Post-Soviet conflicts: the thirty years' crisis
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2020]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xxii, 376 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781498596541 9781498596565 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Post-Soviet conflicts |b the thirty years' crisis |c edited by Ali Askerov, Stefan Brooks, and Lasha Tchantouridzé |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents Introduction: The Post-Soviet Crisis vii Lasha Tchantouridzé, Stefan Brooks, and Ali Askerov PART I: THE POST-SOVIET SPACE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1 The Rise of Putin’s Russia and the Post-Soviet Conflicts 3 Stefan Brooks 2 Georgia’s Changing Strategic Situation 33 S. Neil MacFarlane PART II: THE CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS 3 The Nagomo Karabakh Conflict: The Beginning of the Soviet End 55 Ali Askerov 4 Legitimacy Force and Power in the Conflict over South Ossetia 83 Lasha Tchantouridzé 5 The Conflict over Abkhazia: Mutually Exclusive National Projects and Fragmented Statehood 115 David Matsaberidze 6 Ajara: A Case in Conflict Avoidance 137 Zurab Tchiaberashvili 7 Chechnya: Interrupted Independence Ali Askerov and Mairbek Vatchagaev vii 153
viii 8 Contents Dagestan: A Silent War 177 Robert Bruce Ware PART III: CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES IN CENTRAL ASIA 9 Long-Term Effects of Wartime Violence in Tajikistan 209 Mahe Müller and Sam Whitt 10 Communal Violence in Kyrgyzstan 225 Joldon Kutmanaliev 11 Caspian Sea Dispute 243 Musa Qasimli 12 Tatarstan: A Model of Peaceful Relations or Potential Spot of Conflict in Eurasia? 259 Sait Ocakli PART IV: CLOSER TO EUROPE 13 Moldova’s Breakaway Transnistria: The Origins, Nature, and Current Dynamics 279 Kamala Valiyeva 14 Ukraine between “The Russian World” and the Black Sea 303 Lasha Tchantouridzé 15 Occupied Territory, Interrupted Dreams, and Shattered Hopes: A Trilogy of Traumas of the Crimean Tatar People 323 Idil P. İzmirli Appendix 353 Index 361 About the Contributors 373
Index Abashidze, Aslan, 137-41 Abashidze’s regime, 138; paramilitary forces, 139; political asylum, 140 Abashidze’s rule, 138 Abduazakov, Magomed, 178 Abidov, Shamil, 189 Abkhaz, 33 Abkhazia, 13,14, 38,41,43, 115, 309 Abkhazian paramilitaries, 104 Academy of Sciences in the Republic of Tatarstan, 265 act of forgiveness and reconciliation, 95 act of genocide against the Crimean Tatar people, 346 Adamon Nikhas, 89, 91, 95, 106 adherence to nonviolent principles, 330 Afghan Taliban, 211 Aganbegyan, Abel, 58 Agdam, 56, 60 aggressive demonstration of force, 234 Agreement on the Principles of Peaceful Settlement of the Armed Conflict in Transnistria, 292 agricultural farm networks, 213 Ajara Autonomous Republic, 137; parliamentary elections of March 2004, 139 Ajara crisis, 149; peaceful resolution, 149 Ajara, 137, 145 Ajara, status of, 141 Ajaran identity, 137, 146,147 Aktau, 255 Al Qaeda, 183 alarming situation, 341 alignment theory, 49 Aliyev, Heydar, 247, 249, 253, 255 Aliyev, Ilham, 73 Alliance of the East, 12 All-World Tatar Congress, 266 Al-Urdani, Sheikh Fathi, 162 annex, 2003 annexation of Crimea in 1783, 325, 326 annexation of Crimea, 288, 289, 307, 335 Ant Etkenmen, 330 anti-Tatar separatist organization, 332 apartment block blasts, 187-91 April 2016 war, 55, 72 Aq-Meschit, 325 Aqyar, 325 Aravan district, 237 arbeks, 154 armed conflict, 305 Armenia, 55 asking Dagestanis, 193 asymmetric federation, 293 Ataman of Kyiv, 314 361
362 August War of 2008, 130 August war, 106 autocephaly, 310 autonomy, 56 Avar, 177 Avars, 185 Avturkhanov, Umar, 160 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 244 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 244 Azerbaijan, 55, 243 Azerbaijan, civil war in, 225 Azov Sea standoff, 20 Azov Sea, 306 Bagirov, Mirjafar, 57 Bakiev loyalists, 234 Bakiev, President, 227, 234 Bakiev’s regime, 234 Baku֊Tbilisi֊Ceyhan, 253; oil pipeline, 253 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad, 78 Baku, 85 balance of power, 232 balance of threat, 315 Balkans, 290 Baltic states, 38 Barayev, Arbi, 169, 183 barricades, 236 Basayev, Shamil, 162, 164, 170, 178, 182, 183 bases in Crimea, 304 Batumi, 138 Batyrov, Kadyrjan, 234, 235 Berezovsky, Boris, 16 Beslan, 11 Bessarabia, 280,282 Biden, Joe, 25 Bin Laden, Osama, 183 Bishkek, 232 Black Sea basin, 307, 308 Black Sea fleet vessels, 309 Black Sea, 5, 38, 290, 303 blasts, 188 block-posts, 236 Index Bolshevik coup, 84 Bolshevik Red Army, 145 boycott, 337 broad autonomy to Tatarstan, 261 brokering a peace deal with Russia, 105 Budapest Agreement, 1994, 337 Budyonnovsk crisis, 164 Bulgaria, 308 bullying, 312 Bush, George W., 8 Buynaksk blast, 190 Buynaksk, 187 canonical church, 313 Caspian Sea, 72, 243 Caspian Sea, energy from, 157 Caspian Sea, the legal status of, 158 Catherine II, 325 Caucasus mountain range, 84 Caucasus, 4 causal emplotment, 118 ceasefire agreement, 62, 95 census, 147 central government, weakness of, 229 central motifs, 126 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, 155 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, split of, 156 Chechen alphabet, 154 Chechen invasion of Dagestan, 10
Chechen people, deportation of, 154 Chechen terrorists, 9, 10,11 Chechen victory, 162 Chechens, social structure of, 154 Chechnya, 37, 153, 177 Chechnya, 4, 5, 16; the war in, 4 Chekhoev, Anatoly, 90 Chernomyrdin, prime minister, 165 China, 47 China, a major economic actor, 40 Chisinau, 283 Chochiev, Alan, 95, 96, 106 Chubarov, Refat, 339 Church in Georgia, 312
Index Church in Ukraine, 310, 314 Cihan, Numan Celebi, 326 civil conflicts, 34 civil war, 59, 209 civilian passenger jet, 306 Clinton, Hillary, 25, 26, 27 Clinton, Bill, 6, 8 closed water basin, 243 Cold War, 11 collective action, 209 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 44 colonialism, 325 Commonwealth of Independent States, 44, 145, 250 communal violence, 2010,233 concessions, 272 conflict between Basayev and Maskhadov, 169 conflicts over resources, 210 congress, 184 consortium of oil companies, 158 Constantinople, 313 constitution, 90 constitutional order, 101; the phrase of, 101 restoring, 102 Contract of the Century, 247, 248 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, 255 conventional communal conflict, 230 corruption, 309 coup, 120 Crimea without Crimean Tatars, 325 Crimea, 16, 21, 303, 305, 308, 309, 314, 316,323 Crimea, invasion of, 303 Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 326 Crimean Khanate, 324, 325 Crimean Parliament, 331 Crimean People’s Republic, 326 Crimean residency, 328 Crimean Solidarity, 342 Crimean Tatar ethnos, 324 Crimean Tatar intelligentsia, 327 363 Crimean Tatar National Movement, 341 Crimean Tatar schools, 327 Crimean Tatars, 323 Crimean Tatars’ worst fear, 323 Crimean War, 1853-56, 326 crisis in Ukraine, 44 criticism of Putin, 15, 16,17 cross-border displacement, 36 cultural and ethnic identities, 280 cultural autonomy, 143 cultural revival, 326 cultural-linguistic cleavages, 285 cultural-linguistic identities, 297 culture, 154 Cyrillic, 266 Dagestan, 9, 162,177 Dagestani civilian hostages, 178,179 Dagestani Wahhabis, 189 data
collection, 215 de facto independent state, 166 death toll, 229 Declaration of Independence of Moldova, 283 declaration of sovereignty in 1991, 156 declaration of sovereignty, 260 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, 292,294 de-escalation, 228 Democratic Congress of Peoples of Russia, 268 deportation, 1944, 346 deportations of intelligentsia, 338 deromanianization policy, 282 destroying Russian apartment buildings, 15 dialogue channels, 263 dialogue, 91 dictator games, 213 diplomatic intervention by the United States, 104 disappearing people, 341 djamaat, 177-203 Dniester/Nistru River, 280 domestic issue, 228
364 Index Donbass, 18, 23, 303 Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 305 Donetsk, 314 Dudayev, Johar, 155, 160, 164, 178 Dushanbe, 210 early Soviet times, 155 Eastern Europe, 11 Eastern Partnership initiative, 294 Eastern Partnership, 288 Eastern Ukraine, 305, 316 economic disparities, 230 economic independence, 261 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 314 education policy, 265 elite conflicts, 210 embargo on Azerbaijani exports to Armenia, 35 emerging anarchy, 236 Emir Khattab, 162 empirical research, 194 empirical studies, 209, employment opportunities, 212 end of the Cold War, 38 enlargement policy, 290 Erdoğan, Recep Tayip, 340 Ergneti free trade area, 108 Ergneti market, 98 escalation, 228 ethnic conflict, 33 ethnic distinctions, 33 ethnic fears, 235 ethnic groups in southern Kyrgyzstan, 227 ethnic groups, 33 ethnic identity, 234 ethnic identity-based crisis, 56 ethnic mobilization, 235 ethnic nationalism, 116 ethnic tensions, 235 ethnic violence, 230 ethnocentrism in Chechnya, 171 ethno-cultural and political claims, 116 ethnographic fieldwork, 233 ethnonationalism, 144 EU-Moldova Association Agreement, 296 EU-Russia relations, 295 EU-Ukraine association agreement, 304 EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova, 292 EU sanctions, 19, 20 Eurasian Economic Union, 44 Euromaidan, 304 European Neighborhood Policy, 288 European Union, 288 eviction notices, 340 exile, 326 external actor, Moscow, 228 federal structure of the new Soviet states, 142 Federation Treaty of 1992, 155 Feodosia, 305 Finland, 317; authoritarian regime, 318 First Chechen War, 10, 160 first Crimean Tatar
Qurultai, 326 fiscal federalism, 144 forced “volunteers,” 327 foreign elements in Chechnya, 166 foreign Islamists, 163 four treatments of varying degrees, 213 four-day way, 73-75 frozen conflict, 291 full integration of Russia, 38 full-scale armed combat, 236 Fuzuli, 56, 60 Gaidar, Yegor, 178 Gamsakhurdia-Abashidze alliance, 148 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 39, 94,120, 137, 144, 147 Gazprom pipelines, 17 Georgia, 13, 33, 316 Georgia’s embrace of the West, 41 Georgia’s external strategic situation, 35-40; major changes, 40 Georgia’s first republic, 34 Georgia’s National Guard unit, 85
Index Georgia’s national identity, 94 Georgia’s strategic context, 35 Georgian migrants to Russia, 41 Georgian nationalism, 125-26 German 11th army, 327 glasnost, 58, 87, 89, 116, 123, 210, 283,330 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9, 37, 38, 59, 87, 116, 283 Gorbachev’s reforms, 260 Gorno Badakshan, 212 Gromov, Boris, 178 gross violation of human rights, 343 growing ethnic mobilization, 234 Grozny, 156,160 Gubadli, 56, 60 Gumbaridze, Givi, 96 higher political status, 90 highest possible degree of autonomy, 271 historical narratives, 121 Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 horizontal inequalities, 230 hostage crisis in Kyzlyar, 178 human rights activist, 330, 338 hybrid repression, 344 “I chose EU,” 336 identity building process, 116 identity maintenance, 115 identity, 154 ideological vacuum, 144 ideology, 210 impartiality, 71 imported Russians in Crimea, 339 improved market access, 213 incentives for cooperation, 219 independence from Ukraine, 331 independence of the church in Ukraine, 311 independence, 33 indigenous ethnic elites, 122 indigenous nationality, 326 indigenous people of Crimea, 346 365 individual-level exposure to violence, 213; victimization during the conflict, 213 Ingulbayev, Maksud, 179 Ingushetia, 156, 161 Initiative Groups, 329 insolubility of the dispute, 279 Institute of History, 265 instrumentalization of national identity, 124 insurgent violence, 212 insurgents, 185 intercommunal cooperation, 236 interim government, 234 internal conflict, 34 internal sea, 308 internment camps, 327 Inter-parliamentary Assembly of Orthodox Churches, 46
intervention, 237 intimidation, 312 intrastate conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan, 229 invasions, 183 invest of the West, 247 Iran, 38, 45,61,211,243 Iraq War, opposition to, 25 Islam, 145; Ajarans converted to, 145 Islamic clergy of Tatarstan, 270 Islamic clergy, massive persecution of, 154 Islamic Institute of Russia, 270 Islamic order, 185 Islamic Revival Party, 212 Islamic revivalists, 211 Istanbul summit, 70 Ivanov, Igor, 41 Jabrail, 56, 60 Jalalabat, 227-38 Jemilev, Mustafa, 329, 337, 338 jihad, 185 Joint Declaration on the Caspian Sea, 248, 249 joint Georgian-Russian police units, 94
366 Kadyrov, Akhmad, 10,156 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 203 Karabakh Committee, 58 Karabakh conflict, 35 Karamakhi, 187,189 Kars Treaty, 146 Kaspiysk, 189 Kavkaz-2008, mass military exercise, 100,104 Kazakhstan, 243 Kazan Islamic University, 270 Kazan Khanate, 260 Kazan, 260 Kazan’s Kremlin, 269 Kazishvili, Kosta, 85 Kefe, 325 Kelbajar, 39, 56,60 Kezlev, 325 KGB, 15; agents, 15. See also Litvinenko, Aleksander Khalilov, Rappani, 189 Khankala military base, 160 Khasavyurt Accord, 181, Khasavyurt agreement, 163 Khasavyurt cease-fire agreement, 165 Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad, 251 Khattab, 183 Khodjaly massacre, 59, 60 Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign, 329 Khrushchev’s thaw, 323 Kingdom of Romania, 281 Kocharian, Robert, 67 Kokoyty, Eduard, 98, 106; separatist government of Kokoyty, 102 Kornisi gorge, 84 Kosovo, 13; declaration of independence, 13; war of, 6 Kovalev, Sergey, 163 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 38 Kremlin, 331 “Rrunk,” 58 Kul-Sharif Mosque, 269 Kyrgyz urban minority, 230 Kyrgyzstan, 13 Index Kyrgyzstan, large-scale violence in, 225; communal conflicts in, 226, 227 Lachin Corridor, 39 Lachin, 56, 60 land transfer, 58 language education, 265 language law, 283 language policy, 265 language reforms, 285 language, 154 large-scale intergroup conflicts, 227 latent conflict, 56 Lavrov, Sergei, 25, 37,42 Law on Languages of the Peoples of Tatarstan, 265 Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, 266-67 Lebed, Alexander, 165, 178 legitimacy, 287 Lenin, 84, 143, 326 liberal democracy, 318 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 15 local guerilla fighters, 327 Lone Wolf, 178 loosely
