Spies and scholars: Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power
"Spies and Scholars explores centuries of Russian spying and scholarship on the Far East. In the seventeenth century, Russian bureaucrats were focused on China and the forbidding Siberian frontier. They relied more on spies, including Jesuit scholars stationed in China. In the early nineteenth...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
2020
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Spies and Scholars explores centuries of Russian spying and scholarship on the Far East. In the seventeenth century, Russian bureaucrats were focused on China and the forbidding Siberian frontier. They relied more on spies, including Jesuit scholars stationed in China. In the early nineteenth century, the geopolitical challenge shifted to Europe: rivalry with Britain drove the Russians to stake their prestige on public-facing intellectual work, and knowledge of the East was embedded in the academy. None of these institutional configurations was especially effective in delivering strategic or commercial advantages. But various knowledge regimes did have their consequences. Knowledge filtered through Russian espionage and publication found its way to Europe, informing the encounter between China and Western empires"-- |
| Beschreibung: | 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780674241855 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Part I. Muscovite statecraft and hybrid knowledge: Muscovy on the knowledge frontier -- Seeing China through Russian eyes -- Part II. Bureaucrats and their secrets: Secret missions, troublesome missionaries -- Scholarship and expertise at home and abroad -- The caravan as a knowledge bureaucracy -- The commerce of long-distance letters -- Part III. Remaking knowledge on the frontier: Frontier intelligence and the struggle for Inner Asia -- Spies and subversion in Eastern Siberia -- Part IV. Intelligence and sinology in search of world power: Imperial encounters in the North Pacific -- Making Russian sinology in the Age of Napoleon -- Conspiracy and conquest on the Amur | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Spies and Scholars explores centuries of Russian spying and scholarship on the Far East. In the seventeenth century, Russian bureaucrats were focused on China and the forbidding Siberian frontier. They relied more on spies, including Jesuit scholars stationed in China. In the early nineteenth century, the geopolitical challenge shifted to Europe: rivalry with Britain drove the Russians to stake their prestige on public-facing intellectual work, and knowledge of the East was embedded in the academy. None of these institutional configurations was especially effective in delivering strategic or commercial advantages. But various knowledge regimes did have their consequences. Knowledge filtered through Russian espionage and publication found its way to Europe, informing the encounter between China and Western empires"-- | |
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| adam_text | Contents Maps and Illustrations Note on Calendar and Transliteration ix xi Introduction і I. MUSCOVITE STATECRAFT AND HYBRID KNOWLEDGE 1. Muscovy on the Knowledge Frontier 2. Seeing China through Russian Eyes 25 45 II. BUREAUCRATS AND THEIR SECRETS 3. 4. 5. 6. Secret Missions, Troublesome Missionaries Scholarship and Expertise at Home and Abroad The Caravan as a Knowledge Bureaucracy The Commerce of Long-Distance Letters 67 89 104 120 III. REMAKING KNOWLEDGE ON THE FRONTIER 7. Frontier Intelligence and the Struggle for Inner Asia 8. Spies and Subversion in Eastern Siberia 139 159 IV. INTELLIGENCE AND SINOLOGY IN SEARCH OF WORLD POWER 9. Imperial Encounters in the North Pacific 10. Making Russian Sinology in the Age of Napoleon 11. Conspiracy and Conquest on the Amur Conclusion Appendix: Reign Dates Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments Index 185 210 234 257 267 269 271 323 357 359
Bibliography Archives and Manuscript Collections London British Library (BL) India Office Records (IOR) London Metropolitan Archives National Archives (NA) Paris Archives jésuites, Vanves Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères, La Courneuve (AAE) Archives nationales (AN) Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France (BIF) Bibliothèque Nationale (BN) Moscow Archive of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire (AVPRI) Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) Russian State Library Manuscript Department (OR RGB) State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) State Historical Museum Department of Written Sources (OPI GIM) State Historical Museum Manuscript Department (OR GIM) St. Petersburg Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch (SPb ARAN) Institute of Oriental Manuscripts Archive of Orientalists (AV IVR)
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Index Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations. Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre, 211,227 Ablar Khan, 149,153-154 Abiin, Seitkul, 29,30,37, 67 Abulmamet Khan, 148,153 Academy of Sciences (Russia), 5, 221, 261; caravans and, 108-109; censorship and, 239; College of Foreign Aifairs and, 19, 91; establishment of, 90; Golovkin and, 214; Jesuits and, 123,133; Klaproth at, 214-216; newspaper of, 69,130; priorities of, 11; Rossokhin at, 79,82,91-96,220,258; sinology at, 225-233 ad-Din, Khoja Burhan, 154 Adoratskii, Nikolai, 315Ո31 Agafonov, Aleksei, 85-86,100,102,220,233 Aian, 236, 245 Aiguillon, duc ď, 190-193 Aigun, 163,164, 247, 251-253; maps of, 161,236 Akhte, Nikolai, 239 Alaska, 22,144,196,197, 241 Albazin, 31, 72 Albazinians, 74, 94,218; Russian Orthodox, Amman, Johann, 124,127-128 Amursana, 149-150,165, 303Ո40 Amur valley, 34-35,112,174; Anglo-French threat to, 246, 249; exploration of, 144-145, 197; maps of, 31,161,181,188, 236; navigation rights for, 133,204-205, 237,240-241, 243, 246; Russian annexation of, 234-235, 239-240, 243-253, 263-265; Russian retreat from, 236-242; Shulgin on, 163; Sinclair on, 200; Spafarii on, 41,42. See also Manchuria Andreev, A. I., 280Ո36 Anna Ioannovna, Russian empress, 92 Anson, George, 187 “anti-imperial imperialism,” 252-254 Arshinskii, Danila, 35 Astrakhan, 28, 29, 86,109 Austrian Succession, War of (1740-1748), 79 authorship, 43-45,96-103; academic, 22, 212, 214, 233, 261; hybrid texts and, 25,35-39, 41-43,46-47,55; plagiarism and, 41-42,47, 55, 57. See also book market Avril, Philippe, 47, 52-53 72,85, 218,222 Alekseev, A. I.,
264 Aleni, Giulio, 127,222, 294Ո43 Alexander 1,157,186,204, 208-209 Alexander II, 234,249 Almeida, José Bernardo de, 202 Altai territory, 158,181 Altan Khan, 27,29,32 Amherst, William, 208 Amiot, Joseph, 99-101,170, 226 Baddeley, John, 41 Badmaev, Pëtr, 262-263 Baikov, Fëdor, 30-35,56,57 Baikov, Lev, 206 Baksheev, Fëdor, 85-86,100 Bantysh-Kamenskii, N. N„ 84,205,229,262, 263 Bar Confederation, 189 Bartold’d, V. V., 257
