Algorithms and law:
"Algorithms come in many different shapes and forms, ranging from software systems (e.g. data mining programs, medical diagnosis systems, price algorithms and expert trading systems) to embodied robots (e.g. self-driving cars, unmanned underwater vehicles, surgical robots, drones, personal and...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA ; Port Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; New Delhi, India ; Singapore
Cambridge University Press
2020
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| Zusammenfassung: | "Algorithms come in many different shapes and forms, ranging from software systems (e.g. data mining programs, medical diagnosis systems, price algorithms and expert trading systems) to embodied robots (e.g. self-driving cars, unmanned underwater vehicles, surgical robots, drones, personal and social robots) and open source machine learning systems.1 The increased use of these intelligent systems is changing our lives, our society, our economy - challenging at the same time the traditional boundaries of law. Algorithms are widely employed to make decisions that have increasingly far-reaching impacts on individuals and the society, leading potentially to manipulation, biases, censorship, social discrimination, violations of privacy, property rights, and more" |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke |
| Beschreibung: | xxi, 297 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781108424820 9781009356381 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Algorithms and law |c edited by Martin Ebers (Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Tartu), Susana Navas (Autonomous University of Barcelona) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA ; Port Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; New Delhi, India ; Singapore |b Cambridge University Press |c 2020 | |
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a "Algorithms come in many different shapes and forms, ranging from software systems (e.g. data mining programs, medical diagnosis systems, price algorithms and expert trading systems) to embodied robots (e.g. self-driving cars, unmanned underwater vehicles, surgical robots, drones, personal and social robots) and open source machine learning systems.1 The increased use of these intelligent systems is changing our lives, our society, our economy - challenging at the same time the traditional boundaries of law. Algorithms are widely employed to make decisions that have increasingly far-reaching impacts on individuals and the society, leading potentially to manipulation, biases, censorship, social discrimination, violations of privacy, property rights, and more" | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES PAGE XI
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS XIII
PREFACE XVII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI
1 ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE VISIONS 1
SAMI HADDADIN AND DENNIS KNOBBE
N MACHINE INTELLIGENCE: HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL 1
1.1.1 BACK TO THE ROOTS L
1.1.2 THE MODERN ERA OF ROBOTICS AND AI 9
1.1.3 A BIG STEP FORWARD 13
1.2 KEY TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 16
1.2.1 TRUSTWORTHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 16
1.2.2 SAFETY IN PHYSICAL HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 17
1.2.3 ROBOT MECHATRONICS AS AI EMBODIMENT 17
1.2.4 MULTIMODAL PERCEPTION AND COGNITION 18
1.2.5 NAVIGATION AND COGNITION 19
1.2.6 MODERN CONTROL APPROACHES IN ROBOTICS 20
1.2.7 MACHINE-LEARNING ALGORITHMS 21
1.2.8 LEARNING IN INTELLIGENT AND NETWORKED MACHINES 24
