Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Pluto Press
2020
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| Beschreibung: | xi, 238 Seiten 7 Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780745338873 9780745338880 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2
Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2
Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2
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Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs'k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2
Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs'k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2
Contents List ofMaps List ofAbbreviations Acknowledgements viii ix x 1. The Deep Roots of Rural Discontent: Guliaipole, 1905-17 2. The Turning Point: Organising Resistance to the German Invasion, 1918 3. Brigade Commander and Partisan: Makhno’s Campaigns against Denikin, January-May 1919 4. Betrayal in the Heat of Battle? The Red-Black Alliance Falls Apart, May-September 1919 5. The Long March West and the Battle at Peregonovka 6. Red versus White, Red versus Green: The Bolsheviks Assert Control 7. The Last Act: Alliance at Starobeľsk, Wrangeľs Defeat, and Betrayal at Perekop 8. The Bitter Politics of the Long Exile: Romania, Poland, Germany, and France, 1921-34 9. Why Anarchism? Why Ukraine? Contextualising Makhnovshchina 10. Epilogue: The Reframing of Makhno for the Twenty-First Century 1 128 147 164 Notes Index 167 231 20 39 54 73 91 108
Index agriculture 3,18,21,25,105-6,151-63 see also mining; peasants agricultural surpluses 3,17,21,46, 105-6,155-6,160-1 food supply and supplies 20-1,26-9, 46-7, 50-7,99,105-7,119-25,154, 160-1 food supply see food supplies land expropriation and seizure see expropriations wheat 21,40,87, 154-8 Aleksandrovsk see under Ukraine alliances 17,97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Petliurists 97,104-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with the Directory 34-5 alleged Makhnovite alliances with Whites 100-1 Makhnovite alliances with Bolsheviks 35-7, 39-53, 54-72,80-1, 97,104-5, 108-13 Starobelsk agreement 101,108-14, 118,154 anarchism 15, 59, 80,90,108-11,126-7, 140-3,154 ideology and philosophy see under ideology and ideologies anarchist groups 2-5,11-5,28,31,40-1, 86-7,142-3 see also Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) anarchist-communists 2-5,12-5,31, 142-3 arming of 16 communes see communes, peasant (obshchina) ideology see under ideology and ideologies relationship with peasants 11-2,24, 67-8,82-3,129 southern anarchists 22,103 anti-semitism 30,41,47, 54-7,68,103, 139,150,162 see aho Jewish people Antoni, Vol’demar 4,6-8 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir 16,25, 35-8,40-53,55-62,151, 163 armed forces see abo military campaigns anarchist see anarchist groups; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina); Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Black Guards see Black Guards Bolshevik see Bolsheviks conscription into 43,48,140 Cossacks see Cossacks desertion from 42,60,68-71,90,94-6, 104,110,122-4 discipline in 35, 38,41-8, 55,65,70-1, 110,123 Green Guards (Zelenoarmeitsy) 80,
119-20,122-5,150-1 Greens see Green Guards military campaigns see military campaigns mutinies in 68,103,120 paramilitary forces (haidamaki) 32-3 partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Petliurists see under Petliura, Symon 3rd Brigade 43-52 Red Army see Red Army Red Guards 21-31,42 see also Bolsheviks State Guards (Dershavna Warta) 25, 31-4 tactics of see tactics and strategies Trans-Dnepr Division 43-6,50,69 Volunteer Army (Denikin) 32,39-48, 58-9,63-8,71, 73-90, 92,99-100, 105-6 volunteers 23,41-4,48,70 weapons for see weapons armed struggle see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions
