (of documents). 177 constructive notice.17/ constructive trust. 177
Contents .178 consult. contemnor. ····. ;. .178 contemporanea expositío est optima et fortissima in lege. .178 contempt. .178 Contempt of commissions. .178 Contempt of court. .178 Contempt of Parliament. .179 conterminous. .179 contiguous. .179 continual / continuous. .180 contra bonos mores. .180 contra pacem. .180 contra proferentem. .180 Principle of interpretation. .181 Unclear ambit. .181 Last resort only. .182 No place in commercial contracts?. .182 Contracting out. .182 CONTRACTIONS. .183 In general writing. ,183 In legal writing. .183 CONTRADICTORY EXPRESSIONS. ,183 contravene. ,183 CONTRONYM. 184 contumacy. ,184 contumely. 184 convenant. 184
convenient. 185 conveyance. 185 conviction. 185 cool-oif / cool off. 185 copy (of document). 185 coram. 186 General. 186 coram judice. 186 coram non judice. 186 coram populo. 186 corporation. 186 corporation aggregate. 187 corporation sole. 187 corporeal / incorporeal. 187 corporeal hereditament. 187 corpus. 187 xxi corpus delicti.188 CORRECTIONS (BY COURT).188 CORRESPONDENCE (LETTERS AND EMAILS). 189 Techniques for effective correspondence. 189 Overview.189 The opening.189 The ending.189 Addressing correspondence. 189 Name block for recipient.189 Salutations.190 Salutations to individuals.190 Salutations to entities or groups.190 Salutations in
memos and internal emails. 190 Subject line.190 Sign-offs.190 Letters and faxes. 191 Memos and internal emails.191 corresponding-date rule. 191 The rule.191 Application.191 Ending at midnight?. 192 Qualification: ‘starting with .’.192 A ‘simple rule?. 192 Not limited to ‘months’. 192 Boilerplate provision. 192 corrigendum.193 costs. 193 Meaning.193 ‘costs follow the event’. 193 council / counsel. 193 council (body).194 counsel (legal adviser). 194 counsel (noun).194 counsellor / counselor. 194 counterfeit / forge. 194 COUNTERPARTS. 194 court / Court.195 court-martial.195 cousin. 195
covenant.196 covenant and agree. 196
xxii Contents COVERSHEET. The practice. Information on backsheet or coversheet. coverture. crave . criteria / criterion. cross-. CROSS-REFERENCES. The need. The terminology: subject to’. Seek to reduce cross-referencing. Parenthetical descriptions in cross-references. Accuracy of cross-references. Crown. eta. cui bono. cuius est solum. culpa lata. cum testamento annexo. ‘CUMULATIVE REMEDIES’ CLAUSE. curia advisari vult. currency (money). curtilage / curtilege. Meaning. Spelling. cy-près. damnify. damnum sine (absque) injuria. DASHES. Two kinds: em dash and en dash. Em dash. Five main
uses. Don’t overdo it. En dash. Variant uses. Spacing dashes. Colon plus dash. data / datum. DATES. day. General meaning. Up to midnight?. Fractions of a day. .196 .196 .196 .197 .197 .197 ,197 .197 .197 .198 .198 .199 .199 .200 .200 ,200 .200 .200 .201 .201 .201 .201 ,201 ,201 .202 .202 .202 ,203 ,203 .203 .203 ,203 ,204 ,205 ,205 .205 ,205 .205 .206 ,206 206 .206 .207 dbn. de bene esse. de bonis asportatis. de bonis non administratis. de bonis propriis. de die in diem. de facto. de integro. de jure. de minimis. de momento in momentum. de novo. de proprio motu. de son tort. debitum in praesenti solvendum in futuro. 2 deceased estate. 2 decedent. 2 decennial
loan. Ն deceptively. 2 decision. 2· decision-making. 2і ' decree.2і decree nisi. 2՛՛ DEED (document). 2'՜ Definition. 2': Categories of deeds.2Y Formal parts of deeds.2i, When is a deed necessary?. 2?' Use a deed only when necessary.21 Distinguishing deeds from non-deeds. 21? Date of deed. 211 Defective ‘deed’ taking effect as a contract. 2 li DEED OF RELEASE.21 DEED POLL. 21'. deem.2 lí A quaint word: choose another. 21b ‘Deem’ means ‘consider’ or ‘treat as’. 21b ‘Deem’ confirms a fact.21Һ ‘Deem’ creates a legal fiction. 21b Extent of deeming. 219' Conclusive deeming?.219s defence / defense. 22Û’ defender.22Q
Contents definitions. Purpose of definitions. How to apply definitions. Using definitions to shorten documents. Over-defining. . . Choosing the definitional label Make it meaningful. Relevance to interpretation. ‘Labels don’t count’. Definitions masquerading as substantive obligations. ‘Read-as-you-go’ definitions. Narrative definitions. Different meanings for different contexts. Definitions incorporating other definitions. 220 220 220 221 221 222 222 222 223 223 223 224 224 224 224 In the same document. 225 From other documents. 225 From unnamed sources. From stand-alone definitions 225 document. Consistency across document ‘suites’. 226 Usage issues with definitions. 226 Once-only definitions. 226 Consistency in using defined terms.226 ‘Shall’ in definitions. 226 Self-referential definitions. 226 Unpronounceable definitions. 226 Multi-word expressions. 226 Separate long definitions and short definitions.227 Definition design protocols. 227 General. 227 Punctuation. 227
Formatting.227 Location of definitions. 228 At the start?.228 At the end?. 228 A ‘table of contents’ compromise?.228 One-clause definitions. 228 Just-in-time definitions. 229 Definitions in recitals. 229 xxiii Highlighting (flagging) defined terms.229 To highlight or not to highlight? .229 Initial capital letter(s). 229 Other options.230 Caution: is a highlighted (defined) term used in its general (non-defined) sense?. 230 Redundant definitions. 231 Self-evident definitions. 231 Counter-intuitive definitions. 231 Derivatives of definitions (cognate terms). 232 ‘Subject to context’. 233 dehors. 233 delegatus non potest delegare.234 DELETIONS.234 Admissible as aids to interpretation?. 234 Make a ‘clean’ copy. 235 deliberate / deliberative. 235 delivery (of deed).236 delivery up.236 demise.236 dependant
/ dependent. 237 dependent / interdependent. 237 deposit.237 deprecate / depreciate.238 derivative action. 238 descendants.238 desire (verb). 238 despite anything else in this agreement,. 239 determine. 239 devil.239 devise.239 devisee / devisor / divisor.239 dicta.239 DICTIONARIES. 240 Use inlaw. 240 Dangers. 240 dictum. 241 dies non. 242 dies non juridicus.242 direct (causation).242 discharge. 242 discovery. 243
xxiv Contents discreet / discrete. disinterested / uninterested. dispone. disposition (of property). Meaning. Dispositive clause. disregard (verb). dissentiente. distance. distrain / distress. ditto. divide between. Division. do / don’t. docket. document. DOCUMENT (READABILITY OF) DOCUMENT DESIGN. Overview. Fonts. Single-column vs two-column. Headings. Visibility. Alignment. Lower case. Spacing and position. White space. Line spacing. Line length. Justified / unjustified text. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE. Order of provisions. Front-loaded structure. Topic-based structure.
Chronological structure. Table of contents. DOCUMENT TESTING. Usefulness. Methods. Timing. DOCUMENT TITLES. does not include. doli incapax. domicile / residence. dominant tenement / servient tenement. .243 .243 243 .243 .243 .244 ,244 .244 .244 ,245 ,245 ,245 .245 .246 .246 ,246 ,247 .247 .247 .247 .247 .248 .248 .249 .249 .249 .249 .249 .249 .250 .250 .250 .251 .251 .251 .252 .252 .252 .252 .253 .253 .254 .254 .254 .254 domitae naturae. donatio mortis causa. DOUBLE NEGATIVES DOUBLETS. doubt (avoidance of). drafter / draftsman / draughtsman. dubitante. due. due and payable. due diligence.25 due expedition. 25 due to the fact that. 25 duly. 2C DUPLICATED WORDS.2! durante.25՜ durante absentia. 2Г durante dementia. 25 durante minore aetate. 25 durante viđuitate. 25
during. 25 Dutch auction. 25 duty. 2( dwelling-house / dwelling house / dwellinghouse. 26 e converso.26 each and every.2b earlier in time.26 earnest (noun).26 easement. 26 easements rights and privileges.26՜. eavesdrop.26/ EDITING.26* Need for editing. 26¿ Editing techniques. 26* educe. 265 -ее / -or endings.263 effect. 263: effective date.264 effeiring to.264 effluxion of time.264 eg / e.g. 264 eggshell. 265 either. 265 either . or. 265
Contents eiusdem generis. . Statement of the principle. Need for a class’. Single instance class?. Excluding the principle. election. eleemosynary. ELEGANT VARIATION. ellipses. Function. Spacing. Quantity of omitted content. EM DASH. email. EMAILS. EMBEDDED (NESTED) INFORMATION. The problem. Resolving the problem. Judicial examples. One clause, one sentence?. embracery. emigrate / immigrate. EMOJI. EMOTICONS / EMOJI. EMOTIONAL LANGUAGE. empanel / impanel. EMPHASIS. EN DASH. en passant. en ventre sa mère. enactment. enclosed / inclosed. Spelling. Meaning. encompassing. encroach / encroachment. encumber. encumbrance. encumbrancee / encumbrancer.