organized-cooperative groups, 213 Luhansk, 314 macro variables, 229 Macron, Emmanuel, 20 Makhachkala, 201 Makharadze, Mikheil, 141 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, 306 Manas air base, 13 March 2019 ceasefire, 306 march from Tbilisi to Tskhinvali, 91 Mariupol, 306 Maskhadov, Aslan, 161,164, 165, 167, 182 mass collaboration, so called, 327 mass deportation of Azerbaijanis, 56 mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, 328-30
Index mass killings, 171 mediation, 61, 164 mediator, 71 Medvedev, Dimitry, 25, 229, 263 memorandum to resolve the conflict in South Ossetia, 94 Menshevik party, 84 Merkel, Angela, 315 miatsum, 58 micro-spatial approach, 226 Middle East, 47 migration, 37, 326 military aid to Ukraine, 315 military exercises in Poti, 140 military garrison, to storm, 235 military training center, 163 military-political council, 184 Milli Mejlis, 330 Minnikhanov, Rustem, 263 Minsk Group, 56, 61, 62, 71, 76, 77 Minsk Protocol, 305 mobilization of the electorate, 261, 262 modem civil service, 101 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 281 Moldavian Democratic Republic, 281 Moldavian national identity, 283 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 282 Moldova, 279 Moldova, civil war in, 225 Moldovan nationalist movement, 285 Montreux Convention, 309 Moscow apartment blast, 188 Moscow Declaration, 71 Moscow Patriarchate, 311 Moscow Peace Accord, 165 Moscow Times, 74 Moscow Treaty, 146 Moscow’s anchor in North Caucasus, 200 Moscow’s geopolitical presence in Moldova, 290 Moscow’s jurisdictional boundaries, 310, 311 367 motorized infantry regiment, 366th, 60 Mountainous Gomo Badakshan Autonomous District, 210 Mozdok, 161 Muflíate of Tatarstan, 268 Mukhametshin, Farid, 267 multinationalism, 284 multiparty elections, 92 multiple pipeline system, 159 Muscovite Russia, 260 Muslim Brotherhood, 183 Muslim tariqas, 168 mutual protection pact, 190 Nafikov, Ildus, 268 Nagomo Karabakh conflict, 55 Nagomo Karabakh, 38 narrative accrual, 118 narrative analysis, 117, 130 national hero, 338 national question in
the Caucasus, 143 national sectors, of the Caspian Sea, 245 nationalism, 116, 279 nationalist mobilization, 124 nationalist movement in Bessarabia, 281 nation-building, 266 NATO-Yugoslavia war, 6, 7 NATO enlargement, 38, 42-45 NATO expansion, 8, 11 NATO membership, 14 NATO security guarantees, 35 NATO, 6, 8, 12, 14, 309, 317 NATO’s eastward expansion, 288, 316 naval base in Sevastopol, 304 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 61 Nazis, 327 needs of the littoral states, 245 negative peace, 76 negotiations with Moscow, 263 negotiations, 68, 164 neighborhood communities, 235 Nemtsov, Boris, 17 neutrality, 236 newly independent states, 245 no war-no peace situation, 75
368 Index nomadic Mongol Golden Horde, 324 non-aggression pacts, 236 non-violent methods, 345 nonviolent resistance, 341 North Ossetia, 11 Novorossiysk, port of, 5 Novosibirsk Russian special force, 179 Obama administration, 25 Obama, Barack, 25 oblast within RSFSR, 329 official state languages, 327 oil and gas production, 245 oil, 4,157; Caspian fields, 5 OMON hostages, 179 OMON troops, 186 open-air slaves’ markets, 182 open-ended interviews, 193 Orange Revolution, 24, 41, 304 Orjonikidze, 86 Orthodox Christian church community, 310 OSCE mediation, 62-65 OSCE Mission of Long-Term Duration, 43 OSCE Mission to Moldova, 292 OSCE summit in Istanbul, 39 OSCE summit in Lisbon, 62 OSCE, 61, 62 Osh conflict, 236 Osh, 227, 233-35 Ossetia, 33 Ossetian Bolsheviks, 86 Ossetian language, status of, 88 Ossetian paramilitary force, 95 Ossetian revolutionary committee, 85 other nationalities, 326 Ottoman Empire, 311, 326, 325 Ottomans, 324-25 outside volunteers, 161 Pankisi Gorge, 37 Pan-Romanian nationalism, 281, 284 pan-Romanian Popular Front movement, 283 Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, 346 parliamentary democracy, 229 Pashinyan, Nikol, 67 Passy, Solomon, 140 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 Patriarchate of Moscow, 313 peaceful resolution of conflict, 68 peaceful restoration of territorial integrity of Georgia, 140 Pen, Le, 20 perceived enemy groups, 237 perestroika, 58, 83, 116, 123, 144, 210, 283,330 Pervomayskoye, 179 Petersburg Treaty, 243 petroleum port, 201 phone conversation, 337 pipeline, 158 plots and subplots, 129 pogrom-like violence, 235 Poland, 21 policy of
intimidation, 341 political and cultural self-governance, 143 political persecutions, 339 political terrorism, 344 Popular Front, 210 popular rise of Islam, 269 positive effects of the Karabakh conflict for Georgia, 36 positive identity, 345 post-conflict societies, 219 post-Soviet conflicting identities, 122 power sharing between Tbilisi and Batumi, 141 power sharing, 143 power vacuum, 234 powerful rumors, 235 power-sharing treaty, 2007, 263, 264 power-sharing treaty, 261, 262 preemptive attack, 236 presidency of Chechnya, 182 President Poroshenko, 314 President Putin, 313
Index presidential election in South Ossetia, 98 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 330 pre-trial detention center in Simferopol, 342 preventive violence, 237 Primakov, Yevgeny, 5 pro-Moscow opposition, 160 proposals, 62; package, 62; step-by-step, 62; common state, 62; exchanging lands, 62 pro-Russian demonstration, 305 prosocial behavior, 209, 213, 214 prosocial effects of violence, 216 prosocial preferences, 209 prosocial responses to violence, 219 protectorate, 289 provisional Ukrainian leadership, 309 public political narratives, 115 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 140, 168, 177, 186, 188, 249, 262,310, 323,336,337, 340 Putin’s military campaign, 10 Putin’s Vehrkunde remark, 42-43 Qirim, 325 qualitative supplement, 193 quantitative survey, 193 Rada, 304 radicalization, 168 Raduyev, Salman, 178 rally, 235 Rasht Treaty, 244 Rasht valley, 212; rebuilding Russia’s military, 14 Red Army, 85, 143, 327 Red Cross workers, 181; stabbed, 181; abandoned the region, 181 referendum, 78, 337 reforms, 101 regime change, 234 reginai separatism in Transnistria, 279 regionalism, 210 rehabilitation, 337 369 réintroduction of Latin script, 266 relationality of parts, 118 religion, 166; crucial role in Chechnya’s political life, 166 reports, 2010 communal violence, 233 repression, 343 Republic of Crimea-Tavrida, 346 resettlement, 331-35 resolution 822, 66 resolution 853, 66 resolution 874, 66 resolution 884, 67 restoration of religious and national presence of Tatars, 269 restoring Russia’s role as global power, 3 restrictions and prohibitions, 154 retained military forces in
the region, 36 Rice, Condoleezza, 105 riot-type of violence, 236 Romania, 281 Romania, 308 root causes of the 2010 conflict, 232 Roqi tunnel, 107 Roqi, 85 Rose Revolution, 24, 41, 95, 138 Russia, 3-31, 243 Russia, civil war in, 225 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet, 104 Russia’s defense cooperation with Armenia, 44 Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, 26 Russia’s military bases, 76; Gyumri, 44, 76; Erebuni, 76 Russia’s territorial integrity in the Northern Caucasus, 159 Russian-Chechen negotiations, 156 Russian-Tatar treaty, 156 Russian 11th Army, 86, 87 Russian Air Force, 104 Russian Army, 284 Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk, 158 Russian Community of Crimea (ROK), 332
370 Russian defamatory stories, 20 Russian Empire, 84, 244, 325 Russian Empire’s Malorossiya, 280 Russian engagement in Syria, 47 Russian forces, 211 Russian invasion of Georgia, 99 Russian law on public assemblies, 343 Russian natural gas, the politics of, 17 Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 314 Russian peacekeeping forces, 100, 103 Russian Unity party, 336 Russo-European relations, 18 Russo-Georgian war, 2008, 306 Russo-Georgian war, 99, 288 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 145 Russo-Turkish War, 281 Russo-Ukrainian war, 303 Russo-Chechen conflict, 153 Russophone population, 287 Russophone Slavs, 280 Ryazan, 188, 191 Saakashvili era, 48 Saakashvili regime, 35 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 41, 95, 138,139, 140 Safavid Empire, 243 Salafism, 270 Salaflsts, 161 Sanakoev, Dmitry, 95, 99 Sarkozy, Nicholas, 105 Second Chechen War, 10, 170 second invasion of Dagestan, 187 second Quraltai, 330 Security Council of the Russian Federation, 249 security dilemma, 230 selective appropriation, 118 Self Defense Units, 336 self-defense groups, 236 self-determination, 58, 77, 131 self-identification, 195 self-isolation, 236 semi-revival, 326 Index separatist movement, 284 settlement camps, 329 Sevastopol, 303, 308, 325, 337 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 260, 261,263 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 39,41,97,119, 138 Simferopol Airport, 337 social identity of Crimean Tatars, 324 social identity theories, 345 social identity, 213 social integration, 228 social learning framework, 345 social media, 342 social-economic grievances, 285 socialist ethno-federalism, 124 Society of Russian Culture of Tatarstan, 268 socio-
economic conditions, 212 socio-economic differentiation, 282 South Ossetia ceasefire agreement, 97 South Ossetia, 13, 14, 38, 41, 43, 46, 83 South Ossetia, acts of protest, 88 South Ossetian irregulars, 14 South Ossetian Soviet Socialist Autonomous District, 88 sovereignty referendum of March 1992, 261 Soviet-German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 282 Soviet elites, 125 Soviet federalism, 144 Soviet nationalities policies, 119, 282 Soviet occupation of Georgia, 86 Soviet Ukraine, 281 Soviet Union, 3; dissolution of, 3; Soviet communism, 4 Sovietization of Crimea, 329 Special Representative for Moldova, 294 special status of Tatarstan, 263 special status, 290 Special Working Group, 249 sphere of influence in the Caucasus, 48 Stalin, Joseph, 142, 323, 327 state building, 286
Index State Defense Committee, 327, 328 State Oil Company of Azerbaijan, 251 state sovereignty of Crimea, 331 state-oriented movement, 285 states’ foreign behavior, 34 status and ownership of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 307 status of the Caspian Sea, 247, 248 status, 246 Steinmeier Formula, 315 Stepashin, 186 stocks of social capital, 219 STOP-Maidan protests, 335 Strategic Center for Caspian Problems, 250 strategic nonviolence, 344 Strelkov, 305 subway line, 264 Sufis, 184 suicide bombers, 171 summit in Ashgabat, 254 Supreme Council Ajara, 141, 148 Supreme Council of Crimea, 336 Supreme Court of Russia, 263 Supsa, Georgian port of, 158 symbols and agency, 127 Tajik farmers, 215 Tajikistan, 209 Tajikistan, civil war in, 225 Tajikistan’s GDP, 211 Tashkent collective security treaty, 38 Tatar Public Center, 262, 265, 268 Tatarstan, 155, 259 Tatarstan’s elite, 261 Taurida Oblast, 325 temporalities, 126 ten Putin’s critics died, 16 Tengiz oil field, 157 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 69 territorial autonomy, 326 territorial expansionism, 282 territorial integrity of Ukraine, 337 terrorism charges, 341 threat to societal stability, 122 371 threat to stability, 167 Tibilov, Leonid, 98 Tiraspol, 284 title of president, 264 Trade and Shipping Agreement, 244 training camps, 185 Trans-Caucasus confederation, 85, 143 transgenerational memory transmission, 344 Transnistria separatism, 280 Transnistria, 279-97 Transnistria’s military structures, 286 transporting energy supplies, 253 Treaty of Kars, 143 Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, 337 truck bomb, 187 Trump, Donald,
15, 27, 47, 315, 316 Tskhinvali, 86 Turkey, 38, 39, 45 Turkey’s embargo of Armenia, 36 Turkic Muslim Tatars, 260 Turkic tribes, 324 Turkmenistan, 243 Udugov, Movladi, 168 Ukraine, 17, 18, 19, 21, 26, 42, 303-18 Ukraine, civil war in, 20, 26, 225 Ukraine’s independence, 323 Ukraine’s national institutions and identity, 313 Ukraine’s pro-Western political forces, 307 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 310 Ukrainian rule, 324 Umarov, Doku, 172 Umerov, Ilmi, 340 UN as a mediating institution, 63 UN Observer Mission in Georgia, 43 unilateral declaration of independence, 156 Union of Writers of Tatarstan, 268 union republic, 92 unit-level factors, 34 United National Movement, 41
372 United Nations Security Council, 60 United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, 281 United Tajik Opposition, 210 unparalleled autonomy, 263 UNSC resolutions, 77 urban communal violence, 234 Urus-Martan, 169 US sanctions, 20 USSR-Iran agreement, 244 uti possidetis juris, 59 Uzbek forces, 211 Uzbekistan, 228, 328 Velvet Revolution, 76 Verkhovna Rada, 346 village Eredvi, 94 violence, 230 Vladimir’s toone, 311 Volgodonsk, 188 Volsky, Arkadi, 59, 60 voluntary surrender of arms, 190 Index Wahhabis, 167,171,184 Wahhabism, 270 Warsaw Pact, 38 Washington Post, 16 weakening of NATO, 47 withdrawal from,73 withdrawal of Russian troops, 165 Yakobashvili, Temur, 100 Yanaev, Genadii, 330 Yanukovych, Viktor, 22, 45, 304, 305, 308 Yavlinsky, Grigoriy, 178 Yeistin, Boris, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 38, 61, 94, 161, 186 Yeltsin administration, 9 yurt, 234 Zangilan, 56, 60 Zelensky, 306, 314, 315 Zhvania-Abashidze talks, 139 Zhvania, Zurab, 139
Contents Introduction: The Post-Soviet Crisis vii Lasha Tchantouridzé, Stefan Brooks, and Ali Askerov PART I: THE POST-SOVIET SPACE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1 The Rise of Putin’s Russia and the Post-Soviet Conflicts 3 Stefan Brooks 2 Georgia’s Changing Strategic Situation 33 S. Neil MacFarlane PART II: THE CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS 3 The Nagomo Karabakh Conflict: The Beginning of the Soviet End 55 Ali Askerov 4 Legitimacy Force and Power in the Conflict over South Ossetia 83 Lasha Tchantouridzé 5 The Conflict over Abkhazia: Mutually Exclusive National Projects and Fragmented Statehood 115 David Matsaberidze 6 Ajara: A Case in Conflict Avoidance 137 Zurab Tchiaberashvili 7 Chechnya: Interrupted Independence Ali Askerov and Mairbek Vatchagaev vii 153
