Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană: = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
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Bucureşti
Eikon
2018
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia Universitas. Seria Filologie
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| Beschreibung: | 288 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9786064900470 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană |b = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |c Tomasz Klimkowski |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins Abrevieri şi simboluri 9 Introducere 11 Scopul şi structura lucrării 11 Concepte de bază şi istoricul problemei 14 Metoda şi corpusul 15 Capitolul 1 Indexing şi flagging ca marcare a obiectului 17 1.1. Structura grupului verbal 17 1.2. Tranzitivitatea 20 1.3. Tipuri de marcare - indexing vs. flagging 25 1.4. Tipuri de mărci 29 1.5. Indexing - marcarea subiectului 35 1.6. Indexing - dublarea clitică 37 1.6.1. Pronume clitice 37 1.6.2. Dublarea clitică - probleme terminologice 41 1.6.3. Dublarea clitică ֊ interpretare 43 1.7. Realizarea obligatorie a obiectului 46 1.7.1. Pronume obligatoriu 46 1.7.2. Repetarea pronumelui 51 1.7.3. Verbe secundare cu pronume neutru 52 1.8. Dublarea clitică - indexing sintetic? 56 1.9. Flagging analitic 58 1.9.1. Marca pe 58 1.9.2. Marca la 59 1.10. Flagging sintetic 60 1.11. Flagging - cazuri speciale 60 1.11.1. Marca lui 60 1.11.2. Flagging cu forme supletive 62 Capitolul 2 Marcarea vs. tipul şi poziţia obiectului 65 2.1. Realizarea marcării 65 2.2. Marcarea vs. tipul verbului 66 2.3. Tipul argumentelor 67 2.3.1. Genul şi subgenul 68 2.3.2. Determinarea 70 2.3.3. Numele proprii 73 5
2.3·4· 2.3.5. 2.3.6. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.5. 2.6. 2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.7. 2.7.1. 2.7.2. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. Substantivele vs. pronumele 74 Ierarhia extinsă a animatului 75 Marcarea diferenţială a obiectului 76 Marcarea vs. tipul obiectului 79 Marcarea obiectului direct 79 Marcarea obiectului indirect 80 Marcarea multiplă 80 Topica - (non)configuraţionalitatea 83 Deplasarea obiectului fără schimbarea marcării 87 Deplasarea obiectului cu schimbarea marcării 89 Deplasarea obiectului cu caracter nemarcat 91 Obiectul cu rol de experimentator 91 Wh-fronting 97 Deplasarea obiectului cu caracter marcat 98 Dislocarea 99 Marcarea opţională 103 Capitolul 3 Marcarea cupe şi la în limba română contemporană 111 3.1. Marcarea obiectului direct cu pe 111 3.1.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 111 Յ.1.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 111 3.1.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 112 3.1.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 113 3.1.1.4. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 119 3.1.1.5. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 120 3.1.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 120 3.1.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 120 3.1.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 124 3.1.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 127 3.1.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 136 3.1.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 140 3.1.2.6. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 141 3.1.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume - indefinit 142 3.1.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 142 3.1.3.2. [Pronume
indefinite] [Ref. animat] 145 3.1.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 149 3.1.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 149 3.1.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat] 153 3.1.4.3. [Pronume personale] 155 3.1.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. inanimat] 157 3.1.6. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat] 157 3.1.7. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. inanimat] 157 3.1.8. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. animat] 158 6
3.2. Marcarea obiectului indirect cu la 161 3.2.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 163 3.2.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 163 3.2.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 163 3.2.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 166 3.2.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 166 3.2.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 170 3.2.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 170 3.2.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 175 3.2.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 176 3.2.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 176 3.2.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 176 3.2.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 180 3.2.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 180 3.2.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat uman] 180 3.2.4.3. [Pronume personale] 183 3.2.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative şi relative] 184 3.2.6. [Pronume interogative şi relative] 185 Capitolul 4 Dublarea clitică în limba română contemporană 187 4.1. Dublarea obiectului direct 187 4.1.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 187 4.1.1л. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 187 4.1.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 190 4.1.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 190 4.1.1.4. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 194 4.1.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv ֊ definit 194 4.1.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 194 4.1.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 200 4.1.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 201 4.1.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 206