1.3 MAN AND MACHINE IN THE AGE OF MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 25
1.3.1 FLYING ROBOTS 26
1.3.2 MOBILE GROUND ROBOTS 27
1.3.3 TACTILE ROBOTS 27
1.4 APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF ROBOTICS AND AI TECHNOLOGIES 29
1.4.1 FROM CLEANING ROBOTS TO SERVICE HUMANOIDS 29
1.4.2 PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS 32
1.4.3 ROBOTIC DISASTER RELIEF 33
VI CONTENTS
1.4.4 MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION FOR AI-ENABLED TELEMEDICINE 34
1.4.5 THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE WITH MOLECULAR ROBOTS 35
1.5 CONCLUSION 36
2 REGULATING AI AND ROBOTICS: ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES 37
MARTIN EBERS
2.1 SCENARIO 37
2.1.1 THE USE OF ALGORITHMS BY BUSINESSES AND GOVERNMENTS 37
2.1.2 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 40
2.1.3 OVERVIEW 44
2.2 THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AI SYSTEMS FROM A LEGAL
PERSPECTIVE 44
2.2.1 COMPLEXITY AND CONNECTIVITY 44
2.2.2 FROM CAUSATION TO CORRELATION 45
2.2.3 AUTONOMY 46
2.2.4 ALGORITHMS AS BLACK BOXES 48
2.3 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 50
2.3.1 REPLACEMENT OF HUMANS BY MACHINES: TO WHAT EXTENT? 50
2.3.2 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT 52
2.4 SAFETY AND SECURITY ISSUES 53
2.4.1 SUPERINTELLIGENCE AS A SAFETY RISK? 53
2.4.2 CURRENT SAFETY RISKS 54
2.4.3 SECURITY RISKS DUE TO MALICIOUS USE OF AI 55
2.5 ACCOUNTABILITY, LIABILITY, AND INSURANCE FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 56
2.5.1 EMERGING QUESTIONS 56
2.5.2 OVERVIEW OF OPINIONS 57
2.5.3 REVISING (PRODUCT) LIABILITY LAW IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 57
2.5.4 A SPECIFIC LEGAL STATUS FOR AI AND ROBOTS? 60
2.6 PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION, DATA OWNERSHIP, AND ACCESS TO DATA 61
2.6.1 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DATA AND ALGORITHMS 61
2.6.2 PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION, AND AI SYSTEMS 62
2.6.3 DATA OWNERSHIP V DATA ACCESS RIGHTS 66
2.7 ALGORITHMIC MANIPULATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF CITIZENS,
CONSUMERS, AND MARKETS 70
2.7.1 PROFILING, TARGETING, NUDGING, AND MANIPULATION OF CITIZENS
AND CONSUMERS 71
2.7.2 DISCRIMINATION OF CITIZENS AND CONSUMERS 76
2.7.3 MARKET MANIPULATION: THE CASE OF ALGORITHMIC COLLUSION 81
2.8 (INTERNATIONAL) INITIATIVES TO REGULATE AI AND ROBOTICS 83
2.8.1 OVERVIEW 83
2.8.2 EUROPEAN UNION 86
2.8.3 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 89
CONTENTS VII
2.8.4 INDUSTRY INITIATIVES AND SELF-REGULATION AT
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 91
2.9 GOVERNANCE OF ALGORITHMS: REGULATOR) OPTIONS 92
2.9.1 SHOULD AI SYSTEMS AND ROBOTICS BE REGULATED BY
ETHICS OR LAW? 92
2.9.2 GENERAL REGULATION VERSUS SECTOR-SPECIFIC REGULATION 93
2.9.3 GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR ASSESSING THE NEED TO REGULATE 93
2.9.4 LEVEL OF REGULATION: GLOBAL, INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL,
OR REGIONAL? 94
2.9.5 INSTRUMENTS FOR MODERNIZING THE CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK 95
2.9.6 A PLEA FOR AN INNOVATION-FRIENDLY REGULATION 97
2.10 OUTLOOK 98
REGULATING ALGORITHMS: HOW TO DEMYSTIFY THE ALCHEMY OF CODE? 100
MARIO MARTINI
3.1 ALGORITHMS AS KEY TO A DIGITAL COGNITIVE WORLD: TOMORROW S
LEVIATHAN? 100
3.2 OUT OF CONTROL? RISK POTENTIALS OF AI AS PREDICTION MACHINES 102
3.2.1 OPACITY 102
3.2.2 UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION AS ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGE 104
3.2.3 MONOPOLIZATION OF MARKET POWER AND KNOWLEDGE:
INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL OPINION 107