end. endorse / indorse. engross. enjoin. enjoy. enquire / inquire. .266 .266 ,267 ,267 .267 .268 .269 ,269 .270 ,270 .270 ,270 ,270 .270 ,270 .271 ,271 .271 ,272 .273 ,273 ,273 ,274 ,274 ,274 ,274 ,275 ,275 ,275 ,275 ,276 ,276 ,276 ,276 .277 ,277 ,277 ,277 ,277 278 ,278 ,278 .278 ,278 278 XXV ensure (that something be done). 279 entailed interest. 279 ‘ENTIRE AGREEMENT’ CLAUSE.279 Purpose. 279 Interpretation.280 entitled to. 281 enumeratio unius.281 ENUMERATIONS.281 enure / inure. 281 eo die. 282 eo nomine. 282 epitome. 282 epitome of title. 282 equitable right to redeem. 282 equity. 282 Meaning. 282 Lower case or upper case?. 283 equity of redemption.283 equity’s
darling. 284 erratum. 284 errors and misdescriptions. 284 ESCALATION CLAUSE. 284 escheat. 284 escrow. 285 Pronunciation.285 Meaning: in law of deeds. 285 Meaning: generally.286 Plain-language alternatives. 286 escrow period. 286 essential term (of contract). 287 estate or interest.287 What is an estate’?.287 What is an ‘interest’?.287 Do you need both ‘estate’ and ‘interest’?.287 estoppel. 288 et al. 288 et cetera. 288 et seq. 289 etc.289 EUPHEMISMS. 290 event of default. 290 every. 290 ex abundanti cautela.290 ex adverso. 291 ex
contractu. 291
xxvi Contents ex curia. ex debito justitiae. ex delieto. ex dolo malo non oritur actio. ex facie. ex gratta. ex lege. ex mero motu. ex nudo pacto non oritur actio. ex officio. ex parte. ex post facto. ex proprio motu. ex tempore. ex turpi causa non oritur actio. EXAGGERATION AND HYPERBOLE. EXAMPLES. excambion. except (as / when / where). excepting and reserving. exceptio probat regulam. exceptional circumstances. EXCEPTIONS. Order of stating exceptions. Combine exception into main concept?. EXCLAMATION MARKS. EXCLUSION CLAUSE. Operation. Liability in negligence. EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION CLAUSE. execute (a document). Meaning. Non-deeds.
Deeds. When is a document executed’?. Non-deeds. Deeds. Execution clauses. Electronic execution. execute (verb). executed as a deed. EXECUTION CLAUSE. .291 ,292 ,292 ,292 .292 ,292 ,293 ,293 ,293 ,293 .293 ,294 ,294 ,294 ,294 ,295 .295 .296 296 296 ,297 ,297 ,297 297 .298 ,298 299 ,299 ,300 ,300 300 ,300 300 300 ,301 301 301 ,301 .301 ,302 ,302 ,302 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Purpose. Effectiveness. Summaries in court judgments executor / executrix. executor de son tort. executory. executry. exemplary. exempli gratia. EXEMPTION CLAUSE. exist / subsist. existing. existing use. expect (to happen). expectancy. expectorate. expedient. expiration / expiry / end. General. Qualifications. expose. express
notice. expressió unius. EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. expressům facit cessare taciturn. extempore. Зі extent.31 f/ff.31 facsimile. 31 facta probantia. 3 fail (to do something).У failing agreement between the parties.2՜ fair and reasonabie.3՛ fair wear and tear. 3 · fait accompli. 31fallen from. 3 V falsa demonstratio non nocet. Зі FALSE NEGATIVES.3L farther / ffirther. 3 fax.3L fee simple. 311 Usage.311 Nature of fee simple.31'. A plain-language alternative— ‘freehold’. 311
Contents fee tail. . . Nature of fee tail. Terminology. ferae naturae. feu. fewer / less. fiat justitia ruat caelum. FICTITIOUS LAW REPORTS. fiduciary. FIGURES. filius nullius. final and conclusive. find / hold. fine. finis litium. first instance court. first refusal (right of). first, secondly, thirdly,. fit and proper. ‘fit and proper remedy. ‘fit and proper person. General. Fitness for office. fit out (noun, verb). fittings. fixed charge. fixed term. fixtures and fittings. flagrante delicto. flammable / inflammable.
flat. FLESCH READING EASE FORMULA. FLESCH-KINCAID GRADE LEVEL FORMULA. floating charge. FLOWCHARTS. fn. FOG INDEX. folio. following. fons et origo. FONTS. serif / sans serif. The difference. Which is better?. 313 313 314 314 314 314 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 318 318 318 318 318 319 319 319 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 320 320 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 323 324 xxvii Font size and ‘leading’. 324 Distinguish headings from text. 325 Judicial attitudes to font size. 325 Font size generally irrelevant.325 Qualification (1): prescribed font sizes.326 Qualification (2): consumerprotection legislation. 326 Qualification (3): exemption clauses.326 FOOTNOTES. 327 Be sparse with them. 327 In judgments.327 Style
issues.328 Conventions.328 In text or at foot of page?. 328 for the avoidance of doubt. 329 Purpose. 329 Arguments for and against. 329 For. 329 Against. 330 ex abundanti cautela. 330 for the purpose of.330 for the purposes of identification only .330 for the reason that.331 for the time being.331 forbid / forbade.331 force maj eure. 331 foreclosure. 332 forego / forgo. 332 forehand rent. 332 FOREIGN (NON-ENGLISH) WORDS AND PHRASES. 332 History. 332 Whether to use foreign terms. 332 Whether to italicise.333 forfeit. 334 forge (verb). 334 form of. 334 FORMATTING.334 former / latter.335
formulae. 335 FORMULAS. 335 Their uses. 335 Prefer simplicity (where possible).336 Choose helpful symbols. 336
xxviii Contents Calculations by steps. 336 Need for accuracy. .337 Worked examples. 337 foro. 337 forthwith. 338 forum non conveniens. 338 FORWARD SLASH. 339 FRACTIONS. 339 Standard conventions. ,339 FRACTIONS OF DAY. 340 fraud / fraudulent / fraudulently. 340 General meaning. 340 Special meanings. 340 free and clear. 340 free and uninterrupted. 341 free rein. ,341 freed and discharged. 341 freehold. 341 freely and voluntarily. ,341 freezing order.,342 FRI lease. 342 from (time). 342 from . (a date). .342 Usual meaning. 342 Subject to context. 342 Is there a usual meaning’ at all?. 343 Variants.,343 from . (an event). 343
Meaning.,343 Variant: from and after (an event). 344 from the beginning of the world. 344 from time to time / for the time being. 344 Meanings.,344 Sometimes unnecessary. 344 Sometimes ambiguous. 345 fructus. ,345 frustration.,345 frill and free. 346 full and sufficient.,346 Full Bench. 346 full force and effect. 346 fulsome. 346 functus officio.,347 fundamental term (of contract).,347 fungibles. 347 furnish. further. ‘FURTHER ASSURANCE’ CLAUSE. FUZZY LAW. gaming and wagering. gazumping. gazundering. geared rent. GENDER-NEUTRAL LANGUAGE. The issue. Changing attitudes. Suggested techniques. ‘he or
she’. ‘Slash’ alternatives. Issues with gender-neutral terms They as singular pronoun. The technique. Beware of ambiguity. general partner. general rule / principle. generaba specialibus non derogant. GENERALITY. gentlemens agreement. GERUNDS. get/got. Usage. gotten. give (a notice). give, devise and bequeath. GLOSSARIES.3.' gobbledegook / gobbledygook. 31 good / goods.3' good faith. Зі good marketable title.3,‘ good reason. 31 good root of title.31 goods and chattels.35 Meaning. ЗГ A plainer alternative?. 3 got / gotten. 3 GOVERNING LAW.3f government. 36 Governor-General.C
Contents grammar. .361 Relevance to interpretation. .361 Relevance to readers’ perceptions of writers. .361 .361 grandchild. grandfather clause. .362 grantor / granter. .362 .362 grassum. gratuitous. .362 Great Britain. .362 greater / lesser of. .362 green field site. .363 gremio. .363 grossing-up clause. . .363 ground rent. .363 guarantee (noun). .363 guarantee (verb). .363 guarantee / indemnity / warranty. ,363 guaranty. ,364 guardian ad litem. ,364 guidelines. ,364 habendum. .365 habile. .365 habitable / inhabitable. ,365 Hadley v Baxendale (‘limbs’ of). .365 hanged / hung. ,365 has a duty to (do something). .366
hatched. .366 have regard to. ,366 haver. .367 head up (verb). ,367 HEADINGS. ,367 Usefulness. ,367 What is a heading?. 367 Hierarchy of headings. ,368 Make it obvious. 368 Section and clause headings. 369 Part and Division headings. 369 Be generous. 369 Not too many heading-levels. 370 Running headers. 370 Legal status of headings: statutes. 370 Judicial approaches. 370 Statutory qualifications. 371 Headings added by publishers and others. 371 xxix Legal status of headings: non-statutes.371 ‘Headings do not affect interpretation.372 Forms of headings.372 Question headings. 372 Direction headings. 373 Message (‘information-rich’) headings.373 Forms of headings compared.374 Be consistent with forms of headings.374 Spacing between headings and text.374 Punctuation in
headings. 374 No full stop.375 Limited capitalisation. 375 Subject line in letters and emails.375 headings are for convenience only.375 headlease. 375 headline rent. 376 HEADS OF AGREEMENT. 376 Meaning. 376 Enforceability.376 heir. 376 Technical meaning.376 Relevance of context.377 Modern meaning.377 heir-at-law. 377 heirs, executors, administrators, successors, and assigns. 378 HENDIADYS.378 ‘HENRY ѴІІГ CLAUSE. 379 here-words. 379 hereafter. 380 hereby. 380 Almost never needed.380 To indicate a dispositive act?. 380 Sometimes ambiguous. 380 A backstop for lazy drafting?. 381 hereditament. 381 herein. 381 hereinbefore.382
heretofore. 382 hereunder. 382 herewith. 382
xxx Contents heritable / inheritable. heritage. hermeneutic circle. highway. hinc inde. hirer. hold (court decision). hold and enjoy. hold harmless. holding company. holograph. home in / hone. home invasion. homologation. honestly. honorary bencher. HONORÍFICS. hotchpot. hour (of the day). however. Meaning. Starting sentences with however. Comma splices. Ungainly. Ambiguous. howsoever. HUMOUR. Place in legal writing. Humour in court. Humour in judgments. Humorous verse. In legal documents. In judgments. HYPERBOLE.