viii 8 Contents Dagestan: A Silent War 177 Robert Bruce Ware PART III: CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES IN CENTRAL ASIA 9 Long-Term Effects of Wartime Violence in Tajikistan 209 Mahe Müller and Sam Whitt 10 Communal Violence in Kyrgyzstan 225 Joldon Kutmanaliev 11 Caspian Sea Dispute 243 Musa Qasimli 12 Tatarstan: A Model of Peaceful Relations or Potential Spot of Conflict in Eurasia? 259 Sait Ocakli PART IV: CLOSER TO EUROPE 13 Moldova’s Breakaway Transnistria: The Origins, Nature, and Current Dynamics 279 Kamala Valiyeva 14 Ukraine between “The Russian World” and the Black Sea 303 Lasha Tchantouridzé 15 Occupied Territory, Interrupted Dreams, and Shattered Hopes: A Trilogy of Traumas of the Crimean Tatar People 323 Idil P. İzmirli Appendix 353 Index 361 About the Contributors 373
Index Abashidze, Aslan, 137-41 Abashidze’s regime, 138; paramilitary forces, 139; political asylum, 140 Abashidze’s rule, 138 Abduazakov, Magomed, 178 Abidov, Shamil, 189 Abkhaz, 33 Abkhazia, 13,14, 38,41,43, 115, 309 Abkhazian paramilitaries, 104 Academy of Sciences in the Republic of Tatarstan, 265 act of forgiveness and reconciliation, 95 act of genocide against the Crimean Tatar people, 346 Adamon Nikhas, 89, 91, 95, 106 adherence to nonviolent principles, 330 Afghan Taliban, 211 Aganbegyan, Abel, 58 Agdam, 56, 60 aggressive demonstration of force, 234 Agreement on the Principles of Peaceful Settlement of the Armed Conflict in Transnistria, 292 agricultural farm networks, 213 Ajara Autonomous Republic, 137; parliamentary elections of March 2004, 139 Ajara crisis, 149; peaceful resolution, 149 Ajara, 137, 145 Ajara, status of, 141 Ajaran identity, 137, 146,147 Aktau, 255 Al Qaeda, 183 alarming situation, 341 alignment theory, 49 Aliyev, Heydar, 247, 249, 253, 255 Aliyev, Ilham, 73 Alliance of the East, 12 All-World Tatar Congress, 266 Al-Urdani, Sheikh Fathi, 162 annex, 2003 annexation of Crimea in 1783, 325, 326 annexation of Crimea, 288, 289, 307, 335 Ant Etkenmen, 330 anti-Tatar separatist organization, 332 apartment block blasts, 187-91 April 2016 war, 55, 72 Aq-Meschit, 325 Aqyar, 325 Aravan district, 237 arbeks, 154 armed conflict, 305 Armenia, 55 asking Dagestanis, 193 asymmetric federation, 293 Ataman of Kyiv, 314 361
362 August War of 2008, 130 August war, 106 autocephaly, 310 autonomy, 56 Avar, 177 Avars, 185 Avturkhanov, Umar, 160 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 244 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 244 Azerbaijan, 55, 243 Azerbaijan, civil war in, 225 Azov Sea standoff, 20 Azov Sea, 306 Bagirov, Mirjafar, 57 Bakiev loyalists, 234 Bakiev, President, 227, 234 Bakiev’s regime, 234 Baku֊Tbilisi֊Ceyhan, 253; oil pipeline, 253 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad, 78 Baku, 85 balance of power, 232 balance of threat, 315 Balkans, 290 Baltic states, 38 Barayev, Arbi, 169, 183 barricades, 236 Basayev, Shamil, 162, 164, 170, 178, 182, 183 bases in Crimea, 304 Batumi, 138 Batyrov, Kadyrjan, 234, 235 Berezovsky, Boris, 16 Beslan, 11 Bessarabia, 280,282 Biden, Joe, 25 Bin Laden, Osama, 183 Bishkek, 232 Black Sea basin, 307, 308 Black Sea fleet vessels, 309 Black Sea, 5, 38, 290, 303 blasts, 188 block-posts, 236 Index Bolshevik coup, 84 Bolshevik Red Army, 145 boycott, 337 broad autonomy to Tatarstan, 261 brokering a peace deal with Russia, 105 Budapest Agreement, 1994, 337 Budyonnovsk crisis, 164 Bulgaria, 308 bullying, 312 Bush, George W., 8 Buynaksk blast, 190 Buynaksk, 187 canonical church, 313 Caspian Sea, 72, 243 Caspian Sea, energy from, 157 Caspian Sea, the legal status of, 158 Catherine II, 325 Caucasus mountain range, 84 Caucasus, 4 causal emplotment, 118 ceasefire agreement, 62, 95 census, 147 central government, weakness of, 229 central motifs, 126 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, 155 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, split of, 156 Chechen alphabet, 154 Chechen invasion of Dagestan, 10
Chechen people, deportation of, 154 Chechen terrorists, 9, 10,11 Chechen victory, 162 Chechens, social structure of, 154 Chechnya, 37, 153, 177 Chechnya, 4, 5, 16; the war in, 4 Chekhoev, Anatoly, 90 Chernomyrdin, prime minister, 165 China, 47 China, a major economic actor, 40 Chisinau, 283 Chochiev, Alan, 95, 96, 106 Chubarov, Refat, 339 Church in Georgia, 312
Index Church in Ukraine, 310, 314 Cihan, Numan Celebi, 326 civil conflicts, 34 civil war, 59, 209 civilian passenger jet, 306 Clinton, Hillary, 25, 26, 27 Clinton, Bill, 6, 8 closed water basin, 243 Cold War, 11 collective action, 209 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 44 colonialism, 325 Commonwealth of Independent States, 44, 145, 250 communal violence, 2010,233 concessions, 272 conflict between Basayev and Maskhadov, 169 conflicts over resources, 210 congress, 184 consortium of oil companies, 158 Constantinople, 313 constitution, 90 constitutional order, 101; the phrase of, 101 restoring, 102 Contract of the Century, 247, 248 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, 255 conventional communal conflict, 230 corruption, 309 coup, 120 Crimea without Crimean Tatars, 325 Crimea, 16, 21, 303, 305, 308, 309, 314, 316,323 Crimea, invasion of, 303 Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 326 Crimean Khanate, 324, 325 Crimean Parliament, 331 Crimean People’s Republic, 326 Crimean residency, 328 Crimean Solidarity, 342 Crimean Tatar ethnos, 324 Crimean Tatar intelligentsia, 327 363 Crimean Tatar National Movement, 341 Crimean Tatar schools, 327 Crimean Tatars, 323 Crimean Tatars’ worst fear, 323 Crimean War, 1853-56, 326 crisis in Ukraine, 44 criticism of Putin, 15, 16,17 cross-border displacement, 36 cultural and ethnic identities, 280 cultural autonomy, 143 cultural revival, 326 cultural-linguistic cleavages, 285 cultural-linguistic identities, 297 culture, 154 Cyrillic, 266 Dagestan, 9, 162,177 Dagestani civilian hostages, 178,179 Dagestani Wahhabis, 189 data
collection, 215 de facto independent state, 166 death toll, 229 Declaration of Independence of Moldova, 283 declaration of sovereignty in 1991, 156 declaration of sovereignty, 260 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, 292,294 de-escalation, 228 Democratic Congress of Peoples of Russia, 268 deportation, 1944, 346 deportations of intelligentsia, 338 deromanianization policy, 282 destroying Russian apartment buildings, 15 dialogue channels, 263 dialogue, 91 dictator games, 213 diplomatic intervention by the United States, 104 disappearing people, 341 djamaat, 177-203 Dniester/Nistru River, 280 domestic issue, 228
364 Index Donbass, 18, 23, 303 Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 305 Donetsk, 314 Dudayev, Johar, 155, 160, 164, 178 Dushanbe, 210 early Soviet times, 155 Eastern Europe, 11 Eastern Partnership initiative, 294 Eastern Partnership, 288 Eastern Ukraine, 305, 316 economic disparities, 230 economic independence, 261 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 314 education policy, 265 elite conflicts, 210 embargo on Azerbaijani exports to Armenia, 35 emerging anarchy, 236 Emir Khattab, 162 empirical research, 194 empirical studies, 209, employment opportunities, 212 end of the Cold War, 38 enlargement policy, 290 Erdoğan, Recep Tayip, 340 Ergneti free trade area, 108 Ergneti market, 98 escalation, 228 ethnic conflict, 33 ethnic distinctions, 33 ethnic fears, 235 ethnic groups in southern Kyrgyzstan, 227 ethnic groups, 33 ethnic identity, 234 ethnic identity-based crisis, 56 ethnic mobilization, 235 ethnic nationalism, 116 ethnic tensions, 235 ethnic violence, 230 ethnocentrism in Chechnya, 171 ethno-cultural and political claims, 116 ethnographic fieldwork, 233 ethnonationalism, 144 EU-Moldova Association Agreement, 296 EU-Russia relations, 295 EU-Ukraine association agreement, 304 EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova, 292 EU sanctions, 19, 20 Eurasian Economic Union, 44 Euromaidan, 304 European Neighborhood Policy, 288 European Union, 288 eviction notices, 340 exile, 326 external actor, Moscow, 228 federal structure of the new Soviet states, 142 Federation Treaty of 1992, 155 Feodosia, 305 Finland, 317; authoritarian regime, 318 First Chechen War, 10, 160 first Crimean Tatar
Qurultai, 326 fiscal federalism, 144 forced “volunteers,” 327 foreign elements in Chechnya, 166 foreign Islamists, 163 four treatments of varying degrees, 213 four-day way, 73-75 frozen conflict, 291 full integration of Russia, 38 full-scale armed combat, 236 Fuzuli, 56, 60 Gaidar, Yegor, 178 Gamsakhurdia-Abashidze alliance, 148 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 39, 94,120, 137, 144, 147 Gazprom pipelines, 17 Georgia, 13, 33, 316 Georgia’s embrace of the West, 41 Georgia’s external strategic situation, 35-40; major changes, 40 Georgia’s first republic, 34 Georgia’s National Guard unit, 85
Index Georgia’s national identity, 94 Georgia’s strategic context, 35 Georgian migrants to Russia, 41 Georgian nationalism, 125-26 German 11th army, 327 glasnost, 58, 87, 89, 116, 123, 210, 283,330 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9, 37, 38, 59, 87, 116, 283 Gorbachev’s reforms, 260 Gorno Badakshan, 212 Gromov, Boris, 178 gross violation of human rights, 343 growing ethnic mobilization, 234 Grozny, 156,160 Gubadli, 56, 60 Gumbaridze, Givi, 96 higher political status, 90 highest possible degree of autonomy, 271 historical narratives, 121 Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 horizontal inequalities, 230 hostage crisis in Kyzlyar, 178 human rights activist, 330, 338 hybrid repression, 344 “I chose EU,” 336 identity building process, 116 identity maintenance, 115 identity, 154 ideological vacuum, 144 ideology, 210 impartiality, 71 imported Russians in Crimea, 339 improved market access, 213 incentives for cooperation, 219 independence from Ukraine, 331 independence of the church in Ukraine, 311 independence, 33 indigenous ethnic elites, 122 indigenous nationality, 326 indigenous people of Crimea, 346 365 individual-level exposure to violence, 213; victimization during the conflict, 213 Ingulbayev, Maksud, 179 Ingushetia, 156, 161 Initiative Groups, 329 insolubility of the dispute, 279 Institute of History, 265 instrumentalization of national identity, 124 insurgent violence, 212 insurgents, 185 intercommunal cooperation, 236 interim government, 234 internal conflict, 34 internal sea, 308 internment camps, 327 Inter-parliamentary Assembly of Orthodox Churches, 46
intervention, 237 intimidation, 312 intrastate conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan, 229 invasions, 183 invest of the West, 247 Iran, 38, 45,61,211,243 Iraq War, opposition to, 25 Islam, 145; Ajarans converted to, 145 Islamic clergy of Tatarstan, 270 Islamic clergy, massive persecution of, 154 Islamic Institute of Russia, 270 Islamic order, 185 Islamic Revival Party, 212 Islamic revivalists, 211 Istanbul summit, 70 Ivanov, Igor, 41 Jabrail, 56, 60 Jalalabat, 227-38 Jemilev, Mustafa, 329, 337, 338 jihad, 185 Joint Declaration on the Caspian Sea, 248, 249 joint Georgian-Russian police units, 94
366 Kadyrov, Akhmad, 10,156 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 203 Karabakh Committee, 58 Karabakh conflict, 35 Karamakhi, 187,189 Kars Treaty, 146 Kaspiysk, 189 Kavkaz-2008, mass military exercise, 100,104 Kazakhstan, 243 Kazan Islamic University, 270 Kazan Khanate, 260 Kazan, 260 Kazan’s Kremlin, 269 Kazishvili, Kosta, 85 Kefe, 325 Kelbajar, 39, 56,60 Kezlev, 325 KGB, 15; agents, 15. See also Litvinenko, Aleksander Khalilov, Rappani, 189 Khankala military base, 160 Khasavyurt Accord, 181, Khasavyurt agreement, 163 Khasavyurt cease-fire agreement, 165 Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad, 251 Khattab, 183 Khodjaly massacre, 59, 60 Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign, 329 Khrushchev’s thaw, 323 Kingdom of Romania, 281 Kocharian, Robert, 67 Kokoyty, Eduard, 98, 106; separatist government of Kokoyty, 102 Kornisi gorge, 84 Kosovo, 13; declaration of independence, 13; war of, 6 Kovalev, Sergey, 163 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 38 Kremlin, 331 “Rrunk,” 58 Kul-Sharif Mosque, 269 Kyrgyz urban minority, 230 Kyrgyzstan, 13 Index Kyrgyzstan, large-scale violence in, 225; communal conflicts in, 226, 227 Lachin Corridor, 39 Lachin, 56, 60 land transfer, 58 language education, 265 language law, 283 language policy, 265 language reforms, 285 language, 154 large-scale intergroup conflicts, 227 latent conflict, 56 Lavrov, Sergei, 25, 37,42 Law on Languages of the Peoples of Tatarstan, 265 Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, 266-67 Lebed, Alexander, 165, 178 legitimacy, 287 Lenin, 84, 143, 326 liberal democracy, 318 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 15 local guerilla fighters, 327 Lone Wolf, 178 loosely
organized-cooperative groups, 213 Luhansk, 314 macro variables, 229 Macron, Emmanuel, 20 Makhachkala, 201 Makharadze, Mikheil, 141 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, 306 Manas air base, 13 March 2019 ceasefire, 306 march from Tbilisi to Tskhinvali, 91 Mariupol, 306 Maskhadov, Aslan, 161,164, 165, 167, 182 mass collaboration, so called, 327 mass deportation of Azerbaijanis, 56 mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, 328-30