3.3 REGULATORY STEPS AND PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER LEGISLATIVE MEASURES 108
3.3.1 COLLECTIVE DATA PROTECTION AS PART OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
IN THE DIGITAL WORLD 109
3.3.2 PREVENTIVE REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS 112
3.3.3 ACCOMPANYING RISK MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION
BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 125
3.3.4 EX-POST PROTECTION 128
3.3.5 SELF-REGULATION: ALGORITHMIC RESPONSIBILITY CODE WITH
A DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY 132
3.4 CONCLUSION 134
AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING UNDER ARTICLE 22 GDPR: TOWARDS
A MORE SUBSTANTIAL REGIME FOR SOLELY AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING 136
DIANA SANCHO
4.1 ALGORITHMS AND DECISION-MAKING 136
4.2 AUTOMATED PROCESSING, PROFILING, AND AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING 138
4.2.1 A DYNAMIC PROCESS 138
4.2.2 THE PROCEDURAL DESIGN OF ARTICLE 22 140
4.3 WHICH DECISIONS? 141
4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION 141
CONTENTS
4.3.2 ANALYSIS H^
4.4 THE RIGHT TO HUMAN INTERVENTION AND ARTICLE 22 147
4.4.1 PROHIBITION 147
4.4.2 RIGHT 148
4.4.3 DEROGATIONS 148
4.4.4 THE WP29 GUIDELINES 149
4.5 THE RIGHT TO AN EXPLANATION AND ARTICLE 22 150
4.6 CONCLUSION 155
ROBOT MACHINES AND CIVIL LIABILITY 157
SUSANA NAVAS
5.1 ROBOT MACHINES AND VIRTUAL ROBOTS 157
5.1.1 BROAD NOTION OF A ROBOT 158
5.1.2 STRICT NOTION OF A ROBOT 160
5.1.3 EUROPEAN NOTION OF A ROBOT 162
5.2 ROBOTS FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE 162
5.2.1 CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK 162
5.2.2 REGULATION OF THE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF
ROBOT MACHINES 163
5.3 THE LIABILITY OF THE OWNER OF A ROBOT: SOME REFLECTIONS 165
5.4 THE PRODUCER S LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY A ROBOT
MACHINE: REVIEW 166
5.4.1 ROBOT MACHINES AS PRODUCTS 167
5.4.2 TYPES OF DEFECTS 168
5.4.3 NOTION OF PRODUCER: THE MARKET SHARE LIABILITY RULE 169
5.4.4 THE CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS TEST 171
5.4.5 INCLUSION OF NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES 172
5.5 CONCLUSIONS 173
EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY FOR WRONGS COMMITTED
BY AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 174
RUTH ]ANAL
6.1 DAMAGE WROUGHT BY AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 174
6.1.1 ROBOTS AS LEGAL PERSONS 175
6.1.2 THE PLAYERS INVOLVED IN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 176
6.1.3 EXISTING LIABILITY REGIMES 177
6.2 TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY 178
6.2.1 FAULT-BASED LIABILITY 178
6.2.2 LIABILITY FOR THINGS 180
6.2.3 LIABILITY FOR EMPLOYEES AND OTHER ASSISTANTS 185
6.2.4 LIABILITY FOR MINORS 188
CONTENTS JX
6.3 PERSPECTIVE: LIABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 190
6.3.1 HOW TO DEFINE WRONG IN THE CONTEXT OF AUTONOMOUS
SYSTEMS I
9
O
6.3.2 USER OF THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM 193
6.3.3 KEEPER OF THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM 194
6.3.4 THE OPERATOR S LIABILITY 202
6.4 NO-FAULT COMPENSATION SCHEMES 205
6.5 CONCLUSION 205
CONTROL OF ALGORITHMS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS: THE EXAMPLE
OF HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING 207
GERALD SPINDLER
7.1 ALGORITHMS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS 207
7.2 CONTROL OF ALGORITHMS: HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING AS A BLUEPRINT
FOR REGULATION? 209
