Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice): = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District)
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Czech English |
| Published: |
Praha
Nakladatelství Filosofia
2019
Pardubice Východočeské muzeum v Pardubicích |
| Edition: | Vydání první |
| Series: | Monumenta Numismatica
svazek 4 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 444 Seiten Karten, Pläne |
| ISBN: | 9788070076057 9788087151495 |
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| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| 250 | |a Vydání první | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | OBSAH PŘEDMLUVA........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1. NÁLEZOVÉ OKOLNOSTI, LOKALIZACE A ARCHEOLOGICKÉ PRŮZKUMY MÍSTA NÁLEZU...................13 (Jiří Lukas - Jiří Militký) 2. CHARAKTERISTIKA MÍSTA NÁLEZU V ARCHEOLOGICKO-HISTORICKÝCH SOUVISLOSTECH............21 3. POPIS DEPOTU CHÝŠŤ 2015 3.1. Keramická nádoba použitá jako schránka depotu (Jiří Militký).............................................................................. 24 3.2. Základní charakteristika složení nálezu......................................................................................................................24 3.3. Technické poznámky ke katalogu................................................................................................................................ 26 3.4. Katalog mincí obsažených v depotu.............................................................................................................................29 4. NUMISMATICKÁ ANALÝZA DEPOTU CHÝŠŤ 2015 4.1. Domácí hromadné nálezy mincí - základní pramen poznám českého mincovnictví 90. let 10. století...............302 4.2. Zahraniční hromadné mincovní nálezy se zastoupením českých denárů ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století... 313 4.3. Chronologie starších variant denárů ethelredského typu z pražské mincovny (C 123, C 124, C 128, C 136).... 316 4.4. Mladší varianty denárů ethelredského typu z pražské mincovny (C 1016, C 129, C 130).................................. 323 4.5. Denáry
ethelredského typu z vyšehradské mincovny (C 140, C 141).................................................................... 326 4.6. Denáry ethelredského typu se jménem Soběslava Slavníkovce.............................................................................. 329 4. 7. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice z pražské mincovny (C 134/1018, C 135, C 185/1023)............................................ 333 4. 8. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice z vyšehradské mincovny (C 142, C 143)................................................................... 339 4.9. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice C 133............................................................................................................................ 343 4.10. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice C 226.......................................................................................................................... 347 4.11. Denáry typu ruka - kříž z pražské mincovny (C 137, C 1019).............................................................................350 4.12. Dosud neznámé varianty denárů typu ruka - kaplice...........................................................................................352 4.13. Bavorská složka nálezu.............................................................................................................................................353 5. ČESKÉ MINCOVNICTVÍ 90. LET 10. STOLETÍ VE SVĚTLE NÁLEZU CHÝŠŤ 2015........................................ 355 6. EXKURZ 1: TABELÁRNÍ PŘEHLEDY VÝSKYTU ČESKÝCH MINCÍ V ZAHRANIČNÍCH NÁLEZECH 6.1. Zastoupení českých denárů z pražské a vyšehradské
mincovny, ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století v zahraničních nálezech v chronologickém pořadí podle doby ukrytí..........362 6.2. Zastoupení českých denárů z pražské a vyšehradské mincovny, ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století v zahraničních nálezech podle typů a variant.................................................. 366 7. EXKURZ 2: ANALYTICKÉ POSOUZENÍ NÁLEZU V CHÝŠTI............................................................................369 (Tomáš Wagner - Marek Fikrle - Jiří Lukas) 8. SROVNÁVACÍ TABULKA INVENTÁRNÍCH A KATALOGOVÝCH ČÍSEL..........................................................379 9. LITERATURA.................................................................................................................................................................389 6