232 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM 1917-21 Arshinov, Petr Andreevich 8-10,28-31, 55, 59,139-45 atamanshchina see movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) atamany see chieftains and leaders (atamany) Austria 20-34,101 see also Central Powers invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns autonomy 10,13, 20-1,28, 31, 51, 55-8, 111, 144,161-2 Averescu, Alexandra 130-2 Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich 8,24, 143-5 see ako anarchism Belash, Victor 33, 54-5, 71,83,114,126, 133 Berdiansk see under Ukraine Bessarabia see under Romania Black Guards 10,16 see ako armed forces; Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) Bolsheviks 15-9,20-38, 39-53, 55-71, 73,86-90, 91-107,108-27,128-46, 147-64 Red Army see Red Army bourgeoisie 13-4,17,22-4, 34-5,148, 156,162 Brest-Litovsk treaty see under World War I capitalism and capitalists 14-5,106,151, 155-62,164 see ako ideology and ideologies Central Powers 17,21, 33-4, 39,42,161 see ako Austria; Germany; military campaigns Cheka 25, 27,47, 57-62, 94-8,117-22, 132 Chekists 27,118 chieftains and leaders (atamany) 21,41, 47-57, 68-9,108,135-6 see ako movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) civil war see under Russia coal see under mining colonists and settlers German see under Germany commissars 16,40-8, 52, 56-7,70,101-2, 122-4 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46,56,105-6 communal committees see under organisations communes, peasant (obshchina) 3-4, 15-9,22-3, 37,62,155-64 anarchist 15,17,27,62 communism and socialism 25,100,106, 143,165 see also ideology and ideologies anarchist-communists see
under anarchist groups communists 10,34-8,40-1,47, 56-8, 86, 94-6,105,124-7,141-3,147, 152-3,161 war communism 91,95,119-20, 123-4,151-3 Congress of Soviets see under organisations congresses 13-6,26-9,40-9,60-2,88-9, 111,125-7,134,150 anarchist see under Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Cossacks 15-7,47-9,77-9,84-5 democracy 9,120,143,147 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich 39-53, 58-72, 73-86, 91-103,161 see я/so White movement Volunteer Army see under armed forces Directory (nationalist government) 34-8, 39-41,63,71,73,81 discipline see under armed forces disease and medical care 93-4 typhus epidemic 7,63,71,93-4 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass 16, 39,43-4, 51-9,63-5,158-9 Dybenko, Pavel 38,39-62 economics and finance 3,17,19,46,74, 119,123-4,140-3,157-63 New Economic Policy (Novata Ekonomicheskaia Politika - NEP) 46, 106,119-24 wealth 2,15,22,46,148-9,154-8 education 1-4,18, 52,101-2,143
INDEX Egorov, Aleksandr 23,91 Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) see under Ukraine exile 128-48 in France 139-46 see also France in Germany 138-9 see aho Germany in Poland 132-8 see abo Poland in Romania 129-33 see also Romania expropriations 4-8,14-8, 21,106,162-3 see also robberies land seizures 15,21,161-2 farmers see agriculture peasant see peasants February Revolution see Russian Revolution First World War see World War I food supplies see under agriculture France 100,139-46 freedom of speech 88,90,94,103,111 see also newspapers Frunze, Mikhail 108-22,125,129,153,162 Germany see also Central Powers colonists and settlers, German 1,29-30 exile of Makhno in see under exile invasion of Ukraine see under military campaigns Gotman, Iosif (Emigrant) 103-4 Green Guards see under armed forces Grigorev, Nikifor 41-53, 55-8, 63, 67-8, 136 Guliaipole 1-7,10-34, 43-4, 52-4, 60-3, 83-7,94-5,103-7,117-21,164-6 Hetman and the Hetmanate 25-6,29-30, 33-4,41 historiography 36, 70,75, 97,98,148-9, 148-54,162-6 Hryhoriyiv, Nykoki see Grigorev, Nikifor identity, political and social 147-8 see aho ideology and ideologies; transformation, political and social ideology and ideologies 21,41-2,73-4, 88,127,144-5,152-4,165-6 see aho identity, political and social anarchist groups 2-4,20-3,41-2, 88-9,94-5,140,153-4 233 capitalist see capitalism and capitalists philosophy of anarchism 11,143-5, 152 regionalism see regionalism industry 1,159-60 industrialisation 1,3,19,156 infrastructure bridges 17,36,82-4,91-2,114 railways 16,20,33-7,44,49,58,63-5, 82-4,107 insurgency see under military campaigns
