Holdings: The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources

The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources: The Case of Iran

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Rashidghalam, Masoomeh (Editor)
Format:	Electronic eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Singapore Springer [2020]
Series:	Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
Subjects:	Agricultural Economics Middle Eastern and North African Economics Sustainable Development Agricultural economics Middle East—Economic conditions Sustainable development Landwirtschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	BTU01 FAB01 FAN01 FHA01 FHI01 FHM01 FHN01 FHR01 FKE01 FLA01 FRO01 FWS01 FWS02 HTW01 UBG01 UBM01 UBT01 UBY01 UEI01 UPA01 Volltext
Physical Description:	1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 206 Seiten)
ISBN:	9789811552502
DOI:	10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2

Staff View

MARC


LEADER	00000nmm a2200000zc 4500
001	BV046792358
003	DE-604
005	20220203
007	cr\|uuu---uuuuu
008	200703s2020 \|\|\|\| o\|\|u\| \|\|\|\|\|\|eng d
020			\|a 9789811552502 \|c Online \|9 978-981-15-5250-2
024	7		\|a 10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|2 doi
035			\|a (ZDB-2-ECF)9789811552502
035			\|a (OCoLC)1199670952
035			\|a (DE-599)BVBBV046792358
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rda
041	0		\|a eng
049			\|a DE-860 \|a DE-83 \|a DE-1043 \|a DE-Aug4 \|a DE-898 \|a DE-861 \|a DE-188 \|a DE-523 \|a DE-859 \|a DE-473 \|a DE-863 \|a DE-862 \|a DE-92 \|a DE-824 \|a DE-M347 \|a DE-703 \|a DE-1102 \|a DE-706 \|a DE-739 \|a DE-634 \|a DE-19 \|a DE-573 \|a DE-11
082	0		\|a 338.1 \|2 23
245	1	0	\|a The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources \|b The Case of Iran \|c Masoomeh Rashidghalam (editor)
264		1	\|a Singapore \|b Springer \|c [2020]
264		4	\|c © 2020
300			\|a 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 206 Seiten)
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b c \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b cr \|2 rdacarrier
490	0		\|a Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
650		4	\|a Agricultural Economics
650		4	\|a Middle Eastern and North African Economics
650		4	\|a Sustainable Development
650		4	\|a Agricultural economics
650		4	\|a Middle East—Economic conditions
650		4	\|a Sustainable development
650	0	7	\|a Landwirtschaft \|0 (DE-588)4034402-2 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Wirtschaftswissenschaften \|0 (DE-588)4066528-8 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
655		7	\|0 (DE-588)4143413-4 \|a Aufsatzsammlung \|2 gnd-content
689	0	0	\|a Wirtschaftswissenschaften \|0 (DE-588)4066528-8 \|D s
689	0	1	\|a Landwirtschaft \|0 (DE-588)4034402-2 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
700	1		\|a Rashidghalam, Masoomeh \|0 (DE-588)1099439426 \|4 edt
776	0	8	\|i Erscheint auch als \|n Druck-Ausgabe \|z 978-981-155-249-6
856	4	0	\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|x Verlag \|z URL des Erstveröffentlichers \|3 Volltext
912			\|a ZDB-2-ECF
940	1		\|q ZDB-2-ECF_2020
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032201286
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l BTU01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FAB01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FAN01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FHA01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FHI01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FHM01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FHN01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FHR01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FKE01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FLA01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FRO01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FWS01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l FWS02 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l HTW01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UBG01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UBM01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UBT01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UBY01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UEI01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext
966	e		\|u https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2 \|l UPA01 \|p ZDB-2-ECF \|x Verlag \|3 Volltext