7.3 RISKS AND IMPACT OF HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING ON MARKETS 209
7.4 THE GERMAN HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING ACT 210
7.5 REGULATION ON THE EUROPEAN LEVEL 213
7.5.1 MIFID II 213
7.5.2 DELEGATED ACT: THE REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 216
7.6 OUTLOOK: HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING AS A BLUEPRINT? 219
CREATIVITY OF ALGORITHMS AND COPYRIGHT LAW 221
SUSANA NAVAS
8.1 CREATIVITY 221
8.1.1 DEFINITION: TYPES OF CREATIVITY 221
8.1.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATIVITY AND ALGORITHMS 223
8.1.3 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTATIONAL ART 225
8.2 CREATION BY ALGORITHMS AND COPYRIGHT 226
8.2.1 A WORK PRODUCED BY AN ALGORITHM AS AN
ORIGINAL WORK 227
8.2.2 AUTHORSHIP: OWNERSHIP AND EXERCISE OF RIGHTS 230
8.3 CONCLUSION: CHALLENGES FOR COPYRIGHT 232
WAKE NEUTRALITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVICES 235
BRIAN SUBIRANA, RENWICK BIVINGS, AND SANJAY SAMIA
9.1 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 235
9.1.1 PRODUCT AND NAME WAKE NEUTRALITY OF SMART SPEAKERS 236
9.1.2 INTELLIGENCE WAKE NEUTRALITY OF SMART SPEAKERS 237
9.1.3 WAKE NEUTRALITY LEGAL COMPLIANCE: OPEN VERSUS CLOSED
APPROACHES 238
9.1.4 A VOICE NAME SYSTEM FOR WAKE NEUTRALITY 242
X CONTENTS
9.2 SIX REQUIREMENTS FOR WAKE NEUTRALITY OF AI DEVICES IN OCC 242
9.2.1 REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE WAKE NEUTRALITY 243
9.2.2 REQUIREMENTS TO ENFORCE WAKE NEUTRALITY 246
9.3 NET NEUTRALITY AND WAKE NEUTRALITY 247
9.4 LEGAL PROGRAMMING ENABLERS OF WAKE NEUTRALITY 252
9.5 BALANCING WAKE NEUTRALITY WITH AUTOMATED CONTRACTING 255
9.6 IMPLICATIONS OF WAKE NEUTRALITY FOR THE AI ARCHITECTURE STACK 259
9.6.1 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE SENSOR STREAM 259
9.6.2 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE COGNITIVE CORE 260
9.6.3 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE BRAIN OPERATING SYSTEM 263
9.6.4 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE EXPRESSION LAYER 266
9.7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 267
10 THE (ENVISAGED) LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMMERCIALISATION OF
DIGITAL DATA WITHIN THE EU: DATA PROTECTION LAW AND DATA
ECONOMIC LAW AS A CONFLICTED BASIS FOR ALGORITHM-BASED
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 269
BJORN STEINROTTER
10.1 THE LINK BETWEEN DATA AND ALGORITHMS 269
10.2 DEFINITION OF DIGITAL DATA 271
10.3 DATA ECONOMIC LAW 272
10.3.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE 272
10.3.2 THE FREE FLOW OF DATA INITIATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMISSION 274
10.3.3 NON-PERSONAL DATA CONTRACT LAW 287
10.4 DATA PROTECTION LAW 289
10.4.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE 289
10.4.2 PERSONAL DATA MOVEMENT AND TRADING 289
10.4.3 PERSONAL DATA OWNERSHIP/PROPERTY IN PERSONAL DATA? 292
10.4.4 PERSONAL DATA CONTRACT LAW 293
10.5 CONFLICTS 294
10.6 ALTERNATIVES 295
10.7 CONCLUSIONS 296
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES PAGE XI
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS XIII
PREFACE XVII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXI
1 ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE PRESENT AND FUTURE VISIONS 1
SAMI HADDADIN AND DENNIS KNOBBE
N MACHINE INTELLIGENCE: HISTORY IN A NUTSHELL 1
1.1.1 BACK TO THE ROOTS L
1.1.2 THE MODERN ERA OF ROBOTICS AND AI 9
1.1.3 A BIG STEP FORWARD 13
1.2 KEY TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 16
1.2.1 TRUSTWORTHY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 16
1.2.2 SAFETY IN PHYSICAL HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 17