4.1.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 209 4.1.2.6. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 210 4.1.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 211 4.1.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 211 4.1.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat] 213 4.1.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume - definit 218 4.1.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 218 4.1.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat] 223 4.1.4.3. [Pronume personale] 226 4.1.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. inanimat] 228 4.1.6. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat] 228 4.1.7. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. inanimat] 228 4.1.8. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. animat] 229 7
4.2. Dublarea obiectului indirect 230 4.2.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 230 4.2.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 230 4.2.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 231 4.2.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 233 4.2.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 235 4.2.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 235 4.2.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 239 4.2.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 241 4-2.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 244 4.2.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 244 4.2.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 247 4.2.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 247 4.2.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 247 4.2.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 252 4.2.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 252 4.24.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat uman] 252 4.2.4.3. [Pronume personale] 256 4.2.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat uman] 260 4.2.6. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref animat uman] 260 4.3. Aspecte formale 261 4.3.1. Genul cliticului 261 4.3.2. Numărul cliticului 262 Concluzii 265 Marcarea obiectului în limba română din perspectivă interlingvistică 265 Marcarea obiectului în limba română din perspectivă intralingvistică 266 Norma şi uzul 266 Criterii generalizate de marcare 269 Bibliografie 275 Summary 285 8
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Summary Clitic Doubling and Associated Phenomena in Contemporary Romanian The monograph discusses clitic doubling and the associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian. Its distinctly identified objective is the analysis of a phenomenon referred to in Romanian linguistics tradition as “object doubling” or “pronominal doubling” (Rom. dubla exprimare a complementului, dublare pronominală). I am using the term “clitic doubling” - CD (Rom. dublare cliticã) because it is widely used in linguistic studies across the world (Anagnostopoulou 2006) and has also been used, in the recent years, in Romanian linguistics (Comilescu Dobrovie-Sorin 2008), with the reservation that it is treated here as the abbreviated, and consequently more convenient, form of the term “clitic pronoun doubling” (Rom. dublare pronominală clitică), which I suggest as the more appropriate term, as it can fully reflect the nature of the phenomenon and dispel any possible interpretation ambiguities. The topic I have analysed is part of a broader research project. Clitic doubling, especially in its anticipatoiy form, namely when present in normal, unmarked order, with the object following the verb, is considered a morpho-syntactic Balkanism. Apart from the description of the situation in contemporary Romanian language in this very book, I plan to analyse, in a future monograph, the evolution of the phenomenon in literary Romanian of the past centuries. The same pattern i.e. (a synchronic-diachronic approach) will be applied to the analysis of the remaining morpho-syntactic Balkanisms. Ultimately, this book is a
part of a bigger research project devoted to Balkanisation, de-Balkanisation and re-Balkanisation of Romanian morpho-syntactic structures, positioned within a wider concept of the areal history of the Romanian language and within diachronic research on language interferences which have been dominating my research activities so far. On the one hand, I generally treat the synchronic description as a starting point for diachronic research or their supplementation. On the other hand, the contemporary condition may exhibit clear symptoms of linguistic changes (recent diachrony) or the results of older processes, also in the form of internal language differentiation: diastratic, diamesic, diatopic, etc. (diachrony in synchrony). From this perspective, the description of contemporary language is both synchronic and dynamic. Given the stronger correlation of clitic doubling with other phenomena, the monograph s scope is wider and also covers other ways of marking the object within the general context of marking arguments. According to the theoretical frame I have used, clitic doubling is a kind of head-marking, or indexing, in other words. The remaining ways of marking, subject to the analysis, namely the 285
