Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century: from the buffer zone to the gateway zone
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles
Peter Lang
[2021]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in Politics, Security and Society
volume 37 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/98748?format=HC Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | 239 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9783631819159 3631819153 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Agnes Bernek
Geopolitics of Central and Eastern
Europe in the 21st Century
From the Buffer Zone to the Gateway Zone
PETER LANG
STUDIES IN POLITICS, SECURITY AND SOCIETY
Edited by Stanislaw Sulowski
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies
University of Warsaw
VOLUME 37
PETER LANG
Contents
1 Introduction 15
2 Central and Eastern Europe: in the eastern side of Europe
or in the middle of Eurasia? 17
2 1 Between the West and the East 17
2 2 The multipolar world of the 21st century 18
2 3 The new Eurasia paradigm 21
3 Central and Eastern Europe: the historic region 25
3 1 Does a Central and Eastern European region even exist? 25
3 2 Cleavages in the Central and Eastern European region 29
321 Geographic cleavages i 29
322 Civilizational cleavages 32
323 Geopolitical cleavages of the 21st century: the eastern ,
border of the West 32
324 Economic cleavages 36
3 3 Going against cleavages: Visegrad cooperation 40
4 Buffer zone or gateway zone? Theoretical approaches and
political-economic realities 43
4 1 The geopolitical structure of international relations 43
4 2 Buffer zone or gateway zone: theoretical approaches 45
4 3 From buffer zone to gateway zone: world economy opportunities
and world politics realities 51
5 The 21st century s forming multipolar world and the
renaissance of orthodox geopolitics 57
5 1 The transforming world order and its system-level risks 57
5 2 Orthodox and critical geopolitics 60
5 3 The World-Island: the orthodox geopolitical interpretation of
the largest supercontinent 64
5 4 American versus Russian Eurasian grand chessboard and its
geopolitical consequences for Central and Eastern Europe 68
5 5 The concept of the East in traditional Hungarian geopolitical
thought, from the early 20th century to the early 21 st century 72
6 The world economy and geo-economic strategies of the
21st century 81
6 1 De-globalization and the 21st century 81
6 2 Hard power, soft power and economic power 88
6 3 The term geo-economics and its key elements 89
6 4 Economic great powers and economic empires 103
6 5 Business geopolitics: geo-economics and global risk management 107
7 The Larger West: NATO and the European Union 111
7 1 The USA and NATO in the Central and Eastern European region Ill
7 2 The geopolitical consequences of further eastward European
Union expansion 116
7 3 The front line between West and East in the 21st century: the
geopolitical situation of the Western Balkans 120
7 4 From the East to the West? The geopolitical analysis of Ukraine 123
7 5 Russia s most important Eastern European bridgehead: Belarus 127
7 6 Geopolitical periphery for the West and for the East: Moldova 131
8 The Eurasian supercontinent of the 21st century 133
8 1 Russia and Russian neo-Eurasian geopolitical orientation 133
8 2 Questions regarding Russia s sea power 137
8 3 Russia s special Central and Eastern European sphere of
interest: the Western Balkans 141
8 4 The Chinese One Belt One Road Initiative and the new
Eurasia paradigm 144
8 5 China and the Central and Eastern European countries: the
17+1 Initiative 153
9 The spatial organization of the new Central and Eastern
European gateway zone 157
9 1 From historical buffer zone to economic gateway zone—new
interpretation and delimitation opportunities 157
9 2 The EU s trans-European transportation network (TEN-T) and
the macro-regional strategy 159
921 The EU core network corridors through Central and
Eastern Europe 159
922 The EU macro-regional strategy and the macro-regions of
the Central and Eastern Europe 170
9 3 Transportation corridors and macro-regions affecting the
Central and Eastern European region—outside the EU and/or
not (yet) officially sanctioned by the EU 180
931 The Three Seas Initiative (TSI—3SI) 180
932 The new Amber Road railway corridor, the Via Carpathia
highway, and the E40 waterway 182
933 The Carpathian Basin macro-region 186
934 The Black Sea macro-region 188
9 4 The Chinese gates of the Central and Eastern European region 190
941 Chinas land gate: the Polish/Belarus Malaszevicze/Brest 190
942 Chinas prospective second land gate: Zahony in Hungary 192
943 Chinas sea gate: the Greek port of Piraeus 195
9 5 Macro-regions and gateway regions of the forming Central and
Eastern European gateway zone 197
10 Summary 205
Bibliography 211
List of maps 223
About the author 225
Index 227
Index “ 16+1 ” Initiative 154,155 “17+1” Initiative 153 “divide and conquer” policies of the great powers 6,207 “pre-salt” oil field 83 “prison” between West and East 205 “we look up to the West and down upon the East” 206 “who writes the rules of the game” 208 Adriatic Sea 15,95,170, 183,201 Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea macro region 174,198 Afghanistan 59,124,136,208 Africa 20, 65, 70, 74, 96, 124, 137, 146, 149, 153, 157, 203, 206, 207, 208 Agnew, John 62, 211 Ahmadi, Syrus 46,215 Albania 27, 36,40, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97,112,117, 118,119,122, 174, 188,189,198 Alpine macro-region 174 Amber Road 182,184 American Infantry Division 36 Amsterdam 162 Anderson, James 62,211 Anglo-American world economy 18 Ankara 117,138 Antall, József 40,212,213,216 Antwerp 107,162,195 Arab Spring 59 Arab-Afro Eurasia 208 Arabian Peninsula 137,151,203 Armenia 119,120,124,134,157, 179, 188, 207 Asia 16,20,21,22,26,29,43,64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75,101, 111, 119,130,134,136,138,139, 145, 146,147,149,151, 157,179,190, 206, 207, 208 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) 147,211 Asmus, Ronald 111, 112,198,211 Astrakhan 137,157,207 Athens 168,203 Atlantic Ocean 26,203 Atlantic Resolve Operation 35 Atlantic sphere 16,17,18,44, 51,57,74,82, 99, 112,124,134, 158, 205 Austria 42, 65,157,167,174,175, 180, 186,198, 203, 206 Austro-Hungarian Empire 27 Azerbaijan 79,119,157,179, 188, 207 Bagamovo 153 Bahrein 44 Balcer, Adam 21,211 Balkan 26, 34,40, 71, 74,90,91, 92, 95, 96,117, 118,120,121,122, 155, 170,175,211 Balkan Peninsula 26, 92,120, 121,122 Baltic gateway region 201 Baltic Sea
15,30,31,111,126,137, 138,141,157, 170, 172,173,180, 182, 184, 198, 201, 206, 207, 214 Baltic Sea macro-region 172,198 Baltic states 27, 32,35,36,37,39, 58,115,119,158, 162,198 Baltic-Adriatic economic axis 198 Baltiysk 37,129,137
228 Bank of China 107 Bechtel 92,95,201 Belarus 27,31,32,34,35,37,39, 41, 55, 93, 94, 106, 107, 119,120, 124, 127,128,129, 130, 131, 134, 154, 158,163,172, 173,182, 185, 186, 190,191, 198, 201,213 Belarus Nuclear Power Plant 94 Berlin 35, 36, 53,113, 128,130, 158, 162, 163, 167, 169, 172, 191 Berlin-Moscow-Nur-Sultan- Beijing growth axis 147 between West and East 21, 22, 32, 51,120, 127,160, 172, 223 Bilderberg Group 101 bipolar world 15, 27,48, 89, 134 Black Sea Economic Cooperation 188, 204, 212 Black Sea macro-region 188,198 Black Sea Ring Highway project 189,190 BorsodChem 107 Bosnia and Herzegovina 34, 36, 40,71,95, 96, 97,118, 122,143, 144,175 Bosporus 26, 29, 34,138 Bratislava 40,164,165,167,169 Brazil 43,81,83,124 Bremen 162,169,172 brent crude oil price 87 Brest 35, 107, 130,152, 163, 182, 190,191, 203 Bretton Woods world economic system 57 BRICS states 124 bridgehead 17,39,45, 71,105,107, 127, 129,151 British Virgin Islands 103 Brook, Chris 62,211 Brussels 20, 85,113,117 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 68, 69, 70, 101,212 Index Bucharest 49, 154,164, 181, 189,218 Budapest 5, 16, 71, 72, 79, 92, 96, 107, 154, 155, 156,164, 165, 169, 182, 196, 197, 201, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 225 buffer state 16, 45,46,47, 48, 123, 127, 129, 207, 212, 220 buffer zone 5, 6, 16,18, 21, 26, 29, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 60, 64, 74, 76,114, 120, 122,157, 189, 207, 223 Bulgaria 27, 32,34, 36,40, 72, 95, 106,112, 122, 138,142,143, 144, 168,170, 175,179,180,181, 188, 189, 196, 198, 203 Burgas 168, 203 Bush, George W 59, 88, 92, 212 business as usual 88,108 business geopolitics