CONTENT 1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT, LOCALIZATION AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS.................. 398 AT THE FINDING SPOT (Jiří Lukas - Jiří Militký) 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINDING SPOT IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL CONTEXT.... 401 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD (2015) 3.1. Ceramic vessel used for boxing of the hoard (Jiří Militký)........................................................................................ 403 3.2. Basic characteristics of the hoard content.....................................................................................................................403 3. 3. Technical notes to the catalogue..................................................................................................................................... 404 3.4. Catalogue of coins in the hoard (Czech only)................................................................................................................29 4. NUMISMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHÝŠT HOARD (2015) 4.1. Local coin hoards ֊ basic source for understanding the Bohemian coinage in the 990s......................................405 4. 2. Foreign coin hoards with the Bohemian deniers struck in the 990s.........................................................................412 4.3. Chronology of earlier varieties of the deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Prague mint (C 123,124,128,136) ...413 4.4. Later varieties of the deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Prague mint (C 1016,129,130)................. 419 4. 5. Deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Vyšehrad mint (C 140, C
141)......................................................... 421 4.6. Deniers of the Ethelred type with the name of Soběslaus the Slavnikid...................................................................423 4. 7. Deniers of the hand - chapel type produced in the Prague mint (C 134/1018, C 135, C 185/1023)................... 426 4.8. Deniers of the hand - chapel type produced in the Vyšehrad mint (C 142, C 143)................................................ 428 4.9. Deniers of the hand - chapel type C 133.......................................................................................................................430 4.10. Deniers of the hand - chapel type C 226................................................................................................................... 432 4.11. Deniers of the hand - cross type produced in the Prague mint (C 137, C 1019)................................................. 434 4.12. Unknown varieties of the deniers of the hand - chapel type.................................................................................. 435 4.13. Bavarian coins in the hoard........................................................................................................................................... 436 5. BOHEMIAN COINAGE IN THE 990s IN LIGHT OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD (2015)............................................ 437 6. EXCURSUS 1: TABLES SUMMARIZING APPEARANCE OF THE BOHEMIAN COINS IN FOREIGN HOARDS 6.1. Appearance of the Bohemian deniers struck in the Prague and Vyšehrad mints during the 990s in foreign hoards arranged in
chronological order based on tpq......................................................... 362 6.2. Appearance of the Bohemian deniers struck in the Prague and Vyšehrad mints during the 990s in foreign hoards monitored on their types and varieties......................................................................366 7. EXCURSUS 2: ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD.........................................................................442 (Tomáš Wágner - Marek Fikrle ֊ Jiří Lukas) 8. INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS.............................................................................................................. 379 9. LITERATURE........................................................................................................................................................................389 7
7. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD Tomáš Wágner, Marek Fikrle, Jiří Lukas ithin the framework of the regional cooperation between the Museum of East Bohemia in Par dubice and the Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Faculty of Chemical Technology of the Pardubice University, coins found in Chýšť were analy zed via the X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Despite its limitations in the field of archaeometry, the chosen method belongs to the so-called first sequence methods. The physical principle of the method is described in li terature (van Grieken - Markowicz 2002). Application of the XRF in archaeology has been studied for a long time, e.g. in the Czech Republic, by J. Frâna and others (Frâna Tomková 2005; Fikrle - Fráňa - Tomková 2012). Non-de structive analyses of silver coins are discussed in more detail, e.g. in the work of Richtera et al. (Novák - Vide man - Kouřil - Richtera ֊ Zmrzlý 2016). The last men tioned publication represents the first systematic study and description of the problems connected with analysis of historical silver coins. In archaeometry, the XRF analysis is usually used as fully non-destructive analytical technique. But the fact, that XRF is a surface method, represents several prob lems. Historical artefacts (not only coins) usually come to the laboratory with some changes on their surface layer. These changes include corrosion (i.e. practical ly without human impact), different state of preserva tion - from total removes of the corrosion layer to the state as it was found’ (i.e. with rests of soil). The changes