analytic form with pe (direct object) and the synthetic form in relation to the analytic form with la (indirect object), constitute the dependent-marking, or flagging, if you will. The monograph has two equally important objectives. The first one is to place the clitic doubling and other types of marking in the language’s morpho-syntactic system, more specifically within the typical verb phrase, in relation to Romanian and in comparison to other languages, especially European languages (crosslinguistic perspective). The second one is to determine typical contexts in which clitic doubling (correlated to other phenomena) exists in contemporary Romanian, and thus to determine the phenomenon’s acceptability criteria which are mainly oriented toward the object s type and position. This way, currently prevailing tendencies in the language can be pinpointed, taking into account diastratic, diamesic and diatopic differentiation. At the same time, even though the diachronic aspect is planned as separate study, the referenced sources and examples guarantee a minimal diachronic perspective in the hereby book as well, showing, on the one hand the phenomenon s instability and, on the other, its perpetual evolution. Consequently, the monograph consists of two parts: the cross-linguistic (typological) part and the intralinguistic part (synchronic, with diastratic, diamesic and diatopic references), each being composed of two chapters. I have used the descriptive, the analytic and the comparative methods. The crosslinguistic - typological aspect is analysed, among others, with a series of
typical sentences that illustrate object marking in European languages, with these languages treated as the main reference point for the typological perspective. With relation to the intralinguistic aspect (the diastratic, diamesic and diatopic ones) I have analysed contexts distinguished for clitic doubling and the related phenomena in Romanian, taking into account the type and position of the object (inanimate - animate non-personal - animate personal; indefinite - definite; noun - pronoun; direct - indirect object; postverbal - preverbal). The linguistic standard has been presented on the basis of works of the recent years (such as Romanian Academy Grammar - GALR and The Grammar of Romanian - GR), while the usage is illustrated by contemporary linguistic material (web articles and posts that cover the diastratic, the diamesic and sometimes even the diatopic differentiation of contemporary Romanian). The book s first part places the analysed issue within a general theoretic framework and within a cross-linguistic perspective. Owing to this, the clitic doubling and the related phenomena in Romanian, being representations of object marking against the background of expressing basic arguments and the organisation of a verb phrase in general, share a coherent interpretation, while referenced to solutions and mechanisms present in other linguistic systems. Chapter One presents the most important concepts related to the verb and the verb phrase, focusing on specific manifestations of marking basic arguments: the subject, the direct object and the indirect object. According to
the theoretical background I have used (Nichols 1986, Haspelmath 2005, 2017), marking can be either head-marking, or indexing (marking the argument on the verb) or 286
dependent-marking, or flagging (marking the argument on itself). Both of the mentioned ways of marking, indexing and flagging, are discussed especially in relation to the direct and the indirect object, because there is a lot more dynamics to marking the object than there is to marking the subject, which ֊ at least in Romanian - appears vety stable and predictable. Taking into account the subject and the general objective of the study, particular accent is laid on the phenomenon of clitic object doubling, treated as equivalent and parallel (as analytic indexing that evolves in the direction of synthetic indexing) in relation to other ways of marking relations within a verb phrase, such as: free verb morphemes (personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs ֊ analytic indexing) or verb endings (synthetic indexing), as well as prepositions (analytic flagging) or case endings (synthetic flagging). Chapter Two covers object marking depending on its type and position with regard to the verb within a verb phrase. The object type is understood here as a set of features, such as the semantism of object referent (inanimate vs. animate, non-personal vs. personal) and the degree of its determinacy (indefinite vs. definite), nominal phrase representation with which the object is expressed (noun vs. pronoun) and also the nature of the object as the verb s argument (direct vs. indirect). The marking correlated to the type of the object, especially to the animacy or determinacy of its referent, is called here “differential object marking” ֊ DOM (Rom. marcarea diferenţială a obiectului), a term
introduced by Bossong (1985, 1991, 1998). With regard to the object s position in relation to the verb (postposition vs. anteposition, i.e. postverbal vs. preverbal position), I highlight the consequences for object marking resulted from the “ordinary” change of its order, without its phonetic and syntactic exclusion. The change of order of the object, connected with phonetic and syntactic exclusion, is discussed as a separate phenomenon. The second part of the book, of a more specific and intralinguistic nature, covers the situation in contemporaiy Romanian, where several competing types of marking exist. To capture the dynamics of the phenomenon, several typical contexts have been highlighted, which mainly represent various types of direct and indirect object. I have, at the same time, signalled discrepancies which, on the one hand, occur within the norm and usage, and, on the other, between the norm and usage, all creating the mentioned perspectives: the diastratic and diamesic ones and the diatopic perspective. Chapter Three discusses the competition between the lack of marking of direct object, considered a canonical type, and its marking with pe. The second type of analysed competition is related to indirect object, which may be expressed in synthetic form, of canonical nature, or in analytic form, with la. The material’s organisation follows the same scheme. Taking the nature of object as the starting point: the direct object in the first case and the indirect object in the second case, I have analysed nominal noun and pronoun phrases, divided into indefinite and