107, 108,109 Camp Bondsteel 90,121,144 Carpathian Basin 26,31,67,74, 120, 186, 188,198 Carpathian Basin Economic Space 188 Carpathian Basin macro-region 186,187 Carpathian Convention 187, 212 Carpathian Euroregion 186, 188, 212 Carpathians 26, 31,186,187,188 Caspian Sea 66,68,72,137,138, 157, 176, 189, 207 Central and Eastern European Gateway Zone 6,157,158, 200, 207 Central Asia 21, 34, 58,64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 83, 96, 129, 135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 151, 160,179, 180, 189, 198, 203, 204, 205, 208, 216
Index Central Eurasia 180,200, 208, 216 Central Europe 6,25,26,27,41, 42, 92,120,121,125,130,143, 156, 157, 160,163,164,175,176, 180, 191, 196, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 Central Europe as “imagined space” 25 Central European identity 41 Central European land gateway region 200,201, 203 Central-Eastern Europe 25 Chand, Bibék 47,212 Chay, John 46,212 Chechnya 138 Chernobyl 125,131,186 China 18, 20, 22, 37, 43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 81, 83, 90,100, 103,104,105, 106,107,118,122,124,126,129, 130, 134, 135, 136,137,139, 144, 145,146,147,149,150,151,152, 153, 154,155,158,160,180,182, 190,191,192,195,197,198, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208,211,212, 220, 223 China Global Communication Construction Company (CCCC) 155 China Overseas Port Holding Company 152 China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) 155,201 China-Europe Block Train 191 Chinese Heartland 150,151,152, 153, 223 Chinese Inner Rimland 150, 153, 223 Chinese Outer Rimland 150,223 229 Choiseul Research Institute on International Politics and Geoeconomics 102 Chongqing 146 Chornomorsk 203 Chung Kuo (Middle Kingdom) 144 civilizational cleavages 32 Clean Ocean American LNG tanker 181 Clinton doctrine 99,100 Cochrane, Allan 62,211 Cohen, Saul 43,44,45,212 Cold War 6,15,17,18, 20, 27, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69, 85, 88, 92, 98,112,172, 203, 205, 206 Colombo 152 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 128,134,192 compression zone 44 connections among the gateway regions 200 Constanta 164,183,201, 203 containment 20, 60, 70, 205 Corbridge, Stuart 62,211 cordon sanitaire 15 corporate value chain 108 COSCO
195,196,203 Covid virus 87 Crimean Peninsula 18,31,34,57, 113,114,115, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 138, 207 critical geopolitics 60, 62,63 Croatia 32, 36, 37,42,49, 86, 92, 96, 112,116,121,163,164,167, 174,175,180, 181, 198,213 crude oil 83, 87 Cuba 72 custom free zone 194 Cvrtila, Vlatko 49,213 Cyprus 93, 106,107,143,167 Czechia 106
230 Danube 32, 37, 95, 120, 121, 156, 160,164,166,170,175,177, 200, 204, 214 Danube macro-region 175, 198,201 Danube-Black Sea (DBS) region 175,176,179 Danube-Main-Rhine water system (Europakanal) 164 Dardanelles 26,29, 34,138 Davutoglu, Ahmet 95,213 DDR - Deutsche Demokratische Republik 27 de-globalization 81 democracy 41, 58, 59, 81, 89, 99, 101 Denmark 172 de-territorial global world economy 94 Deveselu military base 35 diplomacy 24,40, 63,68, 70, 76,88, 100, 108,216 Djibouti 152 Dnieper 185 Dnieper-Bug canal 185 Dniester 131,132 Dnipropetrovsk 125 Donetsk 125 Donetsk Basin 125 Druzhba oil pipeline 125 Dubai 44,152 Dubrovnik 155,180 Duda, Andrzej 180 Dugin, Alexandr 133,134,137, 142, 213 Duisburg 146 Dürres 91 Dzungaria gate 146 E40 waterway 182, 184, 185, 201 East-Central Europe 25, 111, 114,211 Index Eastern Commercial Academy, Budapest 73, 74 Eastern economic sphere 39 Eastern Europe 5,6,15,16,17,18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 35, 41,43, 44, 45, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 64, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85, 90, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114,115,116, 141, 147, 151, 153,154, 157,158,159, 160, 164, 170,180,181,182, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195,197,198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 223, 224, 225 Eastern macro-region 198 Eastern Partnership Program, EU 41, 119, 120, 131,175, 184,213 Eastern Ukraine 114,124,125, 126,127 eastern wider gauge 192 economic and political influence of great powers 204 economic and political network of gateway zone 204 economic cleavages 28,36 economic empires 103 economic great powers 103 economic power 51, 88, 90,105 emerging market 58, 59, 81, 82, 83,
99, 100,109, 110 ENKA 92,95,201 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 95, 96,189 Estonia 36,112,162,172,180, 181,182 EU macro-regional strategy 170, 171,172,214 EU North Sea-Baltic corridor 162 Eurasia 6, 17, 20,21, 24, 49, 51, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 112,133, 134, 136, 145, 180, 206, 218 Eurasian continental field 43 Eurasian Development Bank 135
Index Eurasian Economie Commission 135 Eurasian Economie Union 31,114, 120,123,128,129,130,134,135, 170,213 Eurasian land gateway region 203 Eurasian power relationships 68 Eurasian sphere 17,18,19,22,44, 52, 53, 69, 70, 74, 79, 130, 135, 137, 147,154,158, 160,188,189, 192,198, 205, 223 Eurasian steppe area 67 Eurasian supercontinent 20,22, 68, 70,133,136,145 Euro-Atlantic sphere 15,18,19, 21, 30, 52, 112, 113, 114, 120, 122, 123,138,175,223 Europe 16,17,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 43, 49, 53, 57, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83, 85, 91,93, 96,101,106, 111, 112, 113,114,115,116,117,118,119, 120, 121,123,125,126, 127, 130, 132, 134,136,138,141,142,145, 146,147,149,154,155,157,160, 162,163,164,165,167, 170,174, 179,180,182,185, 186, 190, 191, 195, 196,198,200, 201,203,204, 207,211,214,216,218 European Commission 113,116, 117, 118,119,159, 161, 162, 165, 166,168,169,171,182,214 European Neighborhood Policy 119 European Union 15,18,41, 53, 76, 80, 90, 111, 112, 114,116, 119, 122, 135,159,160,161, 162, 165,166,168,169,170, 171,172,174,213,214 231 Far East 137,141,176 Farkas, Ildikó 73,214 FDI outward stock 103,104,105 Ferizaj, Kosovo 90,91,121 Finland 36,172,174 First World War 15,22,27, 73 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 83,103,104,106,107,211 foreign policy 32,41, 58, 63, 75, 88, 96, 97, 99, 100, 108, 113,114,124, 125,127,131 foreign trade deficit 55, 77 foreland 50,200,201,202,203, 207,224 Fortune Global 500 list 82,155 forward rotating presence 35 Free Trade Area of the Americas 100 Fukuyama, Francis 89, 92,215 Galati 203 gateway
city 50,153,200 gateway region 6,16,43,44,45,48, 49, 50,51,69,151,152,153,158, 175,176,177, 178, 188,197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 213,224 gateway zone 5,6,16, 22,23,24,29, 43,45,46, 49, 50, 51, 53,152,157, 158, 160,179, 197, 198, 200,204, 207, 223 Gaugazian Moldova 131 Gazprom 39,40, 71, 93, 94,125, 126,129, 137, 138, 143,144,173, 174,181,215 Gazprom Neft 143,144 Gazprom Transgaz Belarus 94 Gazprom, Blue Stream pipeline 138 Gazprom, South Stream pipeline 174 Gdansk 26,167,185,191,201 Gdansk Bay 26,201 Gdynia 201