HYPHENS. Uses. Single words. Consecutive vowels. Numbers, fractions and time. Preceding capitalised word. Suspended compounds. Modifying phrases. Foreign words. Multiple hyphen-strings. The disappearing hyphen. En dashes vs hyphens. 382 382 382 383 383 383 383 383 383 383 384 384 384 384 384 385 385 385 385 385 385 386 386 386 386 386 387 387 387 387 389 389 389 390 ,390 ,390 ,390 ,390 390 391 ,391 ,391 ,391 ,391 ,392 ,392 hypothecate. ibid / id. ibid. id. id est. idem. idiot / lunatic. ie / i.e. IF CLAUSES. if. then. if/ when. General. ‘if and when. Vesting consequences. if / where. if / whether. if [X] thinks fit. if and only if. if any. if but only if. if
not. ignoramus. ignorantia juris (legis) neminen (non) excusat. illegal / unlawful.3' immediately. 3 immigrate. 4 impact. 4f impanel. 4( impede. 4( imperative duty / directory duty.40 impertinent. 40 imply/ infer. 4( impotentia excusat legem. 40! impracticable. 401 improbative. 40* improvement (to land).401 imputed notice.402 in a case to which. 402і in absentia. 402 in accordance with. 402 in addition to. 403 in all respects. 403 in arguendo. 403 in arrears. 404 in bad faith. 404
Contents in banco. incamera. '. in case of/in cases where. in causa. in chambers. in connection with. Meaning. Use another term?. in consequence of. incuria. in dubio. in escrow. in esse / in posse. General meaning. Technical meaning. in extenso. in extremis. in flagrante delicto. in forma pauperis. in foro. in fraudem legis. infuturo. in good faith. in gremio. in gross. in hoc statu. in integrum. in its discretion. in lieu of. in limine. in loco parentis. in medias res. innubibus. in order for / in order to. in pari casu. in pari delicto
potior est conditio defendentis. in pari materia. in particular. in perpetuum. in personam / in rem. in pleno. in posse. in propria persona. in pursuance of. .404 .404 .404 .405 .405 .405 .405 .406 .406 .406 .406 .406 .407 .407 .407 .407 .408 .408 .408 .409 .409 .409 .410 .410 .410 .410 .411 .411 .411 .411 ,411 .412 ,412 .412 .412 .412 ,413 ,413 ,414 414 ,414 ,415 415 ,415 xxxi in re.415 Case names. 415 Headings in correspondence. 415 in re aliena. 415 in re propria. 415 in re suam. 416 in relation to. 416 Its reach. 416 Use a shorter expression.416 in rem.416 in respect of. 417 Indicating a link.417 Simpler substitutes: about, for. 417 in saecula saeculorum.417 in se.418 in
situ. 418 in so far as. 418 in solidum. 418 in specie. 419 in statu quo. 419 in terms of. 419 in terrorem. 420 in the event that. 420 in the form of. 421 in the matter of. 421 in the process of. 421 in totidem verbis. 422 in toto. 422 in transitu. 422 in utero. 422 in vacuo. 422 in whole or in part.423 in witness whereof (the parties have signed). 423 in writing. 424 inalienable/ unalienable.424 Inc.424 inchoate / incohate.424 incidental to. 425 inclosed. 425 includes. 425 including (but not
limited to). 425 inclusió unius est exclusió alterius. 426 INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE. 426 inclusive (of time). 426
xxxii Contents INCONSISTENT PROVISIONS. The issue. Is there an inconsistency?. Techniques for resolving inconsistency. Rule of last resort: earlier provision overrides later provision. Precedence clause. inconsistent (with). incontinent. incorporeal. incorporeal hereditament. ‘INCREASED COSTS’ CLAUSE. incumbrance. indebtedness. indefeasibility of title. indemnify (variants of). ‘indemnify and hold harmless’. ‘indemnify and keep indemnified’. ‘full and sufficient indemnity’. indemnity. INDENTING (OF TEXT). indenture. INDEX. indicate. INDICATIVE (MOOD). indicia / indicium. Indigenous / indigenous. indirect loss. individual (noun). induciae. inexpedient. infant / minor.
Usage. General. Legal. Context. infer. INFINITIVES (SPLITTING). infra. injuria. innominate term. Inns of Chancery. Inns of Court. inquire. inst. ,426 ,426 ,426 426 ,427 428 ,428 ,428 428 ,428 ,428 ,429 ,429 ,429 ,430 ,430 .430 ,430 ,431 431 ,431 .431 ,431 ,432 .432 ,432 .432 .432 ,433 ,433 .433 ,433 ,433 ,433 .433 .434 .434 .434 .434 .434 ,434 .435 .435 .435 instance. instant. Meaning ‘this month’. in the instant case. instant case (in the). instanter. instantly. institutional lease. instruct. instrument. insure / assure. intends to. INTENSIFIERS.
intention. inter alia. inter apices juris. inter partes. inter se. inter vivos. interact with one another. interest. Meaning. ‘interested person’. intermeddle. intermediate term. interment / internment. interpretation / construction (of documents). interprétation conforme. INTERPRETATION CLAUSES. Function. Issues with interpretation clauses Self-evident provisions. Imposing substantive obligations. ‘subject to contrary intention’. interpretative / interpretive. interrogatories. INTERRUPTIVE PHRASES. intestacy / intestate. intra vires. INTRODUCTORY SYMBOLS. INVECTIVE. ipse dixit. ipsissima verba. . ipso facto.
Hontems ipso jure. irregardless. irritancy. is / is being. is entitled to. -isation / -ization. -ise / -İze. Verb endings. Noun endings. issue (offspring). issue estoppel. it is open to. it is the duty of. it shall be lawful to. ITALICS. Uses. ‘Reverse’ italics. item. its / it’s. ius/jus. ius accrescendi. ius ad rem / ius in rem. ius gentium. ius quaesitum tertio. iustertii. Technical use. General use. JARGON. JJ. joint and several. Terminology. Joint liability. Several liability. Joint and several liability. Presumption. Joint / several duty or power. Joint / several benefit. joint tenant / tenant in common Tenancy in
common. Joint tenancy. Drafting dangers. joint venture. judgment (and variants) . judgment vs judgement. judgment vs advice. judgment vs ruling / decree / opinion. .445 .445 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .446 .447 .447 .448 .448 .448 .448 .448 .449 .449 ,449 ,449 ,449 .450 .450 .450 450 450 451 451 452 452 452 452 452 452 452 453 453 453 453 454 454 455 455 455 455 455 JUDICIAL HONORÍFICS. 456 England and Wales.456 Scotland. 456 Northern Ireland.456 junior counsel. 456 JURISDICTION CLAUSE. 457 Meaning. 457 Exclusive or non-exclusive?. 457 Related documents.458 juristic person. 458 jus.458 JUSTIFIED MARGINS.458 JUSTIFIED TEXT.458 КС.458 keep indemnified.458 key-money. 459 King’s Counsel. 459 know all men by these presents. 459 knowledge.