invasion of Ukraine by Germany and Austria see under military campaigns Jewish people 1,23-5,29-30,66-7, 70, 100-1,105,136,154,158 see also anti-semitism Kaledin, Alexei 16-7 Kamenev, Lev 53,54-65,105,109-10, 163 Kamenev, Sergei 65 Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 10-1, 14,112,142 Kerner, Mark 1,5-6,10,13 Khmara, Ivan 134-7 Kichkas Bridge 17,67,82-4,89 Kiev see under Ukraine kombedy see under organisations Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich 14-5,66 Kropotkin, Petr 8-9, 24,28,103,107 see aho anarchism kulaks (kulaki) 5,14,41-6,59,105-6, 112,149-61 see also peasants Kuz’menko, Galina 96-8,102-3,130-9, 145-6,151 land see under agriculture land seizures see under expropriations landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) 6,14,18,23-5,31,158 Lenin, Vladimir 15-6,25-9,50-1,55-9, 91-3,112-7,122-4,142-3 logistics see supplies and logistics Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich amnesty and release from prison 9 armed forces of see under armed forces
234 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I9I7-21 arrests and trials of 5-8 as heroic symbol 164-6 attitude towards women see women childhood and upbringing 1-2 diary of Makhnos wife 97-8 distrust of 28,41,45-8, 58, 94-95,110, 119,132 distrust of Bolsheviks 17,24,41,45-8, 52,54-5, 60-1,90-1 exile see exile extradition requests 130-1 imprisonment 8-9 injuries and illnesses 129,138,145 Matveevna, Evdokiia (mother) 2,8 Mikhnenko, Ivan (father) 1-2 military insurgency leadership see military campaigns; revolts and revolutions; tactics and strategies personality 2, 5,9-10,23-4 Polish trial 135-6 resignation of Bolshevik command 60 wife of see Kuz’menko, Galina Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) 12,16-20, 73-5,94-7,103-11, 117-27,147-63 see also Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) banning of, by Bolsheviks 94-7 Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) 10,16, 32-8, 39-53, 57-72, 73-90, 91-107, 108-25,131-4,148-54,162-3 see also Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich; Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) alleged alliance with Whites see under alliances alliances with Bolsheviks see under alliances attitudes towards women see women conflict with Bolsheviks 45,48-9, 54-72, 94-6,103-4,112,124-7, 148-51 congresses, regional 15,40,43,60-2,88 in exile see exile internment in Romania 130 military campaigns see under military campaigns numbers of 17, 34-5,40-1,43,68-9, 83-6,109,114,125-6 organisational structure 128-9 resignation from Red Army and dispersal 60-2,94-5 retreat to Kiev 69-70 retreat to the west see under military campaigns Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council
(Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet -RVS) use of symbolism 32,102,106 warfare against Whites see under military campaigns makhnovshchina see Makhno movement (makhnovshchina) makhnovtsy see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Mariupol see under Ukraine massacres and pogroms 41,45,56-7, 67-8,88-9,124,130,136,139,162 medical care see disease and medical care Mennonites 29-33,45,138,162 Menshevik Party see under organisations metals see under mining Mikhnenko, Ivan 1 military campaigns see also armed forces alliances see alliances Battle of Peregonovka see Peregonovka, Battle of campaign against Denikin’s Volunteer Army 32-7, 39-53, 58-66, 73-90, 91-2,112-6 German and Austrian invasion and occupation of Ukraine (1918) 17, 20-38,112,161 insurgency and reprisals 27,29-38 Makhnovite versus Bolsheviks 94-7, 101-2,104,116-22 Makkhnovite retreat west 67,70-2,73, 78 military tactics see tactics and strategies Perekop battle 112-6 supplies for see supplies and logistics Varshavskii Armoury explosion 84-5 weapons used in see weapons mining see also agriculture coal 33,54-9,158-61 metals 18,33,54,155,158-60