232 general model of gateway region development 178 geo-economic approach 98,100 geo-economics 62, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101,102,103,107,109, 211, 217 geographic borders 26 geographic cleavages 29 geographic paths 205 geography 25, 31, 43, 49, 60, 62, 66, 134, 212, 213, 219, 225 geopolitical cleavages 32,36,115 geopolitical corporate strategy 110 geopolitical fate 26 geopolitical macro-region 198,199, 200, 223 geopolitical power matrix 51 geopolitical region 43,136 geopolitical risks 18,108,109 geopolitical spatial orientation 20 geopolitical strategies 16,45, 63, 88, 103,108, 111, 149, 206,211 geopolitics 5,15, 20, 29, 43, 45, 46, 49, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 81, 83, 98, 102, 106,107, 108, 109, 133,134,138,149, 200, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 225 Georgia 34,119,120,138,179,188, 189, 203 geostrategic realm 43,44 German-Russian axis 37, 53, 70, 114,191 German-Russian-Chinese axis 192 Germanus, Gyula 74 Germany 15, 25, 36, 37, 39,40, 53, 54, 55, 65, 70, 71, 91, 93, 97,103, 104, 105, 114, 126,129, 134, 137, 157, 163,164,167, 169,172, 173, 174, 175,198, 203, 206, 223 global risk management 107 global warming 138,141 Index global/megaregional world market 204 globalization 61,62,81 Grabar-Kitarovic, Kolinda 180 grand chessboard 18,59,68,69, 208,211 grand games 208 Great Equatorial Land Bridge 153 Great Eurasian Partnership 136 great power 6,16,18,26,27, 29, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45,47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 64, 72, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 96, 98,102, 104, 110, 114, 120,122,123,133, 141, 142, 149, 179, 189, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 225 great power
relation system 51, 52, 53, 55 Greater Central Europe 6,148,157, 158, 206, 223 Greater Europe 134 Greece 34, 60, 92, 95,121,122, 130, 154, 155, 157,167,170, 174, 188, 189,195, 206 Greenberg, Maurice R 100,220 Greifswald 174 Gül Baba tomb in Budapest 96 GulfStream 137 Gwadar 147,152 Gydan Peninsula 139 Hafeznia, Mohammed Reza 46,215 Hambantota 152 Hamburg 107, 146,162,163, 169, 172,195 hard power 88 Havel, Vaclav 40 headquarter 72, 82, 90,107,115, 121,128, 135 heartland 15, 20, 64, 67, 79, 83, 135, 136, 145, 149,151,153, 190, 208 heartland of the heartland 68
Index Heritage Foundation 79,106 hinterland 6,49, 50,178, 200, 207 Hong Kong 44,103,104,107, 147, 215 horizontal spatial units 50 Hourcad, Bernard 46,215 hub 32,48,71,92 hub-and-spoke power structure 48 Humboldt, Alexander 65 Hungarian Central Statistical Office 77, 78, 215 Hungary 20, 22, 25, 27, 31, 32, 35, 40, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 90, 92, 96, 105,106,107, 111, 112, 138,143,144,147, 153, 154, 163,164,167,169,170,175, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187,188,192, 194, 196, 197,211,215 Huntington, Samuel 32, 33,101, 215,216 Hyperloop 163,165, 166, 167, 216 IMF Coordinated Direct Investment Survey 105 IMF Direction of Trade Statistics 39, 55 importance of political factors 45 India 43, 65, 76,124,134,135,136, 147, 208 Indian Eurasia 208 Indian Ocean 43,145,152,153, 160,203 inducement 89 infrastructural connections 158, 201, 204 infrastructural development 65, 139, 145,147, 153,155 Intermarium 15,22 International Economic Forum in St Petersburg 136 International Investment Bank 72 233 international relations 43, 58,212 Iran 69, 70, 72, 124, 135,136,146, 179, 205, 208 Iraq 59,124,137 Istanbul 79, 95, 138, 188,189,213 Italy 36, 37,157,163,164,167, 174, 198, 203, 206 Izsák, Éva 61,216 Japan 43,65,97,103,134,136,147, 153,208 Jinping, Xi 130,145 Kaliningrad 37,93,129,131,172 Kaliningrad territory 37, 39, 137,172 Kálmán Szell Plan 20 74 Kamchatka Peninsula 139 Kazakhstan 67, 68, 79,124,128, 134,135,145,179, 192,194, 203 Kazan 157,158,207 Kelebia 182,197 Kennan, George 60 Kenya 153 KFOR 90,121,123 Kharkiv 125 Kherson 185,186 Khorgos Gateway 69,216 Khorgos/Horgos 68,192,194 Kievan-
Rus 124,125 Kiss, J László 25,216 Kissinger, Henry 5, 63, 68,69, 70, 100,101,113,124,127,216 Kjellén, Rudolf 29, 60, 216 Kobylany 192 Koper 167,182,201 Kosice 164, 165 Kosovo 34,36,40,90,91,92, 95, 96, 118,121,122, 123,154,175 Kosovo R7 highway 91 Kostolany, André 57,216 Krakow 163,182
234 Kuantan 151 Kyaukphyu 151 Kyrgyzstan 68, 79, 134, 135, 179 Lamu 153 land power 31,43, 65, 66, 68, 137, 205 Laos 75, 76 Larger West 70 Latvia 36,106,112,127,129, 172, 180 Lisbon 134 Lithuania 36,37,39,86,94,112, 123,127,131, 172,180,181, 182 Ljubljana 167 LNG (liquified natural gas) 85, 86, 116, 139,140,141, 146, 152, 167, 181 LNG port 181 Lodz 162,163,167 Lorot, Pascal 101,102, 217 Lukashenko, Alexander 93, 94, 127, 128 Luttwak, Edward 62, 98,101,102, 103,217 Luxembourg 106 Mackinder, Halford 15,16, 20, 31, 43, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 102, 133, 136, 146, 149,151, 157,189, 205, 206, 208, 217 Madrid 164 Mahan, Alfred 61 Maidan 124 Malaka Strait 151,152 Malaszevicze 35,163,190, 191,192 Malaysian Peninsula 151 Manifest Destiny 61,100 Marrs, Jim 101,217 Maurice R Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies 100 Index Mediterranean gateway region 201,203 megaregion 50, 81,82,200,207 Mező, Ferenc 25, 218 Middle East 34,83,96,120,137, 145, 198, 208 Middle Tier 15 migration crisis 41,59,114,117 Migration Data Portal 126,218 Miletics, Pál 25, 218 Minsk 93, 128, 129,130,191 Moisoiu, Cristian 49,218 Moldova 27, 34,36,39,41,119, 120,126, 130,131,132,154, 175, 179,188,189,198 Mongolia 67, 72, 75, 76,136,137, 146,151,203, 208 Monroe doctrine 61,100 Montenegro 33, 36,40, 71, 90, 95, 106,115,117,122,142,143,155, 156,174, 175 Morava 121 Moscow 20,53,71,72,101,111, 114,117,128,129,130,133,134, 135,136, 191,217 Mugalzhar hill 72 multipolar world 6,15,18,20, 22, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 64, 75,108, 134, 207, 208 multiport gateway region 175 Murmansk 137 Myanmar 136,147,151 NAFTA 100 Naftan 93
Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS) 143 nation states 27,41,43, 53, 62, 81, 94, 98,101,114,178,186, 200 national economies 48, 53, 81, 82, 94,101,103 NATO 15, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39,40, 52, 60, 71, 72,90, 91, 92,
Index ill, 112, 113, 114,115,116, 119, 120, 121,122, 123, 129,133, 138, 141,142,144, 156,158,174,181, 189, 201,207,211,217,219 NATO-Russia agreement 35 natural gas 39,40, 71, 83, 85, 86, 87, 93, 94,106,116,125, 126,129, 137, 138, 139, 141,143,144, 151, 152, 173, 174,181 natural geographic features 26,63, 175,205 natural resources 83 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 68,79,134 neo-Ottoman geopolitical efforts 95 Netherlands 101,103,106,146 network 51, 58, 63, 65, 95,108, 128,136, 143, 151,155,159,160, 161, 162,163, 164,165, 166, 167, 168, 169,180,189,190,192,195, 196, 203 New Amber Road railway corridor 182,183 New East 70 New Eurasia paradigm 6,21,144 New Eurasian land bridge 146,182, 190, 203 new political geography 62 New Silk Road 21,68, 76,107,135, 145,146,155,160,163, 190, 192, 194, 196, 215 New Silk Road Economic Belts’ land area 145 New Silk Road Economic Belts’ sea area 145 Nis 143,144 North Adriatic gateway region 201, 203 North America 22, 85,138 North Macedonia 34,36,37,91, 92, 95, 97, 116,117,118,119,122, 142,154,170,174,196 North Pole 139 235 North-Baltic macro-region 198 Northern Adriatic Ports Association (NAPA) 201,218 North-South Baltic-Adriatic axis 6, 200, 201,207 North-South growth axis 198 Norway 172 Novatek 139,140,146,218 Novi Pazar 96,97 Nye, S Joseph 88, 218 Obama, Barack 35, 58, 83,85, 88, 111, 113,114, 115, 221 Odessa 125,203 OECD 75,90,97 Official Development Assistance (ODA) 75,97 One Belt One Road 35,63,65,129, 144,145,149,151,152,155, 203 orange revolution 123,124 Orbán, Viktor 72,79,215 Orthodox Slavic peoples 142 Ostrovets 94 Ottoman Empire 96 Pacific
Ocean 18, 53, 82, 83, 84, 103,137,139, 141, 145,153, 158, 203, 205, 207 Pacific Ocean-centered world economy 84,158, 223 Pakistan 124,135,136,147, 152, 208 Pančevo 143 Pax Americana 82 Pax Russia 82 periphery 21, 22, 26,45,121, 124, 131,205 permafrost land 141 Persian Gulf 152 Pilsudski, Józef 15, 22 Piraeus 92,107, 152,154,168,195, 196,197, 201, 203, 218