459 laches and delay. 459 lacuna. 460 Lady Day. 460 land.460 landholder / land-holder.460 landlord. 461 lapsus calami. 461 lapsus linguae. 461 LAST-ANTECEDENT RULE. 462 The rule. 462 English and Commonwealth courts. 462 US courts. 462 Punctuation. 463 last will and testament.463 latent defect. 464 LATIN. 464 Latin in legal English.464 Latin in modem law.464 Will the reader understand?. 465 Does Latin suggest false precision?. 465 Continued judicial use of Latin. 465 Italicise?. 466 Latin plurals. 466 Four guiding principles. 466 law agent. 468 LAW REPORTS. 468
xxxiv Contents lay corporation. layperson. learned (adjective). lease / let / rent (verb). Who is the leasing party?. Words of demise. lease / sublease. leave. legal. LEGAL ADVICE (FORM OF). legal charge. legal costs. LEGAL MAXIMS. legal memory. legal person. legal representative. LEGAL UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. LEGALESE. LEGISLATION (REFERENCES TO) lend / loan (verb). less. less than / more than. lessee. lesser of. lessor. lessor / lessee. letter of comfort. letter of credit. LETTER(S) OF INTENT. letters patent. LETTER-WRITING TECHNIQUES
leverage. lex. General usage. lex loci. lex non cogit ad impossibilia. lex non curat de minimis. lex scripta / lex non scripta. lex situs. Other examples. hable to. licence / license. lien. lienee / lienor. .468 .468 .468 .468 .468 ,468 .469 .469 .470 .470 .470 .470 .470 .470 .471 .471 ,471 ,471 .473 ,473 ,473 .473 ,473 .474 ,474 .474 .474 ,474 .474 .475 .475 ,475 .475 ,475 ,475 ,476 ,476 476 ,476 ,476 .477 ,477 ,477 .478 life estate. Nature of life estate. Lease for life compared. life interest. liferent. like. likely to. limitation period. Limited / Ltd. limited partner. limited partnership. LINE LENGTH. LINE SPACING. liquidated.
lis. lis alibi pendens. lis pendens. lite pendente. LISTS AND ENUMERATIONS. Usefulness. Punctuation at lead-in to list. Dash or colon?. Appositives. Punctuation within items in lists Linking items in list. Traditional convention. Repeat the conjunction?. Avoid the conjunction?. Parallel structure. Consistent flow. Undue repetition in enumerated items. Over-fragmentation. LITERARY ALLUSIONS. Their use. Biblical allusions. Limits on usefulness. litigant / litigator. LITIGATED WORDS AND PHRASES. live and reside. LJ. LLB. LLM. loan.
Contents loan-to-value ratio. loc cit. lockfast place. LOCK-UP CLAUSE. loco citato. locus. General usage. locus classicus. locus poenitentiae. locus sigilli. locus standi. lodge / register. lodgement / lodgment. lodger. LONG DASH. loophole. lost modern grant. . lucri causa. lunatic. Magna Carta. mainly. make provision for. mala in se. mala prohibita. male fide. malfeasance / misfeasance. malum. malus animus. malversation. mandamus. Mannai principle. manner in which. mansuetae naturae. manufacture. MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. Mareva injunction. margin. marginal. MARGINAL NOTES. In statutes. In other legal documents margin-of-error principle. MARGINS. marketable title. .492 .492 .492 .493
.493 .493 .493 .493 .493 .494 .494 ,494 ,494 .495 .495 .495 .495 .496 .496 .496 .496 .496 .496 ,497 .497 .497 .497 .497 ,497 .498 .498 .498 ,499 ,499 .499 ,499 .499 .500 ,500 .500 ,500 ,500 ,501 501 ,501 XXXV marshalling. 501 Meaning. 501 Plain-language equivalents. 501 master (of ship).502 master and servant.502 material (adjective).502 General. 502 material change / material adverse change.503 matter. 503 MAXIM. 503 may. 504 may as discretion.504 may as entitlement (but still discretion).504 Usage. 504 Potential for ambiguity. 505 may as entitlement plus duty. 505 may as must. 506 may as possibility.506 may’ vs ‘might’.506 may have a [right]’. 507 may as indicating hypothetical state of affairs.507 may be (something).507 may
not. 507 may only. 508 mea culpa. 508 means / includes.508 Normal usages.508 ‘A means B’.508 A includes B’.508 ‘A means and includes B’. 509 Ά means and may include B’. 510 Where ‘includes’ means ‘means’.510 ‘includes but is not limited to’. 510 ‘means but does not include’. 511 ‘includes . but does not include.’ .511 medium filum aquae.511 medium filum fluminis. 511 MEDIUM-NEUTRAL CITATIONS.511 meliorate. 511 MEMORANDUM OF ADVICE. 512
xxxvi Contents MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING. memorandums/ memoranda. memorial. mens rea. MERGER CLAUSE. Contract law. Property law. mesne. messuage. METAPHORS. metes and bounds. METHOD STATEMENTS. mezzanine debt. Michaelmas Day. midnight. Midsummer Day. might (auxiliary). minerals. Minerals generally. Royal minerals. minor. minore aetate. mirror wills / mutual wills. misfeasance. MISPLACED MODIFIERS. misprision of treason. missives. Mitsui principle. MODIFIERS. Care with placement. Omit where superfluous. modus operandi.
moiety. Meaning ‘half’. Meaning some other (equal) proportion. money. Meaning. Plural. money laundering. moneys worth. Meaning. A suggested substitute. 512 ,512 512 512 512 512 512 ,512 513 513 514 514 514 ,515 515 515 515 515 515 ,515 516 516 516 516 ,516 517 ,517 ,517 517 ,517 ,517 518 ,518 519 519 519 519 519 ,520 ,520 520 .520 ,520 month. Possible meanings in law. Meaning at common law. General. Effect of context. Legislative changes. Calculating calendar’ month Corresponding-date rule. monthly. MOOD (OF VERBS). moot point. moral turpitude. moratorium / moratoria. more or less. more suo. more than / less than. more than / over. more than one. mortgage indemnity insurance. mortgagee / mortgagor. mortis causa. mortmain. Mother Hubbard
clause. motu proprio. movable / moveable. multi / multi-. muniment of title. must. must not. mutatis mutandis. Meaning. An imprecise term. Use another term. mutual. mutual wills. namely. NAMES (of parties). In litigation. Short names. natural person. NB. ne plus ultra. nec vi, пес clam, пес precario.
Contents necessary. j. A protean word. ;. Tempered by‘reasonableness. ‘considers necessary. need / want. need not. negative easement. NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS. negative pledge. neighbourhood. neither. nor. Usage. Singular or plural?. Negatives-string causing ambiguity Nelsonian knowledge. nem con. nemdiss. nemine contradicente / nemine dissentiente. nemo dat quod [qui] non habet. nemo debet bis vexări pro una et eadem causa. nemo debet esse judex in propria causa. nemo judex. nephew / niece. NESTED INFORMATION. net-off. next-of-kin. nexus. nihil ad rem. nihil obstat. ninety-nine years (lease).
nisi. nisi prius. ‘NO ASSIGNMENT’ CLAUSE. Meaning. Limitations. no earlier than. no later than. ‘NO MERGER’CLAUSE. ‘NO ORAL MODIFICATION’ CLAUSE. no question but that. no recourse’ loan. .529 .529 .529 .530 .530 .530 .530 .531 .531 .531 .531 .531 .531 .532 .532 .532 .532 .532 .533 .533 .533 .534 .534 .534 .534 .534 .534 ,535 ,535 ,535 ,535 ,535 ,535 535 536 536 536 536 536 537 537 xxxvii ‘NO RELIANCE’ CLAUSE. 537 ‘NO VARIATION’ CLAUSE. 537 ‘NO WAIVER’ CLAUSE. 538 noisome / noisy.539 nolens volens.539 nolle prosequi.539 ‘NOM’ CLAUSE.539 nomen juris. 540 NOMINALISATIONS. 540 Nominate Reports.540 nominatim. 540 nominee. 541 non / non-. 541 As a prefix. 541 As separate
word.542 With adjectives.542 non compos mentis.542 non constat. 543 non est factum. 543 non haec in foedera veni. 543 non liquet. 544 non obstante. 544 non sequitur. 544 nonage. 545 ‘NON-ASSIGNABILITY’ CLAUSE.545 NON-EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION CLAUSE. 545 none. 545 noscitur a sociis.545 not. unless /not. until. 546 not earlier than.546 not later than.546 not later than = on. 546 not later than . before. 546 not less than (a number).547 not less than (time).547 General principle.547 Exceptions.547 Prefer positive statements. 548 not more than (a number of). 548 not required to.548 nota bene. 548 NOTES and EXAMPLES.