INDEX збо Bayer, Theophilus Siegfried, 123-127, 214 Beijing treaty (i860), 235, 251-254 Belei, Batur, 165-166 Bell, John, 60, 200-201 Beneveni, Fiorio, 71 Benyovszky, Móric, 189-193,259 Bering, Vitus, 144 Bertin, Henri-Léonard, 100,192,198,309Ո22 Bichurin, Nikita “Iakinf,” 1-2,13, 213-214; complaints against, 217-218,223-224; Klaproth on, 232; legacy of, 233,317Ո80; punishment of, 224, 231; reform proposal of, 219 Billings, Joseph, 196 Blumentrost, Lavrentii, 90 book market, 10,14,25,48-49, 60, 260-261. See also Republic of Letters Böttger, Johann Friedrick, 115 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 187 Brancati, Francesco, 99 Brand, Adam, 57-59 Bratishchev, Vasilii, 15,133,145 British East India Company, 194,195,199, 207 Buckinghamshire, Earl of, 144, 252 Buddhism, 26, 27,220, 229, 263; Khalkha, 165; Tibetan, 37 Bukharans, 11, 26,29,155, 216; diplomacy by, 139,185; trade networks of, 31 Bukholts, Ivan, 160-162 Bukhtarma trading post, 204,205 bureaucracy, 104-113,120-123; cameralism and, 10-11, 68-69, 79, 90; Table of Ranks in, 12,79,82,170; Weber on, 15, 68 Buriats, 16,145,147; intelligence network of, 159-162; Mongol ties of, 12,159-160,168; territory of, 161 Cahen, Gaston, 290Ո24 California, 188,241 cameralism, 10-11, 68-69,79,9° Campbell, John L., 7-8 caravans, 78,107-109; as knowledge bureaucracy, 104-113,120-123 cartography, 35-39,37, 41-43,78,112; Rossokhin on, 94-95 Cathcart, Lord, 199, 200 Catherine I, 69,162 Catherine II the Great, 98,143-145, 259, 265; French spies and, 189; Iakobii and, 170-171,177-180; Jesuits and, 10,197-198; Junghars and, 144; Kazakhs and, 154;
naval expeditions of, 3,186-187; PolishLithuanian territories of, 10,186,189,197; Torghuts and, 156-157 Chekanov, Nikita, 80,122 Chinese language, 211; dictionaries of, 124-125, 223,233; training in, 71-73,80,84,220-221 Chinese literature, 211-213, 229 Chinggis Khan, 27,28,38,165,229 Chingiinjav, Mongol prince, 165-166,174 chinoiserie style, 16,17,97 Chugan (Ciwang), 167-168,171 Cibot, Pierre Martial, 134,198 Clement XIV, pope, 10,197 Clerke, Charles, 194 Cobb, James, 201 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 16 Collas, Jean-Paul-Louis, 134 College of Foreign Affairs (Russia), 11,13, 68-70,141,261; Academy of Sciences and, 19, 91; Amursana and, 150; caravans and, 107-109; Kamenskii at, 220; Rossokhin and, 77-79 Collins, Samuel, 33 Columbia River (US), 187 Concert of Europe, 236 Confucianism, 15, 93,104,143, 204 conspiracy theories, 186,189-193 Cook, James, 187,193,196 Cossacks, 25,28,34,159,185 Cotta, Friedrich von, 216 Couplet, Philippe, 51 Coxe, William, 61,196 Crampton, John, 252 Crimean War (1853-1856), 234,237,244,246, 248 Crull, Jodocus, 46-47,53 Datsyshen, V. G., 317Ո80 Dauria, 34. See also Manchuria David, Jerzy, 51-52,285Ո30 de Bruyn, Cornelius, 58 Defoe, Daniel, 62, 63 Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas, 90,91,125-126,188, 299Ո28 Depei, Manchu prince, 99,127 Desrobert, Louis, 132 Divov, Pavel, 262 Dobell, Peter, 208 Dolon Nor, 27,31
INDEX Dorji, Sanzai, 149,169,172 Dositheos II, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 40 Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 41,43,49,61,98,131 Dunyn-Szpot, T. I., 52 Durand de Distroff, François-Michel, 189-193 Dutch East India Company, 200 dvoedantsy, 152,179 Eggebrecht, Peter, 115 Eight Trigrams Rebellion (1813), 180 Elizabeth, Russian empress, 92,98,149,160,186 Engels, Friedrich, 264 Enlightenment philosophy, 14-15, 43, 90; academic disciplines and, 211, 225; Orientalia and, 63,99,120, 228; translators and, 97. See also Republic of Letters Entrecolles, François ď, 115 Euler, Johann, 98 Euler, Leonhard, 90,134 Evenki (Tungus) hunters, 12,27,145,161, 240 Evseev, Ivan, 154-155 Fedorovich, Mikhail, 30 Fick, Heinrich, 68 Filaret (Drozdov), archbishop of Tver’, 226,227 Firsov, Erofei, 116,128 Fischer, Johann, 94 Fitzhugh, Thomas, 201 Flint, James, 192 Florinskii, V. M., 263 Foucault, Michel, 3-4, 8 Fourmont, Etienne, 131 Foy de la Neuville, 50,53, 284Ո24 Franklin, Benjamin, 133 Free Economic Society, 220,221,316Ո43 Freemasons, 99, 204 Fren (Frähn), Christoph, 227-230 Frolov, Sava, 165 frontier texts. See hybrid texts fur trade, 29,139,144.195,197 Gagarin, Matvei, 113 Gaillard, François-Marie, 121,298Ո3 Galdan Tsereng, 148,152, ібо Gamel’, I. Kh., loo, 101 Gannibal, Abram, 161 Gantimur, Evenki prince, 169 Gantimurov, Pavel, 162,169,171 G arvine, Thomas, из 122 Gaubil, Antoine, 81,122-126,128-130, 227 З61 Gavrilov, A. M., 241 Genem! Regulation (of colleges), 69 Gerbillon, Jean-François, 34-35 Glazenap, Grigoril, 157 Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, 131,132 go-betweens, 12,16-19,169-170,169 Godunov, Pëtr, 35-39;
maps of, 35-36,37, 50; sources of, 42 Golden Horde (Qipchaq Khanate), 26,28 Goldsmith, Oliver, 62-63 Golitsyn, A. N., 218, 223 Golitsyn, Vasilii, 38,52 Golovin, Fëdor, 88; Nerchinsk treaty and, 34-35; sources of, 43; Witsen and, 54, 55 Golovkin, Iurii, 157,180,204-205,217; on Amur navigation rights, 237, 240; Bichurin and, 214, 217; failure of, 21, 206-208, 215 Gordeev, Filat, 153 Governing Senate (Russia), 70,107-108 Grassi, Giovanni, 205 Great Wall, 11, 26,31, 46,181; gate cities of, 36, 38,110 Grebenshchikov, Ivan, 115 Gribovskii, Sofronii, 87-88,134-135, Z19 Gruber, Gabriel, 198, 204 Guarient, Christoph Ignaz von, 53 Guibert, Jacques de, 192 Guignes, Joseph de, 229 Hakluyt, Richard, 48 Hallerstein, Augustin, 134, 298Ո3 Hebenstreit, Johann, 132,133 Heviä, James Louis, 310Ո44 Hillemann, Ulrike, 310Ո44 Hoffmann, Karl Ludolf, 98 Hohhot, 31, 38 Holy Governing Synod, 11,18,72-75. See also Russian Orthodox Church Holy Roman Empire, 59,122 homosexuality, 76, 218, 224,290Ո32 Hong Taiji, 27 Hooke, Robert, 56 Hudson’s Bay Company, 191 hybrid texts, 25, 35-39.41-43.46-47. 55· See also authorship Iakobii, Ivan, 100,158,177,194-195. 235, 243 Iakobii, Varfolomei, 145-147,152,159,235; Catherine II and, 170-171,174,177-180; on governing borderlands, 243-245, 250
362 Ides, Isbrandt, 56-59 Ignaťev, Nikolai, 251, 253-255 Igumnov, Aleksandr, 206 Igumnov, Vasilii, 166,168,170,199, 202, 206 Imperial Benevolent Society, 220 Incannile, Pierre ď, 132 India, 26,199, 204; British rule of, 4, 5,16,198; Kashmir and, 217 intelligence, 6-14,203-209, 261, 265; conspiracy theories and, 186,189-193; industrial espionage and, 3, 9,20,105-106, 113-118,135; knowledge versus, 6-7,15,203, 209,259; Russian terms for, 7; Siberian Bureau and, 7,113-116 Irkutsk, 100,132,146,176-177; Iakobii’s governorship of, 177,179,194,195; Klichka’s governorship of, 194; Kornilov’s governor ship of, 182, 235; Lang’s governorship of, 59, 75,106,128-129; maps of, 31,161,181,188; military importance of, 235; North Pacific expansion and, 185; Voznesenskii Monastery in, 74, 217 Irtysh River, 146-150,156-159; maps of, 31, 142,181 Iumatov, Amvrosii, 85 Ivan IV the Terrible, 28 Izmailov, Lev, 57, 60, 201 Jan III Sobieski, Polish king, 52 Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu, 165-166,169 Jellatschitsch, Franz Lukas, 114,122,130-132, 214 Jesuits, 13,25, 81,211,238; Academy of Sciences and, 123,133; Catherine II and, 10,197-198; dissolution of, 10,197; early Chinese missions of, 43-46,73; Enlightenment and, 99; expulsion from Muscovy of, 52; French ties with, 49,192; in Holy Roman Empire, 59,122; Kamenskii on, 221-222, 226; in Poland, 123; Qing converts of, 2,39; Russian overland route for, 51-53; sea route to China of, 40,51; Shtorkh on, 228; Smorzhevskii and, 80. See also Roman Catholicism Jiaqing emperor, 208 Jungharia, 26,54,150,163-165, 204; gold exploration in, 148,160; Russian refugees