1.2.3 ROBOT MECHATRONICS AS AI EMBODIMENT 17
1.2.4 MULTIMODAL PERCEPTION AND COGNITION 18
1.2.5 NAVIGATION AND COGNITION 19
1.2.6 MODERN CONTROL APPROACHES IN ROBOTICS 20
1.2.7 MACHINE-LEARNING ALGORITHMS 21
1.2.8 LEARNING IN INTELLIGENT AND NETWORKED MACHINES 24
1.3 MAN AND MACHINE IN THE AGE OF MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 25
1.3.1 FLYING ROBOTS 26
1.3.2 MOBILE GROUND ROBOTS 27
1.3.3 TACTILE ROBOTS 27
1.4 APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES OF ROBOTICS AND AI TECHNOLOGIES 29
1.4.1 FROM CLEANING ROBOTS TO SERVICE HUMANOIDS 29
1.4.2 PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS 32
1.4.3 ROBOTIC DISASTER RELIEF 33
VI CONTENTS
1.4.4 MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION FOR AI-ENABLED TELEMEDICINE 34
1.4.5 THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE WITH MOLECULAR ROBOTS 35
1.5 CONCLUSION 36
2 REGULATING AI AND ROBOTICS: ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGES 37
MARTIN EBERS
2.1 SCENARIO 37
2.1.1 THE USE OF ALGORITHMS BY BUSINESSES AND GOVERNMENTS 37
2.1.2 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 40
2.1.3 OVERVIEW 44
2.2 THE PROBLEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AI SYSTEMS FROM A LEGAL
PERSPECTIVE 44
2.2.1 COMPLEXITY AND CONNECTIVITY 44
2.2.2 FROM CAUSATION TO CORRELATION 45
2.2.3 AUTONOMY 46
2.2.4 ALGORITHMS AS BLACK BOXES 48
2.3 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS 50
2.3.1 REPLACEMENT OF HUMANS BY MACHINES: TO WHAT EXTENT? 50
2.3.2 BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES AND HUMAN ENHANCEMENT 52
2.4 SAFETY AND SECURITY ISSUES 53
2.4.1 SUPERINTELLIGENCE AS A SAFETY RISK? 53
2.4.2 CURRENT SAFETY RISKS 54
2.4.3 SECURITY RISKS DUE TO MALICIOUS USE OF AI 55
2.5 ACCOUNTABILITY, LIABILITY, AND INSURANCE FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 56
2.5.1 EMERGING QUESTIONS 56
2.5.2 OVERVIEW OF OPINIONS 57
2.5.3 REVISING (PRODUCT) LIABILITY LAW IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 57
2.5.4 A SPECIFIC LEGAL STATUS FOR AI AND ROBOTS? 60
2.6 PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION, DATA OWNERSHIP, AND ACCESS TO DATA 61
2.6.1 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN DATA AND ALGORITHMS 61
2.6.2 PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION, AND AI SYSTEMS 62
2.6.3 DATA OWNERSHIP V DATA ACCESS RIGHTS 66
2.7 ALGORITHMIC MANIPULATION AND DISCRIMINATION OF CITIZENS,
CONSUMERS, AND MARKETS 70
2.7.1 PROFILING, TARGETING, NUDGING, AND MANIPULATION OF CITIZENS
AND CONSUMERS 71
2.7.2 DISCRIMINATION OF CITIZENS AND CONSUMERS 76
2.7.3 MARKET MANIPULATION: THE CASE OF ALGORITHMIC COLLUSION 81
2.8 (INTERNATIONAL) INITIATIVES TO REGULATE AI AND ROBOTICS 83
2.8.1 OVERVIEW 83
2.8.2 EUROPEAN UNION 86
2.8.3 INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 89
CONTENTS VII
2.8.4 INDUSTRY INITIATIVES AND SELF-REGULATION AT
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 91
2.9 GOVERNANCE OF ALGORITHMS: REGULATOR)'OPTIONS 92
2.9.1 SHOULD AI SYSTEMS AND ROBOTICS BE REGULATED BY
ETHICS OR LAW? 92
2.9.2 GENERAL REGULATION VERSUS SECTOR-SPECIFIC REGULATION 93
2.9.3 GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR ASSESSING THE NEED TO REGULATE 93
2.9.4 LEVEL OF REGULATION: GLOBAL, INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL,
OR REGIONAL? 94
2.9.5 INSTRUMENTS FOR MODERNIZING THE CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK 95
2.9.6 A PLEA FOR AN INNOVATION-FRIENDLY REGULATION 97
2.10 OUTLOOK 98
REGULATING ALGORITHMS: HOW TO DEMYSTIFY THE ALCHEMY OF CODE? 100
MARIO MARTINI
3.1 ALGORITHMS AS KEY TO A DIGITAL COGNITIVE WORLD: TOMORROW'S