548 Notes. 548 Examples. 549
xxxviii Contents Location of notes and examples. Cautions in use. Do not overwhelm the text. Do not state the obvious. Do not use to insert substantive material. Do not go beyond meaning of the text. Part of text?. NOTICE CLAUSE. Purpose. Terminology. ‘Deemed receipt’ of notice. notice / knowledge. notice / prior notice. notice to complete. notice to perform / notice to complete. Notice to perform. Notice to complete. notice to quit / notice to terminate. Notice to quit. Notice to terminate. notify. notwithstanding. notwithstanding anything in this agreement to the contrary. NOUN / VERB CORRELATION. NOUN STRINGS. NOUNS /VERBS. Prefer verbs over nouns. Caution: do not obscure the legal act. novation / assignment. novus actus interveniens. now. now this deed witnesseth.
noxious. nudum pactum. nuisance. null and void. nuha poena sine lege. NUMBER. NUMBERING SYSTEMS. Three main systems. Indentation. Renumbering when adding or deleting provisions. 549 549 549 549 549 549 550 551 ,551 551 551 552 553 553 553 553 553 ,554 ,554 554 ,554 ,554 ,555 ,555 ,555 556 ,556 ,558 558 ,558 559 55 9 559 ,560 ,560 560 561 ,562 .562 ,562 ,562 ,563 NUMBERS. Cardinal numbers. Standard conventions. Zeros. Number as part of term. Number spans. Words or numbers?. Use numerals only?. Starting sentences with numerals?. Parallel constructions—prefer numbers. Don’t mix numerals and words. Pronoun: one’ or T?. . Ordinal numbers. Numbers with unusual meanings. Age. Doubling-up: words and figures. NUMERALS. numerus clausus. nunc pro tunc.
nuncupative. obiter dictum. OBJECT CLAUSE . obligant. obligated (to). obligee / obligor. observe and perform. Either word wifi do. . Meaning indemnify. . obviously. of (as wordy preposition). . of even date herewith. of which. offence / offense. office (position). off-the-plan. ombudsman. omission. omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem. omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta. on (a date). Calculating a period. Performing an obligation. on /upon. on behalf of. on demand.
Contents xxxix on or about.ļ. on the ground that. on the part of. one- (fraction). one (pronoun). Substitutive use. one (personal pronoun). one + name. only. Care with placement. may only. only if. onus probandi. op cit. opere citato. opine (verb). opinion. or. ORAL VARIATION OF DOCUMENTS. oral / verbal. order nisi. ORDINALS. ORDINARY SENSE OF WORDS. ore tenus. ORGANISATION (STRUCTURE) OF DOCUMENTS. ORPHANED HEADINGS. ORWELL’S PRECEPTS. other. otherwise. Meaning. Avoid comma splice. ouster. outgoings. OUTLINES.
outwith. over (an age). over (measurement). . overriding interest. OVERVIEW. owing to the fact that. owner. OXFORD COMMA. pacta sunt servanda. PAIRINGS. Pâini tree justice. .573 .573 .573 .573 .574 .574 .574 .574 .574 .574 .575 .575 .576 .576 .576 .576 .576 .576 .577 .577 .577 .577 .577 .578 .578 .578 .578 .579 ,579 .579 ,579 .579 .579 580 .580 580 .580 .580 581 581 581 581 581 581 581 par in parem non habet imperium.582 para. 582 paradox. 582 PARAGRAPHS.582 Topic sentence.582 Transitions.583 Paragraph length.583 PARALLEL STRUCTURE. 583 paraphernalia.584 PARENTHESES.584 pace. 584 parens patriae.584 parent. 585 pari passu. 585 pari
ratione.585 parliament.586 parol/parole.586 Part. 586 particeps. 586 General meaning.586 particeps criminis.586 PARTICIPLE PHRASES. 587 PARTICIPLES.587 Participles and relative clauses. 587 Redrafting participle phrases and relative clauses.587 PARTIES’ NAMES.587 partus sequitur ventrem. 587 party. 588 Main meanings.588 ‘third parties’.588 Death of a party.588 party wall. 589 pass and repass.589 passim. 589 PASSIVE VOICE.590 patent defect. 590 pauperus. 590 payable on demand.590 penalty. 590 pendente lite. 590 people
that. 591 peppercorn rent.591 per. 591 Meaning ‘by’ (a judge). 591 Meaning ‘each’.591 per capita. 592
xl Contents per cent. One word or two?. Percentage symbol. Singular or plural?. ‘Per year’ implied. per centum. per contra. per curiam. per diem. per incuriam. per my [mie] et per tout. per procurationem. per quod consortium [servitium] amisit . per se. per stirpes. Meaning. Plain-language equivalent. per totam curiam. percentage. PERCENTAGES. perform and discharge. periculo. period of time. Sometimes redundant. Sometimes useful. An indefinite period?. perjure[d] / perjurious. permit (verb). persistently. person. Meaning. Clarifying definitions. A gender-neutral term. Can you lighten-up?. person aggrieved. person interested. personal
estate. personal property. personal representative. personate / impersonate. peruse. pessimi exempli . phenomenon. PHRASAL ADJECTIVES. piece or parcel [of land] . 592 592 592 592 592 593 593 593 593 593 594 594 594 594 595 595 595 595 595 595 595 596 596 596 596 ,597 597 597 597 ,598 ,598 598 599 599 599 599 599 600 ,600 600 ,600 ,601 601 ,601 601 PINPOINT REFERENCES. placitum. PLAIN ENGLISH. PLAIN LANGUAGE. The term. Definitions of ‘plain language’. Non-judicial definitions. Judicial definitions. Statutory definitions. A new term: ‘transparency’. Judicial taunts. Judicial support. Benefits of plain language. Efficiency. Disclosing errors. Image of legal profession. Difficulties in moving to plain language. Cost. Loss of precedent-value. Changes in substance. Closer judicial scrutiny. Going too far?. PLAIN LEGAL LANGUAGE.
PLANS. Inaccurate plans. . Discrepancy between plan and words. pleaded / pled. ¿ plenum. . plurality. General meaning. Legal meaning (‘plurality judgment’’ PLURALS. plus quam tolerabile. POLITENESS. poll. POPULAR CASE NAMES. portion. positive easement. POSITIVES / NEGATIVES. Accentuate the positive. . Prefer positive sentences. Prefer positive compound expressions. Negatives sometimes compulsory.
Contents Double negatives. The problem. Hedging double negativesintentional. Hedging double negativescareless. Triple negatives. POSSESSIVES. Practice. Benefits of і form of possessive. Brevity. Avoiding ambiguity. Taking advantage of stress point in sentence. Keeping related elements together. Statutory aberrations. Gerunds. Time periods. possessory title. post hoc ergo propter hoc. post obit. postscriptum. potior (melior) est conditio defendentis. POWER OF ATTORNEY. Purpose. Drafting style. Signing ‘under. PP. Abbreviation for pages. Abbreviation for per procurationem. practicable / practical. practicable. practical. . practical
completion. praedial. praesumptio; praesumitur; praesumuntur. prayer. PRECEDENCE CLAUSE. PRECEDENT. The doctrine of precedent. Legal forms. Conditions ‘precedent’. .614 .614 .614 ,614 ,615 ,615 615 616 616 616 616 616 617 617 617 617 617 618 618 618 618 618 619 619 619 619 619 619 619 620 620 620 620 621 621 622 622 622 623 xli precondition. 623 predecessor in title. 623 pre-empt / preempt.623 pre-exist / preexist.624 preliminary to. 624 premises. 624 That which has gone before. 624 The parts of a deed that precede the habendum.625 Land or buildings.625 Meaning. 625 Plural form.625 PREPOSITIONS.626 At sentence-end.626 Repeating after conjunction. 626 Wordy compound prepositions.627 Wordy of phrases.627 prescribe / proscribe.628 prescription / adverse
possession. 628 British and Commonwealth usage.628 Prescription.628 Adverse possession.628 US usage. 629 PRESENT TENSE.629 present time (at the).629 presents (document).629 presume. 629 PRESUMPTIONS.630 Their nature.630 Drafting considerations. 630 preventive / preventative. 630 previous to. 630 prima facie. 631 Prefer English.631 Inherent compiexity?.631 primo loco. 631 primus inter pares / prima inter pares.631 principal / principle.631 prior [est] tempore potior [est] jure.632 prior notice. 632 prior to. 632 PRIORITY AGREEMENT. 632 privilege. 633 privity / privy.633 privity. 633 privy. 633
xiii Contents pro bono. pro forma. pro hac vice. pro loco et tempore. pro non scripto. pro rata. pro re nata. pro tanto. pro tempore. probable. probative. PROCEDURAL TAGS. proceedings. process. procure (that something be done). professes to. profit à prendre. profit à rendre. PROLIXITY. The problem. The reasons. The cure. promissory estoppel. promptly. PRONOUNS. Use them. We/You. Pronouns for collective (group’) nouns. Relative pronouns. PROOFREADING .
