The Afghanistan wars:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Red Globe Press
2021
|
| Edition: | Third edition |
| Series: | Twentieth-century wars
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 377 Seiten Diagramme, Karte 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781352011005 9781352011029 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents xv xvii xviii Acknowledgements Note on References Map Introduction 1 1 The Road to War 6 The Afghan Context Afghanistan as a Territorial Unit The Peoples of Afghanistan The Afghan State State and Society The Decline of State Legitimacy: 1964-1978 The Soviet Context The Soviet System Soviet Relations with Afghanistan The Soviet Cultivation of Afghan Communists The Sclerotic Soviet Elite From Coup to Invasion The April 1978 Coup Communist Factionalism and Policy Failures The Soviet View of Afghan Developments The Amin Period The Soviet Invasion 2 Soviet Strategy, Tactics, and Dilemmas The Soviet Armed Forces Some History The Structure and Functioning of the Soviet Armed Forces Soviet Strategy Strategic Objectives vii 8 8 9 11 13 15 16 16 18 19 21 23 23 24 26 28 29 32 32 32 33 35 36
viii Contents Soviet Tactics Infantry Armour Tactical Airpower Spetsnaz Forces and Sabotage Scorched Earth Mine Warfare Intelligence and Communications Operational Relations with the Afghan Army Soviet Dilemmas 3 The Development of Afghan Resistance Popular Mobilization in Afghanistan Islam as a Basis of Resistance Grassroots Resistance and Tribal Warfare Resistance Political Parties Regional Commanders Urban Resistance Activities The Role of Pakistan Longer-Term Pakistani Interests The Position of General Zia Pakistan as Host of Afghan Refugees Pakistan as a Conduit of External Aid: The Role of ISI Pakistani Manipulation and the Afghan Resistance International Support for the Afghan Resistance The UN Response to the Soviet Invasion Western Reactions to the Invasion Arab Reactions to the Invasion Western Non-Governmental Organizations 4 The Kannal Period, 1979-1986 Patterns of War Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Northern Afghanistan Western Afghanistan The Panjsher Valley The Hazarajat 39 39 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 45 48 49 49 50 52 54 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 63 63 64 67 68 70 71 71 72 73 73 74
Contents The Structure of the Regime and the Role of the Party The Limited Autonomy of the Karmal Regime Factionalism Within the Karmal Regime and the Weakness of the Party Relations Between Different Bureaucratic Agencies The Failed Legitimation Strategies of the Karmal Regime The Afghan Secret Police The Organization of KhAD Najibullah as Head of KhAD KhAD and Urban Repression KhAD and the Creation of a Deracinated ‘Janissary’ Class Soviet-KhAD Relations and the Roles of Soviet Advisers The USSR and Change in the Kabul Regime Problems of Stagnation in the USSR The Rise of Gorbachev and the Fall of Karmal 5 The Najibullah-Gorbachev Period, 1986-1989 Patterns of War Militias Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Western Afghanistan Northern Afghanistan and the Panjsher Valley The Hazarajat Political Change in Moscow and Kabul Elite Turnover in the USSR Gorbachev’s Consolidation of Power: Policy Consequences Najibullah’s Consolidation of Power Glasnost’ and Afghanistan The Policy of ‘National Reconciliation’ The Origins of ‘National Reconciliation’ The Content of ‘National Reconciliation’ Obstacles to ‘National Reconciliation’ The Failure of ‘National Reconciliation’ 6 The Road to Soviet Withdrawal The Soviet Decision to Withdraw The Foreign Policy Process Under Gorbachev ix 75 75 ■ 76 77 78 80 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 86 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 97 98 98 98 100 100 102 103 103
. x Contents The Recognition of Strategic Failure The Role of Gorbachev 13 November 1986 The United Nations and the Geneva Accords The Development of Negotiations Under UN Auspices The Evolution of the Geneva Accords The Finalization and Signing of the Geneva Accords The Content of the Geneva Accords The Limitations of the Geneva Accords 104 105 106 108 108 109 111 112 114 The Course of the Withdrawal UNGOMAP and UNOCA Manoeuvrings During the Withdrawal The Death of Zia Mujahideen Positioning The Completion of the Withdrawal 115 115 117 118 119 122 7 Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War Effects of the War on Afghanistan The Civilian Population The Economy Afghan Politics Effects of the War on the Soviet Union The Afghan War and Soviet Society Faith in the Party Leadership The Erosion of the Brezhnev Doctrine Was Afghanistan the USSR’s Vietnam? Afghanistan and the Disintegration of the Soviet System Two Lessons of the War 123 123 123 125 126 128 128 129 129 130 132 133 8 The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989-1992 135 Mechanisms of Regime Maintenance Continuing Soviet Assistance Militias and Segmentary Politics Rebadging the Party Intraparty Rivalries Fracturing within the Afghan Resistance Resistance Tensions: Jalalabad and Farkhar 136 136 136 138 138 140 140