236 Piraeus Port Authority 195,218 pivot area 65,66,186 Podgorica 143,156 Poland 27, 30, 31, 35, 37,40, 55, 71, 81, 82, 93, 105, 112, 115,116, 117, 123, 126,127, 129,130, 146,162, 163,167,172, 180, 182,184, 185, 186, 187,191, 192, 213 Polar Silk Road 145 Polesia 185 Polish-American security policy 35 political geography 29, 30, 60,61, 62,215,219 Poroshenko, Petro 124,126 port 91, 92, 121, 137, 138,139,146, 147, 151,152,153, 154,155, 164, 167, 168,169, 178, 182,183, 191, 193,195,196, 201,203,218 Porter rhombus model 108,109 position of “imprisonment” between West and East 15 post-oil period 87 power vacuum 59 Poznan 35, 71, 115, 162,163, 167, 191 Prague 164,169 Pripyat 131,185 Putin, Vladimir 21, 71, 93,126, 127, 129,133, 134, 136,139, 141, 144, 217, 219 Putinovo 143 Qatar 86,141,181 Ratzel, Friedrich 60, 219 Ravenna 167,201 Red Sea 152,203 regional power 48, 49, 50, 89,134 renaissance of orthodox geopolitics 57 revolution of dignity 124 Rhine 26,160, 164, 166,200,214 Index Rijeka 201 rimland 66,136,137,149,153 RMB Clearing Center 107 Rockefeller family 101 Rodrigue, Jean-Paul 49,219 Romania 27,31,32,34,35,36,37, 39, 72, 96, 105,112,122,123, 131, 132,138,143,164,170,175, 179, 180,181,183, 186,187,188, 189, 196, 198, 203 Rosatom 72, 94,139 Ross, Thomas E 46,212 Rotterdam 107, 146,162,164,195 round-tripped investment 93,106 Russia 15,18,20,22,29,31,32,33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94,104,105, 106, 107,112,114, 115, 116,118,120, 122,123, 124, 125,126,127,128, 129,130, 131, 133,
134,135,136, 137,138, 139,141, 142,143,144, 145,146,157,158, 160,172,173, 174,181,188,189, 194,198, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208,217,223 Russian Baltic Fleet 37,129 Russian Eurasia 208 Russian geopolitical strategies 136 Russian sphere 15,29, 37, 39,114, 124, 154 Russian- German economic axis 174 Russo-German Europe 53,114 Russophobia 60,205 Russo-Sino-Iranian politicaleconomic alliance 70 Sarajevo 97 Sárfalvi, Béla 60,61,205,217, 219 Sárospatak Library, Hungary 72 Saudi Arabia 85, 86, 87 Sberbank 106
Index sea power 31,43,44,61,66, 68, 137, 138,153, 205, 206 Second World War 15, 27, 57, 59, 72,135 semi-peripheral region 205 Serbia 34,36,40,71,90,91,92,95, 96, 97,106,107,117,118, 121, 122,123,124,135, 138, 141,143, 144,154,155,156, 170, 174, 175, 182,186,187, 188, 196, 197 Sevastopol 138 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 31,120,135, 146 shatterbelt 44, 60 Singapore 44,103,135 Slavic Union 142 Slovakia 40,112,138,144,164,167, 175, 180, 182,186, 187 Slovenia 32, 36, 37,42, 92,112,121, 163, 164,167,174, 175, 182, 183, 198,219 Smith, Adam 102, 219 Sofia 118,155,168 soft power 88, 95, 96, 97, 218 Sopot 201 South Asia 81,145,147,205 South Caucasian region 120 South China Sea 145,151,160 South-East Asia 70,145 Southeast Europe 27,49, 95,159, 175,213 Southeast macro-region 198 Southeast/East-European axis 200 Soviet Union 17, 20, 21, 27, 58, 72, 123,125,131 spatial-based logistic network 51 Sri Lanka 75,76,152 St Petersburg 141,157,158, 172,207 Strait of Gibraltar 163 Strait of Hormuz 152 237 strategic geographical position 191 strategicstones 151,153 Suez Canal 203 Supreme Eurasian Economic Council 135 Swinoujscie 167,181 Syria 97,124,137, 138 system-level risks 57 Szczecin 167 Tálas, Péter 35,219 Tallinn 162,163,182 Tanzania 153 Teleki, Pál 5,73,219 Terespol 182, 190,191,192 Terespol municipality 190 territorial nation states 94 Thessaloniki 91, 92,121, 168,182 Three Seas Initiative (TSI - 3SI) 180,220 Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund (3SIIF) 181 three types of power 88, 89 tied aid loan 75, 76 Torgay region 66 TRACECA program 179 traditional geopolitical world wiew
18 traditional Hungarian geopolitical thought 72 trans-Atlantic relations 111,181 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) 113 Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) 155,159,214 transforming world order 57 Transnistria 131 transpolar sea shipping route 139 transportation and communication infrastructure 51,178
238 transportation corridor 51,121, 158,159, 160, 162, 163,164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 179, 180,182, 190, 200,204 Tricity (Trójmiasto) 201, 220 Trieste 120,167,201 Trilateral Commission 100,101 Truman doctrine 60 Trump, Donald 53, 58, 70, 88,100, 113, 115, 116, 181 Tuathail, Gearóid Ó 62,220 Turan 72, 73 Turanian Society 72, 73 Turanism 73 Turkey 29, 34, 60, 65, 70, 79, 82, 95, 96, 97,120, 121, 122, 136, 138, 143, 146, 151, 157, 179,188, 189, 198, 203, 205, 207 Turkic Council 79, 220 Turkic-speaking people 72, 79 Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) 96 Turmanidze, Tomiké 46 Tusk, Donald 118,213 Ukraine 27, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 67, 85, 94, 96, 106, 107, 115, 119, 120,123,124, 125, 126,127, 130, 131,133,137, 154, 158, 163, 164, 173, 174,175,179, 180,185, 186, 187, 188, 189,194,195,198, 201,203,213,216 Ukrainian crisis 114,131 U-krajina 123 Uman 125 UN Environmental Program 187 UN General Assembly 124 UN Security Council 90 UN UNCTAD World Investment Report 104 Ural 65,66 Index US 1st Infantry Division (Forward) 35 US Energy Information Administration 85, 86 USA 18,20,35,37,43,45,51,52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 97, 99, 100, 103,104,105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116,121,122, 127,141, 144, 146,147,149,181, 182, 207, 208, 218, 223 USA’s geostrategic goals 68 USMCA 100 V4 36,40,41,42,198 V6 geopolitical macro-region 198 V7 42 Vardar 121 Vardar Belt 90,121,122 Varna 203 Venice 167, 201 vertical spatial levels 49 Via Carpathia road corridor 184 Vienna 106,164,165, 167,169, 203 Vietnam 72, 76, 121,135 Viktor,
Pál 25 Vilnius 93, 94 Visegrad countries 32, 37,163, 203 Vistula 185 Vladivostok 134,137,141 Volga 137, 157, 158, 207 Volksbank 106 Vucic, Alexander 141,144, 217 Vyborg 174 Wanhua Industrial Group 107 Warsaw 35, 36, 71, 89,115, 116, 128,154,158,162,163,167, 181, 182, 184,191 Washington 20,99,212, 216, 220 weiqi 149,151,152,208 wei qi board 152, 208
239 Index West Balkan 40,41,117,188,201 West Eurasia 208 West-East division 17,22, 32 Western Balkans 41, 71,91,97,117, 118,120,121,122,141,180, 213 Western Bug 185 Western economic sphere 37,40 Western Europe 22, 93,120,129, 136,139,154,160,180,190, 197, 201,203,208 Western sea powers 65 West-Turkestan 72 world economy opportunities 51 world order 5, 32, 57, 58, 59, 80, 92, 124,212,216 world politics realities 51 World Trade Organization 128 World-Island 20,63, 64, 65, 70, 146, 148,149,150, 151, 153, 157, 206, 208, 209, 223, 224 Wroclaw 163,167 WTO 75,100,128 Xth pan-European transportation corridor 92 Yamal LNG project 139 Yamal Peninsula 139 Yanukovych, Viktor 123,124 Yugoslavia 27, 90,198 Záhony 163, 191,192,193, 194,221 Záhony dry cargo port 193 Zelensky, Volodymyr 127
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Agnes Bernek
Geopolitics of Central and Eastern
Europe in the 21st Century
From the Buffer Zone to the Gateway Zone
PETER LANG
STUDIES IN POLITICS, SECURITY AND SOCIETY
Edited by Stanislaw Sulowski
Faculty of Political Science and International Studies
University of Warsaw
VOLUME 37
PETER LANG
Contents
1 Introduction 15
2 Central and Eastern Europe: in the eastern side of Europe
or in the middle of Eurasia? 17
2 1 Between the West and the East 17
2 2 The multipolar world of the 21st century 18
2 3 The new Eurasia paradigm 21
3 Central and Eastern Europe: the historic region 25
3 1 Does a Central and Eastern European region even exist? 25
3 2 Cleavages in the Central and Eastern European region 29
321 Geographic cleavages i 29
322 Civilizational cleavages 32
323 Geopolitical cleavages of the 21st century: the eastern ,
border of the West 32
324 Economic cleavages 36
3 3 Going against cleavages: Visegrad cooperation 40
4 Buffer zone or gateway zone? Theoretical approaches and
political-economic realities 43
4 1 The geopolitical structure of international relations 43
4 2 Buffer zone or gateway zone: theoretical approaches 45
4 3 From buffer zone to gateway zone: world economy opportunities
and world politics realities 51
5 The 21st century's forming multipolar world and the
renaissance of orthodox geopolitics 57
5 1 The transforming world order and its system-level risks 57
5 2 Orthodox and critical geopolitics 60
5 3 The World-Island: the orthodox geopolitical interpretation of
the largest supercontinent 64