from, 147,152-158 Junghars, 21,26-27,31,142,144,158, 258; Qing Conquest of, 85,140-142,147-151; Russian alliance with, 202; Torghuts and, 151-152 Jurchens, 27-28 INDEX Kabanov, Pëtr, 263-264 Kafarov, Palladii, 252,254 Kalmyks. See Torghuts Kamchatka, 91,112,144,188-189 Kamenskii, Pavel (Pëtr), 80, 219-227, 230-231, 262 Kangxi Atlas, 79,112 Kangxi emperor, 52, 57,113,122,142 Kaniaev, Andrei, 80, 81,82, 83, 291Ո51 kaolin, 114,116-117 Karpov, Gurii, 254-255 Kazakhs, 16,27,152-154; Junghars and, 151; Juz, 147,148; territory of, 31,142; Veimarn on, 155 Kazan University, 212,217-218 Kehr, Georg-Jacob, 71 Khabarov, Ivan, 34 Khabun (or Gabun), 156,305Ո73 Khalkha Mongols, 27,112,146-147,163-165, 205 Kharkov University, 212 Khoqand khanate, 254 Kiakhta, 1, 61,175,177-178; British trade at, 202; language school in, 231; maps of, 161, 181,188; Russian trade at, 205, 207,237, 242 Kiakhta treaty (1727-1728), 72,82-83,85,139; addendums to, 172; border posts of, 159-162; caravans after, 107; provisions of, 141,152, 166 Klaproth, Julius, 204, 214-218, 227,228, 230; Abel-Rémusat and, 211; Bichurin and, 232; manuscript catalogue of, 131-132 knowledge, 2,31-35,250-255; archives of, 14-20,74-75,144; as commodity, 130-132; conspiracy theories and, 186,189-193; intelligence versus, 6-7,15,203, 209, 259; network approach to, 272Ո13 knowledge regimes, 6-14,56,260-261; bureaucracy and, 68,104-113,120-123, 261; changes in, 9; characteristics of, 7-8; Golovkin and, 208; imperial, 210-211; manipulation of, 235-236, 255, 259 Kögler, Ignatius, 124,125 Konstantin, Grand Duke, 242 Korea, 42, 55, no,
112,246 Korff, Baron, 124,126-127,129 Korkin, Iakov, 84,85 Kornilov, Aleksei, 182,235 Koroloff, Rachel, 300Ո33 Korsak, Norbert, 205 Korsakov, Mikhail, 246
INDEX Kotoshikhin, Grigoril, 33 Kovalevskii, Egor, 252 Krasheninnikov, Stepan, 91,132 Kropotov, Ivan, 82,172-174,191 Krug, Philipp, 229 Kruzenshtern, Ivan, 196, 205, 207, 243 Kurakin, Ivan, 32 Kursin, Andrei, 116-118 Kurts, B. G., 17, 263,264 Ladyzhenskii (Kiakhta commissioner), 178, 179 Laksman, Adam, 196-197 Laksman, Erik, 196-197 Lambert, Iakov, 205-207, 213 Langlès, Louis-Mathieu, 210, 227 Lang, Lorents, 59-60,106,112,115-116, 122-124; Amman and, 127; Bayer and, 127; Beil’s journal and, 200-201; as Irkutsk vice-governor, 128,129; Rossokhin and, 75-77 Lebratovskii, Gerasim, 116-117 LeDonne, John, 276Ո38 Ledyard, John, 195 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 51,58,63,104, 120 Leont’ev, Aleksei, 79-85, 87,96-100,172, 227; Da Qing yitongzhi, 102; Kaniaev and, 291Ո51; Kitaiskiia mysli, 99; Rikhter on, 233; Rossokhin and, 84, 96, 98, 230 Lifanyuan (Bureau of Foreign Tributaries), 73-74.142-144; Amursana and, 150; on Kazakhs, 153; on Kiakhta, 203-204; Kropotov and, 172; Nessel’rode and, 248; Rossokhin at, 77; translators of, 238; on Uladzai affair, 200 Lintsevskii, Gervasii, 80-82 Lipovtsov, Stepan, 220, 227,262 literacy, 7,49; book market and, 10,14,25, 48-49, 60, 260-261. See also Republic of Letters Lithuanian territory, 52,121,140; Catherine II and, 10,186,197 Liven (Lieven), Karl, 238-239 Li Zicheng, 30 Lomonosov, Mikhailo Vasil’evich, 91, 92, 97, 99 Louis XIV, 15-16,49 Louis XV, 189,193 Luvan (Mongol lama), 162,171 Յ63 Macao, 46,51, 63,188, 208 Macartney, Lord, 18,143,170,197,199-203; failed mission of, 21, 202, 242 Manchu language, 162, 211,220-221, 230; dictionaries of,
100,101,232; grammars of, 100-101, 215,232; training in, 71-74, 80-81, 84 Manchuria, 147, 265; border of, 161; early name of, 34; Tartary and, 54, 286Ո42. See also Amur valley Manchu Russian School, 81,87 Manzhou shilu, 38 Markelov, L, 243 Martini, Martino, 40-42,47, 55, 67 Marx, Karl, 264 Masons, 99,204 Matveev, Artamon, 40, 54 Meares, John, 195 Medical Chancellery (Russia), 113-114,130 Medico-Surgical Academy (Russia), 221 Meissen porcelain, 115 Men’shikov, Dmitrii, 244 Mentzel, Christian, 58 Merrick, John, 48 Mezzabarba, Giovanni Ambrogio, 200 Miasnikov, Osip, 106-107,115-118 Miasnikov, V. S„ 264-265 Miatlev, Vasilii, 150 Middendorf, Aleksandr, 239, 247 Milescu, Nicolae. See Spafarii, Nikolai Milton, John, 47 Ming Dynasty, 26, 27,47-48 Missions Étrangères de Paris, 248 Moldavia, 40 Möllendorf, Paul von, 232 Mongols, 26-28,31,142,161, 207; Buriat ties with, 12,159-160,168; language of, 37,71, 219; Russian defectors from, 165-166; subversion of, 163-174 Monroe Doctrine, 209 Montesquieu, 63,258 Morachevich, Veniamin, 238 Morrison, Robert, 212-213,223, 227 Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy, 226-227 Moscow Slavic-Latin-Greek Academy, 80 Mughal Empire, 26,198 Müller, Andreas, 57 Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 90,94-96,134, 145-146 Mulovskii, Grigorii, 196
364 Murav’ev, Nikolai, 160,235,243-255, 259, 264 Muravyeva, Marianna, 290Ո32 Murr, Christoph Gottlieb von, 98,99 Muscovy Company, 48 Nanjing treaty (1842), 242 Napoleonic wars, 1, 262 Nepliuev, Ivan, 149 Nerchinsk, 31, 72,159,161,162 Nerchinsk treaty (1689), 9,43,107,139, 263-265; Amur annexation and, 237, 248; provisions of, 31, 34-35 Nesseľrode, Karl, 223, 226, 231,241; Amur annexation and, 235-237,245-246; détente policy of, 237-239,242; dismissal of, 250 Nevel’skoi, Gennadii, 241, 244-250, 262 Nicholas 1,231,241-242, 248 Nieuhof, Johannes, 200 Nikolaevsk, 236, 245-246, 248-250 Nivkh (Giliaks), 241,245-247 Northeast Passage, 47-48,191,193 Northwest Passage, 188,193 Novikov, Nikolai, 92,96, 97 Núrali Khan, 153 Nurga (Mongol zaisang), 150 Nurhaci emperor, 27 Oirats, 26-27,147,149. See also Torghuts: Junghars Okhotsk, 145,187, 249; founding of, 34; maps of, 181,188, 236 Okladnikov, A. P., 264 Old Believers, 158 Ol’denburg, Sergei, 257 Opium War, First (1839-42), 208, 242-243 Opium War, Second (1856-60), 234, 243,251, 253,263,264 Orientalism, 16-17,22,43; Enlightenment philosophy and, 63,99,120; European views of, 210-213, 234; Said on, 4, 271Ո6. See also sinology Orlov, Dmitrii, 245, 246 Orlov, Ivan, 87,101-102 Osterman, Andrei, 68-69,124-125,129 Ostrovskikh, Luka, 170 Ottoman Empire, 5,189; historians of, 9-10; Iakobii and, 162; Russian wars with, 140, 179,186,191,192; Spafarii and, 40; Timur and, 26 INDEX Pallas, Peter Simon, 191,200,214 Palmqvist, Erik, 50 Panshi zonglun, 94 Parrenin, Dominique, 121,123-127 Paryshev, Aleksei, 85-86,100 Paul I, 97, 204 Pedersen, Ove Kaj,
7-8 Pereira, Caetano Pires, 238 Pereira, Tomás, 34-35 Pereyra, Andrea, 124 Perry, Matthew C., 248 Peter II, 162 Peter III, 170,186 Peter I the Great, 5, 9; archives of, 19; cameralism of, 10-11, 68-69,79, 9°; death of, 45, 67,162; European tour of, 47; Ides and, 57; Leibniz on, 51; Table of Ranks of, 12,79, 82,170; Weber on, 59 Petiin, Ivashko, 30,32-34,48-49,56,279Ո21 Petropavlovsk, 188,194,236, 249-250 Pil’, Ivan, 156,180 Pitt, William, the Younger, 195 plagiarism, 41-42,47,55. See also authorship Platkovskii, Antonii, 74-77, 80, 81,224 Plotnikov, A. Iu., 265 Poiarkov, Vasilii, 34 Polievktov, M. A., 260 Polish territory, 52,121,140; Catherine II conflicts with, 10,186,189,197; Jesuits in, 123 Polo, Marco, 45,48 Ponomarev, Mikhailo, 76-77 Popov, Dmitrii, 117-118 porcelain manufacture, 20,115-116 Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich, 177,178 Potocki, Jan, 214-215,314Ո16 Prévost, Abbé, 101 Prokopovich, Feofan, 93 Protestant missionaries, 51, 222-223,226 Pulteney, Richard, 62 Purchas, Samuel, 48 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 1,161 Putiatin, Evgenii, 251-254 Puységur, Maréchal de, 192 Qianlong emperor, 141,145-146,150; Ablai Sultan and, 153; Amursana and, 149; Macarthy embassy to, 199-203; Torghuts and, 155-156 Qing Eight Banner system, 72,95,99Ј