LEVIATHAN? 100
3.2 OUT OF CONTROL? RISK POTENTIALS OF AI AS PREDICTION MACHINES 102
3.2.1 OPACITY 102
3.2.2 UNLAWFUL DISCRIMINATION AS ETHICAL AND LEGAL CHALLENGE 104
3.2.3 MONOPOLIZATION OF MARKET POWER AND KNOWLEDGE:
INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL OPINION 107
3.3 REGULATORY STEPS AND PROPOSALS FOR FURTHER LEGISLATIVE MEASURES 108
3.3.1 COLLECTIVE DATA PROTECTION AS PART OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
IN THE DIGITAL WORLD 109
3.3.2 PREVENTIVE REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS 112
3.3.3 ACCOMPANYING RISK MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION
BY PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 125
3.3.4 EX-POST PROTECTION 128
3.3.5 SELF-REGULATION: ALGORITHMIC RESPONSIBILITY CODE WITH
A DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY 132
3.4 CONCLUSION 134
AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING UNDER ARTICLE 22 GDPR: TOWARDS
A MORE SUBSTANTIAL REGIME FOR SOLELY AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING 136
DIANA SANCHO
4.1 ALGORITHMS AND DECISION-MAKING 136
4.2 AUTOMATED PROCESSING, PROFILING, AND AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING 138
4.2.1 A DYNAMIC PROCESS 138
4.2.2 THE PROCEDURAL DESIGN OF ARTICLE 22 140
4.3 WHICH DECISIONS? 141
4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION 141
CONTENTS
4.3.2 ANALYSIS H^
4.4 THE RIGHT TO HUMAN INTERVENTION AND ARTICLE 22 147
4.4.1 PROHIBITION 147
4.4.2 RIGHT 148
4.4.3 DEROGATIONS 148
4.4.4 THE WP29 GUIDELINES 149
4.5 THE RIGHT TO AN EXPLANATION AND ARTICLE 22 150
4.6 CONCLUSION 155
ROBOT MACHINES AND CIVIL LIABILITY 157
SUSANA NAVAS
5.1 ROBOT MACHINES AND VIRTUAL ROBOTS 157
5.1.1 BROAD NOTION OF A ROBOT 158
5.1.2 STRICT NOTION OF A ROBOT 160
5.1.3 EUROPEAN NOTION OF A ROBOT 162
5.2 ROBOTS FROM A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE 162
5.2.1 CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK 162
5.2.2 REGULATION OF THE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF
ROBOT MACHINES 163
5.3 THE LIABILITY OF THE OWNER OF A ROBOT: SOME REFLECTIONS 165
5.4 THE PRODUCER'S LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY A ROBOT
MACHINE: REVIEW 166
5.4.1 ROBOT MACHINES AS PRODUCTS 167
5.4.2 TYPES OF DEFECTS 168
5.4.3 NOTION OF PRODUCER: THE'MARKET SHARE LIABILITY'RULE 169
5.4.4 THE CONSUMER EXPECTATIONS TEST 171
5.4.5 INCLUSION OF NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES 172
5.5 CONCLUSIONS 173
EXTRA-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY FOR WRONGS COMMITTED
BY AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 174
RUTH ]ANAL
6.1 DAMAGE WROUGHT BY AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 174
6.1.1 ROBOTS AS LEGAL PERSONS 175
6.1.2 THE PLAYERS INVOLVED IN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 176
6.1.3 EXISTING LIABILITY REGIMES 177
6.2 TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY 178
6.2.1 FAULT-BASED LIABILITY 178
6.2.2 LIABILITY FOR THINGS 180
6.2.3 LIABILITY FOR EMPLOYEES AND OTHER ASSISTANTS 185
6.2.4 LIABILITY FOR MINORS 188
CONTENTS JX
6.3 PERSPECTIVE: LIABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 190
6.3.1 HOW TO DEFINE 'WRONG' IN THE CONTEXT OF AUTONOMOUS
SYSTEMS I
9
O
6.3.2 USER OF THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM 193
6.3.3 KEEPER OF THE AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM 194
6.3.4 THE OPERATOR'S LIABILITY 202
6.4 NO-FAULT COMPENSATION SCHEMES 205
6.5 CONCLUSION 205
CONTROL OF ALGORITHMS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS: THE EXAMPLE
OF HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING 207
GERALD SPINDLER
