Solar photovoltaic power generation:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin ; Boston
De Gruyter
[2020]
|
| Series: | De Gruyter graduate
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 477 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783110531381 3110531380 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Yang, Jinhuan |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1223003329 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Solar photovoltaic power generation |c Jinhuan Yang, Xiao Yuan, Liang Ji |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston |b De Gruyter |c [2020] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2020 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 477 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 653 | |a TB: Textbook | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Solarzelle |0 (DE-588)4181740-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yuan, Xiao |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ji, Liang |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG |0 (DE-588)10095502-2 |4 pbl | |
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| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-11-052483-3 |
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| _version_ | 1804181771251613697 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE
*
V
BRIEF
INTRODUCTION
*
VII
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
*
1
1.1
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
DEVELOPING
AND
UTILIZING
SOLAR
ENERGY
-----
1
1.1.1
FOSSIL
FUELS
ARE
FACING
A
CRISIS
OF
DEPLETION
*
1
1.1.2
PROTECTING
THE
ECOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
GETS
ATTENTION
*
5
1.1.3
LIMITATIONS
OF
CONVENTIONAL
POWER
GRIDS
*
13
1.2
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
15
1.2.1
ADVANTAGES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
15
1.2.2
DISADVANTAGES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
16
1.2.3
TYPES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
17
1.2.3.1
CONCENTRATOR
SOLAR
POWER
GENERATION
*
17
1.2.3.1.1
SOLAR
TROUGH
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
-----
17
1.2.3.1.2
SOLAR
TOWER
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
*
18
1.2.3.1.3
SOLAR
DISH-TYPE
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
*
18
1.2.3.2
SOLAR
PV
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
18
1.3
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
WORLD
*
S
PV
INDUSTRY
IN
RECENT
YEARS
*
19
1.3.1
PV
CELL
PRODUCTION
-----
19
1.3.2
PV
APPLICATION
MARKET
-----
22
1.4
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
CHINA
*
S
PV
INDUSTRY
-----
25
1.5
PV
POWER
GENERATION
BY
SOME
COUNTRIES
*
ORGANIZATIONS
*
26
1.5.1
JAPAN
-----26
1.5.2
EUROPEAN
UNION
-----
27
1.5.3
INTERNATIONAL
PV
TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP
STEERING
COMMITTEE
*
31
1.5.4
USA
-----
32
1.5.5
CHINA
-----
33
1.5.6
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY
AGENCY
*
35
REFERENCES
*
38
EXERCISES
-----
39
CHAPTER
2
SOLAR
RADIATION
*
41
2.1
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
SUN
-----
41
2.2
THE
RELATIVE
MOVEMENT
OF
THE
SUN
AND
THE
EARTH
*
43
2.2.1
THE
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
EARTH
-----
43
2.2.2
APPARENT
SOLAR
TIME
*
44
2.2.3
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
PATTERNS
-----
47
X
*
CONTENTS
2.3
CELESTIAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
*
47
2.3.1
EQUATORIAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
*
48
2.3.1.1
HOUR
ANGLE
A
-------
48
2.3.1.2
SUN
DECLINATION
ANGLE
S
-------49
2.3.2
HORIZONTAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
-----
50
2.3.2.1
ZENITH
ANGLE
0
Z
----
51
2.3.2.2
ALTITUDE
ANGLE
A
S
------
51
2.3.2.3
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
Y
S
------
51
2.3.3
THE
CALCULATION
OF
SOLAR
PARAMETERS
*
51
2.3.3.1
THE
CALCULATION
OF
ALTITUDE
ANGLE
*
51
2.3.3.2
THE
CALCULATION
OF
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
----
52
2.3.3.3
THE
HOUR
ANGLE
AT
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
U
S
----
53
2.3.3.4
SUNSHINE
DURATION
N
------
53
23.3.5
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
AT
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
-----
54
2.33.6
SOLAR
INCIDENCE
ANGLE
-----
54
2.4 ANGLE
OF
TRACKING
SURFACE
*
56
2.5
SOLAR
RADIATION
-----
59
2.5.1
SOLAR
RADIATION
OUTSIDE
THE
ATMOSPHERE
*
59
2.5.1.1
SOLAR
CONSTANT
------
59
2.5.1.2
SOLAR
RADIATION
REACHING
EXTRATERRESTRIAL
SURFACE
*
60
2.5.13
AIR
MASS
------
63
2.5.2
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
AT
THE
GROUND
SURFACE
*
65
2.5.2.1
ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPARENCY
-----
65
2.5.2.2 NORMAL
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
AT
THE
GROUND
SURFACE
*
66
2.5.23
DIRECT
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
66
2.5.2.4
DIFFUSE
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
THE
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
67
2.5.2.5
TOTAL
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
THE
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
67
2.5.2.6
CLARITY
INDEX
------67
2.5.2.7
THE
RATIO
OF
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.1
THE
RATIO
OF
HOURLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.2
THE
RATIO
OF
DAILY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.3
RATIO
OF
MONTHLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
*
69
2.5.3
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
SURFACES
-----
70
2.53.1
HOURLY
SOLAR
BEAM
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
SURFACES
/
T
,B
*
70
2.53.2
RATIO
OF
HOURLY
BEAM
RADIATION
ON
TILTED
TO
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
R
B
*
71
2.5.33
HOURLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-----
72
2.53.4
GROUND
REFLECTED
IRRADIATION
-----
72
2.53.5
TOTAL
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-
SKY
ISOTROPIC
MODEL
-----
73
2.53.6
TOTAL
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-
SKY
ANISOTROPY
MODEL
-----
73
CONTENTS
*
XI
2.5.3.6.1
HDKR
MODEL
-----
73
2.5.3.6.2
PEREZ
MODEL
------
74
2.5.4
MONTHLY
MEAN
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANE
*
75
2.5.4.1
SKY
ISOTROPIC
MODEL
-----
75
2.5.4.2
SKY
ANISOTROPY
MODEL
---
76
2.5.4.2.1
KLEIN
AND
THEILACKER
*
S
METHOD
-----
76
2.5.4.2.2
RETSCREEN
METHOD
*
79
REFERENCES
*
81
EXERCISES
*
81
CHAPTER
3
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
PV
CELLS
-----83
3.1.1
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
SUBSTRATE
MATERIALS
*
83
3.1.1.1
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1.1.2
MONOCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1.1.3
POLYCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
84
3.1.1.4
QUASI-MONOCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELL
*
84
3.1.1.5
SILICON-BASED
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
84
3.1.1.5.1
AMORPHOUS
SILICON
PV
CELLS
-----
84
3.1.1.5.2
MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
(PC-SI)
PV
CELLS
-----
85
3.1.1.5.3
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
-----
86
3.1.1.5.3.1
MONOCRYSTALLINE
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.1.5.3.2
POLYCRYSTALLINE
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.2
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.2.1
HOMOJUNCTION
PV
CELLS
------
86
3.1.2.2
HETEROJUNCTION
PV
CELLS
-------
86
3.1.2.3
SCHOTTKY
JUNCTION
PV
CELLS
------
86
3.1.2.4
COMPOSITE
JUNCTION
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.3
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
APPLICATION
OF
PV
CELLS
*
87
3.1.3.1
SPACE
PV
CELLS
-----87
3.1.3.2
TERRESTRIAL
PV
CELLS
*
87
3.2
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
OF
PV
CELLS
-----87
3.2.1
SEMICONDUCTOR
-----87
3.2.2
BANDGAP
STRUCTURE
-----
89
3.2.3
INTRINSIC
SEMICONDUCTORS
AND
DOPED
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
91
3.2.4
N-TYPE
AND
P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
94
3.2.4.1
N-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
94
3.2.4.2
P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
------
95
3.2.5
P-N
JUNCTIONS
-----
96
3.2.5.1
THE
MAJORITY
CARRIER
DIFFUSION
MOTION
*
96
3.2.5.2
MINORITY
CARRIER
DRIFT
MOTION
------
96
XII
CONTENTS
3.2.6
PHOTOVOLTAIC
EFFECT
*
97
3.2.7
PV
CELL
PHOTOELECTRIC
CONVERSION
PRINCIPLE
*
99
3.2.8
STRUCTURE
OF
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
100
3.3
PV
CELL
ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
*
101
3.3.1
STANDARD
TEST
CONDITIONS
*
101
3.3.2
PV
CELL
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
*
101
3.3.3
THE
MAIN
TECHNICAL
PARAMETERS
OF
PV
CELLS
*
104
3.3.3.1
CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CURVE
*
104
3.3.3
2
MAXIMUM
POWER
POINT
*
104
3.3.3
3
OPEN-CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE
*
107
3.3.3.4
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT
*
107
3.3.3
5
FILL
FACTOR
(CURVE
FACTOR)
*
107
3.3.3.6
PV
CELL
CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY
*
108
33.3.7
CURRENT
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
108
3.3.3
8
VOLTAGE
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
111
3.3.3
9
POWER
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
111
3.3.3.10
EFFECT
OF
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
*
113
3.3.4
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PV
CELL
CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY
*
114
3.3.4.1
BANDGAP
*
114
33.4.2
TEMPERATURE
------
115
3.3.43
MINORITY
CARRIER
LIFETIME
*
116
33.4.4
LIGHT
INTENSITY
-----
116
33.4.5
DOPING
CONCENTRATION
AND
PROFILE
DISTRIBUTION
*
116
33.4.6
SURFACE
RECOMBINATION
RATE
*
117
33.4.7
SERIES
AND
SHUNT
RESISTORS
*
118
33.4.8
ABSORPTION
OF
LIGHT
-----
119
REFERENCES
*
120
EXERCISES
*
120
CHAPTER
4
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
123
4.1
INTRODUCTION
*
123
4.1.1
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
123
4.1.1.1
LOW
PRODUCTION
COST
-----
123
4.1.1.2
LESS
MATERIAL
*
123
4.1.13
SIMPLE
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
*
123
4.1.1.4
LOWER
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION
DURING
PRODUCTION
*
124
4.1.1.5
BETTER
HIGH-TEMPERATURE
PERFORMANCE
*
124
4.1.1.6
BETTER
LOW
IRRADIANCE
PERFORMANCE
*
124
4.1.1.7
SUITABLE
FOR
BIPV
-----
124
4.1.2