definite ones, and, within them, into phrases with inanimate referent, animate non-personal referent and animate personal referent. 287
Chapter Four relates both competing cases to the lack or existence of clitic doubling. Whereas with the flagging, the object s position is only relevant exceptionally, it becomes a factor that carries the same significance as the object type in clitic doubling. Consequently, the material presentation scheme in this chapter is basically a copy of the previously used scheme, but features an additional criterion, namely the object s position, which was signalled very infrequently during the analysis in the previous chapter. Hence, the analysis of each type of object now features information about clitic doubling depending on its position, i.e. the acceptability of anticipation and resumption, respectively. The entire analysis contained in the second part aims to identify situations where the relevant types of marking are used and, consequently, to determine the conditions behind the occurrence of the relevant phenomena in contemporary Romanian, while taking into account - depending on the particular case ֊ the most important differentiations of diastratic, diamesic and diatopic nature. Their generalisation is included in the Conclusion. 288
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Cuprins Abrevieri şi simboluri 9 Introducere 11 Scopul şi structura lucrării 11 Concepte de bază şi istoricul problemei 14 Metoda şi corpusul 15 Capitolul 1 Indexing şi flagging ca marcare a obiectului 17 1.1. Structura grupului verbal 17 1.2. Tranzitivitatea 20 1.3. Tipuri de marcare - indexing vs. flagging 25 1.4. Tipuri de mărci 29 1.5. Indexing - marcarea subiectului 35 1.6. Indexing - dublarea clitică 37 1.6.1. Pronume clitice 37 1.6.2. Dublarea clitică - probleme terminologice 41 1.6.3. Dublarea clitică ֊ interpretare 43 1.7. Realizarea obligatorie a obiectului 46 1.7.1. Pronume obligatoriu 46 1.7.2. Repetarea pronumelui 51 1.7.3. Verbe secundare cu pronume neutru 52 1.8. Dublarea clitică - indexing sintetic? 56 1.9. Flagging analitic 58 1.9.1. Marca pe 58 1.9.2. Marca la 59 1.10. Flagging sintetic 60 1.11. Flagging - cazuri speciale 60 1.11.1. Marca lui 60 1.11.2. Flagging cu forme supletive 62 Capitolul 2 Marcarea vs. tipul şi poziţia obiectului 65 2.1. Realizarea marcării 65 2.2. Marcarea vs. tipul verbului 66 2.3. Tipul argumentelor 67 2.3.1. Genul şi subgenul 68 2.3.2. Determinarea 70 2.3.3. Numele proprii 73 5
2.3·4· 2.3.5. 2.3.6. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.5. 2.6. 2.6.1. 2.6.2. 2.7. 2.7.1. 2.7.2. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. Substantivele vs. pronumele 74 Ierarhia extinsă a animatului 75 Marcarea diferenţială a obiectului 76 Marcarea vs. tipul obiectului 79 Marcarea obiectului direct 79 Marcarea obiectului indirect 80 Marcarea multiplă 80 Topica - (non)configuraţionalitatea 83 Deplasarea obiectului fără schimbarea marcării 87 Deplasarea obiectului cu schimbarea marcării 89 Deplasarea obiectului cu caracter nemarcat 91 Obiectul cu rol de experimentator 91 Wh-fronting 97 Deplasarea obiectului cu caracter marcat 98 Dislocarea 99 Marcarea opţională 103 Capitolul 3 Marcarea cupe şi la în limba română contemporană 111 3.1. Marcarea obiectului direct cu pe 111 3.1.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 111 Յ.1.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 111 3.1.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 112 3.1.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 113 3.1.1.4. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 119 3.1.1.5. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 120 3.1.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 120 3.1.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 120 3.1.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 124 3.1.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 127 3.1.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 136 3.1.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 140 3.1.2.6. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 141 3.1.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume - indefinit 142 3.1.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 142 3.1.3.2. [Pronume
indefinite] [Ref. animat] 145 3.1.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 149 3.1.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 149 3.1.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat] 153 3.1.4.3. [Pronume personale] 155 3.1.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. inanimat] 157 3.1.6. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat] 157 3.1.7. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. inanimat] 157 3.1.8. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. animat] 158 6