Index mass killings, 171 mediation, 61, 164 mediator, 71 Medvedev, Dimitry, 25, 229, 263 memorandum to resolve the conflict in South Ossetia, 94 Menshevik party, 84 Merkel, Angela, 315 miatsum, 58 micro-spatial approach, 226 Middle East, 47 migration, 37, 326 military aid to Ukraine, 315 military exercises in Poti, 140 military garrison, to storm, 235 military training center, 163 military-political council, 184 Milli Mejlis, 330 Minnikhanov, Rustem, 263 Minsk Group, 56, 61, 62, 71, 76, 77 Minsk Protocol, 305 mobilization of the electorate, 261, 262 modem civil service, 101 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 281 Moldavian Democratic Republic, 281 Moldavian national identity, 283 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 282 Moldova, 279 Moldova, civil war in, 225 Moldovan nationalist movement, 285 Montreux Convention, 309 Moscow apartment blast, 188 Moscow Declaration, 71 Moscow Patriarchate, 311 Moscow Peace Accord, 165 Moscow Times, 74 Moscow Treaty, 146 Moscow’s anchor in North Caucasus, 200 Moscow’s geopolitical presence in Moldova, 290 Moscow’s jurisdictional boundaries, 310, 311 367 motorized infantry regiment, 366th, 60 Mountainous Gomo Badakshan Autonomous District, 210 Mozdok, 161 Muflíate of Tatarstan, 268 Mukhametshin, Farid, 267 multinationalism, 284 multiparty elections, 92 multiple pipeline system, 159 Muscovite Russia, 260 Muslim Brotherhood, 183 Muslim tariqas, 168 mutual protection pact, 190 Nafikov, Ildus, 268 Nagomo Karabakh conflict, 55 Nagomo Karabakh, 38 narrative accrual, 118 narrative analysis, 117, 130 national hero, 338 national question in
the Caucasus, 143 national sectors, of the Caspian Sea, 245 nationalism, 116, 279 nationalist mobilization, 124 nationalist movement in Bessarabia, 281 nation-building, 266 NATO-Yugoslavia war, 6, 7 NATO enlargement, 38, 42-45 NATO expansion, 8, 11 NATO membership, 14 NATO security guarantees, 35 NATO, 6, 8, 12, 14, 309, 317 NATO’s eastward expansion, 288, 316 naval base in Sevastopol, 304 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 61 Nazis, 327 needs of the littoral states, 245 negative peace, 76 negotiations with Moscow, 263 negotiations, 68, 164 neighborhood communities, 235 Nemtsov, Boris, 17 neutrality, 236 newly independent states, 245 no war-no peace situation, 75
368 Index nomadic Mongol Golden Horde, 324 non-aggression pacts, 236 non-violent methods, 345 nonviolent resistance, 341 North Ossetia, 11 Novorossiysk, port of, 5 Novosibirsk Russian special force, 179 Obama administration, 25 Obama, Barack, 25 oblast within RSFSR, 329 official state languages, 327 oil and gas production, 245 oil, 4,157; Caspian fields, 5 OMON hostages, 179 OMON troops, 186 open-air slaves’ markets, 182 open-ended interviews, 193 Orange Revolution, 24, 41, 304 Orjonikidze, 86 Orthodox Christian church community, 310 OSCE mediation, 62-65 OSCE Mission of Long-Term Duration, 43 OSCE Mission to Moldova, 292 OSCE summit in Istanbul, 39 OSCE summit in Lisbon, 62 OSCE, 61, 62 Osh conflict, 236 Osh, 227, 233-35 Ossetia, 33 Ossetian Bolsheviks, 86 Ossetian language, status of, 88 Ossetian paramilitary force, 95 Ossetian revolutionary committee, 85 other nationalities, 326 Ottoman Empire, 311, 326, 325 Ottomans, 324-25 outside volunteers, 161 Pankisi Gorge, 37 Pan-Romanian nationalism, 281, 284 pan-Romanian Popular Front movement, 283 Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, 346 parliamentary democracy, 229 Pashinyan, Nikol, 67 Passy, Solomon, 140 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 Patriarchate of Moscow, 313 peaceful resolution of conflict, 68 peaceful restoration of territorial integrity of Georgia, 140 Pen, Le, 20 perceived enemy groups, 237 perestroika, 58, 83, 116, 123, 144, 210, 283,330 Pervomayskoye, 179 Petersburg Treaty, 243 petroleum port, 201 phone conversation, 337 pipeline, 158 plots and subplots, 129 pogrom-like violence, 235 Poland, 21 policy of
intimidation, 341 political and cultural self-governance, 143 political persecutions, 339 political terrorism, 344 Popular Front, 210 popular rise of Islam, 269 positive effects of the Karabakh conflict for Georgia, 36 positive identity, 345 post-conflict societies, 219 post-Soviet conflicting identities, 122 power sharing between Tbilisi and Batumi, 141 power sharing, 143 power vacuum, 234 powerful rumors, 235 power-sharing treaty, 2007, 263, 264 power-sharing treaty, 261, 262 preemptive attack, 236 presidency of Chechnya, 182 President Poroshenko, 314 President Putin, 313
Index presidential election in South Ossetia, 98 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 330 pre-trial detention center in Simferopol, 342 preventive violence, 237 Primakov, Yevgeny, 5 pro-Moscow opposition, 160 proposals, 62; package, 62; step-by-step, 62; common state, 62; exchanging lands, 62 pro-Russian demonstration, 305 prosocial behavior, 209, 213, 214 prosocial effects of violence, 216 prosocial preferences, 209 prosocial responses to violence, 219 protectorate, 289 provisional Ukrainian leadership, 309 public political narratives, 115 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 140, 168, 177, 186, 188, 249, 262,310, 323,336,337, 340 Putin’s military campaign, 10 Putin’s Vehrkunde remark, 42-43 Qirim, 325 qualitative supplement, 193 quantitative survey, 193 Rada, 304 radicalization, 168 Raduyev, Salman, 178 rally, 235 Rasht Treaty, 244 Rasht valley, 212; rebuilding Russia’s military, 14 Red Army, 85, 143, 327 Red Cross workers, 181; stabbed, 181; abandoned the region, 181 referendum, 78, 337 reforms, 101 regime change, 234 reginai separatism in Transnistria, 279 regionalism, 210 rehabilitation, 337 369 réintroduction of Latin script, 266 relationality of parts, 118 religion, 166; crucial role in Chechnya’s political life, 166 reports, 2010 communal violence, 233 repression, 343 Republic of Crimea-Tavrida, 346 resettlement, 331-35 resolution 822, 66 resolution 853, 66 resolution 874, 66 resolution 884, 67 restoration of religious and national presence of Tatars, 269 restoring Russia’s role as global power, 3 restrictions and prohibitions, 154 retained military forces in
the region, 36 Rice, Condoleezza, 105 riot-type of violence, 236 Romania, 281 Romania, 308 root causes of the 2010 conflict, 232 Roqi tunnel, 107 Roqi, 85 Rose Revolution, 24, 41, 95, 138 Russia, 3-31, 243 Russia, civil war in, 225 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet, 104 Russia’s defense cooperation with Armenia, 44 Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, 26 Russia’s military bases, 76; Gyumri, 44, 76; Erebuni, 76 Russia’s territorial integrity in the Northern Caucasus, 159 Russian-Chechen negotiations, 156 Russian-Tatar treaty, 156 Russian 11th Army, 86, 87 Russian Air Force, 104 Russian Army, 284 Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk, 158 Russian Community of Crimea (ROK), 332
370 Russian defamatory stories, 20 Russian Empire, 84, 244, 325 Russian Empire’s Malorossiya, 280 Russian engagement in Syria, 47 Russian forces, 211 Russian invasion of Georgia, 99 Russian law on public assemblies, 343 Russian natural gas, the politics of, 17 Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 314 Russian peacekeeping forces, 100, 103 Russian Unity party, 336 Russo-European relations, 18 Russo-Georgian war, 2008, 306 Russo-Georgian war, 99, 288 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 145 Russo-Turkish War, 281 Russo-Ukrainian war, 303 Russo-Chechen conflict, 153 Russophone population, 287 Russophone Slavs, 280 Ryazan, 188, 191 Saakashvili era, 48 Saakashvili regime, 35 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 41, 95, 138,139, 140 Safavid Empire, 243 Salafism, 270 Salaflsts, 161 Sanakoev, Dmitry, 95, 99 Sarkozy, Nicholas, 105 Second Chechen War, 10, 170 second invasion of Dagestan, 187 second Quraltai, 330 Security Council of the Russian Federation, 249 security dilemma, 230 selective appropriation, 118 Self Defense Units, 336 self-defense groups, 236 self-determination, 58, 77, 131 self-identification, 195 self-isolation, 236 semi-revival, 326 Index separatist movement, 284 settlement camps, 329 Sevastopol, 303, 308, 325, 337 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 260, 261,263 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 39,41,97,119, 138 Simferopol Airport, 337 social identity of Crimean Tatars, 324 social identity theories, 345 social identity, 213 social integration, 228 social learning framework, 345 social media, 342 social-economic grievances, 285 socialist ethno-federalism, 124 Society of Russian Culture of Tatarstan, 268 socio-
economic conditions, 212 socio-economic differentiation, 282 South Ossetia ceasefire agreement, 97 South Ossetia, 13, 14, 38, 41, 43, 46, 83 South Ossetia, acts of protest, 88 South Ossetian irregulars, 14 South Ossetian Soviet Socialist Autonomous District, 88 sovereignty referendum of March 1992, 261 Soviet-German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 282 Soviet elites, 125 Soviet federalism, 144 Soviet nationalities policies, 119, 282 Soviet occupation of Georgia, 86 Soviet Ukraine, 281 Soviet Union, 3; dissolution of, 3; Soviet communism, 4 Sovietization of Crimea, 329 Special Representative for Moldova, 294 special status of Tatarstan, 263 special status, 290 Special Working Group, 249 sphere of influence in the Caucasus, 48 Stalin, Joseph, 142, 323, 327 state building, 286
Index State Defense Committee, 327, 328 State Oil Company of Azerbaijan, 251 state sovereignty of Crimea, 331 state-oriented movement, 285 states’ foreign behavior, 34 status and ownership of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 307 status of the Caspian Sea, 247, 248 status, 246 Steinmeier Formula, 315 Stepashin, 186 stocks of social capital, 219 STOP-Maidan protests, 335 Strategic Center for Caspian Problems, 250 strategic nonviolence, 344 Strelkov, 305 subway line, 264 Sufis, 184 suicide bombers, 171 summit in Ashgabat, 254 Supreme Council Ajara, 141, 148 Supreme Council of Crimea, 336 Supreme Court of Russia, 263 Supsa, Georgian port of, 158 symbols and agency, 127 Tajik farmers, 215 Tajikistan, 209 Tajikistan, civil war in, 225 Tajikistan’s GDP, 211 Tashkent collective security treaty, 38 Tatar Public Center, 262, 265, 268 Tatarstan, 155, 259 Tatarstan’s elite, 261 Taurida Oblast, 325 temporalities, 126 ten Putin’s critics died, 16 Tengiz oil field, 157 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 69 territorial autonomy, 326 territorial expansionism, 282 territorial integrity of Ukraine, 337 terrorism charges, 341 threat to societal stability, 122 371 threat to stability, 167 Tibilov, Leonid, 98 Tiraspol, 284 title of president, 264 Trade and Shipping Agreement, 244 training camps, 185 Trans-Caucasus confederation, 85, 143 transgenerational memory transmission, 344 Transnistria separatism, 280 Transnistria, 279-97 Transnistria’s military structures, 286 transporting energy supplies, 253 Treaty of Kars, 143 Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, 337 truck bomb, 187 Trump, Donald,
15, 27, 47, 315, 316 Tskhinvali, 86 Turkey, 38, 39, 45 Turkey’s embargo of Armenia, 36 Turkic Muslim Tatars, 260 Turkic tribes, 324 Turkmenistan, 243 Udugov, Movladi, 168 Ukraine, 17, 18, 19, 21, 26, 42, 303-18 Ukraine, civil war in, 20, 26, 225 Ukraine’s independence, 323 Ukraine’s national institutions and identity, 313 Ukraine’s pro-Western political forces, 307 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 310 Ukrainian rule, 324 Umarov, Doku, 172 Umerov, Ilmi, 340 UN as a mediating institution, 63 UN Observer Mission in Georgia, 43 unilateral declaration of independence, 156 Union of Writers of Tatarstan, 268 union republic, 92 unit-level factors, 34 United National Movement, 41
372 United Nations Security Council, 60 United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, 281 United Tajik Opposition, 210 unparalleled autonomy, 263 UNSC resolutions, 77 urban communal violence, 234 Urus-Martan, 169 US sanctions, 20 USSR-Iran agreement, 244 uti possidetis juris, 59 Uzbek forces, 211 Uzbekistan, 228, 328 Velvet Revolution, 76 Verkhovna Rada, 346 village Eredvi, 94 violence, 230 Vladimir’s toone, 311 Volgodonsk, 188 Volsky, Arkadi, 59, 60 voluntary surrender of arms, 190 Index Wahhabis, 167,171,184 Wahhabism, 270 Warsaw Pact, 38 Washington Post, 16 weakening of NATO, 47 withdrawal from,73 withdrawal of Russian troops, 165 Yakobashvili, Temur, 100 Yanaev, Genadii, 330 Yanukovych, Viktor, 22, 45, 304, 305, 308 Yavlinsky, Grigoriy, 178 Yeistin, Boris, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 38, 61, 94, 161, 186 Yeltsin administration, 9 yurt, 234 Zangilan, 56, 60 Zelensky, 306, 314, 315 Zhvania-Abashidze talks, 139 Zhvania, Zurab, 139
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Contents Introduction: The Post-Soviet Crisis vii Lasha Tchantouridzé, Stefan Brooks, and Ali Askerov PART I: THE POST-SOVIET SPACE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1 The Rise of Putin’s Russia and the Post-Soviet Conflicts 3 Stefan Brooks 2 Georgia’s Changing Strategic Situation 33 S. Neil MacFarlane PART II: THE CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS 3 The Nagomo Karabakh Conflict: The Beginning of the Soviet End 55 Ali Askerov 4 Legitimacy Force and Power in the Conflict over South Ossetia 83 Lasha Tchantouridzé 5 The Conflict over Abkhazia: Mutually Exclusive National Projects and Fragmented Statehood 115 David Matsaberidze 6 Ajara: A Case in Conflict Avoidance 137 Zurab Tchiaberashvili 7 Chechnya: Interrupted Independence Ali Askerov and Mairbek Vatchagaev vii 153
viii 8 Contents Dagestan: A Silent War 177 Robert Bruce Ware PART III: CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES IN CENTRAL ASIA 9 Long-Term Effects of Wartime Violence in Tajikistan 209 Mahe Müller and Sam Whitt 10 Communal Violence in Kyrgyzstan 225 Joldon Kutmanaliev 11 Caspian Sea Dispute 243 Musa Qasimli 12 Tatarstan: A Model of Peaceful Relations or Potential Spot of Conflict in Eurasia? 259 Sait Ocakli PART IV: CLOSER TO EUROPE 13 Moldova’s Breakaway Transnistria: The Origins, Nature, and Current Dynamics 279 Kamala Valiyeva 14 Ukraine between “The Russian World” and the Black Sea 303 Lasha Tchantouridzé 15 Occupied Territory, Interrupted Dreams, and Shattered Hopes: A Trilogy of Traumas of the Crimean Tatar People 323 Idil P. İzmirli Appendix 353 Index 361 About the Contributors 373