mentioned above are those made after burial and/or af ter excavation. Nevertheless, it is known that the chan ges of surface appeared after manufacturing of artefacts and during their use. If those changes were not destroyed during the preservation works, they affect results of the surface testing. As it is clear from the work of Richtera et al., concentration of silver in the artefacts can be lo wer compared to the results of the XRF analysis. Unfor tunately, there is no possibility how to simply, reliably and non-destructively check whether the artefact is ho mogeneous in its deep profile or not, or in all its places respectively. It is questionable whether the Richtera s hy drostatic method is suitable for corrections of results of such a big set of samples (as said by the author himself). For the analysis of the Chýšť hoard, the EAGLE II (Röntgenanalytik Meßtechnik GmbH) device with Rh W 442 X-ray tube has been used. X-rays were focused by quartz polycapillary optics (diameter of analysed spot d = 50 pm) with the angle of incident radiation 65° to the sample. The angle between sample and detector was 60°, and the angle between incident and emitted radiation was 90°. For de tection of characteristic X-rays, the EAGLE 149-5 (EDAX International - LN2 cooled) with active area of 80 mm2 and resolution better than 160 eV on Ka Mn line was used. The elemental composition is typical for the Mid dle Age era. The main components of alloy are silver and copper, with lead and gold as main minority admixtures. Another typical element for the medieval silver is bis muth. It
was, unfortunately, added to the calculations only on a few tested samples. The reason was represented by inexperience of the analytical lab staff with this type of historical artefacts. The next determined element was sulphur. The content of sulphur usually indicates use of sulphide ores as a primary source of metal. Focusing on the results of the analyses, it is evident that the concen tration of silver as the main component markedly fluctu ates in general samples and individual coins. The reasons for this fact can be: 1. Deep inhomogeneity of the particular coins ֊ see above; 2. Testing by focused beam (50pm) is complicated with such a high resolution because of microstruc ture parts of samples. Even in the case of highly homogeneous samples, the tested concentrations more or less fluctuate. To inhibit an influence of in homogeneity, the repeated testing (5-10) is usual ly used on different places. In the case of the Chýšť coins (except for a few testings), only two testings were made on one sample - one on each side. 3. Determination of the major component (Ag) using La analytical line. As mentioned above, the XRF is a surface method. The method is based on testing of the characteristic X-rays. The depth from which the information about one single element comes is varied. In homogeneous (in both, depth and area) matrix, it is possible to solve this problem relatively easily by calibration. In the case of heterogeneous matrix, it is a problem. In our specific case - silver ֊ we can get information from the depth of circa
10 μιη when the La line is used, but in the case of Ka line, the information comes from the depth of cir ca 300 pm. It is obvious that in the case of surface inhomogeneous material ֊ like in the case of histo rical coins without any doubts (silver in this work) - the data must be interpreted extremely carefully. Despite all limitations summarized above, the tested data give us a good idea about elemental composition of coins. In spite of the fact, that analyses of the similar or same type of coins suitable for comparison were made on different XRF devices, and the values of silver con centrations were calculated from Ka lines (i.e. from the bigger depth). Ihe data are fully comparable (Polanský Tomková 2006). There is no reason to explain relatively higher variability of silver concentration data for many coins by low quality (except of those visually different) with high probability, the size of the testing spot and the depth of origin of analytical signal were the explanation. Measured data are published here in tables and charts. One of the aims of this work was to find out if there was a relationship between dating of coins (classified coin age) and their elemental composition. For this purpose, the weighed average concentrations were calculated on the base of historical classification of coins (based on the Cach s catalogues), with respect to their different mint ing place. Weight factor was a standard deviation in test ings performed on one coin (usually two). Chart I shows an average composition (Ag) of different coins in depen dence on their minting places -