INDEX modernisation 4,13,19,147-8,151,162 movement of chieftains (atamanshchina) 87,108,120 see abo chieftains and leaders (atamany) mutinies see under armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations see under organisations nationalism 35,47,67,165-6 nationalists see under organisations New Economic Policy (NEP) see under economics and finance newspapers 10, 52, 57-8, 61-2,66-7, 87-90,94-6,102,140 see also freedom of speech Nikiforova, Mariia (Marusia) 16,24-5,54 October Revolution see Russian Revolution Oleksandrivs'k see Aleksandrovsk organisations All-Russian Central Executive Committee( Vserossiiskii Tsentral’nyi hpolnitel’nyi Komitet - VTsIK) 26, 65,106,125 anarcho-communist see anarchist groups Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks Committees for the Defence of the Revolution 14-5,150 committees of poor peasants (kombedy) 46, 56,105-6 communal committees (obshchestvennyi komitet) 11-2 communist see under communism and socialism Congress of Soviets (Russian and Ukrainian) 14-5,26-7,111-2,118, 125 Constituent Assembly 12-3,15 Directory see Directory (nationalist government) Menshevik Party 2-3,26,87,160 military see armed forces Nabat Confederation of Anarchist Organisations 31,43,48,87,94,118, 134,140 nationalist 13-7, 34-8, 51, 56, 66-73, 94-6,104,147-9,161,165 235 Organisational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists 75,140-5 Provisional Government (Russia) see under Russia Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine see under Ukraine Socialist Revolutionary Party see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) soviets see soviets trade unions 13-4,17,23, 34,75,
87-9, 140,160 Ukrainian Central Council (Ukrains’ka Tsentraľna Rada) 10-8,20-6,34 Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (Tsentral’nyi Vikonavchyi Komitet - TsIK) 56 Union of Peasants 12-4 village assembly (skhod) 3-4,12,46 White movement see White movement partisans see Makhnovites (makhnovtsy); military campaigns peasantry see peasants peasants 3-4,13-5,28-9,46,56-7,94-9, 105-6,124-6,147,151-62 see also agriculture; serfs communes see under communes households (dvory) 3,156 peasant farmers see agriculture relationship with anarchist groups see under anarchist groups stereotypes of 147 uprisings see under revolts and revolutions Peregonovka 12, 72,73-90 Battle of see Peregonovka, Battle of Peregonovka, Battle of 12,72,73-81 advance east after 75-6,80-2 impact of75-6, 85-6 Perekop isthmus 83,92,108,113-6,120 Petliura, Symon 34, 39-40,54,71-2,76, 81,130,134,139,165 Petliurists 34-8, 39-40,66,70-1, 77-8, 81,104,130-2 Podvoiskii, Nikolai 48,55-9 pogroms see massacres and pogroms Poland 42, 96-9,131-8 Makhno trial see under Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich
2ļ6 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM I917-21 police 5-7 Karachentsev (policeman) 5-7 policy and policies 3,31, 34,42,46-9, 56-8, 88,91,119-26,151-3 political strategy see under tactics and strategies Pologi 12, 33-4,44,81, 86 pomeshchiki see landlords and landowners (pomeshchiki) proletariat 1,13,15,18,49,106,112, 126-7 see abo peasants; workers propaganda 2,11, 37,40-2, 57-9, 72, 94-7,101-2,164 Provisional Government see under Russia rada see under organisations Red Army 35-8, 39-53, 55-76, 80-90, 91-107,108-29,150-1 see also Bolsheviks alliances with Makhnovites see under alliances military campaigns see military campaigns Red Guards see under armed forces regionalism 13, 74-5,147-8,155 see also identity, political and social reprisals see under revolts and revolutions revolts and revolutions 147-9 see abo military campaigns 1905-1907 4-5 Grigor’ev rebellion 56-8,63,67-8 see abo Grigor’ev, Nikifor Kornilov coup 14 popular / peasant uprisings 2,11,48, 70,82-4,112,120,133-5,153-4, 158 see also Green Guards reprisals 32-3 Russian Civil War see Russian Civil War Russian Revolution see Russian Revolution strikes 4,14, 34, 38,120,159-60 Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Revoliutsiina Povstans’ka Armita Ukrainy) see armed forces; Black Guards; Makhnovites (makhnovtsy) Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) 39-49,55-6,60, 69-71, 84, 107, ПО, 117 robberies 1,5-7,22,31,66,133, 136 see also expropriations Romania 52,128-33,142 Bessarabia 21,52,129-32 Bessarabian question 130-2 relations with Russia and Ukraine 130-1 Russia civil war 20-38,