CATEGORIES
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
125
4.2
AMORPHOUS
SILICON
PV
CELL
-----
125
CONTENTS
*
XIII
4.2.1
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY
OF
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
125
4.2.2
STRUCTURE
OF
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
126
4.2.2.1
SINGLE-JUNCTION
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
126
4.2.2.2
MULTIJUNCTION
PV
CELL
-----
128
4.2.2.2.1
A-SI/A-SI
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
128
4.2.2.2.2
A-SI/A-SIGE
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
128
4.2.2.23
A-SI/PC-SI
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
[5]
-----
130
4.2.2.2.4
A-SI/A-SIGE/A-SIGE
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
*
132
4.2.2.2.5
A-SI/A-SIGE/PC-SI
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
132
4.2.2.2.6
A-SI/NC-SI/PC-SI
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
134
4.2.3
FABRICATION
OF
A-SI
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
134
4.2.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
A-SI
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
134
4.3
CADMIUM
TELLURIDE
PV
CELL
*
135
4.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CDTE
MATERIALS
AND
CELLS
*
135
4.3.2
STRUCTURE
OF
CDTE
PV
CELL
-----
136
4.3.3
MANUFACTURING
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
-----
138
4.3.3.1
MANUFACTURE
PROCESS
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
138
4.33.2
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PREPARATION
PROCESS
*
138
4.33.2.1
VAPOR
TRANSPORT
DEPOSITION
-----
138
4.33.2.2
CLOSED-SPACE
SUBLIMATION
-----
140
4.3.3.23
MAGNETRON
SPUTTERING
-----
140
4.3.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
MODULES
*
141
4.4
COPPER
INDIUM
GALLIUM
SELENIDE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
142
4.4.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CIGS
PV
CELL
*
143
4.4.2
STRUCTURE
OF
A
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
143
4.4.3
FABRICATION
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
144
4.43.1
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
144
4.43.2
PREPARATION
OF
CIGS
FILM
*
145
4.43.2.1
MULTICOMPONENT
CO-DISTILLATION
-----
146
4.43.2.2
SPUTTERING
AND
SELENIZATION
-----
148
4.4.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
149
4.5
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELLS
-----
152
4.5.1
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELL
*
152
4.5.2
FEATURES
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELL
-----
154
4.5.3
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
TECHNOLOGY
AND
ITS
PROBLEMS
-----
155
4.6
DYE-SENSITIZED
CELL
*
157
4.7
ORGANIC
SEMICONDUCTOR
PV
CELL
*
160
4.8
MARKET
AND
DEVELOPMENT
PROSPECTS
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
160
REFERENCES
*
161
EXERCISES
*
162
XIV
*
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
5
CONCENTRATOR
PV
AND
SOLAR
TRACKER
*
163
5.1
CPV
POWER
GENERATION
*
163
5.1.1
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
CPV
*
164
5.1.1.1
ADVANTAGES
------
164
5.1.1.2
DISADVANTAGES
-----
165
5.1.2
CPV
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
*
165
5.1.2.1
CPV
CELLS
-----
165
5.1.2.2
CONCENTRATOR
-----
168
5.1.2.3
SOLAR
TRACKER
*
173
5.1.2.4
COOLING
COMPONENTS
-----
174
5.1.3
CPV
SYSTEMS
*
176
5.1.3.1
LOW-CONCENTRATION
PV
(LCPV)
-----
178
5.1.3.2
MEDIUM-CONCENTRATION
PHOTOVOLTAIC
(MCPV)
*
181
5.1.3.3
HCPV
SYSTEM
-----
183
5.1.4
CURRENT
SITUATION
OF
CPV
------
189
5.2
SOLAR
TRACKER
SYSTEM
*
190
5.2.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
TRACKERS
*
190
5.2.1.1
BY
APPLICATION
------
190
5.2.1.2
BY
NUMBER
OF
AXES
-----
191
5.2.1.3
BY
DRIVING
POWER
-----
194
5.2.1.4
BY
CONTROL
TYPE
------
194
5.2.2
APPLICATION
OF
TRACKING
SYSTEM
*
195
REFERENCES
*
199
EXERCISES
-----
199
CHAPTER
6
PV
MODULE
MANUFACTURING
*
201
6.1
SILICON
MATERIAL
MANUFACTURING
*
201
6.1.1
MG-SI
MANUFACTURING
-----
202
6.1.2
HIGH-PURITY
POLY
C-SI
MANUFACTURING
-----
202
6.1.2.1
MODIFIED
SIEMENS
METHOD
-----203
6.1.2.1.1
SYNTHESIS
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
------
204
6.1.2.1.2
PURIFICATION
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
BY
DISTILLATION
-----
204
6.1.2.1.3
REDUCTION
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
------
205
6.1.2.1.4
SILICON
TETRACHLORIDE
HYDROGENATION
-----
206
6.1.2.2
FLUIDIZED
BED
REACTOR
METHOD
------
207
6.1.2.3
SILANE
THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION
------
208
6.2
C-SI
GROWTH
TECHNOLOGY
-----
208
6.2.1
MONO
C-SI
GROWTH
TECHNOLOGY
------
210
6.2.1.1
CZOCHRALSKI
METHOD
-----
210
6.2.1.1.1
MELTING
-----
211
CONTENTS
*
XV
6.2.1.1.2
SEEDING
------
211
6.2.1.13
LEADING
------
212
6.2.1.1.4
SHOULDERING
-----
212
6.2.1.1.5
EQUALING
DIAMETER
*
212
6.2.1.1.6
ENDING
------
212
6.2.1.1.7
COOLING
------
212
6.2.1.2
ZONE
MELTING
METHOD
*
212
6.2.13
MAGNETIC
FIELD
APPLIED
CZOCHRALSKI
METHOD
*
213
6.2.2
CASTING
POLYCRYSTALLINE
METHOD
*
214
6.2.2.1
BRIDGEMAN
METHOD
*
215
6.2.2.2
HEM-HEAT
EXCHANGE
METHOD
------
215
6.2.23
ELECTROMAGNETIC
CASTING
METHOD
----
216
6.2.2.4
CASTING
TECHNOLOGY
*
217
6.23
CASTING
MONO
C-SI
METHOD
*
218
6.23.1
SEEDLESS
CRYSTAL
INGOT
*
218
6.23.2
SEED
CRYSTAL
INGOT
-----
219
6.3
C-SI
PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY
*
219
6.3.1
C-SI
SQUARE
CUT
*
220
6.3.2
C-SI
WAFER
-----
220
6.4
CRYSTAL
SILICON
PV
CELL
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY
*
221
6.4.1
SURFACE
TEXTURING
-----
222
6.4.2
DIFFUSION
JUNCTION
PROCESS
-----
226
6.4.3
EDGE
ISOLATION
*
228
6.4.4
REMOVE
PHOSPHOSILICATE
GLASS
-----
229
6.4.5
DEPOSITION
ANTIREFLECTION
FILM
-----
229
6.4.6
SCREEN
PRINTING
ELECTRODE
*
231
6.4.7
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
SINTERING
-----
232
6.4.8
PV
CELL
I
*
V
CHARACTERISTICS
TEST
*
233
6.5
PV
MODULE
PACKAGING
------
235
6.5.1
PV
MODULE
PACKAGING
MATERIALS
*
237
6.5.1.1
PV
GLASS
------
237
6.5.1.2
ENCAPSULATION
MATERIAL
-----
238
6.5.13
BACKSHEET
MATERIAL
*
239
6.5.1.4
FRAME
-----
239
6.5.1.5
JUNCTION
BOX
-----
239
6.5.1.6
SOLDER
RIBBON
*
239
6.5.1.7
OTHER
MATERIALS
------
240
6.5.2
PV
MODULE
PACKAGE
PROCESS
-----
240
6.5.2.1
CELL
SORTING
------
240
63.2.2
STRING
SOLDERING
-----
241
6.5.23
STACKS
-----
241
63.2.4
LAMINATION
------
241
XVI
*
CONTENTS
6.5.2.S
6.S.2.6
6.S.2.7
6.5.2.S
TRIMMING
-----
242
INSTALL
FRAME
*
242
INSTALL
JUNCTION
BOX
-----
243
TESTING
-----243
REFERENCES
*
243
EXERCISE
-----
244
CHAPTER
7
COMPONENTS
OF
A
PV
SYSTEM
*
245
7.1
PV
ARRAY
-----
245
7.2
DIODE
-----
246
7.2.1
BLOCKING
(ANTI-BACKFLOW)
DIODES
*
246
7.2.2
BYPASS
DIODE
-----
246
7.3
ENERGY
STORAGE
EQUIPMENT
*
247
7.3.1
MAINSTREAM
ENERGY
STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY
*
247
7.3.1.1
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.1
PUMPED
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.2
FLYWHEEL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.3
COMPRESSED
AIR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
250
7.3.1.2
ELECTROCHEMICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
250
7.3.1.2.1
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
250
7.3.1.2.2
SODIUM-SULFUR
BATTERY
-----
251
7.3.1.2.3
FLOW
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.2.4
SODIUM/NICKEL
CHLORIDE
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.2.5
LITHIUM-ION
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
253
7.3.1.3.1
SUPERCONDUCTING
MAGNETIC
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
253
7.3.1.3.2
SUPERCAPACITOR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
254
7.3.1.3.3
HIGH-ENERGY
CAPACITOR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
254
7.3.2
BATTERIES
FOR
PV
SYSTEMS
*
256
7.3.2.1
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
256
7.3.2.1.1
BASIC
STRUCTURE
-----
257
7.3.2.1.2
MODEL
CODE
-----
258
7.3.2.2
MAINTENANCE-FREE
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
259
73.13
VALVE-REGULATED
SEALED
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
259
7.3.2.4
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
*
260
7.3.2.4.1
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
*
260
7.3.2.4.2
BATTERY
CAPACITY
-----
261
7.3.2.4.2.1
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
BATTERY
CAPACITY
AND
DISCHARGE
RATE
*
261
73.2.4.2.2
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
BATTERY
CAPACITY
AND
TEMPERATURE
*
262
CONTENTS
*
XVII
7.3.2.4.3
BATTERY
EFFICIENCY
-----
262
7.3.2.4.4
BATTERY
SELF-DISCHARGE
------
263
7.3.2.4.5
BATTERY
DISCHARGE
DEPTH
AND
CHARGE
STATE
-----
264
73.2.4.6
BATTERY
LIFE
-----
265
7.4
CONTROLLER
-----
266
7.4.1
TYPES
OF
CONTROLLERS
------
266
7.4.1.1
CONTROLLER
CLASSIFICATION
------
266
7.4.1.1.1
PULSE-WIDTH
MODULATION
(PWM)
CONTROLLER
IN
PARALLEL
CONNECTION
-----
266
7.4.1.1.2
PWM
CONTROLLER
IN
SERIES
CONNECTION
-----
267
7.4.1.1.3
MAXIMUM
POWER
POINT
TRACKING
CONTROLLER
*
267
7.4.1.2
COMPARISON
OF
THREE
CONTROLLERS
*
268
7.4.1.2.1
PWM
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.1.2.2
MAXIMUM
POWER
TRACKING
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.2
THE
MAIN
FUNCTIONS
OF
THE
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.2.1
BATTERY
CHARGE
AND
DISCHARGE
MANAGEMENT
*
268
7.4.2.2
EQUIPMENT
PROTECTION
FUNCTIONS
*
269
7.4.2.2.1
LOAD
SHORT-CIRCUIT/OVERLOAD
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.2
INTERNAL
SHORT-CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.23
REVERSE
DISCHARGE
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.4
REVERSE
POLARITY
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.5
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.23
PV
SYSTEM
STATUS
DISPLAY
-----
269
7.4.2.4
PV
SYSTEM
DATA
AND
INFORMATION
STORAGE
*
270
7.4.2.5
PV
SYSTEM
FAULT
HANDLING
AND
ALARM
*
270
7.4.2.6
PV
SYSTEM
REMOTE
MONITORING
AND
CONTROL
*
270
7.4.3
MAIN
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
OF
CONTROLLERS
*
270
7.43.1
QUIESCENT
CURRENT
-----
270
7.43.2
LOOP
VOLTAGE
DROP
-----
270
7.4.33
VIBRATION
RESISTANCE
*
271
7.43.4
HIGH
VOLTAGE
RESISTANCE
-----
271
7.43.5
HIGH
CURRENT
RESISTANCE
-----
271
7.5
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
271
7.5.1
TYPE
OF
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
271
7.5.2
MAIN
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
*
273
7.5.3
HOW
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTER
WORKS?