INDEX Qingwen qimeng, 93,96 Qipchaq Khanate (Golden Horde), 26, 28 Rabdan, Tsewang, 148 Raynal, Abbé, 201 Razumovskii, Kirill, 132 Remezov, Semen, 35,38-39 Remnev, A. V., 318Ո5 Renat, J. G., 148 Republic of Letters, 14, 89,135; Asian trade and, 48; caravans’ role in, 120,135; Russian diplomats and, 57-63; universalism of, 126. See also book market rhubarb trade, 49-50,113,132,206 Ricci, Matteo, 77,222 Richmann, G. V., 133 Rikhter, Aleksandr, 232-233 Rinhuber, Lorenz, 50-51 Rites Controversy, 121-122 Roman Catholicism, 221-222, 226, 238. See also Jesuits Roman Empire, 28 Rossokhin, Ilarion Kalinovich, 19,74-82,112, 130,290Ո24; at Academy of Sciences, 79, 82, 91-96,220, 258; family of, 96; as language teacher, 93; legacy of, 233; Leont’ev and, 84, 96,98,230; library of, 95,99 Rostovtsev, Iakov, 244 Royal Asiatic Society, 211 Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 157, 207 Rumovskii, Stepan, 133 Russian-American Company, 196, 235,241; financial decline of, 250; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 244-246; Nevel’skoi and, 248 Russian Bible Society, 220 Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, 7, 20, 68,139, 186,258; Beijing treaty and, 252, 262; British view of, 201; language instruction at, 71-73, 213; after Opium Wars, 234; reforms of, 213-225, 238, 254-255; supply caravans to, 107-109. See also Bichurin, Nikita “Iakinf” Russian Orthodox Church, 262-263; Holy Governing Synod of, u, 18, 72-75; Old Believers and, 158 Said, Edward, 4,271Ո6 Sakhnovskii, Egor, 81, 84 San Nicola, Sigismondo di, 145 Say, Samuel, 62 Յ65 Schumacher, Johann, 90,92,95 Scott, James C., 8 Secret du Roi (royal correspondents), 189 Seitov,
Ezhbab, 30 Selenginsk, 141,145,147,161 Semipalatinsk, 142,149-150 Seniavin, L. G„ 238 Šereng (Junghar zaisang), 151-152 Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 167,18Ć, 187,189 Sharin, Grigorii, 176-177 Sharin, Vasilii, 166,167-168,177 Shchegorin, Fedor, 203-204 Shelikhov, Grigorii, 196 Shiskhovskii, Ioakim, 86-87,101,176 Shpringer, Ivan, 151,152,154 Shtorkh, Genrikh fon (Heinrich von Storch), 228 Shukhov, Alim, 153,154 Shulgin, Mikhail, 163 Siberian Bureau, 7,11,108-109,113-116 Siberian Line, 147-148,153-154,157,171 Sinclair, John, 200 sinology, 17,22,43, 225-233; censorship and, 239; kitaevedenie and, 17; origins of, 210-225. See also Orientalism Sino-Soviet split, 17-18,263 Skachkov, P. E., 17 Skokowski, Manswet, 198 Sláviček, Carel, 124 smallpox, 150,165,166,194 Smith, Adam, 228 Smith, Thomas, 29 Smorzhevskii, Feodosii, 80-81 Société Asiatique, 211, 233 Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, 97 Softia, Muscovite princess, 38, 52 Soimonov, Fedor, 144-146,163 Songgotu (Qing amban), 34 Soviet Union, 257, 260; Mao’s split with, 17-18, 263; Russo-Qing studies of, 17,18, 97, 263-264; on tsarist imperialism, 17-18, 140,263-265; Tuvan Republic of, 152 Spafarii, Nikolai, 40-42, 67; Avril and, 53; Crull and, 47; Neuville and, 50; Rossokhin and, 77,79; Witsen and, 55,57 Sparwenfeld, J. G., 50 Spasskii, Grigorii, 212 Steller, Georg, 91 Sterne, Laurence, 47
366 Strahlenberg, Philipp von, 55, 61 Struve, P. N., 207 Stumpf, Kilian, 121, 287Ո62 Stürmer, Jan, 205 Surgutskii, Semen, 166 Sweden, 5, 68,189,195 Table of Ranks, 12,79, 82,170. See also bureaucracy Taiping Rebellion (1850-64), 2,251, 254 Taiwan, 190 Taranovich, V. P., 290Ո24 Tarbagatai treaty (1864), 254 Tartars, 25, 54,144, 286Ո42; Bell on, 60; Catherine II on, 144; Crull on, 46; Gaubil on, 125; language of, 81; Martini on, 40-41; Witsen on, 53-56, 61,258 Tashkent, 31,181 Tatars, 28; Godunov on, 36-37; language of, 212,219 Tatishchev, Vasilii, 115 tea trade, 105,132,199 Thévenot, Melchisédech, 53,57 Thomas, Antoine, 52 Tianjin treaty (1858), 251, 262 Tibet, 140,192, 204; Buddhism of, 37; language of, 220 Timkovskii, Egor, 231-232 Timofeevich, Ermak, 28 Timur (Tamerlane), 26 Tipu Sultan, 199 Titsingh, Isaac, 203 Tobolsk, 28-30,31,181 Torckler, Pierre, 196 Tordesillas treaty (1494), 51 Torghuts, 17,77; Junghars and, 151-152; Volga, 26-27,147,150-151,155-157,165; of Xinjiang, 84-87,259 Torrubia, José, 188,190 Toši (Qing ambassador), 152 trade secrets, 113-119 Transbaikalia, 158,160-162,207 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 237 Trediakovskii, Vasilii, 91,97 Tretiakov, Aleksei, 160 Trinity Sergius Monastery, 85, 86 Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried von, 115 Tsvet, Nikolai, 85,86 Tulišen (Qing diplomat), 96,113,114 INDEX Tungus. See Evenki (Tungus) hunters Turkish language, 71 turquerie style, 16 Tüsiyetü-Khan, 165,173 Tuvan Republic, 152 Uladzai (Buriat bandit), 156,177-178,200, 201 Unkovskii, Ivan, 148 Urga, 206, 207, 215; Amur annexation and, 253; maps of, 161,181,188 Uriangkhai, 147,152
Urvantsov, Sergei, 157 Uvarov, Sergei, 216 Uzbekistan, 21 Vanifat’ev, Pëtr, 180,207 Vasilev, V. P„ 239,262 Veniukov, Nikifor, 39,42,51 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 40,51-52 Vigeľ, F. F., 207 Vinius, A. A., 38, 54 Vishnevskii, Vikentii, 227 Vladislavich, Savva, 61,72,109,123,125; intelligence network of, 160; on RussoQing confrontation, 234-235,242; staif of, 204 Vladykin, Aleksei, 74,106,112,117 Vladykin, Anton, 17, 86-88,100-101, 206, 215 Vladykin, Eremei, 106,110-112 Vlasov, Semen, 171,174,176-180; death of, 174; intelligence network of, 162-163,165-167, 180 Voeikov, Luka, 75,80 Volga Torghuts. See Torghuts Volkov, Pëtr, 173 Voltaire, 15,43, 228,258 Vorontsov, Aleksandr, 197-200,202,205 Vorontsov, Semen, 197-200 Voz’milov, Mikhail, 154 Warner, Michael, 140 Weber, Friedrich, 59 Weber, Max, 15,68 Whitworth, Charles, 200 Witsen, Nicolaas, 43,53-56,58, 61,258 Wodehouse, Lord, 252 Wolff, Larry, 272Ո12
INDEX Wu Huiyi, 293Ո23 Wu Sangui, 30 Xavier, Francis, Saint, 46 Xinjiang, 26,147, 252, 254; intelligence gathering on, 147-158,186; Qing conquest of, 143,147; Tarim Basin of, 154; Torghuts of, 84-87, 259 Xuanfu, 110,111 Յ67 Yongzheng emperor, 141-143,202,230 Yuan Dynasty, 26, 229 Yundondorji, Urga amban, 206,208 Zaisan, Lake, 151 Zakharov, Ivan, 232, 252 Zavoiko, Vasilii, 246,247 Zhangjiakou, 36,110 Zhou Ge, 79, 80
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Contents Maps and Illustrations Note on Calendar and Transliteration ix xi Introduction і I. MUSCOVITE STATECRAFT AND HYBRID KNOWLEDGE 1. Muscovy on the Knowledge Frontier 2. Seeing China through Russian Eyes 25 45 II. BUREAUCRATS AND THEIR SECRETS 3. 4. 5. 6. Secret Missions, Troublesome Missionaries Scholarship and Expertise at Home and Abroad The Caravan as a Knowledge Bureaucracy The Commerce of Long-Distance Letters 67 89 104 120 III. REMAKING KNOWLEDGE ON THE FRONTIER 7. Frontier Intelligence and the Struggle for Inner Asia 8. Spies and Subversion in Eastern Siberia 139 159 IV. INTELLIGENCE AND SINOLOGY IN SEARCH OF WORLD POWER 9. Imperial Encounters in the North Pacific 10. Making Russian Sinology in the Age of Napoleon 11. Conspiracy and Conquest on the Amur Conclusion Appendix: Reign Dates Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments Index 185 210 234 257 267 269 271 323 357 359
Bibliography Archives and Manuscript Collections London British Library (BL) India Office Records (IOR) London Metropolitan Archives National Archives (NA) Paris Archives jésuites, Vanves Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères, La Courneuve (AAE) Archives nationales (AN) Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France (BIF) Bibliothèque Nationale (BN) Moscow Archive of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire (AVPRI) Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) Russian State Library Manuscript Department (OR RGB) State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) State Historical Museum Department of Written Sources (OPI GIM) State Historical Museum Manuscript Department (OR GIM) St. Petersburg Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch (SPb ARAN) Institute of Oriental Manuscripts Archive of Orientalists (AV IVR)