Prague, Vyšehrad - and also includes those pieces which cannot be clearly clas sified under any specific mint (Prague/Vyšehrad). For a better understanding how heterogeneous the testing re sults were in the case of the particular coins, the Charts 2-18 offer their data. If only samples of weighed avera ges are taken in account, it could be possible to see some trend - the earliest coins have quite high concentration of silver, and the silver purity slightly goes down in la ter ones, but at some point in history, the quality grew up. But it is necessary to count with some relatively high un certainties (error bars in charts). The mentioned trend is then still visible, but it is not so clear. Some reasons are discussed above and some of them result from the ba sic statistics - for the small number of samples with high variety of the tested elements on sample (coin), the total uncertainty is high. The solution of this problem is theo retically very simple - to make more testings on one coin and more testings on the same type of coinage. In the ana lytical praxis of testing of one historical artefact, it is dif ficult to solve such problems. At least ten analytical tes tings should be necessary in this experimental setup, but not only on the surface, but demonstrably from different layers of the artefact. It can be done in a pilot study (few pieces), but it is almost impossible to test the entire set of coins in that way. The reasons for this are the following: 443 huge amount of experimental data in time, high costs of analysis, and finally the pure fact, that the
tested samples cannot be damaged in any case. These factors lead to the conclusion that results from the XRF analysis of historical samples have clear limits. Regarding the results of elemental analyses of diffe rent denier types and varieties minted in Prague and Vy šehrad in the 990s and present in the Chýšť hoard 2015, the authors can come to the following conclusions: l.In the set of deniers of the Ethelred type minted in the Prague mint, the highest content of silver was determined in the coins produced under the mint-master Omeriz. It is the case of both, the ear ly varieties (C 123, 92.66 %, 13 pcs) and the later ones (C 1016,92.31 %, 2 pcs), and finally, the coins minted directly after termination of his activity in the Prague mint show the same results (C 130, 91.59 %, 4 pcs). The content of silver in the de niers of the Ethelred type with signature of the ‘mint-master Nacub (C 128,90.22 %, 12 pcs; C 129, 88.44%, 1 piece) andMizleta (C 136,89.29 %,3 pcs) is lower (Charts 1-7). 2. The deniers from Vyšehrad with signature of the ‘mint-master Zanta (C 140,87.65 %, 22 pcs; C 141, 89.92 %, 14 pcs) show approximately the same quality of silver (i.e. content of silver) as it was in the case of the Prague deniers of the Ethelred type signed by Mizleta or Nacub (C 128, C 129, C 136), (Charts 1,12,14). 3. In the beginning phase of minting of the deniers of the hand ֊ chapel type, the amount of silver notice ably rose up in both, the deniers from the Prague mint (C 134,93.71 %, 12 pcs; C 135,93.70 %, 13 pcs; C 185/1023,93.25 %, 5 pcs) and from the Vyšehrad mint (C
142,91.27%, 12 pcs; C 143,93.6%, 14 pcs), (Charts 1,9,10,13,15,16). 4. The amount of silver in the deniers of the hand ֊ chapel type C 133 (91.50 %, 13 pcs) and C 226 (94.19 %, 15 pcs) is approximately the same for both mints - Prague and Vyšehrad (Charts 1,8,17). 5. The amount of silver in the deniers of the hand cross type (C 137,91.82 %, 13 pcs; C 1019,94.99 %, 4 pcs) is only slightly lower than in the case of the deniers of the hand - chapel type from the Prague mint (C 134, C 135, C 185/1023), (Charts 1,11,18). Conclusion Based on results of elemental composition analysis of coins in the Chýšť hoard 2015, it is not possible to formu late any definitely valid conclusions about relative chro nology of the denier types and their varieties minted in
the 990s in Prague and Vyšehrad. The reason is repre sented not only by limited and sometimes insufficient number of testings performed in this project, but also by the lack of the published data from analyses of the de niers of the so-called Friesland type minted in Prague and Vyšehrad before the Ethelred and cross - chapel types (after 999 AD) from other hoards (e.g. Ostroměř 1903, Chrášťany 1897). The small discrepancies in average content of silver for the same varieties and types can be caused by the following facts: different number of sam ples (and different number of testings), character of me tallurgy and processing of the polymetallic ore used for preparation of the basic minting metal. There is no addi tional and trustworthy information about the ore origin. The next reason for discrepancies mentioned above can be represented by an imperfection of technology used for minting. This theory can be supported by nearly ex treme differences in silver content of the deniers of the Ethelred types C 128 and C 140 minted in Prague and Vyšehrad. The only relevant conclusion from the analy tical data which corresponds with the theory presented in the previous chapters is represented by the fact, that termination of the minting process for the deniers of the Ethelred type and start of production of the deniers of the hand - chapel type in Prague and Vyšehrad were centrally controlled and had precise timing. The new co ming type was accompanied with rise of average weight of coins and purity of silver. 444