7.1 ALGORITHMS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS 207
7.2 CONTROL OF ALGORITHMS: HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING AS A BLUEPRINT
FOR REGULATION? 209
7.3 RISKS AND IMPACT OF HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING ON MARKETS 209
7.4 THE GERMAN HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING ACT 210
7.5 REGULATION ON THE EUROPEAN LEVEL 213
7.5.1 MIFID II 213
7.5.2 DELEGATED ACT: THE REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 216
7.6 OUTLOOK: HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING AS A BLUEPRINT? 219
CREATIVITY OF ALGORITHMS AND COPYRIGHT LAW 221
SUSANA NAVAS
8.1 CREATIVITY 221
8.1.1 DEFINITION: TYPES OF CREATIVITY 221
8.1.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATIVITY AND ALGORITHMS 223
8.1.3 CATEGORIES OF COMPUTATIONAL ART 225
8.2 CREATION BY ALGORITHMS AND COPYRIGHT 226
8.2.1 A WORK PRODUCED BY AN ALGORITHM AS AN
ORIGINAL 'WORK' 227
8.2.2 AUTHORSHIP: OWNERSHIP AND EXERCISE OF RIGHTS 230
8.3 CONCLUSION: CHALLENGES FOR COPYRIGHT 232
"WAKE NEUTRALITY" OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVICES 235
BRIAN SUBIRANA, RENWICK BIVINGS, AND SANJAY SAMIA
9.1 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 235
9.1.1 PRODUCT AND NAME WAKE NEUTRALITY OF SMART SPEAKERS 236
9.1.2 INTELLIGENCE WAKE NEUTRALITY OF SMART SPEAKERS 237
9.1.3 WAKE NEUTRALITY LEGAL COMPLIANCE: OPEN VERSUS CLOSED
APPROACHES 238
9.1.4 A VOICE NAME SYSTEM FOR WAKE NEUTRALITY 242
X CONTENTS
9.2 SIX REQUIREMENTS FOR WAKE NEUTRALITY OF AI DEVICES IN OCC 242
9.2.1 REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE WAKE NEUTRALITY 243
9.2.2 REQUIREMENTS TO ENFORCE WAKE NEUTRALITY 246
9.3 NET NEUTRALITY AND WAKE NEUTRALITY 247
9.4 LEGAL PROGRAMMING ENABLERS OF WAKE NEUTRALITY 252
9.5 BALANCING WAKE NEUTRALITY WITH AUTOMATED CONTRACTING 255
9.6 IMPLICATIONS OF WAKE NEUTRALITY FOR THE AI ARCHITECTURE STACK 259
9.6.1 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE SENSOR STREAM 259
9.6.2 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE COGNITIVE CORE 260
9.6.3 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE BRAIN OPERATING SYSTEM 263
9.6.4 WAKE NEUTRALITY AND THE EXPRESSION LAYER 266
9.7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH 267
10 THE (ENVISAGED) LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMMERCIALISATION OF
DIGITAL DATA WITHIN THE EU: DATA PROTECTION LAW AND DATA
ECONOMIC LAW AS A CONFLICTED BASIS FOR ALGORITHM-BASED
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 269
BJORN STEINROTTER
10.1 THE LINK BETWEEN DATA AND ALGORITHMS 269
10.2 DEFINITION OF DIGITAL DATA 271
10.3 DATA ECONOMIC LAW 272
10.3.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE 272
10.3.2 THE FREE FLOW OF DATA INITIATIVE OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMISSION 274
10.3.3 NON-PERSONAL DATA CONTRACT LAW 287
10.4 DATA PROTECTION LAW 289
10.4.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE 289
10.4.2 PERSONAL DATA MOVEMENT AND TRADING 289
10.4.3 PERSONAL DATA OWNERSHIP/PROPERTY IN PERSONAL DATA? 292
10.4.4 PERSONAL DATA CONTRACT LAW 293
10.5 CONFLICTS 294
10.6 ALTERNATIVES 295
10.7 CONCLUSIONS 296 |
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| dewey-ones | 343 - Military, tax, trade & industrial law |
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| dewey-search | 343.09/99 |
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| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV046831101 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T15:04:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:55:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108424820 9781009356381 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032240264 |