3.2. Marcarea obiectului indirect cu la 161 3.2.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 163 3.2.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 163 3.2.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 163 3.2.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 166 3.2.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 166 3.2.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 170 3.2.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 170 3.2.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 175 3.2.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 176 3.2.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 176 3.2.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 176 3.2.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 180 3.2.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 180 3.2.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat uman] 180 3.2.4.3. [Pronume personale] 183 3.2.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative şi relative] 184 3.2.6. [Pronume interogative şi relative] 185 Capitolul 4 Dublarea clitică în limba română contemporană 187 4.1. Dublarea obiectului direct 187 4.1.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 187 4.1.1л. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 187 4.1.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 190 4.1.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 190 4.1.1.4. [Nume proprii indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 194 4.1.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv ֊ definit 194 4.1.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 194 4.1.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 200 4.1.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 201 4.1.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 206
4.1.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 209 4.1.2.6. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 210 4.1.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 211 4.1.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 211 4.1.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat] 213 4.1.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume - definit 218 4.1.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 218 4.1.4.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat] 223 4.1.4.3. [Pronume personale] 226 4.1.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. inanimat] 228 4.1.6. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat] 228 4.1.7. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. inanimat] 228 4.1.8. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref. animat] 229 7
4.2. Dublarea obiectului indirect 230 4.2.1. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - indefinit 230 4.2.1.1. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 230 4.2.1.2. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 231 4.2.1.3. [Substantive indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 233 4.2.2. Grup nominal cu centru substantiv - definit 235 4.2.2.1. [Substantive definite] [Ref. inanimat] 235 4.2.2.2. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat nonuman] 239 4.2.2.3. [Substantive definite] [Ref. animat uman] 241 4-2.2.4. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. inanimat] 244 4.2.2.5. [Nume proprii definite] [Ref. animat uman] 244 4.2.3. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ indefinit 247 4.2.3.1. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. inanimat] 247 4.2.3.2. [Pronume indefinite] [Ref. animat uman] 247 4.2.4. Grup nominal cu centru pronume ֊ definit 252 4.2.4.1. [Pronume definite] [Ref. inanimat] 252 4.24.2. [Pronume definite] [Ref. animat uman] 252 4.2.4.3. [Pronume personale] 256 4.2.5. [Substantive cu adjective interogative] [Ref. animat uman] 260 4.2.6. [Pronume interogative şi relative] [Ref animat uman] 260 4.3. Aspecte formale 261 4.3.1. Genul cliticului 261 4.3.2. Numărul cliticului 262 Concluzii 265 Marcarea obiectului în limba română din perspectivă interlingvistică 265 Marcarea obiectului în limba română din perspectivă intralingvistică 266 Norma şi uzul 266 Criterii generalizate de marcare 269 Bibliografie 275 Summary 285 8
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Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela. 1997. Din nou despre statutul prepoziţiei. Cu referire specială la prepoziţia PE. Limba română XLVI:i-3.165-174. Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela. 2013. Flexiunea cazuală - între analitic şi sintetic. Cardinale şi cuantificatori non-numerici în româna veche. Limba română LXII:2.159-173. Pană Dindelegan, Gabriela, Adina Dragomirescu Isabela Nedelcu. 2010. Morfosintaxa limbii române. Sinteze teoretice şi exerciţii. Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti. Paraschiv, Irina. 2015. Observaţii tipologice privind variaţia structurii sintactice a verbului românesc. Marcarea necanonică a obiectului. Limba română LXIV: 1.23 ֊34. Paraschiv, Irina Nicula. 2016. Note asupra particularităţilor sintactice ale obiectului direct în româna nonstandard. Limba română LXV:4.487֊496. Polański, Kazimierz (red.). 1999. Encyklopedia językoznawstwa ogólnego. Wrocław - Warszawa - Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Poletto, Cecilia Jean Yves Pollock. 2005. On wh-clitics, wh-doubling and apparent wh-in-situ in French and some North Eastern Italian dialects. Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes 33.135-156. Pop, Liana. 1991. Româna cu sau fără profesor. Cluj: Editura Echinox. Popova, Vence Diana Ivanova. 2004. Zwięzła gramatyka języka bułgarskiego. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. Puşeariu, Sextil. 1922. Despre p(r)e la acuzativ. Dacoromania 2.565-581. Rădulescu, Ilie Ştefan. 2007. Erori flagrante de exprimare. Radiografie critică a limbajului cotidian. Bucureşti: Editura Niculescu. Reinheimer Rîpeanu, Sanda. 2001. Lingvistica romanică. Lexic - morfologie ֊ fonetică.