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OBSAH PŘEDMLUVA. 11 1. NÁLEZOVÉ OKOLNOSTI, LOKALIZACE A ARCHEOLOGICKÉ PRŮZKUMY MÍSTA NÁLEZU.13 (Jiří Lukas - Jiří Militký) 2. CHARAKTERISTIKA MÍSTA NÁLEZU V ARCHEOLOGICKO-HISTORICKÝCH SOUVISLOSTECH.21 3. POPIS DEPOTU CHÝŠŤ 2015 3.1. Keramická nádoba použitá jako schránka depotu (Jiří Militký). 24 3.2. Základní charakteristika složení nálezu.24 3.3. Technické poznámky ke katalogu. 26 3.4. Katalog mincí obsažených v depotu.29 4. NUMISMATICKÁ ANALÝZA DEPOTU CHÝŠŤ 2015 4.1. Domácí hromadné nálezy mincí - základní pramen poznám českého mincovnictví 90. let 10. století.302 4.2. Zahraniční hromadné mincovní nálezy se zastoupením českých denárů ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století. 313 4.3. Chronologie starších variant denárů ethelredského typu z pražské mincovny (C 123, C 124, C 128, C 136). 316 4.4. Mladší varianty denárů ethelredského typu z pražské mincovny (C 1016, C 129, C 130). 323 4.5. Denáry
ethelredského typu z vyšehradské mincovny (C 140, C 141). 326 4.6. Denáry ethelredského typu se jménem Soběslava Slavníkovce. 329 4. 7. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice z pražské mincovny (C 134/1018, C 135, C 185/1023). 333 4. 8. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice z vyšehradské mincovny (C 142, C 143). 339 4.9. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice C 133. 343 4.10. Denáry typu ruka - kaplice C 226. 347 4.11. Denáry typu ruka - kříž z pražské mincovny (C 137, C 1019).350 4.12. Dosud neznámé varianty denárů typu ruka - kaplice.352 4.13. Bavorská složka nálezu.353 5. ČESKÉ MINCOVNICTVÍ 90. LET 10. STOLETÍ VE SVĚTLE NÁLEZU CHÝŠŤ 2015. 355 6. EXKURZ 1: TABELÁRNÍ PŘEHLEDY VÝSKYTU ČESKÝCH MINCÍ V ZAHRANIČNÍCH NÁLEZECH 6.1. Zastoupení českých denárů z pražské a vyšehradské
mincovny, ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století v zahraničních nálezech v chronologickém pořadí podle doby ukrytí.362 6.2. Zastoupení českých denárů z pražské a vyšehradské mincovny, ražených v průběhu 90. let 10. století v zahraničních nálezech podle typů a variant. 366 7. EXKURZ 2: ANALYTICKÉ POSOUZENÍ NÁLEZU V CHÝŠTI.369 (Tomáš Wagner - Marek Fikrle - Jiří Lukas) 8. SROVNÁVACÍ TABULKA INVENTÁRNÍCH A KATALOGOVÝCH ČÍSEL.379 9. LITERATURA.389 6
CONTENT 1. ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT, LOCALIZATION AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS. 398 AT THE FINDING SPOT (Jiří Lukas - Jiří Militký) 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FINDING SPOT IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL CONTEXT. 401 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD (2015) 3.1. Ceramic vessel used for boxing of the hoard (Jiří Militký). 403 3.2. Basic characteristics of the hoard content.403 3. 3. Technical notes to the catalogue. 404 3.4. Catalogue of coins in the hoard (Czech only).29 4. NUMISMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHÝŠT HOARD (2015) 4.1. Local coin hoards ֊ basic source for understanding the Bohemian coinage in the 990s.405 4. 2. Foreign coin hoards with the Bohemian deniers struck in the 990s.412 4.3. Chronology of earlier varieties of the deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Prague mint (C 123,124,128,136) .413 4.4. Later varieties of the deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Prague mint (C 1016,129,130). 419 4. 5. Deniers of the Ethelred type produced in the Vyšehrad mint (C 140, C
141). 421 4.6. Deniers of the Ethelred type with the name of Soběslaus the Slavnikid.423 4. 7. Deniers of the hand - chapel type produced in the Prague mint (C 134/1018, C 135, C 185/1023). 426 4.8. Deniers of the hand - chapel type produced in the Vyšehrad mint (C 142, C 143). 428 4.9. Deniers of the hand - chapel type C 133.430 4.10. Deniers of the hand - chapel type C 226. 432 4.11. Deniers of the hand - cross type produced in the Prague mint (C 137, C 1019). 434 4.12. Unknown varieties of the deniers of the hand - chapel type. 435 4.13. Bavarian coins in the hoard. 436 5. BOHEMIAN COINAGE IN THE 990s IN LIGHT OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD (2015). 437 6. EXCURSUS 1: TABLES SUMMARIZING APPEARANCE OF THE BOHEMIAN COINS IN FOREIGN HOARDS 6.1. Appearance of the Bohemian deniers struck in the Prague and Vyšehrad mints during the 990s in foreign hoards arranged in
chronological order based on tpq. 362 6.2. Appearance of the Bohemian deniers struck in the Prague and Vyšehrad mints during the 990s in foreign hoards monitored on their types and varieties.366 7. EXCURSUS 2: ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD.442 (Tomáš Wágner - Marek Fikrle ֊ Jiří Lukas) 8. INVENTORY AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS. 379 9. LITERATURE.389 7
7. ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE CHÝŠŤ HOARD Tomáš Wágner, Marek Fikrle, Jiří Lukas ithin the framework of the regional cooperation between the Museum of East Bohemia in Par dubice and the Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Faculty of Chemical Technology of the Pardubice University, coins found in Chýšť were analy zed via the X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). Despite its limitations in the field of archaeometry, the chosen method belongs to the so-called first sequence methods. The physical principle of the method is described in li terature (van Grieken - Markowicz 2002). Application of the XRF in archaeology has been studied for a long time, e.g. in the Czech Republic, by J. Frâna and others (Frâna Tomková 2005; Fikrle - Fráňa - Tomková 2012). Non-de structive analyses of silver coins are discussed in more detail, e.g. in the work of Richtera et al. (Novák - Vide man - Kouřil - Richtera ֊ Zmrzlý 2016). The last men tioned publication represents the first systematic study and description of the problems connected with analysis of historical silver coins. In archaeometry, the XRF analysis is usually used as fully non-destructive analytical technique. But the fact, that XRF is a surface method, represents several prob lems. Historical artefacts (not only coins) usually come to the laboratory with some changes on their surface layer. These changes include corrosion (i.e. practical ly without human impact), different state of preserva tion - from total removes of the corrosion layer to the state as it was found’ (i.e. with rests of soil). The changes