5 4 American versus Russian Eurasian grand chessboard and its
geopolitical consequences for Central and Eastern Europe 68
5 5 The concept of the East in traditional Hungarian geopolitical
thought, from the early 20th century to the early 21 st century 72
6 The world economy and geo-economic strategies of the
21st century 81
6 1 De-globalization and the 21st century 81
6 2 Hard power, soft power and economic power 88
6 3 The term geo-economics and its key elements 89
6 4 Economic great powers and economic empires 103
6 5 Business geopolitics: geo-economics and global risk management 107
7 The Larger West: NATO and the European Union 111
7 1 The USA and NATO in the Central and Eastern European region Ill
7 2 The geopolitical consequences of further eastward European
Union expansion 116
7 3 The front line between West and East in the 21st century: the
geopolitical situation of the Western Balkans 120
7 4 From the East to the West? The geopolitical analysis of Ukraine 123
7 5 Russia's most important Eastern European bridgehead: Belarus 127
7 6 Geopolitical periphery for the West and for the East: Moldova 131
8 The Eurasian supercontinent of the 21st century 133
8 1 Russia and Russian neo-Eurasian geopolitical orientation 133
8 2 Questions regarding Russia's sea power 137
8 3 Russia's special Central and Eastern European sphere of
interest: the Western Balkans 141
8 4 The Chinese One Belt One Road Initiative and the new
Eurasia paradigm 144
8 5 China and the Central and Eastern European countries: the
17+1 Initiative 153
9 The spatial organization of the new Central and Eastern
European gateway zone 157
9 1 From historical buffer zone to economic gateway zone—new
interpretation and delimitation opportunities 157
9 2 The EU's trans-European transportation network (TEN-T) and
the macro-regional strategy 159
921 The EU core network corridors through Central and
Eastern Europe 159
922 The EU macro-regional strategy and the macro-regions of
the Central and Eastern Europe 170
9 3 Transportation corridors and macro-regions affecting the
Central and Eastern European region—outside the EU and/or
not (yet) officially sanctioned by the EU 180
931 The Three Seas Initiative (TSI—3SI) 180
932 The new Amber Road railway corridor, the Via Carpathia
highway, and the E40 waterway 182
933 The Carpathian Basin macro-region 186
934 The Black Sea macro-region 188
9 4 The Chinese gates of the Central and Eastern European region 190
941 Chinas land gate: the Polish/Belarus Malaszevicze/Brest 190
942 Chinas prospective second land gate: Zahony in Hungary 192
943 Chinas sea gate: the Greek port of Piraeus 195
9 5 Macro-regions and gateway regions of the forming Central and
Eastern European gateway zone 197
10 Summary 205
Bibliography 211
List of maps 223
About the author 225
Index 227
Index “ 16+1 ” Initiative 154,155 “17+1” Initiative 153 “divide and conquer” policies of the great powers 6,207 “pre-salt” oil field 83 “prison” between West and East 205 “we look up to the West and down upon the East” 206 “who writes the rules of the game” 208 Adriatic Sea 15,95,170, 183,201 Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea macro region 174,198 Afghanistan 59,124,136,208 Africa 20, 65, 70, 74, 96, 124, 137, 146, 149, 153, 157, 203, 206, 207, 208 Agnew, John 62, 211 Ahmadi, Syrus 46,215 Albania 27, 36,40, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97,112,117, 118,119,122, 174, 188,189,198 Alpine macro-region 174 Amber Road 182,184 American Infantry Division 36 Amsterdam 162 Anderson, James 62,211 Anglo-American world economy 18 Ankara 117,138 Antall, József 40,212,213,216 Antwerp 107,162,195 Arab Spring 59 Arab-Afro Eurasia 208 Arabian Peninsula 137,151,203 Armenia 119,120,124,134,157, 179, 188, 207 Asia 16,20,21,22,26,29,43,64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75,101, 111, 119,130,134,136,138,139, 145, 146,147,149,151, 157,179,190, 206, 207, 208 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) 147,211 Asmus, Ronald 111, 112,198,211 Astrakhan 137,157,207 Athens 168,203 Atlantic Ocean 26,203 Atlantic Resolve Operation 35 Atlantic sphere 16,17,18,44, 51,57,74,82, 99, 112,124,134, 158, 205 Austria 42, 65,157,167,174,175, 180, 186,198, 203, 206 Austro-Hungarian Empire 27 Azerbaijan 79,119,157,179, 188, 207 Bagamovo 153 Bahrein 44 Balcer, Adam 21,211 Balkan 26, 34,40, 71, 74,90,91, 92, 95, 96,117, 118,120,121,122, 155, 170,175,211 Balkan Peninsula 26, 92,120, 121,122 Baltic gateway region 201 Baltic Sea
15,30,31,111,126,137, 138,141,157, 170, 172,173,180, 182, 184, 198, 201, 206, 207, 214 Baltic Sea macro-region 172,198 Baltic states 27, 32,35,36,37,39, 58,115,119,158, 162,198 Baltic-Adriatic economic axis 198 Baltiysk 37,129,137
228 Bank of China 107 Bechtel 92,95,201 Belarus 27,31,32,34,35,37,39, 41, 55, 93, 94, 106, 107, 119,120, 124, 127,128,129, 130, 131, 134, 154, 158,163,172, 173,182, 185, 186, 190,191, 198, 201,213 Belarus Nuclear Power Plant 94 Berlin 35, 36, 53,113, 128,130, 158, 162, 163, 167, 169, 172, 191 Berlin-Moscow-Nur-Sultan- Beijing growth axis 147 between West and East 21, 22, 32, 51,120, 127,160, 172, 223 Bilderberg Group 101 bipolar world 15, 27,48, 89, 134 Black Sea Economic Cooperation 188, 204, 212 Black Sea macro-region 188,198 Black Sea Ring Highway project 189,190 BorsodChem 107 Bosnia and Herzegovina 34, 36, 40,71,95, 96, 97,118, 122,143, 144,175 Bosporus 26, 29, 34,138 Bratislava 40,164,165,167,169 Brazil 43,81,83,124 Bremen 162,169,172 brent crude oil price 87 Brest 35, 107, 130,152, 163, 182, 190,191, 203 Bretton Woods world economic system 57 BRICS states 124 bridgehead 17,39,45, 71,105,107, 127, 129,151 British Virgin Islands 103 Brook, Chris 62,211 Brussels 20, 85,113,117 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 68, 69, 70, 101,212 Index Bucharest 49, 154,164, 181, 189,218 Budapest 5, 16, 71, 72, 79, 92, 96, 107, 154, 155, 156,164, 165, 169, 182, 196, 197, 201, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 225 buffer state 16, 45,46,47, 48, 123, 127, 129, 207, 212, 220 buffer zone 5, 6, 16,18, 21, 26, 29, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 60, 64, 74, 76,114, 120, 122,157, 189, 207, 223 Bulgaria 27, 32,34, 36,40, 72, 95, 106,112, 122, 138,142,143, 144, 168,170, 175,179,180,181, 188, 189, 196, 198, 203 Burgas 168, 203 Bush, George W 59, 88, 92, 212 business as usual 88,108 business geopolitics
107, 108,109 Camp Bondsteel 90,121,144 Carpathian Basin 26,31,67,74, 120, 186, 188,198 Carpathian Basin Economic Space 188 Carpathian Basin macro-region 186,187 Carpathian Convention 187, 212 Carpathian Euroregion 186, 188, 212 Carpathians 26, 31,186,187,188 Caspian Sea 66,68,72,137,138, 157, 176, 189, 207 Central and Eastern European Gateway Zone 6,157,158, 200, 207 Central Asia 21, 34, 58,64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 83, 96, 129, 135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 151, 160,179, 180, 189, 198, 203, 204, 205, 208, 216
Index Central Eurasia 180,200, 208, 216 Central Europe 6,25,26,27,41, 42, 92,120,121,125,130,143, 156, 157, 160,163,164,175,176, 180, 191, 196, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 Central Europe as “imagined space” 25 Central European identity 41 Central European land gateway region 200,201, 203 Central-Eastern Europe 25 Chand, Bibék 47,212 Chay, John 46,212 Chechnya 138 Chernobyl 125,131,186 China 18, 20, 22, 37, 43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 81, 83, 90,100, 103,104,105, 106,107,118,122,124,126,129, 130, 134, 135, 136,137,139, 144, 145,146,147,149,150,151,152, 153, 154,155,158,160,180,182, 190,191,192,195,197,198, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208,211,212, 220, 223 China Global Communication Construction Company (CCCC) 155 China Overseas Port Holding Company 152 China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) 155,201 China-Europe Block Train 191 Chinese Heartland 150,151,152, 153, 223 Chinese Inner Rimland 150, 153, 223 Chinese Outer Rimland 150,223 229 Choiseul Research Institute on International Politics and Geoeconomics 102 Chongqing 146 Chornomorsk 203 Chung Kuo (Middle Kingdom) 144 civilizational cleavages 32 Clean Ocean American LNG tanker 181 Clinton doctrine 99,100 Cochrane, Allan 62,211 Cohen, Saul 43,44,45,212 Cold War 6,15,17,18, 20, 27, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 69, 85, 88, 92, 98,112,172, 203, 205, 206 Colombo 152 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 128,134,192 compression zone 44 connections among the gateway regions 200 Constanta 164,183,201, 203 containment 20, 60, 70, 205 Corbridge, Stuart 62,211 cordon sanitaire 15 corporate value chain 108 COSCO