Contents Resistance Consolidation US Disengagement UN Attempts to Manage Transition The Secretary-General’s May 1991 Plan The Weaknesses of the UN Plan The Evolution of the UN Plan The Collapse of the Regime The August 1991 Coup and Soviet Aid The Revolt in the North Splits in the Regime and the Afghan Army: Ideology and Ethnicity The Collapse of the UN Plan 9 The Rise and Fall of the Rabbani Government, 1992-1996 The Failure of Elite Settlements The Nature of Ehte Settlements The Peshawar Accord The Islamabad Accord Distrust and Manipulation in the Absence of a State The Bombardment of Kabul The Symbolism of the Capital The Division of Kabul Between Militias Rocket Attacks and Atrocities The Peace of March-October 1995 Beyond Kabul Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Northern and Western Afghanistan The Reappearance of the UN Regime Decay Politics in Kabul The Failure to Find Moderate Pushtun Allies The Rabbani-Hekmatyar Rapprochement The International Context 10 The Rise and Rule of the Taliban, 1994-2001 The Origins and Spread of the Taliban Pakistan’s Search for Clients The Composition of the Taliban xi 142 143 144 145 147 148 149 149 150 151 152 156 157 157 158 160 160 161 161 162 164 165 166 166 167 168 171 171 172 172 173 175 176 176 179
xii Contents The Deobandi Heritage 181 The USA and the Taliban 182 Military Developments After September 1996 184 The Objectives of the Taliban The Taliban and Security The Taliban and Sharia Law The Taliban and the State 186 187 188 189 The Taliban and Human Rights Women’s Rights to Education and Health 190 190 Political Freedoms Massacres: Mazar-e Sharif and Yakaolang 192 192 Protection of Cultural Property 193 The Taliban and the World 194 The Impact of Gender Seeking Recognition 194 195 Finding Friends 196 The UN and the Taliban Terrorism and Sanctions 197 199 11 The Fall of the Taliban Regime Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban 202 203 Bin Laden’s Background Bin Laden and the Taliban Leaders 203 204 The Radicalization of the Taliban September 11: The Logic of Messianic Terror 206 207 The Obliteration of the Taliban Regime The ‘War on Terrorism’ 207 207 The War Begins 210 Why Did the Taliban Fall So Quickly? 214 The Bonn Conference and its Aftermath The Bonn Agreement The Interim Administration 12 The Karzai Era Old and New Challenges for Afghanistan Reconstituting the State The Rebuilding of Trust and the EstabUshment of Security 215 215 219 222 223 223 224
Contents Establishing Foundations for Reconstruction Retaining International Attention xixi 225 225 Politics in the Karzai Era Strategies of Legitimation Pathologies of New State Structures at Central and Local Levels Constitutional Reform Elections Reconstruction and Development Agents of Reconstruction Donor Priority-Setting and National Sovereignty Reconstruction in the Provinces: Building a Civil Economy 226 227 228 230 231 234 235 237 239 Security Threats Al-Qaida The Taliban ‘Warlords’ Criminality and Narcotics ‘Collateral Damage’ in the War on Terror Building Security Counter-Insurgency Challenges Demilitarization, Demobilization, and Disarmament Building a New Afghan National Army Building a New Afghan National Police Security, Justice, and the Rule of Law Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Taliban Threat Pakistan’s Ongoing Support for the Taliban Pakistan and the Spread of Insurgency Talibanization of the Tribal Areas and Pakistan’s Internal Crises Afghanistan and Iran The Iranian Political System The Ahmadinejad Presidency Iran’s Interests in Afghanistan Iran and the Taliban Iran’s Nuclear Programme: Implications NATO, the UN, and Afghanistan NATO in Afghanistan The UN and Afghanistan 240 240 241 243 245 246 246 246 248 249 250 251 251 251 253 254 256 257 257 258 259 260 260 260 262