-----
274
7.5.4 MAIN
FUNCTIONS
OF
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
276
7.5.4.1
MPPT
CONTROL
-----
276
7.5.4.2
GRID
CONNECTION
-----
277
7.5.5
SYSTEM
PROTECTION
FUNCTION
-----
279
7.5.5.1
PID
PROTECTION
-----
280
7.5.5.2
ANTI-ISLANDING
FUNCTION
-----
281
XVIII
*
CONTENTS
7.5.6
OTHER
ASPECTS
*
281
REFERENCES
*
282
EXERCISES
*
283
CHAPTER
8
PHOTOVOLTAIC
POWER
GENERATION
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
285
8.1
MAIN
TARGET
OF
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
285
8.1.1
DEFINITION
AND
CLASSIFICATION
OF
PV
SYSTEMS
*
285
8.1.2
TARGET
AND
REQUIREMENT
OF
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
286
8.2
DESIGN
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
286
8.2.1
THE
CAPACITY
DESIGN
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
286
8.2.1.1
FACTORS
THAT
DETERMINE
THE
ELECTRIC
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
*
286
8.2.1.1.1
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
*
286
8.2.1.1.2
PERFORMANCE
RATIO
(PR)
-----
287
8.2.1.1.3
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
*
289
8.2.1.2 ESTIMATE
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
FOR
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
290
8.2.1.2.1
CONFIRM
THE
SITE
PARAMETERS
*
290
8.2.1.2.2
OBTAINED
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGEL
-----
290
8.2.1.2.3
SET
THE
PR
-----
292
8.2.1.2.4
CALCULATION
EQUATION
-----
293
8.2.1.2.5
OBTAIN
THE
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
293
8.2.1.3
INTRODUCTION
OF
COMMON
DESIGN
SOFTWARE
*
295
8.2.2
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
POWER
STATION
AND
GRID-CONNECTION
*
299
8.2.2.1
REQUIREMENT
OF
GRID
CONNECTION
FOR
PV
POWER
STATION
*
299
8.2.2.1.1
HARMONIC
AND
WAVEFORM
DISTORTION
*
299
8.2.2.1.2
VOLTAGE
DEVIATION
-----
299
8.2.2.1.3
VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATION
AND
FLICKER
-----
300
8.2.2.1.4
DEGREE
OF
VOLTAGE
UNBALANCE
*
301
8.2.2.1.5
DC
COMPONENT
-----
301
8.2.2.1.6
POWER
FACTOR
*
301
8.2.2.2
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
302
8.2.2.2.1
SINGLE-BRANCH
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
*
302
8.2.2.2.2
MULTIBRANCH
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
-----
302
8.2.2.2.3
PARALLEL-CONNECTED
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
*
303
8.2.2.3
GRID
CONNECTION
METHOD
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
303
8.2.2.3.1
SMALL-SCALE
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
303
8.2.2.3.1.1
*
NET
METERING
*
METHOD
-----
304
8.2.2.3.1.2
FEED-IN
TARIFF
METHOD
-----
305
8.2.2.3.2
LARGE-
AND
MEDIUM-SIZED
PV
POWER
STATIONS
*
305
8.2.3
BASIC
FLOWCHART
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
308
8.2.3.1
COLLECTING
PRIMARY
DATA
*
308
5.2.3.2
SITE
SELECTION
AND
INVESTIGATION
*
308
CONTENTS
*
XIX
8.2.33
GENERAL
LAYOUT
ARRANGEMENT
*
308
8.23.4
DETERMINE
EQUIPMENT
CONFIGURATION
AND
MODEL
*
309
8.23.5
SELECT
THE
APPROPRIATE
GRID
INVERTER
-----
309
8.23.6
DETERMINE
THE
GRID-CONNECTION
METHOD
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
311
8.23.7
DETERMINE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
MODULES
CONNECTED
IN
SERIES
AND
PARALLEL
*
311
8.23.8
CALCULATE
THE
OPTIMAL
PV
ARRAY
TILT
ANGLE
*
311
8.23.9
CONDUCT
OVERALL
DESIGN
OF
THE
PROJECT
SITE
TO
DETERMINE
THE
LAYOUT
OF
PV
ARRAYS
*
312
8.2.3.10
ANALYZE
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
DISTRIBUTED
ACCESS
CAPACITY
ON
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
*
312
8.2.3.11
ASSESS
COSTS
AND
BENEFITS
*
312
8.3
THE
DESIGN
OF
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
*
312
8.3.1
REQUIREMENTS
OF
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
313
8.3.2
TECHNICAL
CONDITIONS
-----
313
83.2.1
LOAD
PROPERTIES
*
313
83.2.2
THE
CONCEPT
OF
SEVERAL
KINDS
OF
SUNSHINE
*
314
83.2.2.1
POSSIBLE
SUNSHINE
DURATION
*
314
83.2.2.2
SUNSHINE
DURATION
-----
314
8.3.2.23
PERCENTAGE
OF
SUNSHINE
*
315
83.2.2.4
TWILIGHT
DURATION
-----
315
83.2.2.5
PEAK
SUN
HOUR
-----
315
8.3.23
TEMPERATURE
EFFECT
*
316
83.2.4
BATTERY AUTONOMY
DAYS
*
317
8.3.3
SELECTION
OF
PV
ARRAY
TILT
ANGLE
*
317
8.33.1
PV
ARRAY
SHOULD
BE
PLACED
AS
TILT
IF
POSSIBLE
*
317
8.33.2
DETERMINE
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGLE
*
318
8.3.4
DESIGN
OF
BALANCED
LOAD
PV
SYSTEMS
*
319
83.4.1
DETERMINE
THE
LOAD
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION
*
319
83.4.2
CALCULATE
SOLAR
RADIATION
ON
THE
PV
ARRAY
*
319
8.3.43
CALCULATE
MONTHLY
SURPLUS
OR
DEFICIT
OF
POWER
GENERATION
-----
320
83.4.4
DETERMINE
THE
CUMULATIVE
DEFICIT
AMOUNT
J
I-ZJQ,-I
-----
321
83.4.5
DETERMINE
OUTPUT
CURRENT
OF
THE
PV
ARRAY
-----
321
83.4.6
CALCULATE
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGLE
*
322
83.4.7
OBTAIN
CAPACITY
OF
BATTERY
AND
PV
ARRAY
*
322
83.4.8
DECIDE
THE
BEST
CONFIGURATION
-----
322
83.4.9
CASE
ANALYSIS
-----
324
8.3.4.10
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
CAPACITY
DISCUSSION
------
327
8.3.5
DESIGN
PV
SYSTEMS
WITH
SEASONAL
LOAD
*
328
8.3.6
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
FOR
LOAD
WITH
SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
*
329
8.4
PV
POWER
SYSTEM
HARDWARE
DESIGN
*
330
8.4.1
SITE
LAYOUT
-----
330
XX
*
CONTENTS
8.4.1.1
LENGTH
OF
OBSTRUCTER
SHADOWS
*
331
8.4.1.2
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
TWO
ROWS
-----
333
8.4.1.3
LAYOUT
OF
PV
ARRAYS
-----
334
8.4.1.3.1
THE
MINIMUM
HEIGHT
BETWEEN
THE
GROUND
AND
THE
LOWEST
POINT
OF
PV
MODULE
IS
0.3
M
-----
334
8.4.1.3.2
CALCULATE
THE
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
TWO
ROWS
*
334
8.4.1.3.3
CALCULATE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
ROWS
*
335
8.4.1.3.4
CALCULATE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
MODULES
IN
EACH
ROW
*
335
8.4.1.3.5
CALCULATE
THE
TOTAL
POWER
OF
INSTALLED
MODULES
*
335
8.4.1.4
DESIGN
OF
ARRAY
RACKS
*
336
8.4.2
DISTRIBUTION
ROOM
AND
ELECTRICAL
DESIGN
*
336
8.4.3
SELECTION
OF
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
*
337
8.4.3.1
STORAGE
BATTERY
-----
337
5.4.3.2
CONTROLLER
-----
337
8.43.3
INVERTER
-----
337
8.43.4
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
DEVICE
-----
338
8.43.5
FIRE
SAFETY
-----
338
8.5
OTHER
DESIGNS
-----
338
REFERENCES
*
339
EXERCISES
*
340
CHAPTER
9
PV
PROJECTS
CONSTRUCTION,
ACCEPTANCE,
AND
MAINTENANCE
*
343
9.1
INSTALLATION
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
SYSTEM
*
343
9.1.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
INSTALLATION
*
344
9.1.2
INSTALLATION
OF
PV
ARRAYS
*
344
9.1.2.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
PV
ARRAY
INSTALLATION
*
344
9.1.2.2
SITE
INSTALLATION
-----
346
9.1.23
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
[6]
-------
349
9.1.3
INSTALLATION
OF
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
*
349
9.13.1
TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENT
*
349
9.13.2
INSTALLATION
LOCATION
*
351
9.1.33
WIRING
CONNECTION
------
351
9.13.4
WIRING
SEQUENCE
-----
352
9.1.4
INSTALLATION
OF
STORAGE
BATTERY
PACKS
*
353
9.1.4.1
INSTALLATION
PRECAUTIONS
*
353
9.1.4.2 SET-UP
FOR
BATTERY
ROOM
*
353
9.1.43
CONNECTION
WIRE
-----
354
9.1.4.4
PREPARATION
OF
ELECTROLYTE
*
354
9.2
COMMISSIONING
OF
PV
SYSTEMS
-----
354
9.2.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
COMMISSIONING
*
354
9.2.2
COMMISSIONING
OF
PV
ARRAY
-----
355
CONTENTS
*
XXI
9.2.2.1
GENERAL
REVIEW
*
355
9.2.2.2
INSPECTION
AND
MEASUREMENT
FOR
PV
ARRAYS
*
355
9.2.2.3
PV
STRING
TEST
------
356
9.2.3
COMMISSIONING
OF
CONTROLLER
*
357
9.2.3.1
DOCUMENTATION
CHECK
*
357
9
2.3.2
PERFORMANCE
TESTING
------
357
9
2.3.3
CONNECTING
WIRES
------
358
9.2.4
COMMISSIONING
OF
OFF-GRID
SYSTEM
INVERTER
*
358
9.2.5
COMMISSIONING
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