195,196,203 Covid virus 87 Crimean Peninsula 18,31,34,57, 113,114,115, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 138, 207 critical geopolitics 60, 62,63 Croatia 32, 36, 37,42,49, 86, 92, 96, 112,116,121,163,164,167, 174,175,180, 181, 198,213 crude oil 83, 87 Cuba 72 custom free zone 194 Cvrtila, Vlatko 49,213 Cyprus 93, 106,107,143,167 Czechia 106
230 Danube 32, 37, 95, 120, 121, 156, 160,164,166,170,175,177, 200, 204, 214 Danube macro-region 175, 198,201 Danube-Black Sea (DBS) region 175,176,179 Danube-Main-Rhine water system (Europakanal) 164 Dardanelles 26,29, 34,138 Davutoglu, Ahmet 95,213 DDR - Deutsche Demokratische Republik 27 de-globalization 81 democracy 41, 58, 59, 81, 89, 99, 101 Denmark 172 de-territorial global world economy 94 Deveselu military base 35 diplomacy 24,40, 63,68, 70, 76,88, 100, 108,216 Djibouti 152 Dnieper 185 Dnieper-Bug canal 185 Dniester 131,132 Dnipropetrovsk 125 Donetsk 125 Donetsk Basin 125 Druzhba oil pipeline 125 Dubai 44,152 Dubrovnik 155,180 Duda, Andrzej 180 Dugin, Alexandr 133,134,137, 142, 213 Duisburg 146 Dürres 91 Dzungaria gate 146 E40 waterway 182, 184, 185, 201 East-Central Europe 25, 111, 114,211 Index Eastern Commercial Academy, Budapest 73, 74 Eastern economic sphere 39 Eastern Europe 5,6,15,16,17,18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 35, 41,43, 44, 45, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 64, 67, 68, 70, 82, 85, 90, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 114,115,116, 141, 147, 151, 153,154, 157,158,159, 160, 164, 170,180,181,182, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195,197,198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 223, 224, 225 Eastern macro-region 198 Eastern Partnership Program, EU 41, 119, 120, 131,175, 184,213 Eastern Ukraine 114,124,125, 126,127 eastern wider gauge 192 economic and political influence of great powers 204 economic and political network of gateway zone 204 economic cleavages 28,36 economic empires 103 economic great powers 103 economic power 51, 88, 90,105 emerging market 58, 59, 81, 82, 83,
99, 100,109, 110 ENKA 92,95,201 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 95, 96,189 Estonia 36,112,162,172,180, 181,182 EU macro-regional strategy 170, 171,172,214 EU North Sea-Baltic corridor 162 Eurasia 6, 17, 20,21, 24, 49, 51, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 112,133, 134, 136, 145, 180, 206, 218 Eurasian continental field 43 Eurasian Development Bank 135
Index Eurasian Economie Commission 135 Eurasian Economie Union 31,114, 120,123,128,129,130,134,135, 170,213 Eurasian land gateway region 203 Eurasian power relationships 68 Eurasian sphere 17,18,19,22,44, 52, 53, 69, 70, 74, 79, 130, 135, 137, 147,154,158, 160,188,189, 192,198, 205, 223 Eurasian steppe area 67 Eurasian supercontinent 20,22, 68, 70,133,136,145 Euro-Atlantic sphere 15,18,19, 21, 30, 52, 112, 113, 114, 120, 122, 123,138,175,223 Europe 16,17,18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 43, 49, 53, 57, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82, 83, 85, 91,93, 96,101,106, 111, 112, 113,114,115,116,117,118,119, 120, 121,123,125,126, 127, 130, 132, 134,136,138,141,142,145, 146,147,149,154,155,157,160, 162,163,164,165,167, 170,174, 179,180,182,185, 186, 190, 191, 195, 196,198,200, 201,203,204, 207,211,214,216,218 European Commission 113,116, 117, 118,119,159, 161, 162, 165, 166,168,169,171,182,214 European Neighborhood Policy 119 European Union 15,18,41, 53, 76, 80, 90, 111, 112, 114,116, 119, 122, 135,159,160,161, 162, 165,166,168,169,170, 171,172,174,213,214 231 Far East 137,141,176 Farkas, Ildikó 73,214 FDI outward stock 103,104,105 Ferizaj, Kosovo 90,91,121 Finland 36,172,174 First World War 15,22,27, 73 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 83,103,104,106,107,211 foreign policy 32,41, 58, 63, 75, 88, 96, 97, 99, 100, 108, 113,114,124, 125,127,131 foreign trade deficit 55, 77 foreland 50,200,201,202,203, 207,224 Fortune Global 500 list 82,155 forward rotating presence 35 Free Trade Area of the Americas 100 Fukuyama, Francis 89, 92,215 Galati 203 gateway
city 50,153,200 gateway region 6,16,43,44,45,48, 49, 50,51,69,151,152,153,158, 175,176,177, 178, 188,197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 213,224 gateway zone 5,6,16, 22,23,24,29, 43,45,46, 49, 50, 51, 53,152,157, 158, 160,179, 197, 198, 200,204, 207, 223 Gaugazian Moldova 131 Gazprom 39,40, 71, 93, 94,125, 126,129, 137, 138, 143,144,173, 174,181,215 Gazprom Neft 143,144 Gazprom Transgaz Belarus 94 Gazprom, Blue Stream pipeline 138 Gazprom, South Stream pipeline 174 Gdansk 26,167,185,191,201 Gdansk Bay 26,201 Gdynia 201
232 general model of gateway region development 178 geo-economic approach 98,100 geo-economics 62, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101,102,103,107,109, 211, 217 geographic borders 26 geographic cleavages 29 geographic paths 205 geography 25, 31, 43, 49, 60, 62, 66, 134, 212, 213, 219, 225 geopolitical cleavages 32,36,115 geopolitical corporate strategy 110 geopolitical fate 26 geopolitical macro-region 198,199, 200, 223 geopolitical power matrix 51 geopolitical region 43,136 geopolitical risks 18,108,109 geopolitical spatial orientation 20 geopolitical strategies 16,45, 63, 88, 103,108, 111, 149, 206,211 geopolitics 5,15, 20, 29, 43, 45, 46, 49, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72, 81, 83, 98, 102, 106,107, 108, 109, 133,134,138,149, 200, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 225 Georgia 34,119,120,138,179,188, 189, 203 geostrategic realm 43,44 German-Russian axis 37, 53, 70, 114,191 German-Russian-Chinese axis 192 Germanus, Gyula 74 Germany 15, 25, 36, 37, 39,40, 53, 54, 55, 65, 70, 71, 91, 93, 97,103, 104, 105, 114, 126,129, 134, 137, 157, 163,164,167, 169,172, 173, 174, 175,198, 203, 206, 223 global risk management 107 global warming 138,141 Index global/megaregional world market 204 globalization 61,62,81 Grabar-Kitarovic, Kolinda 180 grand chessboard 18,59,68,69, 208,211 grand games 208 Great Equatorial Land Bridge 153 Great Eurasian Partnership 136 great power 6,16,18,26,27, 29, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45,47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 64, 72, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 96, 98,102, 104, 110, 114, 120,122,123,133, 141, 142, 149, 179, 189, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 225 great power
relation system 51, 52, 53, 55 Greater Central Europe 6,148,157, 158, 206, 223 Greater Europe 134 Greece 34, 60, 92, 95,121,122, 130, 154, 155, 157,167,170, 174, 188, 189,195, 206 Greenberg, Maurice R 100,220 Greifswald 174 Gül Baba tomb in Budapest 96 GulfStream 137 Gwadar 147,152 Gydan Peninsula 139 Hafeznia, Mohammed Reza 46,215 Hambantota 152 Hamburg 107, 146,162,163, 169, 172,195 hard power 88 Havel, Vaclav 40 headquarter 72, 82, 90,107,115, 121,128, 135 heartland 15, 20, 64, 67, 79, 83, 135, 136, 145, 149,151,153, 190, 208 heartland of the heartland 68