xiv Contents Afghanistan, Obama, and the Road to ‘Transition’ in 2014 The USA and the ‘War on Terror’ The Iraq War and Its Effects The Obama Administration and Afghanistan 13 Afghanistan from 2014 The 2014 Election Crisis and the ‘National Unity Government’ The 2014 Presidential Election The ‘National Unity Government The Taliban after 2014: Military Gains and Political Fragmentation Military Developments and Attacks Turmoil in the Taliban Leadership ‘Islamic State’ in Afghanistan The Roots of ‘Islamic State’ ‘Islamic State’in Afghanistan Afghanistan and the World The Impact of Globalization Afghanistan and Other Powers An Afghan ‘Peace Process’? Peace in the Offing? Prospects Changing Patterns of War in Afghanistan Changing Patterns of War Changing Dimensions of War in Afghanistan Afghan Futures Tensions in Afghanistan’s Internal Politics Donor Activities International Attention Pakistan as a Threat to Regional and Global Stability A Darkening Sky References Index 263 263 264 265 268 269 269 270 273 273 275 276 276 277 280 280 283 286 286 288 291 291 292 294 294 295 296 298 299 301 364 |
| adam_txt |
Contents xv xvii xviii Acknowledgements Note on References Map Introduction 1 1 The Road to War 6 The Afghan Context Afghanistan as a Territorial Unit The Peoples of Afghanistan The Afghan State State and Society The Decline of State Legitimacy: 1964-1978 The Soviet Context The Soviet System Soviet Relations with Afghanistan The Soviet Cultivation of Afghan Communists The Sclerotic Soviet Elite From Coup to Invasion The April 1978 Coup Communist Factionalism and Policy Failures The Soviet View of Afghan Developments The Amin Period The Soviet Invasion 2 Soviet Strategy, Tactics, and Dilemmas The Soviet Armed Forces Some History The Structure and Functioning of the Soviet Armed Forces Soviet Strategy Strategic Objectives vii 8 8 9 11 13 15 16 16 18 19 21 23 23 24 26 28 29 32 32 32 33 35 36
viii Contents Soviet Tactics Infantry Armour Tactical Airpower Spetsnaz Forces and Sabotage Scorched Earth Mine Warfare Intelligence and Communications Operational Relations with the Afghan Army Soviet Dilemmas 3 The Development of Afghan Resistance Popular Mobilization in Afghanistan Islam as a Basis of Resistance Grassroots Resistance and Tribal Warfare Resistance Political Parties Regional Commanders Urban Resistance Activities The Role of Pakistan Longer-Term Pakistani Interests The Position of General Zia Pakistan as Host of Afghan Refugees Pakistan as a Conduit of External Aid: The Role of ISI Pakistani Manipulation and the Afghan Resistance International Support for the Afghan Resistance The UN Response to the Soviet Invasion Western Reactions to the Invasion Arab Reactions to the Invasion Western Non-Governmental Organizations 4 The Kannal Period, 1979-1986 Patterns of War Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Northern Afghanistan Western Afghanistan The Panjsher Valley The Hazarajat 39 39 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 45 48 49 49 50 52 54 54 55 56 57 59 60 61 63 63 64 67 68 70 71 71 72 73 73 74
Contents The Structure of the Regime and the Role of the Party The Limited Autonomy of the Karmal Regime Factionalism Within the Karmal Regime and the Weakness of the Party Relations Between Different Bureaucratic Agencies The Failed Legitimation Strategies of the Karmal Regime The Afghan Secret Police The Organization of KhAD Najibullah as Head of KhAD KhAD and Urban Repression KhAD and the Creation of a Deracinated ‘Janissary’ Class Soviet-KhAD Relations and the Roles of Soviet Advisers The USSR and Change in the Kabul Regime Problems of Stagnation in the USSR The Rise of Gorbachev and the Fall of Karmal 5 The Najibullah-Gorbachev Period, 1986-1989 Patterns of War Militias Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Western Afghanistan Northern Afghanistan and the Panjsher Valley The Hazarajat Political Change in Moscow and Kabul Elite Turnover in the USSR Gorbachev’s Consolidation of Power: Policy Consequences Najibullah’s Consolidation of Power Glasnost’ and Afghanistan The Policy of ‘National Reconciliation’ The Origins of ‘National Reconciliation’ The Content of ‘National Reconciliation’ Obstacles to ‘National Reconciliation’ The Failure of ‘National Reconciliation’ 6 The Road to Soviet Withdrawal The Soviet Decision to Withdraw The Foreign Policy Process Under Gorbachev ix 75 75 ■ 76 77 78 80 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 86 88 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 97 98 98 98 100 100 102 103 103