mentioned above are those made after burial and/or af ter excavation. Nevertheless, it is known that the chan ges of surface appeared after manufacturing of artefacts and during their use. If those changes were not destroyed during the preservation works, they affect results of the surface testing. As it is clear from the work of Richtera et al., concentration of silver in the artefacts can be lo wer compared to the results of the XRF analysis. Unfor tunately, there is no possibility how to simply, reliably and non-destructively check whether the artefact is ho mogeneous in its deep profile or not, or in all its places respectively. It is questionable whether the Richtera's hy drostatic method is suitable for corrections of results of such a big set of samples (as said by the author himself). For the analysis of the Chýšť hoard, the EAGLE II (Röntgenanalytik Meßtechnik GmbH) device with Rh W 442 X-ray tube has been used. X-rays were focused by quartz polycapillary optics (diameter of analysed spot d = 50 pm) with the angle of incident radiation 65° to the sample. The angle between sample and detector was 60°, and the angle between incident and emitted radiation was 90°. For de tection of characteristic X-rays, the EAGLE 149-5 (EDAX International - LN2 cooled) with active area of 80 mm2 and resolution better than 160 eV on Ka Mn line was used. The elemental composition is typical for the Mid dle Age era. The main components of alloy are silver and copper, with lead and gold as main minority admixtures. Another typical element for the medieval silver is bis muth. It
was, unfortunately, added to the calculations only on a few tested samples. The reason was represented by inexperience of the analytical lab staff with this type of historical artefacts. The next determined element was sulphur. The content of sulphur usually indicates use of sulphide ores as a primary source of metal. Focusing on the results of the analyses, it is evident that the concen tration of silver as the main component markedly fluctu ates in general samples and individual coins. The reasons for this fact can be: 1. Deep inhomogeneity of the particular coins ֊ see above; 2. Testing by focused beam (50pm) is complicated with such a high resolution because of microstruc ture parts of samples. Even in the case of highly homogeneous samples, the tested concentrations more or less fluctuate. To inhibit an influence of in homogeneity, the repeated testing (5-10) is usual ly used on different places. In the case of the Chýšť coins (except for a few testings), only two testings were made on one sample - one on each side. 3. Determination of the major component (Ag) using La analytical line. As mentioned above, the XRF is a surface method. The method is based on testing of the characteristic X-rays. The depth from which the information about one single element comes is varied. In homogeneous (in both, depth and area) matrix, it is possible to solve this problem relatively easily by calibration. In the case of heterogeneous matrix, it is a problem. In our specific case - silver ֊ we can get information from the depth of circa
10 μιη when the La line is used, but in the case of Ka line, the information comes from the depth of cir ca 300 pm. It is obvious that in the case of surface inhomogeneous material ֊ like in the case of histo rical coins without any doubts (silver in this work) - the data must be interpreted extremely carefully. Despite all limitations summarized above, the tested data give us a good idea about elemental composition of coins. In spite of the fact, that analyses of the similar or same type of coins suitable for comparison were made on different XRF devices, and the values of silver con centrations were calculated from Ka lines (i.e. from the bigger depth). Ihe data are fully comparable (Polanský Tomková 2006). There is no reason to explain relatively higher variability of silver concentration data for many coins by low quality (except of those visually different) with high probability, the size of the testing spot and the depth of origin of analytical signal were the explanation. Measured data are published here in tables and charts. One of the aims of this work was to find out if there was a relationship between dating of coins (classified coin age) and their elemental composition. For this purpose, the weighed average concentrations were calculated on the base of historical classification of coins (based on the Cach's catalogues), with respect to their different mint ing place. Weight factor was a standard deviation in test ings performed on one coin (usually two). Chart I shows an average composition (Ag) of different coins in depen dence on their minting places -