39-53,54-72,74-86, 112-6 Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass February Revolution (1917) see Russian Revolution October Revolution see Russian Revolution Provisional Government (PG) 9-15, 34 Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Rostov 22,25-7, 45-6,51, 55-6,65, 159 Tsarist state 9,25,42,89,133,156,160 Russian Revolution 10,15-75,144, 147-9,164 origins of 148-9 schools and schooling see education Semeniuta, Aleksandr and Prokopii 4-7 serfs 1 see abo peasants emancipation of (1861) 1,3,66 Shkuro, Andrei 46,49-61,65, 71 Skachko, Anatol 45,50-1,58 Skoropadskii, Pavlo 25,29, 34, 39, 54,165 Slashchev, Iakov 71, 76-81, 91-4 socialism see communism and socialism Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) 9, 22-8, 33,48,87-8,90,103,134, 1216 Left SRs 15-6,26-8, 33,43, 67, 90,103, 134 Right SRs 26,87 soviets 4,14-5, 23-9,46-9, 74,105-6, 134 All-Russian Congress of Soviets 26,46
INDEX All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets 49, 111,118,125 free soviets 11,94,105,108 Military-Revolutionary Soviet (Voenno-Revoliutsiomaia Sovet or VRS) 43 role and structure of 28-9,37,73-5, 94,106, 111, 134 Soviet of Workers’ and Peasants’ Deputies 23 Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies 9 SRs see Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR) Starobei’sk agreement see under alliances strategy see tactics and strategies strikes see under revolts and revolutions supplies and logistics 20-1, 31-6,39-53, 55-60, 69-70,73,124 Sverdlov, Iakov 28-9 tactics and strategies 4,10-2,25,30-2, 41-5, 58, 76-9, 90,105,113,119-26, 142-3,150-1 see also military campaigns insurgency see under military campaigns political 108-12,118-9,122,126, 128-9,140-6,154 Taganrog see under Ukraine Ternovka 30-1,77, 79, 80 trade unions see under organisations transformation, political and social 3,10, 100,108,119,140,144,148 see also identity, political and social Trotsky, Leon 21, 37,42, 51, 58-65,95, 110-2,122-4,150 Tsar 9-10 Tsarist state see under Russia typhus epidemic see under disease and medical care Ukraine 1-2, 39,154-5 Aleksandrovsk 1-17,22-3, 33,81-92, 103-7,112-3,124 Berdiansk 12, 33-4,44-5,76, 84-7, 121,124,154 see also Varshavskii Armoury explosion Bessarabian question see under Romania 237 Directory nationalist government see Directory (nationalist government) Donets River Basin see Donbass Donbass see Donbass economic conditions see economics and finance Ekaterinoslav (provincial capital) 1-17, 20-2,27-47, 50-67, 81-94,153-62, xii Elisavetgrad 25,48,68,73,81,118,136 German and Austrian invasion
and occupation of Ukraine (1918) see under military campaigns Guliaipole see Guliaipole insurgency against Germans and Austrians see under military , campaigns Kharkov 16,22, 38-40,62-6,86-7, 102-5,108-9,116-8,125 Kiev 12-8,24-39,63-6,70-3,103 Lugansk 16,45, 51, 55, 58-9,158-9 Mariupol 12, 33, 39,44-51, 84-7,107, 120 Peregonovka see Peregonovka Perekop see Perekop Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet RVS) see Revolutionary Military Council (Revoliutsionnyi Voennyi Sovet - RVS) Revolutionary Provisional Government of Ukraine 9, 34 right bank 4, 33,62-7,73, 86, 122-3, 154-7 Taganrog 24-7,45, 50-1, 64,84,107, 159 see Taganrog Ukrainian Central Council (Rada) see under organisations Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrains’ka Narodnia RespublikaUNR) 9, 69-70,100-1,132 urban areas 14-5,107,148,160 urbanisation 3,9,19 Varshavskii Armoury explosion, Berdiansk see under military campaigns Vatsetis, loakim 35,42,45, 50, 59, 65