The need. The techniques. Proofreaders’ marks. proportion (of / as). proprio motu. proprio vigore. proscribe. prospectus. protected person. provided / provided that. provision. Meaning (1): part of a document. Meaning (2): benefits provided by’ a document. Variant: ‘make provision for’. 633 ,634 ,634 634 634 635 ,635 ,635 635 635 636 636 636 636 636 636 ,637 637 638 638 639 639 641 641 642 642 642 ,642 ,642 643 643 ,643 644 645 .645 645 645 646 .646 646 646 ,646 .646 ,647 PROVISOS. Origins. The proper role of provisos. The misuse of provisos. Cascading provisos. Provisos and the burden of proof. Provisos and interpretation. proximity. proximo/prox. PS. public domain. public holiday. Meaning. Performance of obligation on public
holiday. puisne. punctual. PUNCTUATION. Traditional legal view: avoid punctuation. Modern legal view: use normal punctuation. Punctuation and the judge. Commas., Semicolons. Full stops. Paragraph breaks. Quotation marks. . Spacing following punctuation. Consistency with punctuation. pupil. pur autre vie.; purchaser. purports to.; purpose. PURPOSE CLAUSE. pursuant to. Meaning under, by. Potential ambiguity. . More subtle meanings. « ‘by the authority of’. complying with’ / ‘in conformity with’.pursuer. put option.··: QC. *■-:
Contents qua. quaere. QUALIFIERS. . QUALIFYING PHRASES. ■■ quantum meruit. quantum sufficit. quarter day. quash. quasi-. Queens Counsel. question whether. QUESTIONS.■. Direct / indirect questions. Question marks. qui fecit per alium fecit per se. qui prior est temporel,] potior est jure quia timet. quicquid plantator solo, solo cedit quid pro quo. quiet enjoyment. quilibet potest renunciare juri pro se introducto. quit. quo animo. quoad hoc. quod erat demonstrandum. quod vide. quondam. quorum. QUOTATION MARKS. QUOTATIONS. Formatting conventions. Lead-in punctuation. Capitalisation at start of quotations. Quotation marks: single or
double?. Quotation marks for block quotations. Punctuation marks: inside or outside quotation marks?. Emphasis and omissions. Explaining altered emphasis. Omitting citations from quotations. Ellipses in quotations. .659 .659 .659 .659 .660 . 660 . 660 .660 .661 .661 .661 .662 .662 . 662 .662 . 662 .663 .663 . 664 . 664 .664 .664 .664 . 665 . 665 .665 . 665 . 665 . 666 . 666 .666 .666 , 666 666 667 667 667 667 668 668 xliii Lengthy quotations. 668 Do you need them?.668 Cascading quotations.669 qv. 669 rack rent / rack-rent / rackrent. 669 ransom strip.670 RATCHET CLAUSE. 670 rateable. 670 ratio decidendi.670 re. 670 READABILITY TESTS. 670 Purpose.670 Example.671 Before (text of original statute).671 After (plain English revision). 672 Court use.672 Limits on usefulness. 672 ready and willing. 673 ready,
able, and willing.673 real property. 674 realty.674 reasonable. 674 Issues. 674 Prefer certainty.675 reasonable grounds / belief (etc). 675 reasonable doubt. 676 reasonable endeavours. 676 reasonable necessity. 676 reasonable time. 676 reasonable wear and tear. 677 rebut / reftite.677 RECITALS.677 Nature of recitals.677 Terminology of recitals.677 Whereas. 677 Recital of / to’ this agreement.678 Uses of recitals.678 To provide an easy way into the document.678 To help interpret the document. 678 To set up an estoppel. 679 To pass title to land. 680 To obtain statutory presumption of truth of statement. 680
xliv Contents To preserve a party’s rights. 680 To facilitate the implication of terms. 680 Abuses of recitals. 681 Recitals containing substantive obligations. 681 Recitals and notice. 681 Definitions in recitals. 681 Recitals and supplemental instruments. 682 reckless. 682 recognizance. 682 rectification. 682 recuse. 683 red tape. ,683 reddendo singula singulis. 683 redeem. 684 REDRAFTING IN PLAIN ENGLISH. 684 Prune superfluous words and phrases.684 Choose simpler words and phrases. 685 Improve structure. .686 ‘Sense-bites’ approach. ,687 REDUNDANCIES. ,690 The issue. .690 Removing redundancies. ,691 REFERENCES TO DOCUMENT CLAUSES.691 REFERENCES TO LEGISLATION.,691 referendum / referenda. ,691
refute. .691 Register / Registrar. .691 registrable / registerable. .692 Registrar-General.692 regulation. .692 rehearing. .692 relating to.692 General meaning. ,692 Special meaning: land law. .693 RELATIVE CLAUSES. .693 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. .693 release / re-lease.693 relict. .693 remainder / reversion.693 remainder.693 reversion.694 remainderman. remediate. re-mediate. remise. rent. rents and profits (of land) RENUMBERING. renumerate. repair. replace. represents and warrantsrépudiation . require. Meaning. Wordiness. requisitions. res. res gestae. res integra. res
inter alios. res ipsa loquitur. Meaning. Prefer plain English. res judicata / res adjudicata res nullius. rescind / terminate / end ‘rescind’ vs ‘terminate’ ‘rescind’. ‘terminate’. Imprecise uses. ‘end’. reservation/exception. respective. respondeat superior. rest, residue and remainder restitutio in integrum. restore / re-store. restricted entail. result of. retention of title. retroactive / retrospective. rev’d. reversion. reversionary. reversionary interest. reversioner. . revert back (to).
Contents revising text. ř-рѵоіѵіпб warranty.՛*" SetoRICAL questions. right (as of). right and liberty. right of first refusal. right of pre-emption. right of way. right, title and interest. Romalpa clause. root of title. ROUND BRACKETS. roup. Royal minerals. ruat caelum. rule. Rule in [X’s case]. rule of thumb. rulemaking. ruling. said. SALUTATIONS. same. sanction. SANDWICH CONSTRUCTIONS SARCASM. Sarcasm vs wit. Sarcasm in court. Sarcasm directed at legislative drafters. save / save for / save and except for, SC. sc. SCHEDULES.
Purposes. Terminology. Linking schedules to main document. Interpretation. Signatures—before or after schedules?. scienter. scilicet. scintilla. General meaning. scintilla juris. scintilla temporis. .707 .707 .707 .707 .708 .708 .708 .708 .709 .709 .709 .709 .709 .710 .710 .710 .710 .710 .7Ю .711 .711 .711 .711 .712 .712 .712 .713 .713 .714 .715 .715 .715 ,715 .715 ,715 ,716 ,716 716 716 717 717 717 717 718 xlv Non-technical use. 718 Technical use.718 SCOPING PROVISION. 718 scot-free. 719 seal. 719 section. 719 SECTIONS (REFERENCES TO). 719 secundum. 719 sed quaere. 719 seisin / seizin.720 semble. 720 Normal use: ‘it seems’. 720 Occasional use: indicating apparent error in original. 720
semi-. 721 SEMICOLONS.721 To link sentences.721 To group related items in list. 721 To encourage closer focus on items in list.722 Senior Counsel.722 sensu stricto. 722 SENTENCE LENGTH.722 The problem. 722 The ideal: maximum 20-25 words.723 Techniques for shortening sentences.723 (1) Use lists.724 (2) Divide sentence into shorter sentences.725 (3) Remove embedded information.727 Further improvements. 728 (1) Vary sentence lengths. 728 (2) For emphatic conclusion, use a short sentence. 729 SENTENCE STRUCTURE. 729 Subject-verb-object. 729 Put general information before specific.731 Change adverbial clauses to adjectival clauses. 731 Consider subordination. 731 End sentences forcefully. 731 Prefer parallel structure. 732 Link consecutive sentences. 732 separatim. 734
xlvi Contents seq. sergeant / serjeant. General meanings. serjeant-at-law. SERIAL COMMA. seriatim. serious. servant. serve / give (notices). Meanings. Receipt of notice. Service formalities. service selfie. servient tenement. servitude . SESQUIPEDALIANISM. set-off / set off. SET-OFF CLAUSE. Meaning. Drafting. General considerations. Qualified clauses. ‘Set-off’ versus net-off’. Other issues. settler / settlor. SEVERABILITY CLAUSE. severable. several. Indicating separateness. Indicating numbers. Meaning respectively’. Meaning ‘sole’ or exclusive’ severalty. sewer / sewage / sewerage. shall / must. . shall as legalese. The confusing uses of shall. shall as triggering event. Lease. Will. shall meaning may. Interpretation. ‘shall and may’ (combined term). 734 734 734
734 735 .735 735 735 735 ,735 .736 ,736 737 ,737 ,737 ,737 ,738 .738 738 ,739 739 ,739 .739 ,740 .740 ,740 ,741 ,741 ,741 ,741 ,741 .742 ,742 ,742 ,742 ,742 ,742 ,744 ,744 .744 .744 .744 ,745 Prefer must over shall. A new general rule. Specify the consequences of breach. can ‘must’ mean ‘may’?. ‘must’ as facultative, not mandate (directory). A softer tone: ‘is to’, agrees to’. must / will. must / should. Be consistent. Negatives ֊shall not / must not / may not. Terminology. Consequences of breach?. shall denoting simple future tense correspondence. shall be lawful for. shaft be the duty of. shall not. . sham. . share and share alike. shifting interest / springing interest SHORT DASH. SHORT NAMES. SHORT TITLE. shortly after. shortly after (a date). should. shut-eye knowledge. sic. . sic utere tuo ut alienum
non laedas side deal. . SIDE NOTES. sign / signature. SIGNAL WORDS. signed, sealed and delivered. signing and sealing. . delivery. ‘Executed as a deed’. SIGN-OFFS. . signpost definition. silk. SIMILES.