Index Heritage Foundation 79,106 hinterland 6,49, 50,178, 200, 207 Hong Kong 44,103,104,107, 147, 215 horizontal spatial units 50 Hourcad, Bernard 46,215 hub 32,48,71,92 hub-and-spoke power structure 48 Humboldt, Alexander 65 Hungarian Central Statistical Office 77, 78, 215 Hungary 20, 22, 25, 27, 31, 32, 35, 40, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 90, 92, 96, 105,106,107, 111, 112, 138,143,144,147, 153, 154, 163,164,167,169,170,175, 180, 182, 184, 186, 187,188,192, 194, 196, 197,211,215 Huntington, Samuel 32, 33,101, 215,216 Hyperloop 163,165, 166, 167, 216 IMF Coordinated Direct Investment Survey 105 IMF Direction of Trade Statistics 39, 55 importance of political factors 45 India 43, 65, 76,124,134,135,136, 147, 208 Indian Eurasia 208 Indian Ocean 43,145,152,153, 160,203 inducement 89 infrastructural connections 158, 201, 204 infrastructural development 65, 139, 145,147, 153,155 Intermarium 15,22 International Economic Forum in St Petersburg 136 International Investment Bank 72 233 international relations 43, 58,212 Iran 69, 70, 72, 124, 135,136,146, 179, 205, 208 Iraq 59,124,137 Istanbul 79, 95, 138, 188,189,213 Italy 36, 37,157,163,164,167, 174, 198, 203, 206 Izsák, Éva 61,216 Japan 43,65,97,103,134,136,147, 153,208 Jinping, Xi 130,145 Kaliningrad 37,93,129,131,172 Kaliningrad territory 37, 39, 137,172 Kálmán Szell Plan 20 74 Kamchatka Peninsula 139 Kazakhstan 67, 68, 79,124,128, 134,135,145,179, 192,194, 203 Kazan 157,158,207 Kelebia 182,197 Kennan, George 60 Kenya 153 KFOR 90,121,123 Kharkiv 125 Kherson 185,186 Khorgos Gateway 69,216 Khorgos/Horgos 68,192,194 Kievan-
Rus 124,125 Kiss, J László 25,216 Kissinger, Henry 5, 63, 68,69, 70, 100,101,113,124,127,216 Kjellén, Rudolf 29, 60, 216 Kobylany 192 Koper 167,182,201 Kosice 164, 165 Kosovo 34,36,40,90,91,92, 95, 96, 118,121,122, 123,154,175 Kosovo R7 highway 91 Kostolany, André 57,216 Krakow 163,182
234 Kuantan 151 Kyaukphyu 151 Kyrgyzstan 68, 79, 134, 135, 179 Lamu 153 land power 31,43, 65, 66, 68, 137, 205 Laos 75, 76 Larger West 70 Latvia 36,106,112,127,129, 172, 180 Lisbon 134 Lithuania 36,37,39,86,94,112, 123,127,131, 172,180,181, 182 Ljubljana 167 LNG (liquified natural gas) 85, 86, 116, 139,140,141, 146, 152, 167, 181 LNG port 181 Lodz 162,163,167 Lorot, Pascal 101,102, 217 Lukashenko, Alexander 93, 94, 127, 128 Luttwak, Edward 62, 98,101,102, 103,217 Luxembourg 106 Mackinder, Halford 15,16, 20, 31, 43, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 102, 133, 136, 146, 149,151, 157,189, 205, 206, 208, 217 Madrid 164 Mahan, Alfred 61 Maidan 124 Malaka Strait 151,152 Malaszevicze 35,163,190, 191,192 Malaysian Peninsula 151 Manifest Destiny 61,100 Marrs, Jim 101,217 Maurice R Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies 100 Index Mediterranean gateway region 201,203 megaregion 50, 81,82,200,207 Mező, Ferenc 25, 218 Middle East 34,83,96,120,137, 145, 198, 208 Middle Tier 15 migration crisis 41,59,114,117 Migration Data Portal 126,218 Miletics, Pál 25, 218 Minsk 93, 128, 129,130,191 Moisoiu, Cristian 49,218 Moldova 27, 34,36,39,41,119, 120,126, 130,131,132,154, 175, 179,188,189,198 Mongolia 67, 72, 75, 76,136,137, 146,151,203, 208 Monroe doctrine 61,100 Montenegro 33, 36,40, 71, 90, 95, 106,115,117,122,142,143,155, 156,174, 175 Morava 121 Moscow 20,53,71,72,101,111, 114,117,128,129,130,133,134, 135,136, 191,217 Mugalzhar hill 72 multipolar world 6,15,18,20, 22, 48, 49, 52, 57, 59, 64, 75,108, 134, 207, 208 multiport gateway region 175 Murmansk 137 Myanmar 136,147,151 NAFTA 100 Naftan 93
Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS) 143 nation states 27,41,43, 53, 62, 81, 94, 98,101,114,178,186, 200 national economies 48, 53, 81, 82, 94,101,103 NATO 15, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39,40, 52, 60, 71, 72,90, 91, 92,
Index ill, 112, 113, 114,115,116, 119, 120, 121,122, 123, 129,133, 138, 141,142,144, 156,158,174,181, 189, 201,207,211,217,219 NATO-Russia agreement 35 natural gas 39,40, 71, 83, 85, 86, 87, 93, 94,106,116,125, 126,129, 137, 138, 139, 141,143,144, 151, 152, 173, 174,181 natural geographic features 26,63, 175,205 natural resources 83 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 68,79,134 neo-Ottoman geopolitical efforts 95 Netherlands 101,103,106,146 network 51, 58, 63, 65, 95,108, 128,136, 143, 151,155,159,160, 161, 162,163, 164,165, 166, 167, 168, 169,180,189,190,192,195, 196, 203 New Amber Road railway corridor 182,183 New East 70 New Eurasia paradigm 6,21,144 New Eurasian land bridge 146,182, 190, 203 new political geography 62 New Silk Road 21,68, 76,107,135, 145,146,155,160,163, 190, 192, 194, 196, 215 New Silk Road Economic Belts’ land area 145 New Silk Road Economic Belts’ sea area 145 Nis 143,144 North Adriatic gateway region 201, 203 North America 22, 85,138 North Macedonia 34,36,37,91, 92, 95, 97, 116,117,118,119,122, 142,154,170,174,196 North Pole 139 235 North-Baltic macro-region 198 Northern Adriatic Ports Association (NAPA) 201,218 North-South Baltic-Adriatic axis 6, 200, 201,207 North-South growth axis 198 Norway 172 Novatek 139,140,146,218 Novi Pazar 96,97 Nye, S Joseph 88, 218 Obama, Barack 35, 58, 83,85, 88, 111, 113,114, 115, 221 Odessa 125,203 OECD 75,90,97 Official Development Assistance (ODA) 75,97 One Belt One Road 35,63,65,129, 144,145,149,151,152,155, 203 orange revolution 123,124 Orbán, Viktor 72,79,215 Orthodox Slavic peoples 142 Ostrovets 94 Ottoman Empire 96 Pacific
Ocean 18, 53, 82, 83, 84, 103,137,139, 141, 145,153, 158, 203, 205, 207 Pacific Ocean-centered world economy 84,158, 223 Pakistan 124,135,136,147, 152, 208 Pančevo 143 Pax Americana 82 Pax Russia 82 periphery 21, 22, 26,45,121, 124, 131,205 permafrost land 141 Persian Gulf 152 Pilsudski, Józef 15, 22 Piraeus 92,107, 152,154,168,195, 196,197, 201, 203, 218
236 Piraeus Port Authority 195,218 pivot area 65,66,186 Podgorica 143,156 Poland 27, 30, 31, 35, 37,40, 55, 71, 81, 82, 93, 105, 112, 115,116, 117, 123, 126,127, 129,130, 146,162, 163,167,172, 180, 182,184, 185, 186, 187,191, 192, 213 Polar Silk Road 145 Polesia 185 Polish-American security policy 35 political geography 29, 30, 60,61, 62,215,219 Poroshenko, Petro 124,126 port 91, 92, 121, 137, 138,139,146, 147, 151,152,153, 154,155, 164, 167, 168,169, 178, 182,183, 191, 193,195,196, 201,203,218 Porter rhombus model 108,109 position of “imprisonment” between West and East 15 post-oil period 87 power vacuum 59 Poznan 35, 71, 115, 162,163, 167, 191 Prague 164,169 Pripyat 131,185 Putin, Vladimir 21, 71, 93,126, 127, 129,133, 134, 136,139, 141, 144, 217, 219 Putinovo 143 Qatar 86,141,181 Ratzel, Friedrich 60, 219 Ravenna 167,201 Red Sea 152,203 regional power 48, 49, 50, 89,134 renaissance of orthodox geopolitics 57 revolution of dignity 124 Rhine 26,160, 164, 166,200,214 Index Rijeka 201 rimland 66,136,137,149,153 RMB Clearing Center 107 Rockefeller family 101 Rodrigue, Jean-Paul 49,219 Romania 27,31,32,34,35,36,37, 39, 72, 96, 105,112,122,123, 131, 132,138,143,164,170,175, 179, 180,181,183, 186,187,188, 189, 196, 198, 203 Rosatom 72, 94,139 Ross, Thomas E 46,212 Rotterdam 107, 146,162,164,195 round-tripped investment 93,106 Russia 15,18,20,22,29,31,32,33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94,104,105, 106, 107,112,114, 115, 116,118,120, 122,123, 124, 125,126,127,128, 129,130, 131, 133,
134,135,136, 137,138, 139,141, 142,143,144, 145,146,157,158, 160,172,173, 174,181,188,189, 194,198, 201, 203, 205, 207, 208,217,223 Russian Baltic Fleet 37,129 Russian Eurasia 208 Russian geopolitical strategies 136 Russian sphere 15,29, 37, 39,114, 124, 154 Russian- German economic axis 174 Russo-German Europe 53,114 Russophobia 60,205 Russo-Sino-Iranian politicaleconomic alliance 70 Sarajevo 97 Sárfalvi, Béla 60,61,205,217, 219 Sárospatak Library, Hungary 72 Saudi Arabia 85, 86, 87 Sberbank 106