| oclc_num | 1193295932 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-706 DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-945 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-706 DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-945 |
| physical | xxi, 297 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Algorithms and law edited by Martin Ebers (Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Tartu), Susana Navas (Autonomous University of Barcelona) Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA ; Port Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; New Delhi, India ; Singapore Cambridge University Press 2020 xxi, 297 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke "Algorithms come in many different shapes and forms, ranging from software systems (e.g. data mining programs, medical diagnosis systems, price algorithms and expert trading systems) to embodied robots (e.g. self-driving cars, unmanned underwater vehicles, surgical robots, drones, personal and social robots) and open source machine learning systems.1 The increased use of these intelligent systems is changing our lives, our society, our economy - challenging at the same time the traditional boundaries of law. Algorithms are widely employed to make decisions that have increasingly far-reaching impacts on individuals and the society, leading potentially to manipulation, biases, censorship, social discrimination, violations of privacy, property rights, and more" Algorithmus (DE-588)4001183-5 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd rswk-swf Technik (DE-588)4059205-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s Technik (DE-588)4059205-4 s Algorithmus (DE-588)4001183-5 s Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 s DE-604 Ebers, Martin 1970- (DE-588)13822160X edt Navas Navarro, Susana 1966- (DE-588)132460017 edt Erscheint auch als 978-1-108-34784-6 Online-Ausgabe, EPUB SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032240264&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Algorithms and law Algorithmus (DE-588)4001183-5 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd Technik (DE-588)4059205-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001183-5 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4033447-8 (DE-588)4059205-4 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Algorithms and law |
| title_auth | Algorithms and law |
| title_exact_search | Algorithms and law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Algorithms and law |
| title_full | Algorithms and law edited by Martin Ebers (Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Tartu), Susana Navas (Autonomous University of Barcelona) |
| title_fullStr | Algorithms and law edited by Martin Ebers (Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Tartu), Susana Navas (Autonomous University of Barcelona) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Algorithms and law edited by Martin Ebers (Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Tartu), Susana Navas (Autonomous University of Barcelona) |
| title_short | Algorithms and law |
| title_sort | algorithms and law |
| topic | Algorithmus (DE-588)4001183-5 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Künstliche Intelligenz (DE-588)4033447-8 gnd Technik (DE-588)4059205-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Algorithmus Recht Künstliche Intelligenz Technik Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032240264&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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