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Spitzer, Leo. 1928. Rum. P(r)e, Span, a vor persönalichem Akkusativobject. ArPh 48.423-432· Stark, Elisabeth. 2011. Fonction et développement du marquage différentiel de l’objet en roumain, en comparaison avec l’espagnol péninsulaire. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris: L’évolution grammaticale à travers les langues romanes éd. par la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 35-61. Leuven: Peeters. Steriade, Donca. 1980. Clitic Doubling in Romanian WH Constructions and the Analysis ofTopicalization. Papers of the Chicago Linguistic Society 16.282-297. Sterpu, Iolanda. 2012. Limba romānā pentru străini. Gramatică şi exerciţii. Iaşi: Editura Universităţii „Alexandru loan Cuza”. Tasmowski de Ryck, Liliane. 1987. La réduplication clitique en roumain. Akten der Theodor Gartner-Tagung (Rätoromanisch und Rumänisch) bearb. Plangg, Guntram A. Maria Iliescu, 377-399. Innsbruck: Amae. Tesnière, Lucien. 1966. Eléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. Tigău, Alina Mihaela. 2010a. Syntax and Semantics of the Direct Object in Romance and Germanic Languages with an Emphasis on Romanian, German, Dutch and English. Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti. Tigău, Alina Mihaela. 2010b. Towards an account of differential object marking in Romanian. Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics XII:i.137-158. Tigău, Alina Mihaela. 2014. Specificity effects with clitic doubling and ,,pe” marking. Bucharest Working Papers in Linguistics XVl·i.43-61. Vulpe, Magdalena. 1980. Subordonarea în frază în dacoromâna vorbită. Bucureşti: Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică.
Zafiu, Rodica. 2001. Diversitate stilistică în româna actuală. Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti. Zafiu, Rodica. 2010.101 cuvinte argotice. Bucureşti: Editura Humanitás. Челышева, И.И., Б.П. Нарумов О.И. Романова (ред.). 2θοι. Романские языки. Москва: Academia. 283
Summary Clitic Doubling and Associated Phenomena in Contemporary Romanian The monograph discusses clitic doubling and the associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian. Its distinctly identified objective is the analysis of a phenomenon referred to in Romanian linguistics tradition as “object doubling” or “pronominal doubling” (Rom. dubla exprimare a complementului, dublare pronominală). I am using the term “clitic doubling” - CD (Rom. dublare cliticã) because it is widely used in linguistic studies across the world (Anagnostopoulou 2006) and has also been used, in the recent years, in Romanian linguistics (Comilescu Dobrovie-Sorin 2008), with the reservation that it is treated here as the abbreviated, and consequently more convenient, form of the term “clitic pronoun doubling” (Rom. dublare pronominală clitică), which I suggest as the more appropriate term, as it can fully reflect the nature of the phenomenon and dispel any possible interpretation ambiguities. The topic I have analysed is part of a broader research project. Clitic doubling, especially in its anticipatoiy form, namely when present in normal, unmarked order, with the object following the verb, is considered a morpho-syntactic Balkanism. Apart from the description of the situation in contemporary Romanian language in this very book, I plan to analyse, in a future monograph, the evolution of the phenomenon in literary Romanian of the past centuries. The same pattern i.e. (a synchronic-diachronic approach) will be applied to the analysis of the remaining morpho-syntactic Balkanisms. Ultimately, this book is a
part of a bigger research project devoted to Balkanisation, de-Balkanisation and re-Balkanisation of Romanian morpho-syntactic structures, positioned within a wider concept of the areal history of the Romanian language and within diachronic research on language interferences which have been dominating my research activities so far. On the one hand, I generally treat the synchronic description as a starting point for diachronic research or their supplementation. On the other hand, the contemporary condition may exhibit clear symptoms of linguistic changes (recent diachrony) or the results of older processes, also in the form of internal language differentiation: diastratic, diamesic, diatopic, etc. (diachrony in synchrony). From this perspective, the description of contemporary language is both synchronic and dynamic. Given the stronger correlation of clitic doubling with other phenomena, the monograph's scope is wider and also covers other ways of marking the object within the general context of marking arguments. According to the theoretical frame I have used, clitic doubling is a kind of head-marking, or indexing, in other words. The remaining ways of marking, subject to the analysis, namely the 285