Index Abashidze, Aslan, 137-41 Abashidze’s regime, 138; paramilitary forces, 139; political asylum, 140 Abashidze’s rule, 138 Abduazakov, Magomed, 178 Abidov, Shamil, 189 Abkhaz, 33 Abkhazia, 13,14, 38,41,43, 115, 309 Abkhazian paramilitaries, 104 Academy of Sciences in the Republic of Tatarstan, 265 act of forgiveness and reconciliation, 95 act of genocide against the Crimean Tatar people, 346 Adamon Nikhas, 89, 91, 95, 106 adherence to nonviolent principles, 330 Afghan Taliban, 211 Aganbegyan, Abel, 58 Agdam, 56, 60 aggressive demonstration of force, 234 Agreement on the Principles of Peaceful Settlement of the Armed Conflict in Transnistria, 292 agricultural farm networks, 213 Ajara Autonomous Republic, 137; parliamentary elections of March 2004, 139 Ajara crisis, 149; peaceful resolution, 149 Ajara, 137, 145 Ajara, status of, 141 Ajaran identity, 137, 146,147 Aktau, 255 Al Qaeda, 183 alarming situation, 341 alignment theory, 49 Aliyev, Heydar, 247, 249, 253, 255 Aliyev, Ilham, 73 Alliance of the East, 12 All-World Tatar Congress, 266 Al-Urdani, Sheikh Fathi, 162 annex, 2003 annexation of Crimea in 1783, 325, 326 annexation of Crimea, 288, 289, 307, 335 Ant Etkenmen, 330 anti-Tatar separatist organization, 332 apartment block blasts, 187-91 April 2016 war, 55, 72 Aq-Meschit, 325 Aqyar, 325 Aravan district, 237 arbeks, 154 armed conflict, 305 Armenia, 55 asking Dagestanis, 193 asymmetric federation, 293 Ataman of Kyiv, 314 361
362 August War of 2008, 130 August war, 106 autocephaly, 310 autonomy, 56 Avar, 177 Avars, 185 Avturkhanov, Umar, 160 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 244 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 244 Azerbaijan, 55, 243 Azerbaijan, civil war in, 225 Azov Sea standoff, 20 Azov Sea, 306 Bagirov, Mirjafar, 57 Bakiev loyalists, 234 Bakiev, President, 227, 234 Bakiev’s regime, 234 Baku֊Tbilisi֊Ceyhan, 253; oil pipeline, 253 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad, 78 Baku, 85 balance of power, 232 balance of threat, 315 Balkans, 290 Baltic states, 38 Barayev, Arbi, 169, 183 barricades, 236 Basayev, Shamil, 162, 164, 170, 178, 182, 183 bases in Crimea, 304 Batumi, 138 Batyrov, Kadyrjan, 234, 235 Berezovsky, Boris, 16 Beslan, 11 Bessarabia, 280,282 Biden, Joe, 25 Bin Laden, Osama, 183 Bishkek, 232 Black Sea basin, 307, 308 Black Sea fleet vessels, 309 Black Sea, 5, 38, 290, 303 blasts, 188 block-posts, 236 Index Bolshevik coup, 84 Bolshevik Red Army, 145 boycott, 337 broad autonomy to Tatarstan, 261 brokering a peace deal with Russia, 105 Budapest Agreement, 1994, 337 Budyonnovsk crisis, 164 Bulgaria, 308 bullying, 312 Bush, George W., 8 Buynaksk blast, 190 Buynaksk, 187 canonical church, 313 Caspian Sea, 72, 243 Caspian Sea, energy from, 157 Caspian Sea, the legal status of, 158 Catherine II, 325 Caucasus mountain range, 84 Caucasus, 4 causal emplotment, 118 ceasefire agreement, 62, 95 census, 147 central government, weakness of, 229 central motifs, 126 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, 155 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, split of, 156 Chechen alphabet, 154 Chechen invasion of Dagestan, 10
Chechen people, deportation of, 154 Chechen terrorists, 9, 10,11 Chechen victory, 162 Chechens, social structure of, 154 Chechnya, 37, 153, 177 Chechnya, 4, 5, 16; the war in, 4 Chekhoev, Anatoly, 90 Chernomyrdin, prime minister, 165 China, 47 China, a major economic actor, 40 Chisinau, 283 Chochiev, Alan, 95, 96, 106 Chubarov, Refat, 339 Church in Georgia, 312
Index Church in Ukraine, 310, 314 Cihan, Numan Celebi, 326 civil conflicts, 34 civil war, 59, 209 civilian passenger jet, 306 Clinton, Hillary, 25, 26, 27 Clinton, Bill, 6, 8 closed water basin, 243 Cold War, 11 collective action, 209 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 44 colonialism, 325 Commonwealth of Independent States, 44, 145, 250 communal violence, 2010,233 concessions, 272 conflict between Basayev and Maskhadov, 169 conflicts over resources, 210 congress, 184 consortium of oil companies, 158 Constantinople, 313 constitution, 90 constitutional order, 101; the phrase of, 101 restoring, 102 Contract of the Century, 247, 248 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, 255 conventional communal conflict, 230 corruption, 309 coup, 120 Crimea without Crimean Tatars, 325 Crimea, 16, 21, 303, 305, 308, 309, 314, 316,323 Crimea, invasion of, 303 Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 326 Crimean Khanate, 324, 325 Crimean Parliament, 331 Crimean People’s Republic, 326 Crimean residency, 328 Crimean Solidarity, 342 Crimean Tatar ethnos, 324 Crimean Tatar intelligentsia, 327 363 Crimean Tatar National Movement, 341 Crimean Tatar schools, 327 Crimean Tatars, 323 Crimean Tatars’ worst fear, 323 Crimean War, 1853-56, 326 crisis in Ukraine, 44 criticism of Putin, 15, 16,17 cross-border displacement, 36 cultural and ethnic identities, 280 cultural autonomy, 143 cultural revival, 326 cultural-linguistic cleavages, 285 cultural-linguistic identities, 297 culture, 154 Cyrillic, 266 Dagestan, 9, 162,177 Dagestani civilian hostages, 178,179 Dagestani Wahhabis, 189 data
collection, 215 de facto independent state, 166 death toll, 229 Declaration of Independence of Moldova, 283 declaration of sovereignty in 1991, 156 declaration of sovereignty, 260 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, 292,294 de-escalation, 228 Democratic Congress of Peoples of Russia, 268 deportation, 1944, 346 deportations of intelligentsia, 338 deromanianization policy, 282 destroying Russian apartment buildings, 15 dialogue channels, 263 dialogue, 91 dictator games, 213 diplomatic intervention by the United States, 104 disappearing people, 341 djamaat, 177-203 Dniester/Nistru River, 280 domestic issue, 228
364 Index Donbass, 18, 23, 303 Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 305 Donetsk, 314 Dudayev, Johar, 155, 160, 164, 178 Dushanbe, 210 early Soviet times, 155 Eastern Europe, 11 Eastern Partnership initiative, 294 Eastern Partnership, 288 Eastern Ukraine, 305, 316 economic disparities, 230 economic independence, 261 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 314 education policy, 265 elite conflicts, 210 embargo on Azerbaijani exports to Armenia, 35 emerging anarchy, 236 Emir Khattab, 162 empirical research, 194 empirical studies, 209, employment opportunities, 212 end of the Cold War, 38 enlargement policy, 290 Erdoğan, Recep Tayip, 340 Ergneti free trade area, 108 Ergneti market, 98 escalation, 228 ethnic conflict, 33 ethnic distinctions, 33 ethnic fears, 235 ethnic groups in southern Kyrgyzstan, 227 ethnic groups, 33 ethnic identity, 234 ethnic identity-based crisis, 56 ethnic mobilization, 235 ethnic nationalism, 116 ethnic tensions, 235 ethnic violence, 230 ethnocentrism in Chechnya, 171 ethno-cultural and political claims, 116 ethnographic fieldwork, 233 ethnonationalism, 144 EU-Moldova Association Agreement, 296 EU-Russia relations, 295 EU-Ukraine association agreement, 304 EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova, 292 EU sanctions, 19, 20 Eurasian Economic Union, 44 Euromaidan, 304 European Neighborhood Policy, 288 European Union, 288 eviction notices, 340 exile, 326 external actor, Moscow, 228 federal structure of the new Soviet states, 142 Federation Treaty of 1992, 155 Feodosia, 305 Finland, 317; authoritarian regime, 318 First Chechen War, 10, 160 first Crimean Tatar
Qurultai, 326 fiscal federalism, 144 forced “volunteers,” 327 foreign elements in Chechnya, 166 foreign Islamists, 163 four treatments of varying degrees, 213 four-day way, 73-75 frozen conflict, 291 full integration of Russia, 38 full-scale armed combat, 236 Fuzuli, 56, 60 Gaidar, Yegor, 178 Gamsakhurdia-Abashidze alliance, 148 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 39, 94,120, 137, 144, 147 Gazprom pipelines, 17 Georgia, 13, 33, 316 Georgia’s embrace of the West, 41 Georgia’s external strategic situation, 35-40; major changes, 40 Georgia’s first republic, 34 Georgia’s National Guard unit, 85
Index Georgia’s national identity, 94 Georgia’s strategic context, 35 Georgian migrants to Russia, 41 Georgian nationalism, 125-26 German 11th army, 327 glasnost, 58, 87, 89, 116, 123, 210, 283,330 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9, 37, 38, 59, 87, 116, 283 Gorbachev’s reforms, 260 Gorno Badakshan, 212 Gromov, Boris, 178 gross violation of human rights, 343 growing ethnic mobilization, 234 Grozny, 156,160 Gubadli, 56, 60 Gumbaridze, Givi, 96 higher political status, 90 highest possible degree of autonomy, 271 historical narratives, 121 Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 horizontal inequalities, 230 hostage crisis in Kyzlyar, 178 human rights activist, 330, 338 hybrid repression, 344 “I chose EU,” 336 identity building process, 116 identity maintenance, 115 identity, 154 ideological vacuum, 144 ideology, 210 impartiality, 71 imported Russians in Crimea, 339 improved market access, 213 incentives for cooperation, 219 independence from Ukraine, 331 independence of the church in Ukraine, 311 independence, 33 indigenous ethnic elites, 122 indigenous nationality, 326 indigenous people of Crimea, 346 365 individual-level exposure to violence, 213; victimization during the conflict, 213 Ingulbayev, Maksud, 179 Ingushetia, 156, 161 Initiative Groups, 329 insolubility of the dispute, 279 Institute of History, 265 instrumentalization of national identity, 124 insurgent violence, 212 insurgents, 185 intercommunal cooperation, 236 interim government, 234 internal conflict, 34 internal sea, 308 internment camps, 327 Inter-parliamentary Assembly of Orthodox Churches, 46
intervention, 237 intimidation, 312 intrastate conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan, 229 invasions, 183 invest of the West, 247 Iran, 38, 45,61,211,243 Iraq War, opposition to, 25 Islam, 145; Ajarans converted to, 145 Islamic clergy of Tatarstan, 270 Islamic clergy, massive persecution of, 154 Islamic Institute of Russia, 270 Islamic order, 185 Islamic Revival Party, 212 Islamic revivalists, 211 Istanbul summit, 70 Ivanov, Igor, 41 Jabrail, 56, 60 Jalalabat, 227-38 Jemilev, Mustafa, 329, 337, 338 jihad, 185 Joint Declaration on the Caspian Sea, 248, 249 joint Georgian-Russian police units, 94
366 Kadyrov, Akhmad, 10,156 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 203 Karabakh Committee, 58 Karabakh conflict, 35 Karamakhi, 187,189 Kars Treaty, 146 Kaspiysk, 189 Kavkaz-2008, mass military exercise, 100,104 Kazakhstan, 243 Kazan Islamic University, 270 Kazan Khanate, 260 Kazan, 260 Kazan’s Kremlin, 269 Kazishvili, Kosta, 85 Kefe, 325 Kelbajar, 39, 56,60 Kezlev, 325 KGB, 15; agents, 15. See also Litvinenko, Aleksander Khalilov, Rappani, 189 Khankala military base, 160 Khasavyurt Accord, 181, Khasavyurt agreement, 163 Khasavyurt cease-fire agreement, 165 Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad, 251 Khattab, 183 Khodjaly massacre, 59, 60 Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign, 329 Khrushchev’s thaw, 323 Kingdom of Romania, 281 Kocharian, Robert, 67 Kokoyty, Eduard, 98, 106; separatist government of Kokoyty, 102 Kornisi gorge, 84 Kosovo, 13; declaration of independence, 13; war of, 6 Kovalev, Sergey, 163 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 38 Kremlin, 331 “Rrunk,” 58 Kul-Sharif Mosque, 269 Kyrgyz urban minority, 230 Kyrgyzstan, 13 Index Kyrgyzstan, large-scale violence in, 225; communal conflicts in, 226, 227 Lachin Corridor, 39 Lachin, 56, 60 land transfer, 58 language education, 265 language law, 283 language policy, 265 language reforms, 285 language, 154 large-scale intergroup conflicts, 227 latent conflict, 56 Lavrov, Sergei, 25, 37,42 Law on Languages of the Peoples of Tatarstan, 265 Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, 266-67 Lebed, Alexander, 165, 178 legitimacy, 287 Lenin, 84, 143, 326 liberal democracy, 318 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 15 local guerilla fighters, 327 Lone Wolf, 178 loosely
organized-cooperative groups, 213 Luhansk, 314 macro variables, 229 Macron, Emmanuel, 20 Makhachkala, 201 Makharadze, Mikheil, 141 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, 306 Manas air base, 13 March 2019 ceasefire, 306 march from Tbilisi to Tskhinvali, 91 Mariupol, 306 Maskhadov, Aslan, 161,164, 165, 167, 182 mass collaboration, so called, 327 mass deportation of Azerbaijanis, 56 mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, 328-30
Index mass killings, 171 mediation, 61, 164 mediator, 71 Medvedev, Dimitry, 25, 229, 263 memorandum to resolve the conflict in South Ossetia, 94 Menshevik party, 84 Merkel, Angela, 315 miatsum, 58 micro-spatial approach, 226 Middle East, 47 migration, 37, 326 military aid to Ukraine, 315 military exercises in Poti, 140 military garrison, to storm, 235 military training center, 163 military-political council, 184 Milli Mejlis, 330 Minnikhanov, Rustem, 263 Minsk Group, 56, 61, 62, 71, 76, 77 Minsk Protocol, 305 mobilization of the electorate, 261, 262 modem civil service, 101 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 281 Moldavian Democratic Republic, 281 Moldavian national identity, 283 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 282 Moldova, 279 Moldova, civil war in, 225 Moldovan nationalist movement, 285 Montreux Convention, 309 Moscow apartment blast, 188 Moscow Declaration, 71 Moscow Patriarchate, 311 Moscow Peace Accord, 165 Moscow Times, 74 Moscow Treaty, 146 Moscow’s anchor in North Caucasus, 200 Moscow’s geopolitical presence in Moldova, 290 Moscow’s jurisdictional boundaries, 310, 311 367 motorized infantry regiment, 366th, 60 Mountainous Gomo Badakshan Autonomous District, 210 Mozdok, 161 Muflíate of Tatarstan, 268 Mukhametshin, Farid, 267 multinationalism, 284 multiparty elections, 92 multiple pipeline system, 159 Muscovite Russia, 260 Muslim Brotherhood, 183 Muslim tariqas, 168 mutual protection pact, 190 Nafikov, Ildus, 268 Nagomo Karabakh conflict, 55 Nagomo Karabakh, 38 narrative accrual, 118 narrative analysis, 117, 130 national hero, 338 national question in