INVERTER
*
359
9.2.5.1
PERFORMANCE
TESTING
-----
359
9
2.5.2
CONNECTING
WIRES
------
365
9.3
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PV
PROJECT
*
365
9.3.1
ACCEPTANCE
OF
SUBENGINEERING
PROJECTS
*
366
9.3.1.1
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
-----
366
9.3.1.2
INSTALLATION
ENGINEERING
*
366
9.3.1.3
OTHER
SUBENGINEERING
PROJECTS
-----
367
9.3.2
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
START-UP
------
367
9.3.3
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
COMMISSIONING
AND
TRANSFER
*
368
9.3.4
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
COMPLETION
-----
368
9.4
MAINTENANCE
AND
MANAGEMENT
FOR
PV
SYSTEMS
*
368
9.4.1
ROUTINE
MAINTENANCE
*
369
9.4.1.1
ARRAY
INSPECTION
-----
369
9.4.1.2
EQUIPMENT
INSPECTION
-----
369
9.4.1.3
BATTERY
MAINTENANCE
*
369
9.4.2
PERIODICAL
INSPECTION
*
369
REFERENCES
*
371
EXERCISES
-----
371
CHAPTER
10
APPLICATIONS
OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS
*
373
10.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
GROUND
PV
SYSTEMS
*
373
10.1.1
PICO
PV
SYSTEM
-----
373
10.1.2
OFF-GRID
RESIDENTIAL
SYSTEM
-----
376
10.1.3
OFF-GRID
NONRESIDENTIAL
SYSTEM
-----
378
10.1.3.1
PV
PUMP
-----
378
10.1.3.1.1
PV
PUMP
MAIN
COMPONENTS
*
379
10.1.3.1.2
PV
WATER
PUMP
DESIGN
-----
379
10.1.3.2
SOLAR
FAN
HAT
*
381
10.1.3.3
COMMUNICATION
PV
POWER
-----
382
10.1.3.4
OFF-GRID
POWER
SOURCE
-----
385
10.1.3.4.1
SOLAR
BEACON
LIGHT
*
385
10.1.3.4.2
CATHODIC
PROTECTION
POWER
SUPPLY
FOR
OIL
AND
GAS
PIPELINES
*
386
XXII
CONTENTS
10.1.3.5
EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
AND
DISASTER
RELIEF
POWER
SUPPLY
*
387
10.1.3.6
TRANSPORTATION
POWER
*
387
10.1.3.6.1
SOLAR
AIRCRAFT
-----
387
10.1.3.6.2
SOLAR
YACHT
-----
393
10.1.3.6.3
SOLAR-POWERED
CAR
*
393
10.1.3.7
LIGHTING
POWER
-----
397
10.1.4
GRID-CONNECTED
DISTRIBUTED
SYSTEM
*
398
10.1.4.1
INTEGRATION
OF
PV
AND
BUILDINGS
*
399
10.1.4.1.1
BUILDING-ATTACHED
PV
(BAPV)-----
401
10.1.4.1.2
BUILDING-INTEGRATED
PV
*
401
10.1.4.2
PV
NOISE
BARRIER
SYSTEM
*
405
10.1.4.3
FLOATING
PV
SYSTEM
-----
410
10.1.4.4
AGRICULTURAL
PV
-----
413
10.1.4.5
SOLAR
ROAD
*
415
10.1.5
CENTRALIZED
GRID-CONNECTED
SYSTEM
*
419
10.1.6
HYBRID
PV
SYSTEM
*
422
10.1.6.1
PV-DIESEL
HYBRID
POWER
SYSTEM
*
422
10.1.6.2
PV-WIND
HYBRID
POWER
SYSTEM
-----
423
10.2
SPACE
PV
POWER
STATION
-----
424
REFERENCES
*
426
EXERCISES
-----
427
CHAPTER
11
BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1
ECONOMIC
BENEFITS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1.1
THE
COST
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1.1.1
CALCULATION
OF
LCOE
*
429
11.1.1.1.1
METHODS
OF
CALCULATING
LCOE
*
429
11.1.1.1.2
CALCULATING
PV
LCOE
-----
431
11.1.1.2
SPECIFIC
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
*
433
11.1.1.2.1
INPUT
SECTION
-----
433
11.1.1.2.2
OUTPUT
SECTION
-----
434
11.1.2
HISTORY
AND
PROSPECTS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
COST
*
438
11.2
PV
ENERGY
PAYBACK
TIME
*
441
11.2.1
ENERGY
PAYBACK
TIME
*
441
11.2.2
OVERVIEW
OF
WORLDWIDE
SITUATIONS
*
443
11.2.2.1
ALSEMA
E
A
-----
443
11.2.2.2
IEA-PVPS
JOINT
REPORT
------
447
11.2.2.3
IEA-PVPS
TASK
12
------
448
11.2.3
CALCULATION
METHODS
FOR
RELEVANT
PARAMETERS
*
451
11.2.3.1
ANNUAL
OUTPUT
ENERGY
FROM
A
PV
SYSTEM
*
451
CONTENTS
*
XXIII
11.2.3.2
THE
TOTAL
ENERGY
INPUT
IN
DURING
THE
LIFETIME
OF
THE
PV
SYSTEM
-----
452
11.2.3.3
CALCULATE
EPBT
-----
452
11.3
PV
POWER
GENERATION
TO
REDUCE
CO
2
EMISSION
*
455
11.3.1
GREENHOUSE
GAS
EMITTED
BY
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
*
455
11.3.2
CO
2
EMISSION
FACTORS
*
456
11.3.2.1
FUEL
CO
2
EMISSION
FACTOR
-----
456
11.3.2.2
C0
2
EMISSION
FACTOR
FOR
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
*
456
11.3.3
PV
POTENTIAL
MITIGATION
-----
458
11.4
OTHER
BENEFITS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
463
11.4.1
INCREASE
JOB
OPPORTUNITIES
*
463
11.4.2
SAVE
FUEL
SOURCES
*
465
11.4.3
REDUCE
POWER
TRANSMISSION
LOSS
*
465
11.4.4
ENSURE
RELIABLE
ENERGY
SUPPLY
*
466
REFERENCES
*
466
EXERCISES
*
467
PRACTICE
ANSWERS
*
469
INDEX
-----
471
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
*
V
BRIEF
INTRODUCTION
*
VII
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
*
1
1.1
THE
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
DEVELOPING
AND
UTILIZING
SOLAR
ENERGY
-----
1
1.1.1
FOSSIL
FUELS
ARE
FACING
A
CRISIS
OF
DEPLETION
*
1
1.1.2
PROTECTING
THE
ECOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
GETS
ATTENTION
*
5
1.1.3
LIMITATIONS
OF
CONVENTIONAL
POWER
GRIDS
*
13
1.2
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
15
1.2.1
ADVANTAGES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
15
1.2.2
DISADVANTAGES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
16
1.2.3
TYPES
OF
SOLAR
ENERGY
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
17
1.2.3.1
CONCENTRATOR
SOLAR
POWER
GENERATION
*
17
1.2.3.1.1
SOLAR
TROUGH
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
-----
17
1.2.3.1.2
SOLAR
TOWER
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
*
18
1.2.3.1.3
SOLAR
DISH-TYPE
THERMAL
POWER
GENERATION
*
18
1.2.3.2
SOLAR
PV
ELECTRICAL
GENERATION
*
18
1.3
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
WORLD
*
S
PV
INDUSTRY
IN
RECENT
YEARS
*
19
1.3.1
PV
CELL
PRODUCTION
-----
19
1.3.2
PV
APPLICATION
MARKET
-----
22
1.4
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
CHINA
*
S
PV
INDUSTRY
-----
25
1.5
PV
POWER
GENERATION
BY
SOME
COUNTRIES
*
ORGANIZATIONS
*
26
1.5.1
JAPAN
-----26
1.5.2
EUROPEAN
UNION
-----
27
1.5.3
INTERNATIONAL
PV
TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP
STEERING
COMMITTEE
*
31
1.5.4
USA
-----
32
1.5.5
CHINA
-----
33
1.5.6
INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY
AGENCY
*
35
REFERENCES
*
38
EXERCISES
-----
39
CHAPTER
2
SOLAR
RADIATION
*
41
2.1
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
SUN
-----
41
2.2
THE
RELATIVE
MOVEMENT
OF
THE
SUN
AND
THE
EARTH
*
43
2.2.1
THE
OVERVIEW
OF
THE
EARTH
-----
43
2.2.2
APPARENT
SOLAR
TIME
*
44
2.2.3
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
PATTERNS
-----
47
X
*
CONTENTS
2.3
CELESTIAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
*
47
2.3.1
EQUATORIAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
*
48
2.3.1.1
HOUR
ANGLE
A
-------
48
2.3.1.2
SUN
DECLINATION
ANGLE
S
-------49
2.3.2
HORIZONTAL
COORDINATE
SYSTEM
-----
50
2.3.2.1
ZENITH
ANGLE
0
Z
----
51
2.3.2.2
ALTITUDE
ANGLE
A
S
------
51
2.3.2.3
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
Y
S
------
51
2.3.3
THE
CALCULATION
OF
SOLAR
PARAMETERS
*
51
2.3.3.1
THE
CALCULATION
OF
ALTITUDE
ANGLE
*
51
2.3.3.2
THE
CALCULATION
OF
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
----
52
2.3.3.3
THE
HOUR
ANGLE
AT
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
U
S
----
53
2.3.3.4
SUNSHINE
DURATION
N
------
53
23.3.5
AZIMUTH
ANGLE
AT
SUNRISE
AND
SUNSET
-----
54
2.33.6
SOLAR
INCIDENCE
ANGLE
-----
54
2.4 ANGLE
OF
TRACKING
SURFACE
*
56
2.5
SOLAR
RADIATION
-----
59
2.5.1
SOLAR
RADIATION
OUTSIDE
THE
ATMOSPHERE
*
59
2.5.1.1
SOLAR
CONSTANT
------
59
2.5.1.2
SOLAR
RADIATION
REACHING
EXTRATERRESTRIAL
SURFACE
*
60
2.5.13
AIR
MASS
------
63
2.5.2
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
AT
THE
GROUND
SURFACE
*
65
2.5.2.1
ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPARENCY
-----
65
2.5.2.2 NORMAL
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
AT
THE
GROUND
SURFACE
*
66
2.5.23
DIRECT
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
66
2.5.2.4
DIFFUSE
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
THE
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
67
2.5.2.5
TOTAL
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
ON
THE
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
*
67
2.5.2.6
CLARITY
INDEX
------67