Contents sSi№W°RDSANDPHRASES Use them. Simpler substitutes. ^ss'ïïïSïiNÏs՛:::::: The concept. In legislation. In private-sector legal documents. Content of simplified outline. since. sine. sine die. sine qua non. SINGULAR /PLURAL. Prefer the singular. Mix of singular and plural. Avoid parenthetical plurals. Beware of ambiguity. ‘Singular includes plural’ (and vice versa). The clause. ‘Subject to context’. singular includes plural. singuli in solidum. situate at. skeleton argument. SLASH. SMOG FORMULA. so as to. so long as. sodus / socii. sole and exclusive. SOLIDUS. sovran.
SMCING. special circumstances. special loss. special tail. specialty. spede. specify. .755 .755 .755 .756 .774 .775 .775 .775 .776 .777 .777 ,777 .777 .778 ,778 .778 .779 ,779 .779 ,779 ,779 780 ,780 780 ,781 ,781 781 .781 781 ,781 ,782 782 .782 782 .782 782 783 783 783 783 783 xlvii specious / spurious. 784 spes successionis. 784 spinster.784 SPLIT INFINITIVES. 784 The issue. 784 The solution: split where idiomatic.785 sponte sua.785 springing interest. 785 spurious.785 SQUARE BRACKETS. 785 squatter’s title.785 SQUINTING MODIFIERS. 786 stakeholder. 786 STANDARD FORMS. 786 Advantages and disadvantages.786 Standard interpretation. 786 stare decisis.787 starting with / starting
from. 787 State / state.787 status quo.787 status quo ante. 788 statute-barred.788 statutes general. 788 STATUTES (REFERENCES TO). 788 stet.788 stilheide.788 storey / storeys. 788 strata / stratum. 789 stricken / struck.789 strict! juris.790 stricto sensu.790 STRUCTURE.790 structure / structural. 790 sua sponte.791 sub.791 sub judice.791 sub modo.792 sub nom.792 sub nomine.792 subject matter. 792 subject to [a provision]. 793 Indicating priority. 793 Indicating
limitation. 793 Complex interactions. 793
xlviii Contents subject to contract. Meaning. Variants. Conduct of the parties. subject to finance. subject to this Agreement. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT. Conventions. Relevance in case law. Mistakes. subjudice. SUBJUNCTIVE / INDICATIVE. Usage. Potential for ambiguity. sublease / assignment. sublease / sub-lease. sublease / underlease. submortgage. subordinate legislation. subpoena. subprime. subscribe. SUBSECTIONS (REFERENCES TO) subsequent to. subsidiary company. subsist. substantially. successor in title. Strict usage. Imprecise usage. such. Such as a referent. Generally unnecessary.
An exception?. Potential ambiguity. Such meaning any. Such in series. Such in wordy expressions. ‘such . (ifany)’. ‘such . as’ / ‘such as’. suffer. Meaning allow. In word pairings. ‘suffer or allow’. ‘suffer or permit’. ‘suffer or incur’. ,793 793 ,793 ,794 ,794 ,794 ,794 ,794 ,795 .795 ,796 796 796 796 ,797 ,797 ,797 ,797 ,797 797 ,798 798 ,798 ,798 798 799 799 ,799 799 800 ,800 800 ,800 800 ,801 ,801 ,801 ,802 ,802 802 ,802 ,802 ,802 802 802 .803 sufferance.8f suggestio falsi.81 sui juris. 81 suitable. 8Г sum of (money) .8Г Superfluous?.8Г Prefer amount. 8Г SUMMARY.8tt summon / summons. 8Г sunset. 8t SUNSET CLAUSE.8Г sup cit. 8Г SUPERFLUOUS MATERIAL.81 Delete it.81
Qualification.81 supersede / supercede. 8Ö supplemental to.80 suppressio veri.80 supra. 80' supra citatum.80' SURPLUSAGE (PRESUMPTION AGAINST).807 The presumption. 80" Limitations.801 survivorship (right of). 801 suspects (verb).801 SYMBOLS.801 synallagmatic.801՜ SYNONYM STRINGS. 809 SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY.809 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 809 Usefulness.809 Grouping topics in table. 810 TABLES. 811 Purpose.811 Table Tines’.812 tabula in naufragio. 812 Technical use. 812 Non-technical use. 813 tabula rasa.813 take effect.814 TAUTOLOGIES.814 tax. 814
taxation (of costs).815 TECHNICAL TERMS. 815 tempus / tempore / temporis. 815
Contents tenancy for a term of years. .815 .816 tenant. tenant for years. .816 tenant in common. .816 tenant-like manner. .816 tenement. .816 tenor. .817 TENSE. .817 Prefer the present tense. .817 For documents that speak continuously. .817 For simplicity. .817 Consistency in use. .818 Judicial approach to tense. .818 term. .819 term (of lease). .820 terminate. .820 terminate by notice of [stated period] . .820 termination ‘for convenience’. .821 TERMINOLOGY (CONSISTENCY OF). .821 terminus. .821 termor. .821 terms and conditions. .821 TERMS OF ART. .822 Meaning. .822 Definition and examples. .822 Pseudo terms of art. .822 Terms of art with ordinary meanings. .823
Interpreting terms of art. .823 General rule. .823 Exceptions. .824 How to deal with terms of art. 824 1. Replace term with plainlanguage equivalent. ,825 2. Retain term, but explain it. ,825 3. Explain term in glossary or note. ,825 4. Use term in heading, but plain language in text. 825 Terms of art and overall purpose of document. 826 Leases. 826 xlix Mortgages.826 Easements and restrictive covenants.827 Penalties. 827 terra nullius. 828 Territory / territory.828 tertium quid. 828 test case. 828 testator / testatrix.829 testatum. 829 testimonium. 829 TESTING. 829 TESTING CLAUSE.829 TEXTUAL AMENDMENTS. 830 Techniques. 830 Piecemeal amendment (‘textual’ amendment).830 Amendment by strike-out. 830 Amendment by
schedule. 831 Substituting entire provision. 831 Renumbering provisions. 831 Inserting provisions: statutes. 831 Inserting provisions: documents other than statutes. 831 Deleting numbers: statutes. 832 Deleting numbers: documents other than statutes. 832 Reusing numbers.832 Amending headings to reflect amended content.832 Etiquette and the ‘style’ of amendments.832 Consistency of style.833 A deed to amend a deed?. 833 that / which. 833 that. 833 which. 834 Does the ‘that/which’ distinction matter?. 834 Yes. 834 An exception?.834 Two further ‘that’ issues. 834 1. Keep that close to its noun.834 2. ѓ/шѓ-đeletion.835 that / who. 835
1 Contents that is to say. the. the provisions of. the question (of) whether. then. thenceforth. there is / there are. there- words. thereabouts. thereafter. thereby. therefore / therefor. thereinafter / thereinbefore. thereof. thereto. theretofore. therewith. these presents. they (singular pronoun) . thinks fit. third party. THROAT-CLEARING PHRASES. ticket cases. timber. TIME. Vagueness of expression. Presumption of local time. Fractions of day. Hour ofday. time immemorial. time of the essence. Two
meanings. Non-technical meaning: a deadline (but no breach of contract involved). Technical meaning: conferring right to terminate for breach. Use another term?. Add an explanation?. time out of mind. time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. timeous. title deeds. to avoid doubt. .835 ,835 .836 .836 ,836 836 836 ,837 .837 838 838 839 .839 ,839 ,839 ,840 840 840 ,840 840 841 841 842 842 ,843 ,843 843 844 844 844 ,845 845 845 ,845 .845 846 846 ,846 .846 ,847 ,847 to be. to like effect. to the same effect as. to wit. TONE. Meaning. Aim for ‘formal yet friendly’. Avoid polemics. Difficulties in lightening tone TORRENTIAL STYLE OF DRAFTING. tortious / tortuous / torturous. totidem verbis . toties quoties. touch and concern. toward / towards. Usage. Wordy substitute for to. tracing. transaction. 8‘ transfer
(noun). 8' transfer (verb) .8.' transfer and assign.8' transferable development right. 81 transmit. 8,e TRANSPARENCY.81 treasure trove. 8Г trespassers wifi be prosecuted. 81 trifle.85 ‘trifling’. 85: ‘trifle with’. 85 TRIPLETS. 85 true copy. 85 trustee de son tort.85 truster.85 turnover rent. 85 tutor / tutrix. 85-. TYPOGRAPHY. 85 uberrimae fidei. 851 ubi jus [ius] ibi remedium.85ť ufi.85ft ultimata. 85ft ultimo.85ultra vires. 856 unclean hands. 85/