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Index Note: Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations. Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre, 211,227 Ablar Khan, 149,153-154 Abiin, Seitkul, 29,30,37, 67 Abulmamet Khan, 148,153 Academy of Sciences (Russia), 5, 221, 261; caravans and, 108-109; censorship and, 239; College of Foreign Aifairs and, 19, 91; establishment of, 90; Golovkin and, 214; Jesuits and, 123,133; Klaproth at, 214-216; newspaper of, 69,130; priorities of, 11; Rossokhin at, 79,82,91-96,220,258; sinology at, 225-233 ad-Din, Khoja Burhan, 154 Adoratskii, Nikolai, 315Ո31 Agafonov, Aleksei, 85-86,100,102,220,233 Aian, 236, 245 Aiguillon, duc ď, 190-193 Aigun, 163,164, 247, 251-253; maps of, 161,236 Akhte, Nikolai, 239 Alaska, 22,144,196,197, 241 Albazin, 31, 72 Albazinians, 74, 94,218; Russian Orthodox, Amman, Johann, 124,127-128 Amursana, 149-150,165, 303Ո40 Amur valley, 34-35,112,174; Anglo-French threat to, 246, 249; exploration of, 144-145, 197; maps of, 31,161,181,188, 236; navigation rights for, 133,204-205, 237,240-241, 243, 246; Russian annexation of, 234-235, 239-240, 243-253, 263-265; Russian retreat from, 236-242; Shulgin on, 163; Sinclair on, 200; Spafarii on, 41,42. See also Manchuria Andreev, A. I., 280Ո36 Anna Ioannovna, Russian empress, 92 Anson, George, 187 “anti-imperial imperialism,” 252-254 Arshinskii, Danila, 35 Astrakhan, 28, 29, 86,109 Austrian Succession, War of (1740-1748), 79 authorship, 43-45,96-103; academic, 22, 212, 214, 233, 261; hybrid texts and, 25,35-39, 41-43,46-47,55; plagiarism and, 41-42,47, 55, 57. See also book market Avril, Philippe, 47, 52-53 72,85, 218,222 Alekseev, A. I.,
264 Aleni, Giulio, 127,222, 294Ո43 Alexander 1,157,186,204, 208-209 Alexander II, 234,249 Almeida, José Bernardo de, 202 Altai territory, 158,181 Altan Khan, 27,29,32 Amherst, William, 208 Amiot, Joseph, 99-101,170, 226 Baddeley, John, 41 Badmaev, Pëtr, 262-263 Baikov, Fëdor, 30-35,56,57 Baikov, Lev, 206 Baksheev, Fëdor, 85-86,100 Bantysh-Kamenskii, N. N„ 84,205,229,262, 263 Bar Confederation, 189 Bartold’d, V. V., 257
INDEX збо Bayer, Theophilus Siegfried, 123-127, 214 Beijing treaty (i860), 235, 251-254 Belei, Batur, 165-166 Bell, John, 60, 200-201 Beneveni, Fiorio, 71 Benyovszky, Móric, 189-193,259 Bering, Vitus, 144 Bertin, Henri-Léonard, 100,192,198,309Ո22 Bichurin, Nikita “Iakinf,” 1-2,13, 213-214; complaints against, 217-218,223-224; Klaproth on, 232; legacy of, 233,317Ո80; punishment of, 224, 231; reform proposal of, 219 Billings, Joseph, 196 Blumentrost, Lavrentii, 90 book market, 10,14,25,48-49, 60, 260-261. See also Republic of Letters Böttger, Johann Friedrick, 115 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 187 Brancati, Francesco, 99 Brand, Adam, 57-59 Bratishchev, Vasilii, 15,133,145 British East India Company, 194,195,199, 207 Buckinghamshire, Earl of, 144, 252 Buddhism, 26, 27,220, 229, 263; Khalkha, 165; Tibetan, 37 Bukharans, 11, 26,29,155, 216; diplomacy by, 139,185; trade networks of, 31 Bukholts, Ivan, 160-162 Bukhtarma trading post, 204,205 bureaucracy, 104-113,120-123; cameralism and, 10-11, 68-69, 79, 90; Table of Ranks in, 12,79,82,170; Weber on, 15, 68 Buriats, 16,145,147; intelligence network of, 159-162; Mongol ties of, 12,159-160,168; territory of, 161 Cahen, Gaston, 290Ո24 California, 188,241 cameralism, 10-11, 68-69,79,9° Campbell, John L., 7-8 caravans, 78,107-109; as knowledge bureaucracy, 104-113,120-123 cartography, 35-39,37, 41-43,78,112; Rossokhin on, 94-95 Cathcart, Lord, 199, 200 Catherine I, 69,162 Catherine II the Great, 98,143-145, 259, 265; French spies and, 189; Iakobii and, 170-171,177-180; Jesuits and, 10,197-198; Junghars and, 144; Kazakhs and, 154;
naval expeditions of, 3,186-187; PolishLithuanian territories of, 10,186,189,197; Torghuts and, 156-157 Chekanov, Nikita, 80,122 Chinese language, 211; dictionaries of, 124-125, 223,233; training in, 71-73,80,84,220-221 Chinese literature, 211-213, 229 Chinggis Khan, 27,28,38,165,229 Chingiinjav, Mongol prince, 165-166,174 chinoiserie style, 16,17,97 Chugan (Ciwang), 167-168,171 Cibot, Pierre Martial, 134,198 Clement XIV, pope, 10,197 Clerke, Charles, 194 Cobb, James, 201 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 16 Collas, Jean-Paul-Louis, 134 College of Foreign Affairs (Russia), 11,13, 68-70,141,261; Academy of Sciences and, 19, 91; Amursana and, 150; caravans and, 107-109; Kamenskii at, 220; Rossokhin and, 77-79 Collins, Samuel, 33 Columbia River (US), 187 Concert of Europe, 236 Confucianism, 15, 93,104,143, 204 conspiracy theories, 186,189-193 Cook, James, 187,193,196 Cossacks, 25,28,34,159,185 Cotta, Friedrich von, 216 Couplet, Philippe, 51 Coxe, William, 61,196 Crampton, John, 252 Crimean War (1853-1856), 234,237,244,246, 248 Crull, Jodocus, 46-47,53 Datsyshen, V. G., 317Ո80 Dauria, 34. See also Manchuria David, Jerzy, 51-52,285Ո30 de Bruyn, Cornelius, 58 Defoe, Daniel, 62, 63 Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas, 90,91,125-126,188, 299Ո28 Depei, Manchu prince, 99,127 Desrobert, Louis, 132 Divov, Pavel, 262 Dobell, Peter, 208 Dolon Nor, 27,31
INDEX Dorji, Sanzai, 149,169,172 Dositheos II, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 40 Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste, 41,43,49,61,98,131 Dunyn-Szpot, T. I., 52 Durand de Distroff, François-Michel, 189-193 Dutch East India Company, 200 dvoedantsy, 152,179 Eggebrecht, Peter, 115 Eight Trigrams Rebellion (1813), 180 Elizabeth, Russian empress, 92,98,149,160,186 Engels, Friedrich, 264 Enlightenment philosophy, 14-15, 43, 90; academic disciplines and, 211, 225; Orientalia and, 63,99,120, 228; translators and, 97. See also Republic of Letters Entrecolles, François ď, 115 Euler, Johann, 98 Euler, Leonhard, 90,134 Evenki (Tungus) hunters, 12,27,145,161, 240 Evseev, Ivan, 154-155 Fedorovich, Mikhail, 30 Fick, Heinrich, 68 Filaret (Drozdov), archbishop of Tver’, 226,227 Firsov, Erofei, 116,128 Fischer, Johann, 94 Fitzhugh, Thomas, 201 Flint, James, 192 Florinskii, V. M., 263 Foucault, Michel, 3-4, 8 Fourmont, Etienne, 131 Foy de la Neuville, 50,53, 284Ո24 Franklin, Benjamin, 133 Free Economic Society, 220,221,316Ո43 Freemasons, 99, 204 Fren (Frähn), Christoph, 227-230 Frolov, Sava, 165 frontier texts. See hybrid texts fur trade, 29,139,144.195,197 Gagarin, Matvei, 113 Gaillard, François-Marie, 121,298Ո3 Galdan Tsereng, 148,152, ібо Gamel’, I. Kh., loo, 101 Gannibal, Abram, 161 Gantimur, Evenki prince, 169 Gantimurov, Pavel, 162,169,171 G arvine, Thomas, из 122 Gaubil, Antoine, 81,122-126,128-130, 227 З61 Gavrilov, A. M., 241 Genem! Regulation (of colleges), 69 Gerbillon, Jean-François, 34-35 Glazenap, Grigoril, 157 Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, 131,132 go-betweens, 12,16-19,169-170,169 Godunov, Pëtr, 35-39;
maps of, 35-36,37, 50; sources of, 42 Golden Horde (Qipchaq Khanate), 26,28 Goldsmith, Oliver, 62-63 Golitsyn, A. N., 218, 223 Golitsyn, Vasilii, 38,52 Golovin, Fëdor, 88; Nerchinsk treaty and, 34-35; sources of, 43; Witsen and, 54, 55 Golovkin, Iurii, 157,180,204-205,217; on Amur navigation rights, 237, 240; Bichurin and, 214, 217; failure of, 21, 206-208, 215 Gordeev, Filat, 153 Governing Senate (Russia), 70,107-108 Grassi, Giovanni, 205 Great Wall, 11, 26,31, 46,181; gate cities of, 36, 38,110 Grebenshchikov, Ivan, 115 Gribovskii, Sofronii, 87-88,134-135, Z19 Gruber, Gabriel, 198, 204 Guarient, Christoph Ignaz von, 53 Guibert, Jacques de, 192 Guignes, Joseph de, 229 Hakluyt, Richard, 48 Hallerstein, Augustin, 134, 298Ո3 Hebenstreit, Johann, 132,133 Heviä, James Louis, 310Ո44 Hillemann, Ulrike, 310Ո44 Hoffmann, Karl Ludolf, 98 Hohhot, 31, 38 Holy Governing Synod, 11,18,72-75. See also Russian Orthodox Church Holy Roman Empire, 59,122 homosexuality, 76, 218, 224,290Ո32 Hong Taiji, 27 Hooke, Robert, 56 Hudson’s Bay Company, 191 hybrid texts, 25, 35-39.41-43.46-47. 55· See also authorship Iakobii, Ivan, 100,158,177,194-195. 235, 243 Iakobii, Varfolomei, 145-147,152,159,235; Catherine II and, 170-171,174,177-180; on governing borderlands, 243-245, 250