the Caucasus, 143 national sectors, of the Caspian Sea, 245 nationalism, 116, 279 nationalist mobilization, 124 nationalist movement in Bessarabia, 281 nation-building, 266 NATO-Yugoslavia war, 6, 7 NATO enlargement, 38, 42-45 NATO expansion, 8, 11 NATO membership, 14 NATO security guarantees, 35 NATO, 6, 8, 12, 14, 309, 317 NATO’s eastward expansion, 288, 316 naval base in Sevastopol, 304 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 61 Nazis, 327 needs of the littoral states, 245 negative peace, 76 negotiations with Moscow, 263 negotiations, 68, 164 neighborhood communities, 235 Nemtsov, Boris, 17 neutrality, 236 newly independent states, 245 no war-no peace situation, 75
368 Index nomadic Mongol Golden Horde, 324 non-aggression pacts, 236 non-violent methods, 345 nonviolent resistance, 341 North Ossetia, 11 Novorossiysk, port of, 5 Novosibirsk Russian special force, 179 Obama administration, 25 Obama, Barack, 25 oblast within RSFSR, 329 official state languages, 327 oil and gas production, 245 oil, 4,157; Caspian fields, 5 OMON hostages, 179 OMON troops, 186 open-air slaves’ markets, 182 open-ended interviews, 193 Orange Revolution, 24, 41, 304 Orjonikidze, 86 Orthodox Christian church community, 310 OSCE mediation, 62-65 OSCE Mission of Long-Term Duration, 43 OSCE Mission to Moldova, 292 OSCE summit in Istanbul, 39 OSCE summit in Lisbon, 62 OSCE, 61, 62 Osh conflict, 236 Osh, 227, 233-35 Ossetia, 33 Ossetian Bolsheviks, 86 Ossetian language, status of, 88 Ossetian paramilitary force, 95 Ossetian revolutionary committee, 85 other nationalities, 326 Ottoman Empire, 311, 326, 325 Ottomans, 324-25 outside volunteers, 161 Pankisi Gorge, 37 Pan-Romanian nationalism, 281, 284 pan-Romanian Popular Front movement, 283 Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, 346 parliamentary democracy, 229 Pashinyan, Nikol, 67 Passy, Solomon, 140 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 Patriarchate of Moscow, 313 peaceful resolution of conflict, 68 peaceful restoration of territorial integrity of Georgia, 140 Pen, Le, 20 perceived enemy groups, 237 perestroika, 58, 83, 116, 123, 144, 210, 283,330 Pervomayskoye, 179 Petersburg Treaty, 243 petroleum port, 201 phone conversation, 337 pipeline, 158 plots and subplots, 129 pogrom-like violence, 235 Poland, 21 policy of
intimidation, 341 political and cultural self-governance, 143 political persecutions, 339 political terrorism, 344 Popular Front, 210 popular rise of Islam, 269 positive effects of the Karabakh conflict for Georgia, 36 positive identity, 345 post-conflict societies, 219 post-Soviet conflicting identities, 122 power sharing between Tbilisi and Batumi, 141 power sharing, 143 power vacuum, 234 powerful rumors, 235 power-sharing treaty, 2007, 263, 264 power-sharing treaty, 261, 262 preemptive attack, 236 presidency of Chechnya, 182 President Poroshenko, 314 President Putin, 313
Index presidential election in South Ossetia, 98 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 330 pre-trial detention center in Simferopol, 342 preventive violence, 237 Primakov, Yevgeny, 5 pro-Moscow opposition, 160 proposals, 62; package, 62; step-by-step, 62; common state, 62; exchanging lands, 62 pro-Russian demonstration, 305 prosocial behavior, 209, 213, 214 prosocial effects of violence, 216 prosocial preferences, 209 prosocial responses to violence, 219 protectorate, 289 provisional Ukrainian leadership, 309 public political narratives, 115 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 140, 168, 177, 186, 188, 249, 262,310, 323,336,337, 340 Putin’s military campaign, 10 Putin’s Vehrkunde remark, 42-43 Qirim, 325 qualitative supplement, 193 quantitative survey, 193 Rada, 304 radicalization, 168 Raduyev, Salman, 178 rally, 235 Rasht Treaty, 244 Rasht valley, 212; rebuilding Russia’s military, 14 Red Army, 85, 143, 327 Red Cross workers, 181; stabbed, 181; abandoned the region, 181 referendum, 78, 337 reforms, 101 regime change, 234 reginai separatism in Transnistria, 279 regionalism, 210 rehabilitation, 337 369 réintroduction of Latin script, 266 relationality of parts, 118 religion, 166; crucial role in Chechnya’s political life, 166 reports, 2010 communal violence, 233 repression, 343 Republic of Crimea-Tavrida, 346 resettlement, 331-35 resolution 822, 66 resolution 853, 66 resolution 874, 66 resolution 884, 67 restoration of religious and national presence of Tatars, 269 restoring Russia’s role as global power, 3 restrictions and prohibitions, 154 retained military forces in
the region, 36 Rice, Condoleezza, 105 riot-type of violence, 236 Romania, 281 Romania, 308 root causes of the 2010 conflict, 232 Roqi tunnel, 107 Roqi, 85 Rose Revolution, 24, 41, 95, 138 Russia, 3-31, 243 Russia, civil war in, 225 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet, 104 Russia’s defense cooperation with Armenia, 44 Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, 26 Russia’s military bases, 76; Gyumri, 44, 76; Erebuni, 76 Russia’s territorial integrity in the Northern Caucasus, 159 Russian-Chechen negotiations, 156 Russian-Tatar treaty, 156 Russian 11th Army, 86, 87 Russian Air Force, 104 Russian Army, 284 Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk, 158 Russian Community of Crimea (ROK), 332
370 Russian defamatory stories, 20 Russian Empire, 84, 244, 325 Russian Empire’s Malorossiya, 280 Russian engagement in Syria, 47 Russian forces, 211 Russian invasion of Georgia, 99 Russian law on public assemblies, 343 Russian natural gas, the politics of, 17 Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 314 Russian peacekeeping forces, 100, 103 Russian Unity party, 336 Russo-European relations, 18 Russo-Georgian war, 2008, 306 Russo-Georgian war, 99, 288 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 145 Russo-Turkish War, 281 Russo-Ukrainian war, 303 Russo-Chechen conflict, 153 Russophone population, 287 Russophone Slavs, 280 Ryazan, 188, 191 Saakashvili era, 48 Saakashvili regime, 35 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 41, 95, 138,139, 140 Safavid Empire, 243 Salafism, 270 Salaflsts, 161 Sanakoev, Dmitry, 95, 99 Sarkozy, Nicholas, 105 Second Chechen War, 10, 170 second invasion of Dagestan, 187 second Quraltai, 330 Security Council of the Russian Federation, 249 security dilemma, 230 selective appropriation, 118 Self Defense Units, 336 self-defense groups, 236 self-determination, 58, 77, 131 self-identification, 195 self-isolation, 236 semi-revival, 326 Index separatist movement, 284 settlement camps, 329 Sevastopol, 303, 308, 325, 337 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 260, 261,263 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 39,41,97,119, 138 Simferopol Airport, 337 social identity of Crimean Tatars, 324 social identity theories, 345 social identity, 213 social integration, 228 social learning framework, 345 social media, 342 social-economic grievances, 285 socialist ethno-federalism, 124 Society of Russian Culture of Tatarstan, 268 socio-
economic conditions, 212 socio-economic differentiation, 282 South Ossetia ceasefire agreement, 97 South Ossetia, 13, 14, 38, 41, 43, 46, 83 South Ossetia, acts of protest, 88 South Ossetian irregulars, 14 South Ossetian Soviet Socialist Autonomous District, 88 sovereignty referendum of March 1992, 261 Soviet-German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 282 Soviet elites, 125 Soviet federalism, 144 Soviet nationalities policies, 119, 282 Soviet occupation of Georgia, 86 Soviet Ukraine, 281 Soviet Union, 3; dissolution of, 3; Soviet communism, 4 Sovietization of Crimea, 329 Special Representative for Moldova, 294 special status of Tatarstan, 263 special status, 290 Special Working Group, 249 sphere of influence in the Caucasus, 48 Stalin, Joseph, 142, 323, 327 state building, 286
Index State Defense Committee, 327, 328 State Oil Company of Azerbaijan, 251 state sovereignty of Crimea, 331 state-oriented movement, 285 states’ foreign behavior, 34 status and ownership of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 307 status of the Caspian Sea, 247, 248 status, 246 Steinmeier Formula, 315 Stepashin, 186 stocks of social capital, 219 STOP-Maidan protests, 335 Strategic Center for Caspian Problems, 250 strategic nonviolence, 344 Strelkov, 305 subway line, 264 Sufis, 184 suicide bombers, 171 summit in Ashgabat, 254 Supreme Council Ajara, 141, 148 Supreme Council of Crimea, 336 Supreme Court of Russia, 263 Supsa, Georgian port of, 158 symbols and agency, 127 Tajik farmers, 215 Tajikistan, 209 Tajikistan, civil war in, 225 Tajikistan’s GDP, 211 Tashkent collective security treaty, 38 Tatar Public Center, 262, 265, 268 Tatarstan, 155, 259 Tatarstan’s elite, 261 Taurida Oblast, 325 temporalities, 126 ten Putin’s critics died, 16 Tengiz oil field, 157 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 69 territorial autonomy, 326 territorial expansionism, 282 territorial integrity of Ukraine, 337 terrorism charges, 341 threat to societal stability, 122 371 threat to stability, 167 Tibilov, Leonid, 98 Tiraspol, 284 title of president, 264 Trade and Shipping Agreement, 244 training camps, 185 Trans-Caucasus confederation, 85, 143 transgenerational memory transmission, 344 Transnistria separatism, 280 Transnistria, 279-97 Transnistria’s military structures, 286 transporting energy supplies, 253 Treaty of Kars, 143 Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, 337 truck bomb, 187 Trump, Donald,
15, 27, 47, 315, 316 Tskhinvali, 86 Turkey, 38, 39, 45 Turkey’s embargo of Armenia, 36 Turkic Muslim Tatars, 260 Turkic tribes, 324 Turkmenistan, 243 Udugov, Movladi, 168 Ukraine, 17, 18, 19, 21, 26, 42, 303-18 Ukraine, civil war in, 20, 26, 225 Ukraine’s independence, 323 Ukraine’s national institutions and identity, 313 Ukraine’s pro-Western political forces, 307 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 310 Ukrainian rule, 324 Umarov, Doku, 172 Umerov, Ilmi, 340 UN as a mediating institution, 63 UN Observer Mission in Georgia, 43 unilateral declaration of independence, 156 Union of Writers of Tatarstan, 268 union republic, 92 unit-level factors, 34 United National Movement, 41
372 United Nations Security Council, 60 United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, 281 United Tajik Opposition, 210 unparalleled autonomy, 263 UNSC resolutions, 77 urban communal violence, 234 Urus-Martan, 169 US sanctions, 20 USSR-Iran agreement, 244 uti possidetis juris, 59 Uzbek forces, 211 Uzbekistan, 228, 328 Velvet Revolution, 76 Verkhovna Rada, 346 village Eredvi, 94 violence, 230 Vladimir’s toone, 311 Volgodonsk, 188 Volsky, Arkadi, 59, 60 voluntary surrender of arms, 190 Index Wahhabis, 167,171,184 Wahhabism, 270 Warsaw Pact, 38 Washington Post, 16 weakening of NATO, 47 withdrawal from,73 withdrawal of Russian troops, 165 Yakobashvili, Temur, 100 Yanaev, Genadii, 330 Yanukovych, Viktor, 22, 45, 304, 305, 308 Yavlinsky, Grigoriy, 178 Yeistin, Boris, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 38, 61, 94, 161, 186 Yeltsin administration, 9 yurt, 234 Zangilan, 56, 60 Zelensky, 306, 314, 315 Zhvania-Abashidze talks, 139 Zhvania, Zurab, 139
Contents Introduction: The Post-Soviet Crisis vii Lasha Tchantouridzé, Stefan Brooks, and Ali Askerov PART I: THE POST-SOVIET SPACE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 1 The Rise of Putin’s Russia and the Post-Soviet Conflicts 3 Stefan Brooks 2 Georgia’s Changing Strategic Situation 33 S. Neil MacFarlane PART II: THE CONFLICTS IN THE CAUCASUS 3 The Nagomo Karabakh Conflict: The Beginning of the Soviet End 55 Ali Askerov 4 Legitimacy Force and Power in the Conflict over South Ossetia 83 Lasha Tchantouridzé 5 The Conflict over Abkhazia: Mutually Exclusive National Projects and Fragmented Statehood 115 David Matsaberidze 6 Ajara: A Case in Conflict Avoidance 137 Zurab Tchiaberashvili 7 Chechnya: Interrupted Independence Ali Askerov and Mairbek Vatchagaev vii 153
viii 8 Contents Dagestan: A Silent War 177 Robert Bruce Ware PART III: CONFLICTS AND DISPUTES IN CENTRAL ASIA 9 Long-Term Effects of Wartime Violence in Tajikistan 209 Mahe Müller and Sam Whitt 10 Communal Violence in Kyrgyzstan 225 Joldon Kutmanaliev 11 Caspian Sea Dispute 243 Musa Qasimli 12 Tatarstan: A Model of Peaceful Relations or Potential Spot of Conflict in Eurasia? 259 Sait Ocakli PART IV: CLOSER TO EUROPE 13 Moldova’s Breakaway Transnistria: The Origins, Nature, and Current Dynamics 279 Kamala Valiyeva 14 Ukraine between “The Russian World” and the Black Sea 303 Lasha Tchantouridzé 15 Occupied Territory, Interrupted Dreams, and Shattered Hopes: A Trilogy of Traumas of the Crimean Tatar People 323 Idil P. İzmirli Appendix 353 Index 361 About the Contributors 373
Index Abashidze, Aslan, 137-41 Abashidze’s regime, 138; paramilitary forces, 139; political asylum, 140 Abashidze’s rule, 138 Abduazakov, Magomed, 178 Abidov, Shamil, 189 Abkhaz, 33 Abkhazia, 13,14, 38,41,43, 115, 309 Abkhazian paramilitaries, 104 Academy of Sciences in the Republic of Tatarstan, 265 act of forgiveness and reconciliation, 95 act of genocide against the Crimean Tatar people, 346 Adamon Nikhas, 89, 91, 95, 106 adherence to nonviolent principles, 330 Afghan Taliban, 211 Aganbegyan, Abel, 58 Agdam, 56, 60 aggressive demonstration of force, 234 Agreement on the Principles of Peaceful Settlement of the Armed Conflict in Transnistria, 292 agricultural farm networks, 213 Ajara Autonomous Republic, 137; parliamentary elections of March 2004, 139 Ajara crisis, 149; peaceful resolution, 149 Ajara, 137, 145 Ajara, status of, 141 Ajaran identity, 137, 146,147 Aktau, 255 Al Qaeda, 183 alarming situation, 341 alignment theory, 49 Aliyev, Heydar, 247, 249, 253, 255 Aliyev, Ilham, 73 Alliance of the East, 12 All-World Tatar Congress, 266 Al-Urdani, Sheikh Fathi, 162 annex, 2003 annexation of Crimea in 1783, 325, 326 annexation of Crimea, 288, 289, 307, 335 Ant Etkenmen, 330 anti-Tatar separatist organization, 332 apartment block blasts, 187-91 April 2016 war, 55, 72 Aq-Meschit, 325 Aqyar, 325 Aravan district, 237 arbeks, 154 armed conflict, 305 Armenia, 55 asking Dagestanis, 193 asymmetric federation, 293 Ataman of Kyiv, 314 361