2.5.2.7
THE
RATIO
OF
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.1
THE
RATIO
OF
HOURLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.2
THE
RATIO
OF
DAILY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
-----
68
2.5.2.7.3
RATIO
OF
MONTHLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
TO
TOTAL
IRRADIATION
*
69
2.5.3
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
SURFACES
-----
70
2.53.1
HOURLY
SOLAR
BEAM
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
SURFACES
/
T
,B
*
70
2.53.2
RATIO
OF
HOURLY
BEAM
RADIATION
ON
TILTED
TO
HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
R
B
*
71
2.5.33
HOURLY
DIFFUSE
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-----
72
2.53.4
GROUND
REFLECTED
IRRADIATION
-----
72
2.53.5
TOTAL
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-
SKY
ISOTROPIC
MODEL
-----
73
2.53.6
TOTAL
HOURLY
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANES
-
SKY
ANISOTROPY
MODEL
-----
73
CONTENTS
*
XI
2.5.3.6.1
HDKR
MODEL
-----
73
2.5.3.6.2
PEREZ
MODEL
------
74
2.5.4
MONTHLY
MEAN
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
ON
TILT
PLANE
*
75
2.5.4.1
SKY
ISOTROPIC
MODEL
-----
75
2.5.4.2
SKY
ANISOTROPY
MODEL
---
76
2.5.4.2.1
KLEIN
AND
THEILACKER
*
S
METHOD
-----
76
2.5.4.2.2
RETSCREEN
METHOD
*
79
REFERENCES
*
81
EXERCISES
*
81
CHAPTER
3
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
PV
CELLS
-----83
3.1.1
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
SUBSTRATE
MATERIALS
*
83
3.1.1.1
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1.1.2
MONOCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
83
3.1.1.3
POLYCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
84
3.1.1.4
QUASI-MONOCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELL
*
84
3.1.1.5
SILICON-BASED
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
84
3.1.1.5.1
AMORPHOUS
SILICON
PV
CELLS
-----
84
3.1.1.5.2
MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON
(PC-SI)
PV
CELLS
-----
85
3.1.1.5.3
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
-----
86
3.1.1.5.3.1
MONOCRYSTALLINE
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.1.5.3.2
POLYCRYSTALLINE
COMPOUND
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.2
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.2.1
HOMOJUNCTION
PV
CELLS
------
86
3.1.2.2
HETEROJUNCTION
PV
CELLS
-------
86
3.1.2.3
SCHOTTKY
JUNCTION
PV
CELLS
------
86
3.1.2.4
COMPOSITE
JUNCTION
PV
CELLS
*
86
3.1.3
CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING
TO
THE
APPLICATION
OF
PV
CELLS
*
87
3.1.3.1
SPACE
PV
CELLS
-----87
3.1.3.2
TERRESTRIAL
PV
CELLS
*
87
3.2
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
OF
PV
CELLS
-----87
3.2.1
SEMICONDUCTOR
-----87
3.2.2
BANDGAP
STRUCTURE
-----
89
3.2.3
INTRINSIC
SEMICONDUCTORS
AND
DOPED
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
91
3.2.4
N-TYPE
AND
P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
94
3.2.4.1
N-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
*
94
3.2.4.2
P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS
------
95
3.2.5
P-N
JUNCTIONS
-----
96
3.2.5.1
THE
MAJORITY
CARRIER
DIFFUSION
MOTION
*
96
3.2.5.2
MINORITY
CARRIER
DRIFT
MOTION
------
96
XII
CONTENTS
3.2.6
PHOTOVOLTAIC
EFFECT
*
97
3.2.7
PV
CELL
PHOTOELECTRIC
CONVERSION
PRINCIPLE
*
99
3.2.8
STRUCTURE
OF
CRYSTALLINE
SILICON
PV
CELLS
*
100
3.3
PV
CELL
ELECTRICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
*
101
3.3.1
STANDARD
TEST
CONDITIONS
*
101
3.3.2
PV
CELL
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
*
101
3.3.3
THE
MAIN
TECHNICAL
PARAMETERS
OF
PV
CELLS
*
104
3.3.3.1
CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CURVE
*
104
3.3.3
2
MAXIMUM
POWER
POINT
*
104
3.3.3
3
OPEN-CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE
*
107
3.3.3.4
SHORT-CIRCUIT
CURRENT
*
107
3.3.3
5
FILL
FACTOR
(CURVE
FACTOR)
*
107
3.3.3.6
PV
CELL
CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY
*
108
33.3.7
CURRENT
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
108
3.3.3
8
VOLTAGE
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
111
3.3.3
9
POWER
TEMPERATURE
COEFFICIENT
*
111
3.3.3.10
EFFECT
OF
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
*
113
3.3.4
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PV
CELL
CONVERSION
EFFICIENCY
*
114
3.3.4.1
BANDGAP
*
114
33.4.2
TEMPERATURE
------
115
3.3.43
MINORITY
CARRIER
LIFETIME
*
116
33.4.4
LIGHT
INTENSITY
-----
116
33.4.5
DOPING
CONCENTRATION
AND
PROFILE
DISTRIBUTION
*
116
33.4.6
SURFACE
RECOMBINATION
RATE
*
117
33.4.7
SERIES
AND
SHUNT
RESISTORS
*
118
33.4.8
ABSORPTION
OF
LIGHT
-----
119
REFERENCES
*
120
EXERCISES
*
120
CHAPTER
4
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
123
4.1
INTRODUCTION
*
123
4.1.1
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
123
4.1.1.1
LOW
PRODUCTION
COST
-----
123
4.1.1.2
LESS
MATERIAL
*
123
4.1.13
SIMPLE
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
*
123
4.1.1.4
LOWER
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION
DURING
PRODUCTION
*
124
4.1.1.5
BETTER
HIGH-TEMPERATURE
PERFORMANCE
*
124
4.1.1.6
BETTER
LOW
IRRADIANCE
PERFORMANCE
*
124
4.1.1.7
SUITABLE
FOR
BIPV
-----
124
4.1.2
CATEGORIES
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
*
125
4.2
AMORPHOUS
SILICON
PV
CELL
-----
125
CONTENTS
*
XIII
4.2.1
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY
OF
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
125
4.2.2
STRUCTURE
OF
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
126
4.2.2.1
SINGLE-JUNCTION
A-SI
PV
CELL
-----
126
4.2.2.2
MULTIJUNCTION
PV
CELL
-----
128
4.2.2.2.1
A-SI/A-SI
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
128
4.2.2.2.2
A-SI/A-SIGE
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
128
4.2.2.23
A-SI/PC-SI
DOUBLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
[5]
-----
130
4.2.2.2.4
A-SI/A-SIGE/A-SIGE
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
*
132
4.2.2.2.5
A-SI/A-SIGE/PC-SI
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
132
4.2.2.2.6
A-SI/NC-SI/PC-SI
TRIPLE-JUNCTION
STRUCTURE
-----
134
4.2.3
FABRICATION
OF
A-SI
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
134
4.2.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
A-SI
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
134
4.3
CADMIUM
TELLURIDE
PV
CELL
*
135
4.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CDTE
MATERIALS
AND
CELLS
*
135
4.3.2
STRUCTURE
OF
CDTE
PV
CELL
-----
136
4.3.3
MANUFACTURING
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELLS
-----
138
4.3.3.1
MANUFACTURE
PROCESS
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
138
4.33.2
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PREPARATION
PROCESS
*
138
4.33.2.1
VAPOR
TRANSPORT
DEPOSITION
-----
138
4.33.2.2
CLOSED-SPACE
SUBLIMATION
-----
140
4.3.3.23
MAGNETRON
SPUTTERING
-----
140
4.3.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
CDTE
THIN-FILM
PV
MODULES
*
141
4.4
COPPER
INDIUM
GALLIUM
SELENIDE
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
142
4.4.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CIGS
PV
CELL
*
143
4.4.2
STRUCTURE
OF
A
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
143
4.4.3
FABRICATION
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
144
4.43.1
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
-----
144
4.43.2
PREPARATION
OF
CIGS
FILM
*
145
4.43.2.1
MULTICOMPONENT
CO-DISTILLATION
-----
146
4.43.2.2
SPUTTERING
AND
SELENIZATION
-----
148
4.4.4
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
CIGS
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
149
4.5
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELLS
-----
152
4.5.1
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELL
*
152
4.5.2
FEATURES
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
