Dissimilar coffee frontiers mobilizing labor and land in the Lake Kivu Region, Congo and Rwanda (1918-1960/62) - Melkebeke, Sven Van (Brill, 2020)
Includes bibliographical references and index
List of Illustrations and Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Relevance of This Research -- 1.1 A Historiographical Sketch of Belgian Africa -- 1.2 Theoretical Framework -- 2 Geographical and Temporal Scope -- 3 Coffee Cultivation in Belgian Africa -- 4 Methodology and Sources -- 5 Administrative Note -- 6 Outline -- Prelude: The Lake Kivu Region in the Nineteenth Century -- 1 Lake Kivu's Communities -- 2 Peculiarities of the Region -- Part 1 -- Structural Basis -- 1 Coffee Production: From the Global to the Local -- 1 The Roots -- 1.1 "Out of Africa" -- 1.2 African "Comeback" and the "Birth" of the Kivu Coffee -- 2 Producing for the Global Market -- 2.1 Global Coffee Production after World War I -- 2.2 Belgian Africa's Capacity -- 2.3 The Kivu Region -- 3 Conclusion -- 2 Explaining the Divergence -- 1 Historiography: Divergence in Rural Production Systems -- 2 The Lake Kivu Region: Why Diversity? -- 2.1 Environmental Factors? --
- 2.2 Successful Examples? -- 2.3 German Legacy? -- 2.4 Cost-Effectiveness? -- 2.5 Famine of 1928-1929? -- 2.6 Racially Defined Diversity? -- 2.7 Population Density -- Land Availability? -- 2.8 Customary Land Tenure? -- 2.9 Mandate versus Colony? -- 2.10 Land, Locality and Legality as Prevailing Explanations -- 3 Diversity in Reverse -- 3.1 Smallholding in Eastern Congo -- 3.2 Plantations in Western Rwanda -- 4 Conclusion -- Part 2 -- On the Ground -- 3 Mobilizing Land for the Coffee Sector -- 1 The Congolese Kivu: Customary Land Systems and the Early Colonial Period -- 1.1 Changing Access to Land -- 1.2 Disputes Over Land -- 1.3 The Role of the Local Administration -- 2 The Rwandan Kivu -- 2.1 Customary Land Tenure and the German Period -- 2.2 Belgium Enters the Scene -- 2.3 Land-related Tensions -- 2.4 Administrative Interventions -- 3 Conclusion -- 4 Mobilizing Coffee-Cultivating Labor -- 1 Colonial Coffee Labor -- 1.1 Entering the Plantations -- 1.2 It's All about the Numbers --
- 1.3 Plantations versus Mines -- 2 Coffee Labor in the Mandate -- 2.1 Customary Labor Mobilization and "Chiefly" Cultivation -- 2.2 Vulgarization and Mobilization of the Rural Masses -- 2.3 Other Kinds of Coffee Labor -- 3 Conclusion -- 5 Coffee Labor on the Spot -- 1 Workforce West of Lake Kivu -- 1.1 Dual Employment Categories? -- 1.2 Remunerating Laborers -- 1.3 Labor Conditions -- 2 Workforce East of Lake Kivu -- 2.1 Coffee Production at Household Level -- 2.2 Working Conditions in the Smallholder Sector -- 2.3 Rwandan Plantation Workers -- 3 Conclusion -- 6 African Feedback -- 1 "Weapons of the Weak" -- 1.1 The Cosyns Case -- 1.2 Migrations -- 1.3 Desertions and Absenteeism -- 1.4 Coffee Pilferage and "illegal" Trade -- 1.5 Various Kinds of Sabotage -- 2 Lake Kivu Peasants -- 2.1 How to Understand "Peasants"? -- 2.2 Household (Plantation) Land -- 2.3 Markets and Trade -- 2.4 Income Diversification and the Role of Women -- 3 Conclusion --
- Conclusion: A Merger Based on Diversity and Compromise -- 1 On Differentiation -- 2 On Compromise -- Annex 1: Decree on Coffee Limitations (1938) -- Archives -- 1 African Archives Brussels (AAB) -- 1.1 Belgian Congo -- 1.2 Ruanda-Urundi -- 2 Other Collections -- References -- Index