362 August War of 2008, 130 August war, 106 autocephaly, 310 autonomy, 56 Avar, 177 Avars, 185 Avturkhanov, Umar, 160 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, 244 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 244 Azerbaijan, 55, 243 Azerbaijan, civil war in, 225 Azov Sea standoff, 20 Azov Sea, 306 Bagirov, Mirjafar, 57 Bakiev loyalists, 234 Bakiev, President, 227, 234 Bakiev’s regime, 234 Baku֊Tbilisi֊Ceyhan, 253; oil pipeline, 253 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad, 78 Baku, 85 balance of power, 232 balance of threat, 315 Balkans, 290 Baltic states, 38 Barayev, Arbi, 169, 183 barricades, 236 Basayev, Shamil, 162, 164, 170, 178, 182, 183 bases in Crimea, 304 Batumi, 138 Batyrov, Kadyrjan, 234, 235 Berezovsky, Boris, 16 Beslan, 11 Bessarabia, 280,282 Biden, Joe, 25 Bin Laden, Osama, 183 Bishkek, 232 Black Sea basin, 307, 308 Black Sea fleet vessels, 309 Black Sea, 5, 38, 290, 303 blasts, 188 block-posts, 236 Index Bolshevik coup, 84 Bolshevik Red Army, 145 boycott, 337 broad autonomy to Tatarstan, 261 brokering a peace deal with Russia, 105 Budapest Agreement, 1994, 337 Budyonnovsk crisis, 164 Bulgaria, 308 bullying, 312 Bush, George W., 8 Buynaksk blast, 190 Buynaksk, 187 canonical church, 313 Caspian Sea, 72, 243 Caspian Sea, energy from, 157 Caspian Sea, the legal status of, 158 Catherine II, 325 Caucasus mountain range, 84 Caucasus, 4 causal emplotment, 118 ceasefire agreement, 62, 95 census, 147 central government, weakness of, 229 central motifs, 126 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, 155 Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, split of, 156 Chechen alphabet, 154 Chechen invasion of Dagestan, 10
Chechen people, deportation of, 154 Chechen terrorists, 9, 10,11 Chechen victory, 162 Chechens, social structure of, 154 Chechnya, 37, 153, 177 Chechnya, 4, 5, 16; the war in, 4 Chekhoev, Anatoly, 90 Chernomyrdin, prime minister, 165 China, 47 China, a major economic actor, 40 Chisinau, 283 Chochiev, Alan, 95, 96, 106 Chubarov, Refat, 339 Church in Georgia, 312
Index Church in Ukraine, 310, 314 Cihan, Numan Celebi, 326 civil conflicts, 34 civil war, 59, 209 civilian passenger jet, 306 Clinton, Hillary, 25, 26, 27 Clinton, Bill, 6, 8 closed water basin, 243 Cold War, 11 collective action, 209 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 44 colonialism, 325 Commonwealth of Independent States, 44, 145, 250 communal violence, 2010,233 concessions, 272 conflict between Basayev and Maskhadov, 169 conflicts over resources, 210 congress, 184 consortium of oil companies, 158 Constantinople, 313 constitution, 90 constitutional order, 101; the phrase of, 101 restoring, 102 Contract of the Century, 247, 248 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea, 255 conventional communal conflict, 230 corruption, 309 coup, 120 Crimea without Crimean Tatars, 325 Crimea, 16, 21, 303, 305, 308, 309, 314, 316,323 Crimea, invasion of, 303 Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 326 Crimean Khanate, 324, 325 Crimean Parliament, 331 Crimean People’s Republic, 326 Crimean residency, 328 Crimean Solidarity, 342 Crimean Tatar ethnos, 324 Crimean Tatar intelligentsia, 327 363 Crimean Tatar National Movement, 341 Crimean Tatar schools, 327 Crimean Tatars, 323 Crimean Tatars’ worst fear, 323 Crimean War, 1853-56, 326 crisis in Ukraine, 44 criticism of Putin, 15, 16,17 cross-border displacement, 36 cultural and ethnic identities, 280 cultural autonomy, 143 cultural revival, 326 cultural-linguistic cleavages, 285 cultural-linguistic identities, 297 culture, 154 Cyrillic, 266 Dagestan, 9, 162,177 Dagestani civilian hostages, 178,179 Dagestani Wahhabis, 189 data
collection, 215 de facto independent state, 166 death toll, 229 Declaration of Independence of Moldova, 283 declaration of sovereignty in 1991, 156 declaration of sovereignty, 260 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, 292,294 de-escalation, 228 Democratic Congress of Peoples of Russia, 268 deportation, 1944, 346 deportations of intelligentsia, 338 deromanianization policy, 282 destroying Russian apartment buildings, 15 dialogue channels, 263 dialogue, 91 dictator games, 213 diplomatic intervention by the United States, 104 disappearing people, 341 djamaat, 177-203 Dniester/Nistru River, 280 domestic issue, 228
364 Index Donbass, 18, 23, 303 Donetsk and Luhansk regions, 305 Donetsk, 314 Dudayev, Johar, 155, 160, 164, 178 Dushanbe, 210 early Soviet times, 155 Eastern Europe, 11 Eastern Partnership initiative, 294 Eastern Partnership, 288 Eastern Ukraine, 305, 316 economic disparities, 230 economic independence, 261 Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, 314 education policy, 265 elite conflicts, 210 embargo on Azerbaijani exports to Armenia, 35 emerging anarchy, 236 Emir Khattab, 162 empirical research, 194 empirical studies, 209, employment opportunities, 212 end of the Cold War, 38 enlargement policy, 290 Erdoğan, Recep Tayip, 340 Ergneti free trade area, 108 Ergneti market, 98 escalation, 228 ethnic conflict, 33 ethnic distinctions, 33 ethnic fears, 235 ethnic groups in southern Kyrgyzstan, 227 ethnic groups, 33 ethnic identity, 234 ethnic identity-based crisis, 56 ethnic mobilization, 235 ethnic nationalism, 116 ethnic tensions, 235 ethnic violence, 230 ethnocentrism in Chechnya, 171 ethno-cultural and political claims, 116 ethnographic fieldwork, 233 ethnonationalism, 144 EU-Moldova Association Agreement, 296 EU-Russia relations, 295 EU-Ukraine association agreement, 304 EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova, 292 EU sanctions, 19, 20 Eurasian Economic Union, 44 Euromaidan, 304 European Neighborhood Policy, 288 European Union, 288 eviction notices, 340 exile, 326 external actor, Moscow, 228 federal structure of the new Soviet states, 142 Federation Treaty of 1992, 155 Feodosia, 305 Finland, 317; authoritarian regime, 318 First Chechen War, 10, 160 first Crimean Tatar
Qurultai, 326 fiscal federalism, 144 forced “volunteers,” 327 foreign elements in Chechnya, 166 foreign Islamists, 163 four treatments of varying degrees, 213 four-day way, 73-75 frozen conflict, 291 full integration of Russia, 38 full-scale armed combat, 236 Fuzuli, 56, 60 Gaidar, Yegor, 178 Gamsakhurdia-Abashidze alliance, 148 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 39, 94,120, 137, 144, 147 Gazprom pipelines, 17 Georgia, 13, 33, 316 Georgia’s embrace of the West, 41 Georgia’s external strategic situation, 35-40; major changes, 40 Georgia’s first republic, 34 Georgia’s National Guard unit, 85
Index Georgia’s national identity, 94 Georgia’s strategic context, 35 Georgian migrants to Russia, 41 Georgian nationalism, 125-26 German 11th army, 327 glasnost, 58, 87, 89, 116, 123, 210, 283,330 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9, 37, 38, 59, 87, 116, 283 Gorbachev’s reforms, 260 Gorno Badakshan, 212 Gromov, Boris, 178 gross violation of human rights, 343 growing ethnic mobilization, 234 Grozny, 156,160 Gubadli, 56, 60 Gumbaridze, Givi, 96 higher political status, 90 highest possible degree of autonomy, 271 historical narratives, 121 Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 horizontal inequalities, 230 hostage crisis in Kyzlyar, 178 human rights activist, 330, 338 hybrid repression, 344 “I chose EU,” 336 identity building process, 116 identity maintenance, 115 identity, 154 ideological vacuum, 144 ideology, 210 impartiality, 71 imported Russians in Crimea, 339 improved market access, 213 incentives for cooperation, 219 independence from Ukraine, 331 independence of the church in Ukraine, 311 independence, 33 indigenous ethnic elites, 122 indigenous nationality, 326 indigenous people of Crimea, 346 365 individual-level exposure to violence, 213; victimization during the conflict, 213 Ingulbayev, Maksud, 179 Ingushetia, 156, 161 Initiative Groups, 329 insolubility of the dispute, 279 Institute of History, 265 instrumentalization of national identity, 124 insurgent violence, 212 insurgents, 185 intercommunal cooperation, 236 interim government, 234 internal conflict, 34 internal sea, 308 internment camps, 327 Inter-parliamentary Assembly of Orthodox Churches, 46
intervention, 237 intimidation, 312 intrastate conflicts in southern Kyrgyzstan, 229 invasions, 183 invest of the West, 247 Iran, 38, 45,61,211,243 Iraq War, opposition to, 25 Islam, 145; Ajarans converted to, 145 Islamic clergy of Tatarstan, 270 Islamic clergy, massive persecution of, 154 Islamic Institute of Russia, 270 Islamic order, 185 Islamic Revival Party, 212 Islamic revivalists, 211 Istanbul summit, 70 Ivanov, Igor, 41 Jabrail, 56, 60 Jalalabat, 227-38 Jemilev, Mustafa, 329, 337, 338 jihad, 185 Joint Declaration on the Caspian Sea, 248, 249 joint Georgian-Russian police units, 94
366 Kadyrov, Akhmad, 10,156 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 203 Karabakh Committee, 58 Karabakh conflict, 35 Karamakhi, 187,189 Kars Treaty, 146 Kaspiysk, 189 Kavkaz-2008, mass military exercise, 100,104 Kazakhstan, 243 Kazan Islamic University, 270 Kazan Khanate, 260 Kazan, 260 Kazan’s Kremlin, 269 Kazishvili, Kosta, 85 Kefe, 325 Kelbajar, 39, 56,60 Kezlev, 325 KGB, 15; agents, 15. See also Litvinenko, Aleksander Khalilov, Rappani, 189 Khankala military base, 160 Khasavyurt Accord, 181, Khasavyurt agreement, 163 Khasavyurt cease-fire agreement, 165 Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad, 251 Khattab, 183 Khodjaly massacre, 59, 60 Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization campaign, 329 Khrushchev’s thaw, 323 Kingdom of Romania, 281 Kocharian, Robert, 67 Kokoyty, Eduard, 98, 106; separatist government of Kokoyty, 102 Kornisi gorge, 84 Kosovo, 13; declaration of independence, 13; war of, 6 Kovalev, Sergey, 163 Kozyrev, Andrei, 5, 38 Kremlin, 331 “Rrunk,” 58 Kul-Sharif Mosque, 269 Kyrgyz urban minority, 230 Kyrgyzstan, 13 Index Kyrgyzstan, large-scale violence in, 225; communal conflicts in, 226, 227 Lachin Corridor, 39 Lachin, 56, 60 land transfer, 58 language education, 265 language law, 283 language policy, 265 language reforms, 285 language, 154 large-scale intergroup conflicts, 227 latent conflict, 56 Lavrov, Sergei, 25, 37,42 Law on Languages of the Peoples of Tatarstan, 265 Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation, 266-67 Lebed, Alexander, 165, 178 legitimacy, 287 Lenin, 84, 143, 326 liberal democracy, 318 Litvinenko, Aleksander, 15 local guerilla fighters, 327 Lone Wolf, 178 loosely
organized-cooperative groups, 213 Luhansk, 314 macro variables, 229 Macron, Emmanuel, 20 Makhachkala, 201 Makharadze, Mikheil, 141 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, 306 Manas air base, 13 March 2019 ceasefire, 306 march from Tbilisi to Tskhinvali, 91 Mariupol, 306 Maskhadov, Aslan, 161,164, 165, 167, 182 mass collaboration, so called, 327 mass deportation of Azerbaijanis, 56 mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, 328-30
Index mass killings, 171 mediation, 61, 164 mediator, 71 Medvedev, Dimitry, 25, 229, 263 memorandum to resolve the conflict in South Ossetia, 94 Menshevik party, 84 Merkel, Angela, 315 miatsum, 58 micro-spatial approach, 226 Middle East, 47 migration, 37, 326 military aid to Ukraine, 315 military exercises in Poti, 140 military garrison, to storm, 235 military training center, 163 military-political council, 184 Milli Mejlis, 330 Minnikhanov, Rustem, 263 Minsk Group, 56, 61, 62, 71, 76, 77 Minsk Protocol, 305 mobilization of the electorate, 261, 262 modem civil service, 101 Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 281 Moldavian Democratic Republic, 281 Moldavian national identity, 283 Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, 282 Moldova, 279 Moldova, civil war in, 225 Moldovan nationalist movement, 285 Montreux Convention, 309 Moscow apartment blast, 188 Moscow Declaration, 71 Moscow Patriarchate, 311 Moscow Peace Accord, 165 Moscow Times, 74 Moscow Treaty, 146 Moscow’s anchor in North Caucasus, 200 Moscow’s geopolitical presence in Moldova, 290 Moscow’s jurisdictional boundaries, 310, 311 367 motorized infantry regiment, 366th, 60 Mountainous Gomo Badakshan Autonomous District, 210 Mozdok, 161 Muflíate of Tatarstan, 268 Mukhametshin, Farid, 267 multinationalism, 284 multiparty elections, 92 multiple pipeline system, 159 Muscovite Russia, 260 Muslim Brotherhood, 183 Muslim tariqas, 168 mutual protection pact, 190 Nafikov, Ildus, 268 Nagomo Karabakh conflict, 55 Nagomo Karabakh, 38 narrative accrual, 118 narrative analysis, 117, 130 national hero, 338 national question in
the Caucasus, 143 national sectors, of the Caspian Sea, 245 nationalism, 116, 279 nationalist mobilization, 124 nationalist movement in Bessarabia, 281 nation-building, 266 NATO-Yugoslavia war, 6, 7 NATO enlargement, 38, 42-45 NATO expansion, 8, 11 NATO membership, 14 NATO security guarantees, 35 NATO, 6, 8, 12, 14, 309, 317 NATO’s eastward expansion, 288, 316 naval base in Sevastopol, 304 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 61 Nazis, 327 needs of the littoral states, 245 negative peace, 76 negotiations with Moscow, 263 negotiations, 68, 164 neighborhood communities, 235 Nemtsov, Boris, 17 neutrality, 236 newly independent states, 245 no war-no peace situation, 75