CELL
-----
154
4.5.3
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
PEROVSKITE
PV
TECHNOLOGY
AND
ITS
PROBLEMS
-----
155
4.6
DYE-SENSITIZED
CELL
*
157
4.7
ORGANIC
SEMICONDUCTOR
PV
CELL
*
160
4.8
MARKET
AND
DEVELOPMENT
PROSPECTS
OF
THIN-FILM
PV
CELL
*
160
REFERENCES
*
161
EXERCISES
*
162
XIV
*
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
5
CONCENTRATOR
PV
AND
SOLAR
TRACKER
*
163
5.1
CPV
POWER
GENERATION
*
163
5.1.1
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
CPV
*
164
5.1.1.1
ADVANTAGES
------
164
5.1.1.2
DISADVANTAGES
-----
165
5.1.2
CPV
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
*
165
5.1.2.1
CPV
CELLS
-----
165
5.1.2.2
CONCENTRATOR
-----
168
5.1.2.3
SOLAR
TRACKER
*
173
5.1.2.4
COOLING
COMPONENTS
-----
174
5.1.3
CPV
SYSTEMS
*
176
5.1.3.1
LOW-CONCENTRATION
PV
(LCPV)
-----
178
5.1.3.2
MEDIUM-CONCENTRATION
PHOTOVOLTAIC
(MCPV)
*
181
5.1.3.3
HCPV
SYSTEM
-----
183
5.1.4
CURRENT
SITUATION
OF
CPV
------
189
5.2
SOLAR
TRACKER
SYSTEM
*
190
5.2.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
TRACKERS
*
190
5.2.1.1
BY
APPLICATION
------
190
5.2.1.2
BY
NUMBER
OF
AXES
-----
191
5.2.1.3
BY
DRIVING
POWER
-----
194
5.2.1.4
BY
CONTROL
TYPE
------
194
5.2.2
APPLICATION
OF
TRACKING
SYSTEM
*
195
REFERENCES
*
199
EXERCISES
-----
199
CHAPTER
6
PV
MODULE
MANUFACTURING
*
201
6.1
SILICON
MATERIAL
MANUFACTURING
*
201
6.1.1
MG-SI
MANUFACTURING
-----
202
6.1.2
HIGH-PURITY
POLY
C-SI
MANUFACTURING
-----
202
6.1.2.1
MODIFIED
SIEMENS
METHOD
-----203
6.1.2.1.1
SYNTHESIS
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
------
204
6.1.2.1.2
PURIFICATION
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
BY
DISTILLATION
-----
204
6.1.2.1.3
REDUCTION
OF
TRICHLOROSILANE
------
205
6.1.2.1.4
SILICON
TETRACHLORIDE
HYDROGENATION
-----
206
6.1.2.2
FLUIDIZED
BED
REACTOR
METHOD
------
207
6.1.2.3
SILANE
THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION
------
208
6.2
C-SI
GROWTH
TECHNOLOGY
-----
208
6.2.1
MONO
C-SI
GROWTH
TECHNOLOGY
------
210
6.2.1.1
CZOCHRALSKI
METHOD
-----
210
6.2.1.1.1
MELTING
-----
211
CONTENTS
*
XV
6.2.1.1.2
SEEDING
------
211
6.2.1.13
LEADING
------
212
6.2.1.1.4
SHOULDERING
-----
212
6.2.1.1.5
EQUALING
DIAMETER
*
212
6.2.1.1.6
ENDING
------
212
6.2.1.1.7
COOLING
------
212
6.2.1.2
ZONE
MELTING
METHOD
*
212
6.2.13
MAGNETIC
FIELD
APPLIED
CZOCHRALSKI
METHOD
*
213
6.2.2
CASTING
POLYCRYSTALLINE
METHOD
*
214
6.2.2.1
BRIDGEMAN
METHOD
*
215
6.2.2.2
HEM-HEAT
EXCHANGE
METHOD
------
215
6.2.23
ELECTROMAGNETIC
CASTING
METHOD
----
216
6.2.2.4
CASTING
TECHNOLOGY
*
217
6.23
CASTING
MONO
C-SI
METHOD
*
218
6.23.1
SEEDLESS
CRYSTAL
INGOT
*
218
6.23.2
SEED
CRYSTAL
INGOT
-----
219
6.3
C-SI
PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGY
*
219
6.3.1
C-SI
SQUARE
CUT
*
220
6.3.2
C-SI
WAFER
-----
220
6.4
CRYSTAL
SILICON
PV
CELL
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY
*
221
6.4.1
SURFACE
TEXTURING
-----
222
6.4.2
DIFFUSION
JUNCTION
PROCESS
-----
226
6.4.3
EDGE
ISOLATION
*
228
6.4.4
REMOVE
PHOSPHOSILICATE
GLASS
-----
229
6.4.5
DEPOSITION
ANTIREFLECTION
FILM
-----
229
6.4.6
SCREEN
PRINTING
ELECTRODE
*
231
6.4.7
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
SINTERING
-----
232
6.4.8
PV
CELL
I
*
V
CHARACTERISTICS
TEST
*
233
6.5
PV
MODULE
PACKAGING
------
235
6.5.1
PV
MODULE
PACKAGING
MATERIALS
*
237
6.5.1.1
PV
GLASS
------
237
6.5.1.2
ENCAPSULATION
MATERIAL
-----
238
6.5.13
BACKSHEET
MATERIAL
*
239
6.5.1.4
FRAME
-----
239
6.5.1.5
JUNCTION
BOX
-----
239
6.5.1.6
SOLDER
RIBBON
*
239
6.5.1.7
OTHER
MATERIALS
------
240
6.5.2
PV
MODULE
PACKAGE
PROCESS
-----
240
6.5.2.1
CELL
SORTING
------
240
63.2.2
STRING
SOLDERING
-----
241
6.5.23
STACKS
-----
241
63.2.4
LAMINATION
------
241
XVI
*
CONTENTS
6.5.2.S
6.S.2.6
6.S.2.7
6.5.2.S
TRIMMING
-----
242
INSTALL
FRAME
*
242
INSTALL
JUNCTION
BOX
-----
243
TESTING
-----243
REFERENCES
*
243
EXERCISE
-----
244
CHAPTER
7
COMPONENTS
OF
A
PV
SYSTEM
*
245
7.1
PV
ARRAY
-----
245
7.2
DIODE
-----
246
7.2.1
BLOCKING
(ANTI-BACKFLOW)
DIODES
*
246
7.2.2
BYPASS
DIODE
-----
246
7.3
ENERGY
STORAGE
EQUIPMENT
*
247
7.3.1
MAINSTREAM
ENERGY
STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY
*
247
7.3.1.1
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.1
PUMPED
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.2
FLYWHEEL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
248
7.3.1.1.3
COMPRESSED
AIR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
250
7.3.1.2
ELECTROCHEMICAL
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
250
7.3.1.2.1
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
250
7.3.1.2.2
SODIUM-SULFUR
BATTERY
-----
251
7.3.1.2.3
FLOW
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.2.4
SODIUM/NICKEL
CHLORIDE
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.2.5
LITHIUM-ION
BATTERY
*
252
7.3.1.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
253
7.3.1.3.1
SUPERCONDUCTING
MAGNETIC
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
253
7.3.1.3.2
SUPERCAPACITOR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
254
7.3.1.3.3
HIGH-ENERGY
CAPACITOR
ENERGY
STORAGE
*
254
7.3.2
BATTERIES
FOR
PV
SYSTEMS
*
256
7.3.2.1
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
256
7.3.2.1.1
BASIC
STRUCTURE
-----
257
7.3.2.1.2
MODEL
CODE
-----
258
7.3.2.2
MAINTENANCE-FREE
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
259
73.13
VALVE-REGULATED
SEALED
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
*
259
7.3.2.4
LEAD-ACID
BATTERY
PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
*
260
7.3.2.4.1
BATTERY
VOLTAGE
*
260
7.3.2.4.2
BATTERY
CAPACITY
-----
261
7.3.2.4.2.1
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
BATTERY
CAPACITY
AND
DISCHARGE
RATE
*
261
73.2.4.2.2
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
BATTERY
CAPACITY
AND
TEMPERATURE
*
262
CONTENTS
*
XVII
7.3.2.4.3
BATTERY
EFFICIENCY
-----
262
7.3.2.4.4
BATTERY
SELF-DISCHARGE
------
263
7.3.2.4.5
BATTERY
DISCHARGE
DEPTH
AND
CHARGE
STATE
-----
264
73.2.4.6
BATTERY
LIFE
-----
265
7.4
CONTROLLER
-----
266
7.4.1
TYPES
OF
CONTROLLERS
------
266
7.4.1.1
CONTROLLER
CLASSIFICATION
------
266
7.4.1.1.1
PULSE-WIDTH
MODULATION
(PWM)
CONTROLLER
IN
PARALLEL
CONNECTION
-----
266
7.4.1.1.2
PWM
CONTROLLER
IN
SERIES
CONNECTION
-----
267
7.4.1.1.3
MAXIMUM
POWER
POINT
TRACKING
CONTROLLER
*
267
7.4.1.2
COMPARISON
OF
THREE
CONTROLLERS
*
268
7.4.1.2.1
PWM
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.1.2.2
MAXIMUM
POWER
TRACKING
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.2
THE
MAIN
FUNCTIONS
OF
THE
CONTROLLER
-----
268
7.4.2.1
BATTERY
CHARGE
AND
DISCHARGE
MANAGEMENT
*
268
7.4.2.2
EQUIPMENT
PROTECTION
FUNCTIONS
*
269
7.4.2.2.1
LOAD
SHORT-CIRCUIT/OVERLOAD
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.2
INTERNAL
SHORT-CIRCUIT
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.23
REVERSE
DISCHARGE
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.4
REVERSE
POLARITY
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.2.2.5
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
-----
269
7.4.23
PV
SYSTEM
STATUS
DISPLAY
-----
269
7.4.2.4
PV
SYSTEM
DATA
AND
INFORMATION
STORAGE
*
270
7.4.2.5
PV
SYSTEM
FAULT
HANDLING
AND
ALARM
*
270
7.4.2.6
PV
SYSTEM
REMOTE
MONITORING
AND
CONTROL
*
270
7.4.3
MAIN
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATIONS
OF
CONTROLLERS
*
270
7.43.1
QUIESCENT
CURRENT
-----
270
7.43.2
LOOP
VOLTAGE
DROP
-----
270
7.4.33
VIBRATION
RESISTANCE
*
271
7.43.4
HIGH
VOLTAGE
RESISTANCE
-----
271
7.43.5
HIGH
CURRENT
RESISTANCE
-----
271
7.5
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
271
7.5.1
TYPE
OF
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
271
7.5.2
MAIN
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
*
273
7.5.3
HOW
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTER
WORKS?