. x Contents The Recognition of Strategic Failure The Role of Gorbachev 13 November 1986 The United Nations and the Geneva Accords The Development of Negotiations Under UN Auspices The Evolution of the Geneva Accords The Finalization and Signing of the Geneva Accords The Content of the Geneva Accords The Limitations of the Geneva Accords 104 105 106 108 108 109 111 112 114 The Course of the Withdrawal UNGOMAP and UNOCA Manoeuvrings During the Withdrawal The Death of Zia Mujahideen Positioning The Completion of the Withdrawal 115 115 117 118 119 122 7 Consequences of the Soviet-Afghan War Effects of the War on Afghanistan The Civilian Population The Economy Afghan Politics Effects of the War on the Soviet Union The Afghan War and Soviet Society Faith in the Party Leadership The Erosion of the Brezhnev Doctrine Was Afghanistan the USSR’s Vietnam? Afghanistan and the Disintegration of the Soviet System Two Lessons of the War 123 123 123 125 126 128 128 129 129 130 132 133 8 The Interregnum of Najibullah, 1989-1992 135 Mechanisms of Regime Maintenance Continuing Soviet Assistance Militias and Segmentary Politics Rebadging the Party Intraparty Rivalries Fracturing within the Afghan Resistance Resistance Tensions: Jalalabad and Farkhar 136 136 136 138 138 140 140
Contents Resistance Consolidation US Disengagement UN Attempts to Manage Transition The Secretary-General’s May 1991 Plan The Weaknesses of the UN Plan The Evolution of the UN Plan The Collapse of the Regime The August 1991 Coup and Soviet Aid The Revolt in the North Splits in the Regime and the Afghan Army: Ideology and Ethnicity The Collapse of the UN Plan 9 The Rise and Fall of the Rabbani Government, 1992-1996 The Failure of Elite Settlements The Nature of Ehte Settlements The Peshawar Accord The Islamabad Accord Distrust and Manipulation in the Absence of a State The Bombardment of Kabul The Symbolism of the Capital The Division of Kabul Between Militias Rocket Attacks and Atrocities The Peace of March-October 1995 Beyond Kabul Eastern and Southern Afghanistan Northern and Western Afghanistan The Reappearance of the UN Regime Decay Politics in Kabul The Failure to Find Moderate Pushtun Allies The Rabbani-Hekmatyar Rapprochement The International Context 10 The Rise and Rule of the Taliban, 1994-2001 The Origins and Spread of the Taliban Pakistan’s Search for Clients The Composition of the Taliban xi 142 143 144 145 147 148 149 149 150 151 152 156 157 157 158 160 160 161 161 162 164 165 166 166 167 168 171 171 172 172 173 175 176 176 179
xii Contents The Deobandi Heritage 181 The USA and the Taliban 182 Military Developments After September 1996 184 The Objectives of the Taliban The Taliban and Security The Taliban and Sharia Law The Taliban and the State 186 187 188 189 The Taliban and Human Rights Women’s Rights to Education and Health 190 190 Political Freedoms Massacres: Mazar-e Sharif and Yakaolang 192 192 Protection of Cultural Property 193 The Taliban and the World 194 The Impact of Gender Seeking Recognition 194 195 Finding Friends 196 The UN and the Taliban Terrorism and Sanctions 197 199 11 The Fall of the Taliban Regime Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban 202 203 Bin Laden’s Background Bin Laden and the Taliban Leaders 203 204 The Radicalization of the Taliban September 11: The Logic of Messianic Terror 206 207 The Obliteration of the Taliban Regime The ‘War on Terrorism’ 207 207 The War Begins 210 Why Did the Taliban Fall So Quickly? 214 The Bonn Conference and its Aftermath The Bonn Agreement The Interim Administration 12 The Karzai Era Old and New Challenges for Afghanistan Reconstituting the State The Rebuilding of Trust and the EstabUshment of Security 215 215 219 222 223 223 224
Contents Establishing Foundations for Reconstruction Retaining International Attention xixi 225 225 Politics in the Karzai Era Strategies of Legitimation Pathologies of New State Structures at Central and Local Levels Constitutional Reform Elections Reconstruction and Development Agents of Reconstruction Donor Priority-Setting and National Sovereignty Reconstruction in the Provinces: Building a Civil Economy 226 227 228 230 231 234 235 237 239 Security Threats Al-Qaida The Taliban ‘Warlords’ Criminality and Narcotics ‘Collateral Damage’ in the War on Terror Building Security Counter-Insurgency Challenges Demilitarization, Demobilization, and Disarmament Building a New Afghan National Army Building a New Afghan National Police Security, Justice, and the Rule of Law Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Taliban Threat Pakistan’s Ongoing Support for the Taliban Pakistan and the Spread of Insurgency Talibanization of the Tribal Areas and Pakistan’s Internal Crises Afghanistan and Iran The Iranian Political System The Ahmadinejad Presidency Iran’s Interests in Afghanistan Iran and the Taliban Iran’s Nuclear Programme: Implications NATO, the UN, and Afghanistan NATO in Afghanistan The UN and Afghanistan 240 240 241 243 245 246 246 246 248 249 250 251 251 251 253 254 256 257 257 258 259 260 260 260 262