Record in the Search Index

DE-BY-FWS_katkey	844302
_version_	1824554974991876096
adam_txt
any_adam_object
any_adam_object_boolean
author2	Rashidghalam, Masoomeh
author2_role	edt
author2_variant	m r mr
author_GND	(DE-588)1099439426
author_facet	Rashidghalam, Masoomeh
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV046792358
collection	ZDB-2-ECF
ctrlnum	(ZDB-2-ECF)9789811552502 (OCoLC)1199670952 (DE-599)BVBBV046792358
dewey-full	338.1
dewey-hundreds	300 - Social sciences
dewey-ones	338 - Production
dewey-raw	338.1
dewey-search	338.1
dewey-sort	3338.1
dewey-tens	330 - Economics
discipline	Wirtschaftswissenschaften
discipline_str_mv	Wirtschaftswissenschaften
doi_str_mv	10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2
format	Electronic eBook
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03945nmm a2200745zc 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046792358</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220203 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr\|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200703s2020 \|\|\|\| o\|\|u\| \|\|\|\|\|\|eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789811552502</subfield><subfield code="c">Online</subfield><subfield code="9">978-981-15-5250-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-2-ECF)9789811552502</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1199670952</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046792358</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Aug4</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-898</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-861</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-523</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-863</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-862</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-92</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-824</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M347</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1102</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-573</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">338.1</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources</subfield><subfield code="b">The Case of Iran</subfield><subfield code="c">Masoomeh Rashidghalam (editor)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Singapore</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">[2020]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 206 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Agricultural Economics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Middle Eastern and North African Economics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sustainable Development</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Agricultural economics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Middle East—Economic conditions</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sustainable development</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Landwirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4034402-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaftswissenschaften</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066528-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Wirtschaftswissenschaften</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4066528-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Landwirtschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4034402-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rashidghalam, Masoomeh</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1099439426</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-981-155-249-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">ZDB-2-ECF_2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032201286</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">BTU01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FAB01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FAN01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FHA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FHI01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FHM01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FHN01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FHR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FKE01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FLA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FRO01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FWS01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">FWS02</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">HTW01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UBG01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UBM01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UBT01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UBY01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UEI01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2</subfield><subfield code="l">UPA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-2-ECF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
genre	(DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content
genre_facet	Aufsatzsammlung
id	DE-604.BV046792358
illustrated	Not Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T14:53:19Z
indexdate	2025-02-20T07:00:18Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789811552502
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032201286
oclc_num	1199670952
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-860 DE-83 DE-1043 DE-Aug4 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-861 DE-188 DE-523 DE-859 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-92 DE-824 DE-M347 DE-703 DE-1102 DE-706 DE-739 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-573 DE-11
owner_facet	DE-860 DE-83 DE-1043 DE-Aug4 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-861 DE-188 DE-523 DE-859 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-92 DE-824 DE-M347 DE-703 DE-1102 DE-706 DE-739 DE-634 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-573 DE-11
physical	1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 206 Seiten)
psigel	ZDB-2-ECF ZDB-2-ECF_2020
publishDate	2020
publishDateSearch	2020
publishDateSort	2020
publisher	Springer
record_format	marc
series2	Perspectives on Development in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region
spellingShingle	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran Agricultural Economics Middle Eastern and North African Economics Sustainable Development Agricultural economics Middle East—Economic conditions Sustainable development Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4066528-8 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran
title_auth	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran
title_exact_search	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran
title_exact_search_txtP	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran
title_full	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran Masoomeh Rashidghalam (editor)
title_fullStr	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran Masoomeh Rashidghalam (editor)
title_full_unstemmed	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources The Case of Iran Masoomeh Rashidghalam (editor)
title_short	The Economics of Agriculture and Natural Resources
title_sort	the economics of agriculture and natural resources the case of iran
title_sub	The Case of Iran
topic	Agricultural Economics Middle Eastern and North African Economics Sustainable Development Agricultural economics Middle East—Economic conditions Sustainable development Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Wirtschaftswissenschaften (DE-588)4066528-8 gnd
topic_facet	Agricultural Economics Middle Eastern and North African Economics Sustainable Development Agricultural economics Middle East—Economic conditions Sustainable development Landwirtschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften Aufsatzsammlung
url	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5250-2
work_keys_str_mv	AT rashidghalammasoomeh theeconomicsofagricultureandnaturalresourcesthecaseofiran

Holdings

Get full text

MARC

Record in the Search Index

Similar Items