-----
274
7.5.4 MAIN
FUNCTIONS
OF
GRID-CONNECT
PV
INVERTERS
-----
276
7.5.4.1
MPPT
CONTROL
-----
276
7.5.4.2
GRID
CONNECTION
-----
277
7.5.5
SYSTEM
PROTECTION
FUNCTION
-----
279
7.5.5.1
PID
PROTECTION
-----
280
7.5.5.2
ANTI-ISLANDING
FUNCTION
-----
281
XVIII
*
CONTENTS
7.5.6
OTHER
ASPECTS
*
281
REFERENCES
*
282
EXERCISES
*
283
CHAPTER
8
PHOTOVOLTAIC
POWER
GENERATION
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
285
8.1
MAIN
TARGET
OF
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
285
8.1.1
DEFINITION
AND
CLASSIFICATION
OF
PV
SYSTEMS
*
285
8.1.2
TARGET
AND
REQUIREMENT
OF
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
286
8.2
DESIGN
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
286
8.2.1
THE
CAPACITY
DESIGN
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
286
8.2.1.1
FACTORS
THAT
DETERMINE
THE
ELECTRIC
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
*
286
8.2.1.1.1
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
*
286
8.2.1.1.2
PERFORMANCE
RATIO
(PR)
-----
287
8.2.1.1.3
SOLAR
IRRADIATION
*
289
8.2.1.2 ESTIMATE
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
FOR
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
290
8.2.1.2.1
CONFIRM
THE
SITE
PARAMETERS
*
290
8.2.1.2.2
OBTAINED
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGEL
-----
290
8.2.1.2.3
SET
THE
PR
-----
292
8.2.1.2.4
CALCULATION
EQUATION
-----
293
8.2.1.2.5
OBTAIN
THE
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
293
8.2.1.3
INTRODUCTION
OF
COMMON
DESIGN
SOFTWARE
*
295
8.2.2
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
POWER
STATION
AND
GRID-CONNECTION
*
299
8.2.2.1
REQUIREMENT
OF
GRID
CONNECTION
FOR
PV
POWER
STATION
*
299
8.2.2.1.1
HARMONIC
AND
WAVEFORM
DISTORTION
*
299
8.2.2.1.2
VOLTAGE
DEVIATION
-----
299
8.2.2.1.3
VOLTAGE
FLUCTUATION
AND
FLICKER
-----
300
8.2.2.1.4
DEGREE
OF
VOLTAGE
UNBALANCE
*
301
8.2.2.1.5
DC
COMPONENT
-----
301
8.2.2.1.6
POWER
FACTOR
*
301
8.2.2.2
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
302
8.2.2.2.1
SINGLE-BRANCH
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
*
302
8.2.2.2.2
MULTIBRANCH
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
-----
302
8.2.2.2.3
PARALLEL-CONNECTED
GRID-CONNECTED
TYPE
*
303
8.2.2.3
GRID
CONNECTION
METHOD
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
303
8.2.2.3.1
SMALL-SCALE
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
*
303
8.2.2.3.1.1
*
NET
METERING
*
METHOD
-----
304
8.2.2.3.1.2
FEED-IN
TARIFF
METHOD
-----
305
8.2.2.3.2
LARGE-
AND
MEDIUM-SIZED
PV
POWER
STATIONS
*
305
8.2.3
BASIC
FLOWCHART
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
308
8.2.3.1
COLLECTING
PRIMARY
DATA
*
308
5.2.3.2
SITE
SELECTION
AND
INVESTIGATION
*
308
CONTENTS
*
XIX
8.2.33
GENERAL
LAYOUT
ARRANGEMENT
*
308
8.23.4
DETERMINE
EQUIPMENT
CONFIGURATION
AND
MODEL
*
309
8.23.5
SELECT
THE
APPROPRIATE
GRID
INVERTER
-----
309
8.23.6
DETERMINE
THE
GRID-CONNECTION
METHOD
OF
PV
SYSTEM
*
311
8.23.7
DETERMINE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
MODULES
CONNECTED
IN
SERIES
AND
PARALLEL
*
311
8.23.8
CALCULATE
THE
OPTIMAL
PV
ARRAY
TILT
ANGLE
*
311
8.23.9
CONDUCT
OVERALL
DESIGN
OF
THE
PROJECT
SITE
TO
DETERMINE
THE
LAYOUT
OF
PV
ARRAYS
*
312
8.2.3.10
ANALYZE
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
DISTRIBUTED
ACCESS
CAPACITY
ON
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
*
312
8.2.3.11
ASSESS
COSTS
AND
BENEFITS
*
312
8.3
THE
DESIGN
OF
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
*
312
8.3.1
REQUIREMENTS
OF
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
*
313
8.3.2
TECHNICAL
CONDITIONS
-----
313
83.2.1
LOAD
PROPERTIES
*
313
83.2.2
THE
CONCEPT
OF
SEVERAL
KINDS
OF
SUNSHINE
*
314
83.2.2.1
POSSIBLE
SUNSHINE
DURATION
*
314
83.2.2.2
SUNSHINE
DURATION
-----
314
8.3.2.23
PERCENTAGE
OF
SUNSHINE
*
315
83.2.2.4
TWILIGHT
DURATION
-----
315
83.2.2.5
PEAK
SUN
HOUR
-----
315
8.3.23
TEMPERATURE
EFFECT
*
316
83.2.4
BATTERY AUTONOMY
DAYS
*
317
8.3.3
SELECTION
OF
PV
ARRAY
TILT
ANGLE
*
317
8.33.1
PV
ARRAY
SHOULD
BE
PLACED
AS
TILT
IF
POSSIBLE
*
317
8.33.2
DETERMINE
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGLE
*
318
8.3.4
DESIGN
OF
BALANCED
LOAD
PV
SYSTEMS
*
319
83.4.1
DETERMINE
THE
LOAD
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION
*
319
83.4.2
CALCULATE
SOLAR
RADIATION
ON
THE
PV
ARRAY
*
319
8.3.43
CALCULATE
MONTHLY
SURPLUS
OR
DEFICIT
OF
POWER
GENERATION
-----
320
83.4.4
DETERMINE
THE
CUMULATIVE
DEFICIT
AMOUNT
J
I-ZJQ,-I
-----
321
83.4.5
DETERMINE
OUTPUT
CURRENT
OF
THE
PV
ARRAY
-----
321
83.4.6
CALCULATE
THE
OPTIMAL
TILT
ANGLE
*
322
83.4.7
OBTAIN
CAPACITY
OF
BATTERY
AND
PV
ARRAY
*
322
83.4.8
DECIDE
THE
BEST
CONFIGURATION
-----
322
83.4.9
CASE
ANALYSIS
-----
324
8.3.4.10
OFF-GRID
PV
SYSTEM
CAPACITY
DISCUSSION
------
327
8.3.5
DESIGN
PV
SYSTEMS
WITH
SEASONAL
LOAD
*
328
8.3.6
PV
SYSTEM
DESIGN
FOR
LOAD
WITH
SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS
*
329
8.4
PV
POWER
SYSTEM
HARDWARE
DESIGN
*
330
8.4.1
SITE
LAYOUT
-----
330
XX
*
CONTENTS
8.4.1.1
LENGTH
OF
OBSTRUCTER
SHADOWS
*
331
8.4.1.2
MINIMUM
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
TWO
ROWS
-----
333
8.4.1.3
LAYOUT
OF
PV
ARRAYS
-----
334
8.4.1.3.1
THE
MINIMUM
HEIGHT
BETWEEN
THE
GROUND
AND
THE
LOWEST
POINT
OF
PV
MODULE
IS
0.3
M
-----
334
8.4.1.3.2
CALCULATE
THE
DISTANCE
BETWEEN
TWO
ROWS
*
334
8.4.1.3.3
CALCULATE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
ROWS
*
335
8.4.1.3.4
CALCULATE
THE
NUMBER
OF
PV
MODULES
IN
EACH
ROW
*
335
8.4.1.3.5
CALCULATE
THE
TOTAL
POWER
OF
INSTALLED
MODULES
*
335
8.4.1.4
DESIGN
OF
ARRAY
RACKS
*
336
8.4.2
DISTRIBUTION
ROOM
AND
ELECTRICAL
DESIGN
*
336
8.4.3
SELECTION
OF
AUXILIARY
EQUIPMENT
*
337
8.4.3.1
STORAGE
BATTERY
-----
337
5.4.3.2
CONTROLLER
-----
337
8.43.3
INVERTER
-----
337
8.43.4
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
DEVICE
-----
338
8.43.5
FIRE
SAFETY
-----
338
8.5
OTHER
DESIGNS
-----
338
REFERENCES
*
339
EXERCISES
*
340
CHAPTER
9
PV
PROJECTS
CONSTRUCTION,
ACCEPTANCE,
AND
MAINTENANCE
*
343
9.1
INSTALLATION
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
SYSTEM
*
343
9.1.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
INSTALLATION
*
344
9.1.2
INSTALLATION
OF
PV
ARRAYS
*
344
9.1.2.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
PV
ARRAY
INSTALLATION
*
344
9.1.2.2
SITE
INSTALLATION
-----
346
9.1.23
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
[6]
-------
349
9.1.3
INSTALLATION
OF
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
*
349
9.13.1
TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENT
*
349
9.13.2
INSTALLATION
LOCATION
*
351
9.1.33
WIRING
CONNECTION
------
351
9.13.4
WIRING
SEQUENCE
-----
352
9.1.4
INSTALLATION
OF
STORAGE
BATTERY
PACKS
*
353
9.1.4.1
INSTALLATION
PRECAUTIONS
*
353
9.1.4.2 SET-UP
FOR
BATTERY
ROOM
*
353
9.1.43
CONNECTION
WIRE
-----
354
9.1.4.4
PREPARATION
OF
ELECTROLYTE
*
354
9.2
COMMISSIONING
OF
PV
SYSTEMS
-----
354
9.2.1
PREPARATION
BEFORE
COMMISSIONING
*
354
9.2.2
COMMISSIONING
OF
PV
ARRAY
-----
355
CONTENTS
*
XXI
9.2.2.1
GENERAL
REVIEW
*
355
9.2.2.2
INSPECTION
AND
MEASUREMENT
FOR
PV
ARRAYS
*
355
9.2.2.3
PV
STRING
TEST
------
356
9.2.3
COMMISSIONING
OF
CONTROLLER
*
357
9.2.3.1
DOCUMENTATION
CHECK
*
357
9
2.3.2
PERFORMANCE
TESTING
------
357
9
2.3.3
CONNECTING
WIRES
------
358
9.2.4
COMMISSIONING
OF
OFF-GRID
SYSTEM
INVERTER
*
358
9.2.5
COMMISSIONING
OF
GRID-CONNECTED