Contents ,857 ,857 under. under (and.·) ■·····.;·". ,857 under / in accordance with. ,858 under / in connection with. ,858 under hand. ,858 under seal. ,859 underlease. ,859 undertaking. 859 unencumbered. ,859 uninterested. 859 United Kingdom. ,859 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT. 860 unlawful. 860 unless. ,860 unless and until. 860 unless the context otherwise requires ,860 Definition clauses. 860 Interpretation clauses. 862 until (a date). .862 until such time as. 862 unwilling. ,862 unwritten law. ,863 up to. 863 up to (a date). 863 up to (an amount). 863 upon/on. 863 Prefer on. 863 Exceptions?. 863 Possible ambiguity. 864 Denoting causation or
time?. 864 Denoting unclear time. 864 upon the expiration of. 864 use (verb). 864 use and enjoy. ,865 user. 865 usque ad coelum et ad inferos. 866 usque ad filum aquae / viae. 866 usual (terms). 866 ut infra. 867 ut res magis valeat quam pereat. 867 Meaning. 867 Avoid the Latin. 868 ut supra. 868 utilise. 868 unconscionable. li utter. 868 v (abbreviation).868 vacant possession.869 VAGUENESS. 869 The issue. 869 Tread carefully.870 valid and binding.870 valuable / invaluable.870 valuable consideration.870 VARIATION OF DOCUMENTS. 870 vary or modify.870 Synonyms. 870 Extent of variation or modification .870 venire de
novo.871 verba accipienda sunt secundum subjectam materiam. 871 verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem.871 verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat quam pereat. 872 verbal. 872 VERBAL AWARENESS (LACK OF).872 verbatim. 872 VERBS. 873 versus. 873 vest. 873 Meaning. 873 Preference in favour of vesting. 873 vi et armis. 873 via media. 874 vicinity. 874 vide. 874 videlicet. 874 vinculum. 875 VIRGULE. 875 vis major. 875 vitiate. 875 viz. 875 VOICE. 876 void / voidable.876 The
distinction.876 Void meaning voidable. 876 absolutely void.876 volens. 877 volenti non fit injuria.877
Hi Contents voluntary / volunteer. wager. waifs. wait and see / wait-and-see. waiver. Meaning. Confused usage. want. ward of court. warrants and represents. warranty. warranty of authority. warranty of good standing. was. waste. Terminology. Land law: the four categories of waste. Permissive waste. Voluntary waste. Equitable waste. Ameliorating waste. waste land. wasted costs order. wayleave / way-leave. we/you. Increasing use of we / you. Capitalising we / you?. Plural you. Extended you. Joint promises. ‘We’ as promisors. ‘We’ as promisees. Boilerplate provision. wear and tear. Legal usage. Plain language: warnings. WEBSITES. Wednesbury reasonableness. week.
Meaning. week’s notice. well and truly. whatever / whatsoever. Needed?. Euisdem generis?. 877 877 878 878 878 878 878 879 879 879 879 879 880 880 880 880 880 880 881 881 881 881 881 882 882 882 882 883 883 883 883 884 ,884 884 884 884 ,885 ,885 885 885 886 ,886 ,886 ,886 886 when. whenever. where. where / when. Different usages?. Ambiguous where? whereas. whereby. 8; whether. 8i ‘as to whether’.8l of whether.81 ‘whether or not’. 8; ‘as to whether or not’. 8 which / that.8S whichever is the less.8' while. 8 Temporal or causative?. 81 Meaning although. 81 whilst. 8!. WHITE SPACE.8 Whitsunday.8L who / whom / whose. 8f who. 8S
whom. 8S whose. 8?' WHOLE DOCUMENT (PRINCIPLE OF INTERPRETATION). 8?' ‘WHOLE AGREEMENT’ CLAUSE.89' whole or any part of. 89' wholly. 89: whom. 89? whomever / whomsoever. 89? whose. 893 whose / of which.893 whosever / whosever’s. 894 wilful. 894 Meaning. 894 In combination with other terms.895 ‘wilful default’.895 ‘wilful neglect’.895 ‘wilful misconduct’. 895 ‘wilful wrongdoing’. 895 wilful default.895 wilful misconduct.895 wilful neglect.896
Contents .896 will. Indicating obligation. .896 Pointing to future event. .896 .896 windfall. .897 WIT. with a view to.897 with cause. .897 with reference to.897 with respect to.897 Within [a period] from. 898 Calculating the period. ,898 Performance up until last moment.,898 Too early?. ,898 without affecting / limiting the generality of. . 899 without cause.,899 without prejudice. 899 Technical meaning.,899 A misunderstood term. 900 without prejudice to. 900 To preserve existing rights or offers.,900 Usage. 900 Effectiveness. .901 A plainer-language alternative. ,901 To preserve the force of a provision against a contrasting or overlapping provision. 901 without prejudice to the generality of. 901 WOOLF REFORMS. 902 WORD ORDER. 902
WORD PAIRINGS. 902 liii WORD STRINGS.903 The problem. 903 The excuses. 904 The dangers.904 Risk of gaps.904 Reader switch-off.904 WORDINESS. 905 WORDS AND FIGURES. 905 Historical convention: double-up.905 Modern convention: figures alone.905 Resolving conflicts between words and figures.906 Commercial documents. 906 Wills. 906 WORDS AND PHRASES (LITIGATED).906 WORDS OF APPROXIMATION.907 words of limitation.907 words of procreation.907 words of purchase.907 working day. 908 works (noun). 908 would. 908 writing (noun).908 WRITTEN ADVICE (FORM OF).909 wrongous. 909 year. 909 Year Books. 909 you. 910 your
Honour .910 -yse / -yze. 910 ZERO. 910 |
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| id | DE-604.BV047080545 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:16:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:02:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781509936243 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032487370 |
| oclc_num | 1242731069 |
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| physical | liii, 910 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Hart Publishing |
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| spelling | Butt, Peter Verfasser aut The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide Peter Butt Oxford, UK ; New York, NY Hart Publishing 2021 liii, 910 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Juristische Methodik (DE-588)4114116-7 gnd rswk-swf Rechtssprache (DE-588)4048839-1 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Legal composition Law / Terminology Law / United States / Language Law Law / Language United States Terminology (DE-588)4066724-8 Wörterbuch gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Juristische Methodik (DE-588)4114116-7 s Rechtssprache (DE-588)4048839-1 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-1-50993-626-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePub 978-1-50993-625-0 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032487370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Butt, Peter The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide Juristische Methodik (DE-588)4114116-7 gnd Rechtssprache (DE-588)4048839-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114116-7 (DE-588)4048839-1 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4066724-8 |
| title | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide |
| title_auth | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide |
| title_exact_search | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide |
| title_full | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide Peter Butt |
| title_fullStr | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide Peter Butt |
| title_full_unstemmed | The lawyer's style guide a student and practitioner guide Peter Butt |
| title_short | The lawyer's style guide |
| title_sort | the lawyer s style guide a student and practitioner guide |
| title_sub | a student and practitioner guide |
| topic | Juristische Methodik (DE-588)4114116-7 gnd Rechtssprache (DE-588)4048839-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Juristische Methodik Rechtssprache USA Wörterbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032487370&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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