analytic form with pe (direct object) and the synthetic form in relation to the analytic form with la (indirect object), constitute the dependent-marking, or flagging, if you will. The monograph has two equally important objectives. The first one is to place the clitic doubling and other types of marking in the language’s morpho-syntactic system, more specifically within the typical verb phrase, in relation to Romanian and in comparison to other languages, especially European languages (crosslinguistic perspective). The second one is to determine typical contexts in which clitic doubling (correlated to other phenomena) exists in contemporary Romanian, and thus to determine the phenomenon’s acceptability criteria which are mainly oriented toward the object's type and position. This way, currently prevailing tendencies in the language can be pinpointed, taking into account diastratic, diamesic and diatopic differentiation. At the same time, even though the diachronic aspect is planned as separate study, the referenced sources and examples guarantee a minimal diachronic perspective in the hereby book as well, showing, on the one hand the phenomenon's instability and, on the other, its perpetual evolution. Consequently, the monograph consists of two parts: the cross-linguistic (typological) part and the intralinguistic part (synchronic, with diastratic, diamesic and diatopic references), each being composed of two chapters. I have used the descriptive, the analytic and the comparative methods. The crosslinguistic - typological aspect is analysed, among others, with a series of
typical sentences that illustrate object marking in European languages, with these languages treated as the main reference point for the typological perspective. With relation to the intralinguistic aspect (the diastratic, diamesic and diatopic ones) I have analysed contexts distinguished for clitic doubling and the related phenomena in Romanian, taking into account the type and position of the object (inanimate - animate non-personal - animate personal; indefinite - definite; noun - pronoun; direct - indirect object; postverbal - preverbal). The linguistic standard has been presented on the basis of works of the recent years (such as Romanian Academy Grammar - GALR and The Grammar of Romanian - GR), while the usage is illustrated by contemporary linguistic material (web articles and posts that cover the diastratic, the diamesic and sometimes even the diatopic differentiation of contemporary Romanian). The book's first part places the analysed issue within a general theoretic framework and within a cross-linguistic perspective. Owing to this, the clitic doubling and the related phenomena in Romanian, being representations of object marking against the background of expressing basic arguments and the organisation of a verb phrase in general, share a coherent interpretation, while referenced to solutions and mechanisms present in other linguistic systems. Chapter One presents the most important concepts related to the verb and the verb phrase, focusing on specific manifestations of marking basic arguments: the subject, the direct object and the indirect object. According to
the theoretical background I have used (Nichols 1986, Haspelmath 2005, 2017), marking can be either head-marking, or indexing (marking the argument on the verb) or 286
dependent-marking, or flagging (marking the argument on itself). Both of the mentioned ways of marking, indexing and flagging, are discussed especially in relation to the direct and the indirect object, because there is a lot more dynamics to marking the object than there is to marking the subject, which ֊ at least in Romanian - appears vety stable and predictable. Taking into account the subject and the general objective of the study, particular accent is laid on the phenomenon of clitic object doubling, treated as equivalent and parallel (as analytic indexing that evolves in the direction of synthetic indexing) in relation to other ways of marking relations within a verb phrase, such as: free verb morphemes (personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs ֊ analytic indexing) or verb endings (synthetic indexing), as well as prepositions (analytic flagging) or case endings (synthetic flagging). Chapter Two covers object marking depending on its type and position with regard to the verb within a verb phrase. The object type is understood here as a set of features, such as the semantism of object referent (inanimate vs. animate, non-personal vs. personal) and the degree of its determinacy (indefinite vs. definite), nominal phrase representation with which the object is expressed (noun vs. pronoun) and also the nature of the object as the verb's argument (direct vs. indirect). The marking correlated to the type of the object, especially to the animacy or determinacy of its referent, is called here “differential object marking” ֊ DOM (Rom. marcarea diferenţială a obiectului), a term