Index sea power 31,43,44,61,66, 68, 137, 138,153, 205, 206 Second World War 15, 27, 57, 59, 72,135 semi-peripheral region 205 Serbia 34,36,40,71,90,91,92,95, 96, 97,106,107,117,118, 121, 122,123,124,135, 138, 141,143, 144,154,155,156, 170, 174, 175, 182,186,187, 188, 196, 197 Sevastopol 138 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 31,120,135, 146 shatterbelt 44, 60 Singapore 44,103,135 Slavic Union 142 Slovakia 40,112,138,144,164,167, 175, 180, 182,186, 187 Slovenia 32, 36, 37,42, 92,112,121, 163, 164,167,174, 175, 182, 183, 198,219 Smith, Adam 102, 219 Sofia 118,155,168 soft power 88, 95, 96, 97, 218 Sopot 201 South Asia 81,145,147,205 South Caucasian region 120 South China Sea 145,151,160 South-East Asia 70,145 Southeast Europe 27,49, 95,159, 175,213 Southeast macro-region 198 Southeast/East-European axis 200 Soviet Union 17, 20, 21, 27, 58, 72, 123,125,131 spatial-based logistic network 51 Sri Lanka 75,76,152 St Petersburg 141,157,158, 172,207 Strait of Gibraltar 163 Strait of Hormuz 152 237 strategic geographical position 191 strategicstones 151,153 Suez Canal 203 Supreme Eurasian Economic Council 135 Swinoujscie 167,181 Syria 97,124,137, 138 system-level risks 57 Szczecin 167 Tálas, Péter 35,219 Tallinn 162,163,182 Tanzania 153 Teleki, Pál 5,73,219 Terespol 182, 190,191,192 Terespol municipality 190 territorial nation states 94 Thessaloniki 91, 92,121, 168,182 Three Seas Initiative (TSI - 3SI) 180,220 Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund (3SIIF) 181 three types of power 88, 89 tied aid loan 75, 76 Torgay region 66 TRACECA program 179 traditional geopolitical world wiew
18 traditional Hungarian geopolitical thought 72 trans-Atlantic relations 111,181 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) 113 Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) 155,159,214 transforming world order 57 Transnistria 131 transpolar sea shipping route 139 transportation and communication infrastructure 51,178
238 transportation corridor 51,121, 158,159, 160, 162, 163,164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 179, 180,182, 190, 200,204 Tricity (Trójmiasto) 201, 220 Trieste 120,167,201 Trilateral Commission 100,101 Truman doctrine 60 Trump, Donald 53, 58, 70, 88,100, 113, 115, 116, 181 Tuathail, Gearóid Ó 62,220 Turan 72, 73 Turanian Society 72, 73 Turanism 73 Turkey 29, 34, 60, 65, 70, 79, 82, 95, 96, 97,120, 121, 122, 136, 138, 143, 146, 151, 157, 179,188, 189, 198, 203, 205, 207 Turkic Council 79, 220 Turkic-speaking people 72, 79 Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) 96 Turmanidze, Tomiké 46 Tusk, Donald 118,213 Ukraine 27, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 67, 85, 94, 96, 106, 107, 115, 119, 120,123,124, 125, 126,127, 130, 131,133,137, 154, 158, 163, 164, 173, 174,175,179, 180,185, 186, 187, 188, 189,194,195,198, 201,203,213,216 Ukrainian crisis 114,131 U-krajina 123 Uman 125 UN Environmental Program 187 UN General Assembly 124 UN Security Council 90 UN UNCTAD World Investment Report 104 Ural 65,66 Index US 1st Infantry Division (Forward) 35 US Energy Information Administration 85, 86 USA 18,20,35,37,43,45,51,52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 97, 99, 100, 103,104,105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116,121,122, 127,141, 144, 146,147,149,181, 182, 207, 208, 218, 223 USA’s geostrategic goals 68 USMCA 100 V4 36,40,41,42,198 V6 geopolitical macro-region 198 V7 42 Vardar 121 Vardar Belt 90,121,122 Varna 203 Venice 167, 201 vertical spatial levels 49 Via Carpathia road corridor 184 Vienna 106,164,165, 167,169, 203 Vietnam 72, 76, 121,135 Viktor,
Pál 25 Vilnius 93, 94 Visegrad countries 32, 37,163, 203 Vistula 185 Vladivostok 134,137,141 Volga 137, 157, 158, 207 Volksbank 106 Vucic, Alexander 141,144, 217 Vyborg 174 Wanhua Industrial Group 107 Warsaw 35, 36, 71, 89,115, 116, 128,154,158,162,163,167, 181, 182, 184,191 Washington 20,99,212, 216, 220 weiqi 149,151,152,208 wei qi board 152, 208
239 Index West Balkan 40,41,117,188,201 West Eurasia 208 West-East division 17,22, 32 Western Balkans 41, 71,91,97,117, 118,120,121,122,141,180, 213 Western Bug 185 Western economic sphere 37,40 Western Europe 22, 93,120,129, 136,139,154,160,180,190, 197, 201,203,208 Western sea powers 65 West-Turkestan 72 world economy opportunities 51 world order 5, 32, 57, 58, 59, 80, 92, 124,212,216 world politics realities 51 World Trade Organization 128 World-Island 20,63, 64, 65, 70, 146, 148,149,150, 151, 153, 157, 206, 208, 209, 223, 224 Wroclaw 163,167 WTO 75,100,128 Xth pan-European transportation corridor 92 Yamal LNG project 139 Yamal Peninsula 139 Yanukovych, Viktor 123,124 Yugoslavia 27, 90,198 Záhony 163, 191,192,193, 194,221 Záhony dry cargo port 193 Zelensky, Volodymyr 127 |
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| author | Bernek, Ágnes 1962- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1073227553 |
| author_facet | Bernek, Ágnes 1962- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bernek, Ágnes 1962- |
| author_variant | á b áb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047069138 |
| classification_rvk | MK 2000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1242729031 (DE-599)DNB1222533480 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047069138 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T16:13:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:01:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065711506 |
| isbn | 9783631819159 3631819153 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032476175 |
| oclc_num | 1242729031 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 239 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221114 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Peter Lang |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in Politics, Security and Society |
| series2 | Studies in Politics, Security and Society |
| spelling | Bernek, Ágnes 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)1073227553 aut Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone Agnes Bernek Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the twenty-first century Berlin ; Bern ; Bruxelles Peter Lang [2021] © 2021 239 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in Politics, Security and Society volume 37 Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Ágnes Baltic-Adriatic axis Bernek Buffer Central Century Eastern economic Europe Gateway gateway region Geopolitical GeopoliticalGeo Greater Central Europe multipolar world New Eurasia paradigm Stanisław Strategies Sulowski World-Island Zone Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s DE-604 Peter Lang GmbH (DE-588)1065711506 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-631-84568-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-631-84587-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-631-84588-2 Studies in Politics, Security and Society volume 37 (DE-604)BV042705102 37 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=5c5117e29312402a8050df1f6e508bf9&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/98748?format=HC HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032476175&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032476175&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p vlb 20201201 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Bernek, Ágnes 1962- Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone Studies in Politics, Security and Society Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| title_alt | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the twenty-first century |
| title_auth | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| title_exact_search | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| title_full | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone Agnes Bernek |
| title_fullStr | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone Agnes Bernek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone Agnes Bernek |
| title_short | Geopolitics of Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century |
| title_sort | geopolitics of central and eastern europe in the 21st century from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| title_sub | from the buffer zone to the gateway zone |
| topic | Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geopolitik Osteuropa |
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| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042705102 |
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