Prague, Vyšehrad - and also includes those pieces which cannot be clearly clas sified under any specific mint (Prague/Vyšehrad). For a better understanding how heterogeneous the testing re sults were in the case of the particular coins, the Charts 2-18 offer their data. If only samples of weighed avera ges are taken in account, it could be possible to see some trend - the earliest coins have quite high concentration of silver, and the silver purity slightly goes down in la ter ones, but at some point in history, the quality grew up. But it is necessary to count with some relatively high un certainties (error bars in charts). The mentioned trend is then still visible, but it is not so clear. Some reasons are discussed above and some of them result from the ba sic statistics - for the small number of samples with high variety of the tested elements on sample (coin), the total uncertainty is high. The solution of this problem is theo retically very simple - to make more testings on one coin and more testings on the same type of coinage. In the ana lytical praxis of testing of one historical artefact, it is dif ficult to solve such problems. At least ten analytical tes tings should be necessary in this experimental setup, but not only on the surface, but demonstrably from different layers of the artefact. It can be done in a pilot study (few pieces), but it is almost impossible to test the entire set of coins in that way. The reasons for this are the following: 443 huge amount of experimental data in time, high costs of analysis, and finally the pure fact, that the
tested samples cannot be damaged in any case. These factors lead to the conclusion that results from the XRF analysis of historical samples have clear limits. Regarding the results of elemental analyses of diffe rent denier types and varieties minted in Prague and Vy šehrad in the 990s and present in the Chýšť hoard 2015, the authors can come to the following conclusions: l.In the set of deniers of the Ethelred type minted in the Prague mint, the highest content of silver was determined in the coins produced under the mint-master Omeriz. It is the case of both, the ear ly varieties (C 123, 92.66 %, 13 pcs) and the later ones (C 1016,92.31 %, 2 pcs), and finally, the coins minted directly after termination of his activity in the Prague mint show the same results (C 130, 91.59 %, 4 pcs). The content of silver in the de niers of the Ethelred type with signature of the ‘mint-master Nacub (C 128,90.22 %, 12 pcs; C 129, 88.44%, 1 piece) andMizleta (C 136,89.29 %,3 pcs) is lower (Charts 1-7). 2. The deniers from Vyšehrad with signature of the ‘mint-master Zanta (C 140,87.65 %, 22 pcs; C 141, 89.92 %, 14 pcs) show approximately the same quality of silver (i.e. content of silver) as it was in the case of the Prague deniers of the Ethelred type signed by Mizleta or Nacub (C 128, C 129, C 136), (Charts 1,12,14). 3. In the beginning phase of minting of the deniers of the hand ֊ chapel type, the amount of silver notice ably rose up in both, the deniers from the Prague mint (C 134,93.71 %, 12 pcs; C 135,93.70 %, 13 pcs; C 185/1023,93.25 %, 5 pcs) and from the Vyšehrad mint (C
142,91.27%, 12 pcs; C 143,93.6%, 14 pcs), (Charts 1,9,10,13,15,16). 4. The amount of silver in the deniers of the hand ֊ chapel type C 133 (91.50 %, 13 pcs) and C 226 (94.19 %, 15 pcs) is approximately the same for both mints - Prague and Vyšehrad (Charts 1,8,17). 5. The amount of silver in the deniers of the hand cross type (C 137,91.82 %, 13 pcs; C 1019,94.99 %, 4 pcs) is only slightly lower than in the case of the deniers of the hand - chapel type from the Prague mint (C 134, C 135, C 185/1023), (Charts 1,11,18). Conclusion Based on results of elemental composition analysis of coins in the Chýšť hoard 2015, it is not possible to formu late any definitely valid conclusions about relative chro nology of the denier types and their varieties minted in
the 990s in Prague and Vyšehrad. The reason is repre sented not only by limited and sometimes insufficient number of testings performed in this project, but also by the lack of the published data from analyses of the de niers of the so-called Friesland type minted in Prague and Vyšehrad before the Ethelred and cross - chapel types (after 999 AD) from other hoards (e.g. Ostroměř 1903, Chrášťany 1897). The small discrepancies in average content of silver for the same varieties and types can be caused by the following facts: different number of sam ples (and different number of testings), character of me tallurgy and processing of the polymetallic ore used for preparation of the basic minting metal. There is no addi tional and trustworthy information about the ore origin. The next reason for discrepancies mentioned above can be represented by an imperfection of technology used for minting. This theory can be supported by nearly ex treme differences in silver content of the deniers of the Ethelred types C 128 and C 140 minted in Prague and Vyšehrad. The only relevant conclusion from the analy tical data which corresponds with the theory presented in the previous chapters is represented by the fact, that termination of the minting process for the deniers of the Ethelred type and start of production of the deniers of the hand - chapel type in Prague and Vyšehrad were centrally controlled and had precise timing. The new co ming type was accompanied with rise of average weight of coins and purity of silver. 444 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lukas, Jiří 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140613587 |