362 Ides, Isbrandt, 56-59 Ignaťev, Nikolai, 251, 253-255 Igumnov, Aleksandr, 206 Igumnov, Vasilii, 166,168,170,199, 202, 206 Imperial Benevolent Society, 220 Incannile, Pierre ď, 132 India, 26,199, 204; British rule of, 4, 5,16,198; Kashmir and, 217 intelligence, 6-14,203-209, 261, 265; conspiracy theories and, 186,189-193; industrial espionage and, 3, 9,20,105-106, 113-118,135; knowledge versus, 6-7,15,203, 209,259; Russian terms for, 7; Siberian Bureau and, 7,113-116 Irkutsk, 100,132,146,176-177; Iakobii’s governorship of, 177,179,194,195; Klichka’s governorship of, 194; Kornilov’s governor ship of, 182, 235; Lang’s governorship of, 59, 75,106,128-129; maps of, 31,161,181,188; military importance of, 235; North Pacific expansion and, 185; Voznesenskii Monastery in, 74, 217 Irtysh River, 146-150,156-159; maps of, 31, 142,181 Iumatov, Amvrosii, 85 Ivan IV the Terrible, 28 Izmailov, Lev, 57, 60, 201 Jan III Sobieski, Polish king, 52 Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu, 165-166,169 Jellatschitsch, Franz Lukas, 114,122,130-132, 214 Jesuits, 13,25, 81,211,238; Academy of Sciences and, 123,133; Catherine II and, 10,197-198; dissolution of, 10,197; early Chinese missions of, 43-46,73; Enlightenment and, 99; expulsion from Muscovy of, 52; French ties with, 49,192; in Holy Roman Empire, 59,122; Kamenskii on, 221-222, 226; in Poland, 123; Qing converts of, 2,39; Russian overland route for, 51-53; sea route to China of, 40,51; Shtorkh on, 228; Smorzhevskii and, 80. See also Roman Catholicism Jiaqing emperor, 208 Jungharia, 26,54,150,163-165, 204; gold exploration in, 148,160; Russian refugees
from, 147,152-158 Junghars, 21,26-27,31,142,144,158, 258; Qing Conquest of, 85,140-142,147-151; Russian alliance with, 202; Torghuts and, 151-152 Jurchens, 27-28 INDEX Kabanov, Pëtr, 263-264 Kafarov, Palladii, 252,254 Kalmyks. See Torghuts Kamchatka, 91,112,144,188-189 Kamenskii, Pavel (Pëtr), 80, 219-227, 230-231, 262 Kangxi Atlas, 79,112 Kangxi emperor, 52, 57,113,122,142 Kaniaev, Andrei, 80, 81,82, 83, 291Ո51 kaolin, 114,116-117 Karpov, Gurii, 254-255 Kazakhs, 16,27,152-154; Junghars and, 151; Juz, 147,148; territory of, 31,142; Veimarn on, 155 Kazan University, 212,217-218 Kehr, Georg-Jacob, 71 Khabarov, Ivan, 34 Khabun (or Gabun), 156,305Ո73 Khalkha Mongols, 27,112,146-147,163-165, 205 Kharkov University, 212 Khoqand khanate, 254 Kiakhta, 1, 61,175,177-178; British trade at, 202; language school in, 231; maps of, 161, 181,188; Russian trade at, 205, 207,237, 242 Kiakhta treaty (1727-1728), 72,82-83,85,139; addendums to, 172; border posts of, 159-162; caravans after, 107; provisions of, 141,152, 166 Klaproth, Julius, 204, 214-218, 227,228, 230; Abel-Rémusat and, 211; Bichurin and, 232; manuscript catalogue of, 131-132 knowledge, 2,31-35,250-255; archives of, 14-20,74-75,144; as commodity, 130-132; conspiracy theories and, 186,189-193; intelligence versus, 6-7,15,203, 209, 259; network approach to, 272Ո13 knowledge regimes, 6-14,56,260-261; bureaucracy and, 68,104-113,120-123, 261; changes in, 9; characteristics of, 7-8; Golovkin and, 208; imperial, 210-211; manipulation of, 235-236, 255, 259 Kögler, Ignatius, 124,125 Konstantin, Grand Duke, 242 Korea, 42, 55, no,
112,246 Korff, Baron, 124,126-127,129 Korkin, Iakov, 84,85 Kornilov, Aleksei, 182,235 Koroloff, Rachel, 300Ո33 Korsak, Norbert, 205 Korsakov, Mikhail, 246
INDEX Kotoshikhin, Grigoril, 33 Kovalevskii, Egor, 252 Krasheninnikov, Stepan, 91,132 Kropotov, Ivan, 82,172-174,191 Krug, Philipp, 229 Kruzenshtern, Ivan, 196, 205, 207, 243 Kurakin, Ivan, 32 Kursin, Andrei, 116-118 Kurts, B. G., 17, 263,264 Ladyzhenskii (Kiakhta commissioner), 178, 179 Laksman, Adam, 196-197 Laksman, Erik, 196-197 Lambert, Iakov, 205-207, 213 Langlès, Louis-Mathieu, 210, 227 Lang, Lorents, 59-60,106,112,115-116, 122-124; Amman and, 127; Bayer and, 127; Beil’s journal and, 200-201; as Irkutsk vice-governor, 128,129; Rossokhin and, 75-77 Lebratovskii, Gerasim, 116-117 LeDonne, John, 276Ո38 Ledyard, John, 195 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 51,58,63,104, 120 Leont’ev, Aleksei, 79-85, 87,96-100,172, 227; Da Qing yitongzhi, 102; Kaniaev and, 291Ո51; Kitaiskiia mysli, 99; Rikhter on, 233; Rossokhin and, 84, 96, 98, 230 Lifanyuan (Bureau of Foreign Tributaries), 73-74.142-144; Amursana and, 150; on Kazakhs, 153; on Kiakhta, 203-204; Kropotov and, 172; Nessel’rode and, 248; Rossokhin at, 77; translators of, 238; on Uladzai affair, 200 Lintsevskii, Gervasii, 80-82 Lipovtsov, Stepan, 220, 227,262 literacy, 7,49; book market and, 10,14,25, 48-49, 60, 260-261. See also Republic of Letters Lithuanian territory, 52,121,140; Catherine II and, 10,186,197 Liven (Lieven), Karl, 238-239 Li Zicheng, 30 Lomonosov, Mikhailo Vasil’evich, 91, 92, 97, 99 Louis XIV, 15-16,49 Louis XV, 189,193 Luvan (Mongol lama), 162,171 Յ63 Macao, 46,51, 63,188, 208 Macartney, Lord, 18,143,170,197,199-203; failed mission of, 21, 202, 242 Manchu language, 162, 211,220-221, 230; dictionaries of,
100,101,232; grammars of, 100-101, 215,232; training in, 71-74, 80-81, 84 Manchuria, 147, 265; border of, 161; early name of, 34; Tartary and, 54, 286Ո42. See also Amur valley Manchu Russian School, 81,87 Manzhou shilu, 38 Markelov, L, 243 Martini, Martino, 40-42,47, 55, 67 Marx, Karl, 264 Masons, 99,204 Matveev, Artamon, 40, 54 Meares, John, 195 Medical Chancellery (Russia), 113-114,130 Medico-Surgical Academy (Russia), 221 Meissen porcelain, 115 Men’shikov, Dmitrii, 244 Mentzel, Christian, 58 Merrick, John, 48 Mezzabarba, Giovanni Ambrogio, 200 Miasnikov, Osip, 106-107,115-118 Miasnikov, V. S„ 264-265 Miatlev, Vasilii, 150 Middendorf, Aleksandr, 239, 247 Milescu, Nicolae. See Spafarii, Nikolai Milton, John, 47 Ming Dynasty, 26, 27,47-48 Missions Étrangères de Paris, 248 Moldavia, 40 Möllendorf, Paul von, 232 Mongols, 26-28,31,142,161, 207; Buriat ties with, 12,159-160,168; language of, 37,71, 219; Russian defectors from, 165-166; subversion of, 163-174 Monroe Doctrine, 209 Montesquieu, 63,258 Morachevich, Veniamin, 238 Morrison, Robert, 212-213,223, 227 Moscow Ecclesiastical Academy, 226-227 Moscow Slavic-Latin-Greek Academy, 80 Mughal Empire, 26,198 Müller, Andreas, 57 Müller, Gerhard Friedrich, 90,94-96,134, 145-146 Mulovskii, Grigorii, 196
364 Murav’ev, Nikolai, 160,235,243-255, 259, 264 Muravyeva, Marianna, 290Ո32 Murr, Christoph Gottlieb von, 98,99 Muscovy Company, 48 Nanjing treaty (1842), 242 Napoleonic wars, 1, 262 Nepliuev, Ivan, 149 Nerchinsk, 31, 72,159,161,162 Nerchinsk treaty (1689), 9,43,107,139, 263-265; Amur annexation and, 237, 248; provisions of, 31, 34-35 Nesseľrode, Karl, 223, 226, 231,241; Amur annexation and, 235-237,245-246; détente policy of, 237-239,242; dismissal of, 250 Nevel’skoi, Gennadii, 241, 244-250, 262 Nicholas 1,231,241-242, 248 Nieuhof, Johannes, 200 Nikolaevsk, 236, 245-246, 248-250 Nivkh (Giliaks), 241,245-247 Northeast Passage, 47-48,191,193 Northwest Passage, 188,193 Novikov, Nikolai, 92,96, 97 Núrali Khan, 153 Nurga (Mongol zaisang), 150 Nurhaci emperor, 27 Oirats, 26-27,147,149. See also Torghuts: Junghars Okhotsk, 145,187, 249; founding of, 34; maps of, 181,188, 236 Okladnikov, A. P., 264 Old Believers, 158 Ol’denburg, Sergei, 257 Opium War, First (1839-42), 208, 242-243 Opium War, Second (1856-60), 234, 243,251, 253,263,264 Orientalism, 16-17,22,43; Enlightenment philosophy and, 63,99,120; European views of, 210-213, 234; Said on, 4, 271Ո6. See also sinology Orlov, Dmitrii, 245, 246 Orlov, Ivan, 87,101-102 Osterman, Andrei, 68-69,124-125,129 Ostrovskikh, Luka, 170 Ottoman Empire, 5,189; historians of, 9-10; Iakobii and, 162; Russian wars with, 140, 179,186,191,192; Spafarii and, 40; Timur and, 26 INDEX Pallas, Peter Simon, 191,200,214 Palmqvist, Erik, 50 Panshi zonglun, 94 Parrenin, Dominique, 121,123-127 Paryshev, Aleksei, 85-86,100 Paul I, 97, 204 Pedersen, Ove Kaj,