xiv Contents Afghanistan, Obama, and the Road to ‘Transition’ in 2014 The USA and the ‘War on Terror’ The Iraq War and Its Effects The Obama Administration and Afghanistan 13 Afghanistan from 2014 The 2014 Election Crisis and the ‘National Unity Government’ The 2014 Presidential Election The ‘National Unity Government The Taliban after 2014: Military Gains and Political Fragmentation Military Developments and Attacks Turmoil in the Taliban Leadership ‘Islamic State’ in Afghanistan The Roots of ‘Islamic State’ ‘Islamic State’in Afghanistan Afghanistan and the World The Impact of Globalization Afghanistan and Other Powers An Afghan ‘Peace Process’? Peace in the Offing? Prospects Changing Patterns of War in Afghanistan Changing Patterns of War Changing Dimensions of War in Afghanistan Afghan Futures Tensions in Afghanistan’s Internal Politics Donor Activities International Attention Pakistan as a Threat to Regional and Global Stability A Darkening Sky References Index 263 263 264 265 268 269 269 270 273 273 275 276 276 277 280 280 283 286 286 288 291 291 292 294 294 295 296 298 299 301 364 |
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| geographic | Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Afghanistan |
| id | DE-604.BV047001362 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:57:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:22:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781352011005 9781352011029 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032408983 |
| oclc_num | 1230237039 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-11 DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-11 DE-706 |
| physical | xviii, 377 Seiten Diagramme, Karte 21 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210430 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Red Globe Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Twentieth-century wars |
| spelling | Maley, William 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)124434029 aut The Afghanistan wars William Maley Third edition London Red Globe Press 2021 xviii, 377 Seiten Diagramme, Karte 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Twentieth-century wars Geschichte 1978-2020 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistan-Konflikt 1979-1989 (DE-588)4141580-2 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistankrieg 2001-2021 (DE-588)4997894-9 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 gnd rswk-swf Afghanistan / History / Soviet occupation, 1979-1989 Afghanistan / History / 1989-2001 Afghanistan / History / 2001- Afghanistan Since 1979 History Afghanistan (DE-588)4000687-6 g Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Geschichte 1978-2020 z DE-604 Afghanistan-Konflikt 1979-1989 (DE-588)4141580-2 s Afghanistankrieg 2001-2021 (DE-588)4997894-9 s Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032408983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Maley, William 1957- The Afghanistan wars Afghanistan-Konflikt 1979-1989 (DE-588)4141580-2 gnd Afghanistankrieg 2001-2021 (DE-588)4997894-9 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4141580-2 (DE-588)4997894-9 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4000687-6 |
| title | The Afghanistan wars |
| title_auth | The Afghanistan wars |
| title_exact_search | The Afghanistan wars |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Afghanistan wars |
| title_full | The Afghanistan wars William Maley |
| title_fullStr | The Afghanistan wars William Maley |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Afghanistan wars William Maley |
| title_short | The Afghanistan wars |
| title_sort | the afghanistan wars |
| topic | Afghanistan-Konflikt 1979-1989 (DE-588)4141580-2 gnd Afghanistankrieg 2001-2021 (DE-588)4997894-9 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Afghanistan-Konflikt 1979-1989 Afghanistankrieg 2001-2021 Krieg Afghanistan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032408983&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maleywilliam theafghanistanwars |