| author_facet | Lukas, Jiří 1951- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Lukas, Jiří 1951- |
| author_variant | j l jl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046795277 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1164657738 (DE-599)BVBBV046795277 |
| edition | Vydání první |
| era | Geschichte 990-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 990-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | Chýšť Ostböhmisches Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV046795277 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:54:19Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:54:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788070076057 9788087151495 |
| language | Czech English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032204154 |
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| physical | 444 Seiten Karten, Pläne |
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| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Nakladatelství Filosofia Východočeské muzeum v Pardubicích |
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| series | Monumenta Numismatica |
| series2 | Monumenta Numismatica |
| spelling | Lukas, Jiří 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)140613587 aut Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Jiří Lukas ve spolupráci s J. Militkým, T. Wágnerem a M. Fikrlem ; překlad Vlastimil Novák Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Vydání první Praha Nakladatelství Filosofia 2019 Pardubice Východočeské muzeum v Pardubicích 444 Seiten Karten, Pläne txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monumenta Numismatica svazek 4 Text paralell tschechisch und englisch Zusammenfassungen in tschechischer und englischer Sprache Geschichte 990-1000 gnd rswk-swf Münzfund (DE-588)4126078-8 gnd rswk-swf Depotfund (DE-588)4131453-0 gnd rswk-swf Pfennig (DE-588)4174023-3 gnd rswk-swf Chýšť (DE-588)1215795300 gnd rswk-swf Ostböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075731-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content Ostböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075731-6 g Chýšť (DE-588)1215795300 g Münzfund (DE-588)4126078-8 s Pfennig (DE-588)4174023-3 s Depotfund (DE-588)4131453-0 s Geschichte 990-1000 z DE-604 Monumenta Numismatica svazek 4 (DE-604)BV036882199 4 https://www.recensio.net/r/9eb90a95833d471297b59c75f0287470 rezensiert in: Český časopis historický, 2021, 1, S. 191-192 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lukas, Jiří 1951- Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Monumenta Numismatica Münzfund (DE-588)4126078-8 gnd Depotfund (DE-588)4131453-0 gnd Pfennig (DE-588)4174023-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4126078-8 (DE-588)4131453-0 (DE-588)4174023-3 (DE-588)1215795300 (DE-588)4075731-6 (DE-588)4163417-2 |
| title | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| title_alt | Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| title_auth | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| title_exact_search | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| title_full | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Jiří Lukas ve spolupráci s J. Militkým, T. Wágnerem a M. Fikrlem ; překlad Vlastimil Novák |
| title_fullStr | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Jiří Lukas ve spolupráci s J. Militkým, T. Wágnerem a M. Fikrlem ; překlad Vlastimil Novák |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) Jiří Lukas ve spolupráci s J. Militkým, T. Wágnerem a M. Fikrlem ; překlad Vlastimil Novák |
| title_short | Hromadný nález denárů z konce 10. století z Chýště (okr. Pardubice) |
| title_sort | hromadny nalez denaru z konce 10 stoleti z chyste okr pardubice denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in chyst pardubice district |
| title_sub | = Denier hoard dating back to the end of the 10th century and found in Chýšť (Pardubice District) |
| topic | Münzfund (DE-588)4126078-8 gnd Depotfund (DE-588)4131453-0 gnd Pfennig (DE-588)4174023-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Münzfund Depotfund Pfennig Chýšť Ostböhmisches Gebiet Katalog |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/9eb90a95833d471297b59c75f0287470 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032204154&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036882199 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lukasjiri hromadnynalezdenaruzkonce10stoletizchysteokrpardubicedenierhoarddatingbacktotheendofthe10thcenturyandfoundinchystpardubicedistrict AT lukasjiri denierhoarddatingbacktotheendofthe10thcenturyandfoundinchystpardubicedistrict |
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