7-8 Pereira, Caetano Pires, 238 Pereira, Tomás, 34-35 Pereyra, Andrea, 124 Perry, Matthew C., 248 Peter II, 162 Peter III, 170,186 Peter I the Great, 5, 9; archives of, 19; cameralism of, 10-11, 68-69,79, 9°; death of, 45, 67,162; European tour of, 47; Ides and, 57; Leibniz on, 51; Table of Ranks of, 12,79, 82,170; Weber on, 59 Petiin, Ivashko, 30,32-34,48-49,56,279Ո21 Petropavlovsk, 188,194,236, 249-250 Pil’, Ivan, 156,180 Pitt, William, the Younger, 195 plagiarism, 41-42,47,55. See also authorship Platkovskii, Antonii, 74-77, 80, 81,224 Plotnikov, A. Iu., 265 Poiarkov, Vasilii, 34 Polievktov, M. A., 260 Polish territory, 52,121,140; Catherine II conflicts with, 10,186,189,197; Jesuits in, 123 Polo, Marco, 45,48 Ponomarev, Mikhailo, 76-77 Popov, Dmitrii, 117-118 porcelain manufacture, 20,115-116 Potemkin, Grigory Aleksandrovich, 177,178 Potocki, Jan, 214-215,314Ո16 Prévost, Abbé, 101 Prokopovich, Feofan, 93 Protestant missionaries, 51, 222-223,226 Pulteney, Richard, 62 Purchas, Samuel, 48 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 1,161 Putiatin, Evgenii, 251-254 Puységur, Maréchal de, 192 Qianlong emperor, 141,145-146,150; Ablai Sultan and, 153; Amursana and, 149; Macarthy embassy to, 199-203; Torghuts and, 155-156 Qing Eight Banner system, 72,95,99Ј
INDEX Qingwen qimeng, 93,96 Qipchaq Khanate (Golden Horde), 26, 28 Rabdan, Tsewang, 148 Raynal, Abbé, 201 Razumovskii, Kirill, 132 Remezov, Semen, 35,38-39 Remnev, A. V., 318Ո5 Renat, J. G., 148 Republic of Letters, 14, 89,135; Asian trade and, 48; caravans’ role in, 120,135; Russian diplomats and, 57-63; universalism of, 126. See also book market rhubarb trade, 49-50,113,132,206 Ricci, Matteo, 77,222 Richmann, G. V., 133 Rikhter, Aleksandr, 232-233 Rinhuber, Lorenz, 50-51 Rites Controversy, 121-122 Roman Catholicism, 221-222, 226, 238. See also Jesuits Roman Empire, 28 Rossokhin, Ilarion Kalinovich, 19,74-82,112, 130,290Ո24; at Academy of Sciences, 79, 82, 91-96,220, 258; family of, 96; as language teacher, 93; legacy of, 233; Leont’ev and, 84, 96,98,230; library of, 95,99 Rostovtsev, Iakov, 244 Royal Asiatic Society, 211 Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 157, 207 Rumovskii, Stepan, 133 Russian-American Company, 196, 235,241; financial decline of, 250; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 244-246; Nevel’skoi and, 248 Russian Bible Society, 220 Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, 7, 20, 68,139, 186,258; Beijing treaty and, 252, 262; British view of, 201; language instruction at, 71-73, 213; after Opium Wars, 234; reforms of, 213-225, 238, 254-255; supply caravans to, 107-109. See also Bichurin, Nikita “Iakinf” Russian Orthodox Church, 262-263; Holy Governing Synod of, u, 18, 72-75; Old Believers and, 158 Said, Edward, 4,271Ո6 Sakhnovskii, Egor, 81, 84 San Nicola, Sigismondo di, 145 Say, Samuel, 62 Յ65 Schumacher, Johann, 90,92,95 Scott, James C., 8 Secret du Roi (royal correspondents), 189 Seitov,
Ezhbab, 30 Selenginsk, 141,145,147,161 Semipalatinsk, 142,149-150 Seniavin, L. G„ 238 Šereng (Junghar zaisang), 151-152 Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 167,18Ć, 187,189 Sharin, Grigorii, 176-177 Sharin, Vasilii, 166,167-168,177 Shchegorin, Fedor, 203-204 Shelikhov, Grigorii, 196 Shiskhovskii, Ioakim, 86-87,101,176 Shpringer, Ivan, 151,152,154 Shtorkh, Genrikh fon (Heinrich von Storch), 228 Shukhov, Alim, 153,154 Shulgin, Mikhail, 163 Siberian Bureau, 7,11,108-109,113-116 Siberian Line, 147-148,153-154,157,171 Sinclair, John, 200 sinology, 17,22,43, 225-233; censorship and, 239; kitaevedenie and, 17; origins of, 210-225. See also Orientalism Sino-Soviet split, 17-18,263 Skachkov, P. E., 17 Skokowski, Manswet, 198 Sláviček, Carel, 124 smallpox, 150,165,166,194 Smith, Adam, 228 Smith, Thomas, 29 Smorzhevskii, Feodosii, 80-81 Société Asiatique, 211, 233 Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, 97 Softia, Muscovite princess, 38, 52 Soimonov, Fedor, 144-146,163 Songgotu (Qing amban), 34 Soviet Union, 257, 260; Mao’s split with, 17-18, 263; Russo-Qing studies of, 17,18, 97, 263-264; on tsarist imperialism, 17-18, 140,263-265; Tuvan Republic of, 152 Spafarii, Nikolai, 40-42, 67; Avril and, 53; Crull and, 47; Neuville and, 50; Rossokhin and, 77,79; Witsen and, 55,57 Sparwenfeld, J. G., 50 Spasskii, Grigorii, 212 Steller, Georg, 91 Sterne, Laurence, 47
366 Strahlenberg, Philipp von, 55, 61 Struve, P. N., 207 Stumpf, Kilian, 121, 287Ո62 Stürmer, Jan, 205 Surgutskii, Semen, 166 Sweden, 5, 68,189,195 Table of Ranks, 12,79, 82,170. See also bureaucracy Taiping Rebellion (1850-64), 2,251, 254 Taiwan, 190 Taranovich, V. P., 290Ո24 Tarbagatai treaty (1864), 254 Tartars, 25, 54,144, 286Ո42; Bell on, 60; Catherine II on, 144; Crull on, 46; Gaubil on, 125; language of, 81; Martini on, 40-41; Witsen on, 53-56, 61,258 Tashkent, 31,181 Tatars, 28; Godunov on, 36-37; language of, 212,219 Tatishchev, Vasilii, 115 tea trade, 105,132,199 Thévenot, Melchisédech, 53,57 Thomas, Antoine, 52 Tianjin treaty (1858), 251, 262 Tibet, 140,192, 204; Buddhism of, 37; language of, 220 Timkovskii, Egor, 231-232 Timofeevich, Ermak, 28 Timur (Tamerlane), 26 Tipu Sultan, 199 Titsingh, Isaac, 203 Tobolsk, 28-30,31,181 Torckler, Pierre, 196 Tordesillas treaty (1494), 51 Torghuts, 17,77; Junghars and, 151-152; Volga, 26-27,147,150-151,155-157,165; of Xinjiang, 84-87,259 Torrubia, José, 188,190 Toši (Qing ambassador), 152 trade secrets, 113-119 Transbaikalia, 158,160-162,207 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 237 Trediakovskii, Vasilii, 91,97 Tretiakov, Aleksei, 160 Trinity Sergius Monastery, 85, 86 Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried von, 115 Tsvet, Nikolai, 85,86 Tulišen (Qing diplomat), 96,113,114 INDEX Tungus. See Evenki (Tungus) hunters Turkish language, 71 turquerie style, 16 Tüsiyetü-Khan, 165,173 Tuvan Republic, 152 Uladzai (Buriat bandit), 156,177-178,200, 201 Unkovskii, Ivan, 148 Urga, 206, 207, 215; Amur annexation and, 253; maps of, 161,181,188 Uriangkhai, 147,152
Urvantsov, Sergei, 157 Uvarov, Sergei, 216 Uzbekistan, 21 Vanifat’ev, Pëtr, 180,207 Vasilev, V. P„ 239,262 Veniukov, Nikifor, 39,42,51 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 40,51-52 Vigeľ, F. F., 207 Vinius, A. A., 38, 54 Vishnevskii, Vikentii, 227 Vladislavich, Savva, 61,72,109,123,125; intelligence network of, 160; on RussoQing confrontation, 234-235,242; staif of, 204 Vladykin, Aleksei, 74,106,112,117 Vladykin, Anton, 17, 86-88,100-101, 206, 215 Vladykin, Eremei, 106,110-112 Vlasov, Semen, 171,174,176-180; death of, 174; intelligence network of, 162-163,165-167, 180 Voeikov, Luka, 75,80 Volga Torghuts. See Torghuts Volkov, Pëtr, 173 Voltaire, 15,43, 228,258 Vorontsov, Aleksandr, 197-200,202,205 Vorontsov, Semen, 197-200 Voz’milov, Mikhail, 154 Warner, Michael, 140 Weber, Friedrich, 59 Weber, Max, 15,68 Whitworth, Charles, 200 Witsen, Nicolaas, 43,53-56,58, 61,258 Wodehouse, Lord, 252 Wolff, Larry, 272Ո12
INDEX Wu Huiyi, 293Ո23 Wu Sangui, 30 Xavier, Francis, Saint, 46 Xinjiang, 26,147, 252, 254; intelligence gathering on, 147-158,186; Qing conquest of, 143,147; Tarim Basin of, 154; Torghuts of, 84-87, 259 Xuanfu, 110,111 Յ67 Yongzheng emperor, 141-143,202,230 Yuan Dynasty, 26, 229 Yundondorji, Urga amban, 206,208 Zaisan, Lake, 151 Zakharov, Ivan, 232, 252 Zavoiko, Vasilii, 246,247 Zhangjiakou, 36,110 Zhou Ge, 79, 80 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Afinogenov, Gregory |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120970479X |