368 Index nomadic Mongol Golden Horde, 324 non-aggression pacts, 236 non-violent methods, 345 nonviolent resistance, 341 North Ossetia, 11 Novorossiysk, port of, 5 Novosibirsk Russian special force, 179 Obama administration, 25 Obama, Barack, 25 oblast within RSFSR, 329 official state languages, 327 oil and gas production, 245 oil, 4,157; Caspian fields, 5 OMON hostages, 179 OMON troops, 186 open-air slaves’ markets, 182 open-ended interviews, 193 Orange Revolution, 24, 41, 304 Orjonikidze, 86 Orthodox Christian church community, 310 OSCE mediation, 62-65 OSCE Mission of Long-Term Duration, 43 OSCE Mission to Moldova, 292 OSCE summit in Istanbul, 39 OSCE summit in Lisbon, 62 OSCE, 61, 62 Osh conflict, 236 Osh, 227, 233-35 Ossetia, 33 Ossetian Bolsheviks, 86 Ossetian language, status of, 88 Ossetian paramilitary force, 95 Ossetian revolutionary committee, 85 other nationalities, 326 Ottoman Empire, 311, 326, 325 Ottomans, 324-25 outside volunteers, 161 Pankisi Gorge, 37 Pan-Romanian nationalism, 281, 284 pan-Romanian Popular Front movement, 283 Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, 346 parliamentary democracy, 229 Pashinyan, Nikol, 67 Passy, Solomon, 140 Patriarchate of Constantinople, 310 Patriarchate of Moscow, 313 peaceful resolution of conflict, 68 peaceful restoration of territorial integrity of Georgia, 140 Pen, Le, 20 perceived enemy groups, 237 perestroika, 58, 83, 116, 123, 144, 210, 283,330 Pervomayskoye, 179 Petersburg Treaty, 243 petroleum port, 201 phone conversation, 337 pipeline, 158 plots and subplots, 129 pogrom-like violence, 235 Poland, 21 policy of
intimidation, 341 political and cultural self-governance, 143 political persecutions, 339 political terrorism, 344 Popular Front, 210 popular rise of Islam, 269 positive effects of the Karabakh conflict for Georgia, 36 positive identity, 345 post-conflict societies, 219 post-Soviet conflicting identities, 122 power sharing between Tbilisi and Batumi, 141 power sharing, 143 power vacuum, 234 powerful rumors, 235 power-sharing treaty, 2007, 263, 264 power-sharing treaty, 261, 262 preemptive attack, 236 presidency of Chechnya, 182 President Poroshenko, 314 President Putin, 313
Index presidential election in South Ossetia, 98 Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, 330 pre-trial detention center in Simferopol, 342 preventive violence, 237 Primakov, Yevgeny, 5 pro-Moscow opposition, 160 proposals, 62; package, 62; step-by-step, 62; common state, 62; exchanging lands, 62 pro-Russian demonstration, 305 prosocial behavior, 209, 213, 214 prosocial effects of violence, 216 prosocial preferences, 209 prosocial responses to violence, 219 protectorate, 289 provisional Ukrainian leadership, 309 public political narratives, 115 Putin, Vladimir, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 140, 168, 177, 186, 188, 249, 262,310, 323,336,337, 340 Putin’s military campaign, 10 Putin’s Vehrkunde remark, 42-43 Qirim, 325 qualitative supplement, 193 quantitative survey, 193 Rada, 304 radicalization, 168 Raduyev, Salman, 178 rally, 235 Rasht Treaty, 244 Rasht valley, 212; rebuilding Russia’s military, 14 Red Army, 85, 143, 327 Red Cross workers, 181; stabbed, 181; abandoned the region, 181 referendum, 78, 337 reforms, 101 regime change, 234 reginai separatism in Transnistria, 279 regionalism, 210 rehabilitation, 337 369 réintroduction of Latin script, 266 relationality of parts, 118 religion, 166; crucial role in Chechnya’s political life, 166 reports, 2010 communal violence, 233 repression, 343 Republic of Crimea-Tavrida, 346 resettlement, 331-35 resolution 822, 66 resolution 853, 66 resolution 874, 66 resolution 884, 67 restoration of religious and national presence of Tatars, 269 restoring Russia’s role as global power, 3 restrictions and prohibitions, 154 retained military forces in
the region, 36 Rice, Condoleezza, 105 riot-type of violence, 236 Romania, 281 Romania, 308 root causes of the 2010 conflict, 232 Roqi tunnel, 107 Roqi, 85 Rose Revolution, 24, 41, 95, 138 Russia, 3-31, 243 Russia, civil war in, 225 Russia’s Black Sea Fleet, 104 Russia’s defense cooperation with Armenia, 44 Russia’s intervention in Ukraine, 26 Russia’s military bases, 76; Gyumri, 44, 76; Erebuni, 76 Russia’s territorial integrity in the Northern Caucasus, 159 Russian-Chechen negotiations, 156 Russian-Tatar treaty, 156 Russian 11th Army, 86, 87 Russian Air Force, 104 Russian Army, 284 Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk, 158 Russian Community of Crimea (ROK), 332
370 Russian defamatory stories, 20 Russian Empire, 84, 244, 325 Russian Empire’s Malorossiya, 280 Russian engagement in Syria, 47 Russian forces, 211 Russian invasion of Georgia, 99 Russian law on public assemblies, 343 Russian natural gas, the politics of, 17 Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine, 314 Russian peacekeeping forces, 100, 103 Russian Unity party, 336 Russo-European relations, 18 Russo-Georgian war, 2008, 306 Russo-Georgian war, 99, 288 Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, 145 Russo-Turkish War, 281 Russo-Ukrainian war, 303 Russo-Chechen conflict, 153 Russophone population, 287 Russophone Slavs, 280 Ryazan, 188, 191 Saakashvili era, 48 Saakashvili regime, 35 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 41, 95, 138,139, 140 Safavid Empire, 243 Salafism, 270 Salaflsts, 161 Sanakoev, Dmitry, 95, 99 Sarkozy, Nicholas, 105 Second Chechen War, 10, 170 second invasion of Dagestan, 187 second Quraltai, 330 Security Council of the Russian Federation, 249 security dilemma, 230 selective appropriation, 118 Self Defense Units, 336 self-defense groups, 236 self-determination, 58, 77, 131 self-identification, 195 self-isolation, 236 semi-revival, 326 Index separatist movement, 284 settlement camps, 329 Sevastopol, 303, 308, 325, 337 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 260, 261,263 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 39,41,97,119, 138 Simferopol Airport, 337 social identity of Crimean Tatars, 324 social identity theories, 345 social identity, 213 social integration, 228 social learning framework, 345 social media, 342 social-economic grievances, 285 socialist ethno-federalism, 124 Society of Russian Culture of Tatarstan, 268 socio-
economic conditions, 212 socio-economic differentiation, 282 South Ossetia ceasefire agreement, 97 South Ossetia, 13, 14, 38, 41, 43, 46, 83 South Ossetia, acts of protest, 88 South Ossetian irregulars, 14 South Ossetian Soviet Socialist Autonomous District, 88 sovereignty referendum of March 1992, 261 Soviet-German Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 282 Soviet elites, 125 Soviet federalism, 144 Soviet nationalities policies, 119, 282 Soviet occupation of Georgia, 86 Soviet Ukraine, 281 Soviet Union, 3; dissolution of, 3; Soviet communism, 4 Sovietization of Crimea, 329 Special Representative for Moldova, 294 special status of Tatarstan, 263 special status, 290 Special Working Group, 249 sphere of influence in the Caucasus, 48 Stalin, Joseph, 142, 323, 327 state building, 286
Index State Defense Committee, 327, 328 State Oil Company of Azerbaijan, 251 state sovereignty of Crimea, 331 state-oriented movement, 285 states’ foreign behavior, 34 status and ownership of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, 307 status of the Caspian Sea, 247, 248 status, 246 Steinmeier Formula, 315 Stepashin, 186 stocks of social capital, 219 STOP-Maidan protests, 335 Strategic Center for Caspian Problems, 250 strategic nonviolence, 344 Strelkov, 305 subway line, 264 Sufis, 184 suicide bombers, 171 summit in Ashgabat, 254 Supreme Council Ajara, 141, 148 Supreme Council of Crimea, 336 Supreme Court of Russia, 263 Supsa, Georgian port of, 158 symbols and agency, 127 Tajik farmers, 215 Tajikistan, 209 Tajikistan, civil war in, 225 Tajikistan’s GDP, 211 Tashkent collective security treaty, 38 Tatar Public Center, 262, 265, 268 Tatarstan, 155, 259 Tatarstan’s elite, 261 Taurida Oblast, 325 temporalities, 126 ten Putin’s critics died, 16 Tengiz oil field, 157 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 69 territorial autonomy, 326 territorial expansionism, 282 territorial integrity of Ukraine, 337 terrorism charges, 341 threat to societal stability, 122 371 threat to stability, 167 Tibilov, Leonid, 98 Tiraspol, 284 title of president, 264 Trade and Shipping Agreement, 244 training camps, 185 Trans-Caucasus confederation, 85, 143 transgenerational memory transmission, 344 Transnistria separatism, 280 Transnistria, 279-97 Transnistria’s military structures, 286 transporting energy supplies, 253 Treaty of Kars, 143 Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, 337 truck bomb, 187 Trump, Donald,
15, 27, 47, 315, 316 Tskhinvali, 86 Turkey, 38, 39, 45 Turkey’s embargo of Armenia, 36 Turkic Muslim Tatars, 260 Turkic tribes, 324 Turkmenistan, 243 Udugov, Movladi, 168 Ukraine, 17, 18, 19, 21, 26, 42, 303-18 Ukraine, civil war in, 20, 26, 225 Ukraine’s independence, 323 Ukraine’s national institutions and identity, 313 Ukraine’s pro-Western political forces, 307 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 310 Ukrainian rule, 324 Umarov, Doku, 172 Umerov, Ilmi, 340 UN as a mediating institution, 63 UN Observer Mission in Georgia, 43 unilateral declaration of independence, 156 Union of Writers of Tatarstan, 268 union republic, 92 unit-level factors, 34 United National Movement, 41
372 United Nations Security Council, 60 United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, 281 United Tajik Opposition, 210 unparalleled autonomy, 263 UNSC resolutions, 77 urban communal violence, 234 Urus-Martan, 169 US sanctions, 20 USSR-Iran agreement, 244 uti possidetis juris, 59 Uzbek forces, 211 Uzbekistan, 228, 328 Velvet Revolution, 76 Verkhovna Rada, 346 village Eredvi, 94 violence, 230 Vladimir’s toone, 311 Volgodonsk, 188 Volsky, Arkadi, 59, 60 voluntary surrender of arms, 190 Index Wahhabis, 167,171,184 Wahhabism, 270 Warsaw Pact, 38 Washington Post, 16 weakening of NATO, 47 withdrawal from,73 withdrawal of Russian troops, 165 Yakobashvili, Temur, 100 Yanaev, Genadii, 330 Yanukovych, Viktor, 22, 45, 304, 305, 308 Yavlinsky, Grigoriy, 178 Yeistin, Boris, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 38, 61, 94, 161, 186 Yeltsin administration, 9 yurt, 234 Zangilan, 56, 60 Zelensky, 306, 314, 315 Zhvania-Abashidze talks, 139 Zhvania, Zurab, 139 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte 1991- |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV046948019 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:40:21Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:58:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781498596541 9781498596565 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032356573 |
| oclc_num | 1224487194 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-706 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-706 DE-739 |
| physical | xxii, 376 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20210205 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis edited by Ali Askerov, Stefan Brooks, and Lasha Tchantouridzé Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2020] © 2020 xxii, 376 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1991- gnd rswk-swf International relations POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General Conflict management - Former Soviet republics Former Soviet republics - Politics and government Former Soviet republics - Foreign relations Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 s Geschichte 1991- z DE-604 Askerov, Ali 1970- (DE-588)1082302449 edt Brooks, Stefan (DE-588)1225579333 edt Tchantouridze, Lasha (DE-588)1185989374 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4985-9655-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032356573&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032356573&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032356573&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032356573&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis International relations POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General Conflict management - Former Soviet republics Former Soviet republics - Politics and government Former Soviet republics - Foreign relations Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115589-0 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis |
| title_auth | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis |
| title_exact_search | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis |
| title_full | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis edited by Ali Askerov, Stefan Brooks, and Lasha Tchantouridzé |
| title_fullStr | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis edited by Ali Askerov, Stefan Brooks, and Lasha Tchantouridzé |
| title_full_unstemmed | Post-Soviet conflicts the thirty years' crisis edited by Ali Askerov, Stefan Brooks, and Lasha Tchantouridzé |
| title_short | Post-Soviet conflicts |
| title_sort | post soviet conflicts the thirty years crisis |
| title_sub | the thirty years' crisis |
| topic | International relations POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General Conflict management - Former Soviet republics Former Soviet republics - Politics and government Former Soviet republics - Foreign relations Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | International relations POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General Conflict management - Former Soviet republics Former Soviet republics - Politics and government Former Soviet republics - Foreign relations Politischer Konflikt Nachfolgestaaten Internationale Politik Sowjetunion Aufsatzsammlung |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT askerovali postsovietconflictsthethirtyyearscrisis AT brooksstefan postsovietconflictsthethirtyyearscrisis AT tchantouridzelasha postsovietconflictsthethirtyyearscrisis |
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