INVERTER
*
359
9.2.5.1
PERFORMANCE
TESTING
-----
359
9
2.5.2
CONNECTING
WIRES
------
365
9.3
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PV
PROJECT
*
365
9.3.1
ACCEPTANCE
OF
SUBENGINEERING
PROJECTS
*
366
9.3.1.1
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
-----
366
9.3.1.2
INSTALLATION
ENGINEERING
*
366
9.3.1.3
OTHER
SUBENGINEERING
PROJECTS
-----
367
9.3.2
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
START-UP
------
367
9.3.3
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
COMMISSIONING
AND
TRANSFER
*
368
9.3.4
ACCEPTANCE
OF
PROJECT
COMPLETION
-----
368
9.4
MAINTENANCE
AND
MANAGEMENT
FOR
PV
SYSTEMS
*
368
9.4.1
ROUTINE
MAINTENANCE
*
369
9.4.1.1
ARRAY
INSPECTION
-----
369
9.4.1.2
EQUIPMENT
INSPECTION
-----
369
9.4.1.3
BATTERY
MAINTENANCE
*
369
9.4.2
PERIODICAL
INSPECTION
*
369
REFERENCES
*
371
EXERCISES
-----
371
CHAPTER
10
APPLICATIONS
OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS
*
373
10.1
CLASSIFICATION
OF
GROUND
PV
SYSTEMS
*
373
10.1.1
PICO
PV
SYSTEM
-----
373
10.1.2
OFF-GRID
RESIDENTIAL
SYSTEM
-----
376
10.1.3
OFF-GRID
NONRESIDENTIAL
SYSTEM
-----
378
10.1.3.1
PV
PUMP
-----
378
10.1.3.1.1
PV
PUMP
MAIN
COMPONENTS
*
379
10.1.3.1.2
PV
WATER
PUMP
DESIGN
-----
379
10.1.3.2
SOLAR
FAN
HAT
*
381
10.1.3.3
COMMUNICATION
PV
POWER
-----
382
10.1.3.4
OFF-GRID
POWER
SOURCE
-----
385
10.1.3.4.1
SOLAR
BEACON
LIGHT
*
385
10.1.3.4.2
CATHODIC
PROTECTION
POWER
SUPPLY
FOR
OIL
AND
GAS
PIPELINES
*
386
XXII
CONTENTS
10.1.3.5
EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
AND
DISASTER
RELIEF
POWER
SUPPLY
*
387
10.1.3.6
TRANSPORTATION
POWER
*
387
10.1.3.6.1
SOLAR
AIRCRAFT
-----
387
10.1.3.6.2
SOLAR
YACHT
-----
393
10.1.3.6.3
SOLAR-POWERED
CAR
*
393
10.1.3.7
LIGHTING
POWER
-----
397
10.1.4
GRID-CONNECTED
DISTRIBUTED
SYSTEM
*
398
10.1.4.1
INTEGRATION
OF
PV
AND
BUILDINGS
*
399
10.1.4.1.1
BUILDING-ATTACHED
PV
(BAPV)-----
401
10.1.4.1.2
BUILDING-INTEGRATED
PV
*
401
10.1.4.2
PV
NOISE
BARRIER
SYSTEM
*
405
10.1.4.3
FLOATING
PV
SYSTEM
-----
410
10.1.4.4
AGRICULTURAL
PV
-----
413
10.1.4.5
SOLAR
ROAD
*
415
10.1.5
CENTRALIZED
GRID-CONNECTED
SYSTEM
*
419
10.1.6
HYBRID
PV
SYSTEM
*
422
10.1.6.1
PV-DIESEL
HYBRID
POWER
SYSTEM
*
422
10.1.6.2
PV-WIND
HYBRID
POWER
SYSTEM
-----
423
10.2
SPACE
PV
POWER
STATION
-----
424
REFERENCES
*
426
EXERCISES
-----
427
CHAPTER
11
BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1
ECONOMIC
BENEFITS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1.1
THE
COST
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
429
11.1.1.1
CALCULATION
OF
LCOE
*
429
11.1.1.1.1
METHODS
OF
CALCULATING
LCOE
*
429
11.1.1.1.2
CALCULATING
PV
LCOE
-----
431
11.1.1.2
SPECIFIC
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
*
433
11.1.1.2.1
INPUT
SECTION
-----
433
11.1.1.2.2
OUTPUT
SECTION
-----
434
11.1.2
HISTORY
AND
PROSPECTS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
COST
*
438
11.2
PV
ENERGY
PAYBACK
TIME
*
441
11.2.1
ENERGY
PAYBACK
TIME
*
441
11.2.2
OVERVIEW
OF
WORLDWIDE
SITUATIONS
*
443
11.2.2.1
ALSEMA
E
A
-----
443
11.2.2.2
IEA-PVPS
JOINT
REPORT
------
447
11.2.2.3
IEA-PVPS
TASK
12
------
448
11.2.3
CALCULATION
METHODS
FOR
RELEVANT
PARAMETERS
*
451
11.2.3.1
ANNUAL
OUTPUT
ENERGY
FROM
A
PV
SYSTEM
*
451
CONTENTS
*
XXIII
11.2.3.2
THE
TOTAL
ENERGY
INPUT
IN
DURING
THE
LIFETIME
OF
THE
PV
SYSTEM
-----
452
11.2.3.3
CALCULATE
EPBT
-----
452
11.3
PV
POWER
GENERATION
TO
REDUCE
CO
2
EMISSION
*
455
11.3.1
GREENHOUSE
GAS
EMITTED
BY
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
*
455
11.3.2
CO
2
EMISSION
FACTORS
*
456
11.3.2.1
FUEL
CO
2
EMISSION
FACTOR
-----
456
11.3.2.2
C0
2
EMISSION
FACTOR
FOR
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
*
456
11.3.3
PV
POTENTIAL
MITIGATION
-----
458
11.4
OTHER
BENEFITS
OF
PV
POWER
GENERATION
*
463
11.4.1
INCREASE
JOB
OPPORTUNITIES
*
463
11.4.2
SAVE
FUEL
SOURCES
*
465
11.4.3
REDUCE
POWER
TRANSMISSION
LOSS
*
465
11.4.4
ENSURE
RELIABLE
ENERGY
SUPPLY
*
466
REFERENCES
*
466
EXERCISES
*
467
PRACTICE
ANSWERS
*
469
INDEX
-----
471 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Yang, Jinhuan Yuan, Xiao Ji, Liang |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1223003329 |
| author_facet | Yang, Jinhuan Yuan, Xiao Ji, Liang |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Yang, Jinhuan |
| author_variant | j y jy x y xy l j lj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046900049 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 3730 ZN 5160 ZN 8190 ZP 3731 |
| classification_tum | ERG 940 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1197709530 (DE-599)DNB1203448465 |
| discipline | Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046900049 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:24:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:56:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)10095502-2 |
| isbn | 9783110531381 3110531380 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032309721 |
| oclc_num | 1197709530 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-573 DE-83 DE-1029 DE-703 DE-11 DE-1028 |
| owner_facet | DE-573 DE-83 DE-1029 DE-703 DE-11 DE-1028 |
| physical | XXIII, 477 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | De Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | De Gruyter graduate |
| spelling | Yang, Jinhuan Verfasser (DE-588)1223003329 aut Solar photovoltaic power generation Jinhuan Yang, Xiao Yuan, Liang Ji Berlin ; Boston De Gruyter [2020] © 2020 XXIII, 477 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier De Gruyter graduate Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd rswk-swf Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd rswk-swf TB: Textbook Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 s Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 s DE-604 Yuan, Xiao Verfasser aut Ji, Liang Verfasser aut Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG (DE-588)10095502-2 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-11-052542-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-11-052483-3 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032309721&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Yang, Jinhuan Yuan, Xiao Ji, Liang Solar photovoltaic power generation Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121476-6 (DE-588)4181740-0 |
| title | Solar photovoltaic power generation |
| title_auth | Solar photovoltaic power generation |
| title_exact_search | Solar photovoltaic power generation |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Solar photovoltaic power generation |
| title_full | Solar photovoltaic power generation Jinhuan Yang, Xiao Yuan, Liang Ji |
| title_fullStr | Solar photovoltaic power generation Jinhuan Yang, Xiao Yuan, Liang Ji |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solar photovoltaic power generation Jinhuan Yang, Xiao Yuan, Liang Ji |
| title_short | Solar photovoltaic power generation |
| title_sort | solar photovoltaic power generation |
| topic | Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fotovoltaik Solarzelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032309721&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yangjinhuan solarphotovoltaicpowergeneration AT yuanxiao solarphotovoltaicpowergeneration AT jiliang solarphotovoltaicpowergeneration AT walterdegruytergmbhcokg solarphotovoltaicpowergeneration |