238 NESTOR MAKHNO AND RURAL ANARCHISM Volin (V. M. Eikhenbaum) 31,48,70, 88-9,109,138-46 Volunteer Army see under armed forces volunteers see under armed forces Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich 57-63, 91, 93,109 VTsIK see under organisations war communism see under communism and socialism wealth see under economics and finance weapons 6-7,16-7, 23-5, 32-5,43-4,83, 117,132 aircraft 63, 85,104,109,123 artillery 23,41,44,49-50, 55, 68-72, 84,100,113-4 firearms 23,32-6,41-3, 50-2, 68-9, 76-85, 89,100-4,114,121-5 tachanki 33, 69-70,81-2,121,129 I9I7-2I tanks 58,63,71,109 wheat see under agriculture White movement (denikintsy) 25-6,36-7, 39-50,54-6,61-72,75-89,91-2, 96-101,106-7,114-7, U7 see also Denikin, Anton Ivanovich Volunteer Army see under armed forces; military campaigns women 4,66,70,98-103 workers 1-2,13-20,35-7,46-7,56-62, 74-5, 88-90,94-6,111-2,120-7, 140-4,159-63 see ako proletariat World War 19,148-9,160 see also military campaigns Brest-Litovsk treaty 25-6,142 peace treaties 20-1,26-7,142 Wrangel, Petr Nikolaevich 63-5,80-1, 91-2, 99-107,108-18,128-9,150, 161-2 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Darch, Colin |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1158630905 |
| author_facet | Darch, Colin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Darch, Colin |
| author_variant | c d cd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046956704 |
| classification_rvk | MC 7700 MG 82030 NQ 5209 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1224011047 (DE-599)BVBBV046956704 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1921 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1921 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine |
| id | DE-604.BV046956704 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:42:44Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:58:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780745338873 9780745338880 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032365131 |
| oclc_num | 1224011047 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | xi, 238 Seiten 7 Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210108 BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Pluto Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Darch, Colin Verfasser (DE-588)1158630905 aut Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 Colin Darch London Pluto Press 2020 xi, 238 Seiten 7 Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Machno, Nestor Ivanovyč 1889-1934 (DE-588)118575805 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1917-1921 gnd rswk-swf Anarchismus (DE-588)4001887-8 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Makhno, Nestor Ivanovich / 1889-1934 Ukraine / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 Ukraine 1917-1921 History Machno, Nestor Ivanovyč 1889-1934 (DE-588)118575805 p Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Anarchismus (DE-588)4001887-8 s Geschichte 1917-1921 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-7868-0526-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-1-7868-0528-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-7868-0527-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Darch, Colin Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 Machno, Nestor Ivanovyč 1889-1934 (DE-588)118575805 gnd Anarchismus (DE-588)4001887-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118575805 (DE-588)4001887-8 (DE-588)4061496-7 |
| title | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 |
| title_auth | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 |
| title_exact_search | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 |
| title_full | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 Colin Darch |
| title_fullStr | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 Colin Darch |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 Colin Darch |
| title_short | Nestor Makhno and rural anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921 |
| title_sort | nestor makhno and rural anarchism in ukraine 1917 1921 |
| topic | Machno, Nestor Ivanovyč 1889-1934 (DE-588)118575805 gnd Anarchismus (DE-588)4001887-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Machno, Nestor Ivanovyč 1889-1934 Anarchismus Ukraine |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032365131&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT darchcolin nestormakhnoandruralanarchisminukraine19171921 |
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