introduced by Bossong (1985, 1991, 1998). With regard to the object's position in relation to the verb (postposition vs. anteposition, i.e. postverbal vs. preverbal position), I highlight the consequences for object marking resulted from the “ordinary” change of its order, without its phonetic and syntactic exclusion. The change of order of the object, connected with phonetic and syntactic exclusion, is discussed as a separate phenomenon. The second part of the book, of a more specific and intralinguistic nature, covers the situation in contemporaiy Romanian, where several competing types of marking exist. To capture the dynamics of the phenomenon, several typical contexts have been highlighted, which mainly represent various types of direct and indirect object. I have, at the same time, signalled discrepancies which, on the one hand, occur within the norm and usage, and, on the other, between the norm and usage, all creating the mentioned perspectives: the diastratic and diamesic ones and the diatopic perspective. Chapter Three discusses the competition between the lack of marking of direct object, considered a canonical type, and its marking with pe. The second type of analysed competition is related to indirect object, which may be expressed in synthetic form, of canonical nature, or in analytic form, with la. The material’s organisation follows the same scheme. Taking the nature of object as the starting point: the direct object in the first case and the indirect object in the second case, I have analysed nominal noun and pronoun phrases, divided into indefinite and
definite ones, and, within them, into phrases with inanimate referent, animate non-personal referent and animate personal referent. 287
Chapter Four relates both competing cases to the lack or existence of clitic doubling. Whereas with the flagging, the object's position is only relevant exceptionally, it becomes a factor that carries the same significance as the object type in clitic doubling. Consequently, the material presentation scheme in this chapter is basically a copy of the previously used scheme, but features an additional criterion, namely the object's position, which was signalled very infrequently during the analysis in the previous chapter. Hence, the analysis of each type of object now features information about clitic doubling depending on its position, i.e. the acceptability of anticipation and resumption, respectively. The entire analysis contained in the second part aims to identify situations where the relevant types of marking are used and, consequently, to determine the conditions behind the occurrence of the relevant phenomena in contemporary Romanian, while taking into account - depending on the particular case ֊ the most important differentiations of diastratic, diamesic and diatopic nature. Their generalisation is included in the Conclusion. 288 |
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| spelling | Klimkowski, Tomasz Verfasser aut Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Tomasz Klimkowski Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Bucureşti Eikon 2018 288 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia Universitas. Seria Filologie Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Konnexion (DE-588)4165051-7 gnd rswk-swf Klitisierung (DE-588)4164228-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd rswk-swf Verdoppelung (DE-588)4187631-3 gnd rswk-swf Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 s Klitisierung (DE-588)4164228-4 s Verdoppelung (DE-588)4187631-3 s Konnexion (DE-588)4165051-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Klimkowski, Tomasz Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Konnexion (DE-588)4165051-7 gnd Klitisierung (DE-588)4164228-4 gnd Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd Verdoppelung (DE-588)4187631-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4165051-7 (DE-588)4164228-4 (DE-588)4115807-6 (DE-588)4187631-3 |
| title | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| title_alt | Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| title_auth | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| title_exact_search | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| title_full | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Tomasz Klimkowski |
| title_fullStr | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Tomasz Klimkowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian Tomasz Klimkowski |
| title_short | Dublarea clitică şi fenomenele conexe în limba română contemporană |
| title_sort | dublarea clitica si fenomenele conexe in limba romana contemporana clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary romanian |
| title_sub | = Clitic doubling and associated phenomena in contemporary Romanian |
| topic | Konnexion (DE-588)4165051-7 gnd Klitisierung (DE-588)4164228-4 gnd Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd Verdoppelung (DE-588)4187631-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Konnexion Klitisierung Rumänisch Verdoppelung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032316411&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT klimkowskitomasz dublareacliticasifenomeneleconexeinlimbaromanacontemporanacliticdoublingandassociatedphenomenaincontemporaryromanian AT klimkowskitomasz cliticdoublingandassociatedphenomenaincontemporaryromanian |