| author_facet | Afinogenov, Gregory |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Afinogenov, Gregory |
| author_variant | g a ga |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046649087 |
| classification_rvk | NN 1375 NN 1390 NK 7700 |
| contents | Part I. Muscovite statecraft and hybrid knowledge: Muscovy on the knowledge frontier -- Seeing China through Russian eyes -- Part II. Bureaucrats and their secrets: Secret missions, troublesome missionaries -- Scholarship and expertise at home and abroad -- The caravan as a knowledge bureaucracy -- The commerce of long-distance letters -- Part III. Remaking knowledge on the frontier: Frontier intelligence and the struggle for Inner Asia -- Spies and subversion in Eastern Siberia -- Part IV. Intelligence and sinology in search of world power: Imperial encounters in the North Pacific -- Making Russian sinology in the Age of Napoleon -- Conspiracy and conquest on the Amur |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1153988888 (DE-599)BVBBV046649087 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1650-1860 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1650-1860 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04668nam a2200709 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV046649087</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240503 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200401s2020 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780674241855</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-674-24185-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1153988888</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV046649087</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NN 1375</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126546:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NN 1390</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126551:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NK 7700</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)126244:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Afinogenov, Gregory</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)120970479X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Spies and scholars</subfield><subfield code="b">Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power</subfield><subfield code="c">Gregory Afinogenov</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England</subfield><subfield code="b">The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">367 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Part I. Muscovite statecraft and hybrid knowledge: Muscovy on the knowledge frontier -- Seeing China through Russian eyes -- Part II. Bureaucrats and their secrets: Secret missions, troublesome missionaries -- Scholarship and expertise at home and abroad -- The caravan as a knowledge bureaucracy -- The commerce of long-distance letters -- Part III. Remaking knowledge on the frontier: Frontier intelligence and the struggle for Inner Asia -- Spies and subversion in Eastern Siberia -- Part IV. Intelligence and sinology in search of world power: Imperial encounters in the North Pacific -- Making Russian sinology in the Age of Napoleon -- Conspiracy and conquest on the Amur</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Spies and Scholars explores centuries of Russian spying and scholarship on the Far East. In the seventeenth century, Russian bureaucrats were focused on China and the forbidding Siberian frontier. They relied more on spies, including Jesuit scholars stationed in China. In the early nineteenth century, the geopolitical challenge shifted to Europe: rivalry with Britain drove the Russians to stake their prestige on public-facing intellectual work, and knowledge of the East was embedded in the academy. None of these institutional configurations was especially effective in delivering strategic or commercial advantages. But various knowledge regimes did have their consequences. Knowledge filtered through Russian espionage and publication found its way to Europe, informing the encounter between China and Western empires"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1650-1860</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Spionage</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056287-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Chinabild</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122097-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Forschung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4017894-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">China</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009937-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Espionage, Russian / China / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Intellectuals / Russia / Attitudes</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">East and West</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">China / Study and teaching / Russia / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">East and West</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Espionage, Russian</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Intellectuals / Attitudes</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Study skills</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">China</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">China</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009937-4</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Spionage</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056287-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Forschung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4017894-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Chinabild</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4122097-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1650-1860</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - 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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV046649087 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:15:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:50:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780674241855 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032060327 |
| oclc_num | 1153988888 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-11 |
| physical | 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200520 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Afinogenov, Gregory Verfasser (DE-588)120970479X aut Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power Gregory Afinogenov Cambridge, Massachusetts ; London, England The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2020 367 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Part I. Muscovite statecraft and hybrid knowledge: Muscovy on the knowledge frontier -- Seeing China through Russian eyes -- Part II. Bureaucrats and their secrets: Secret missions, troublesome missionaries -- Scholarship and expertise at home and abroad -- The caravan as a knowledge bureaucracy -- The commerce of long-distance letters -- Part III. Remaking knowledge on the frontier: Frontier intelligence and the struggle for Inner Asia -- Spies and subversion in Eastern Siberia -- Part IV. Intelligence and sinology in search of world power: Imperial encounters in the North Pacific -- Making Russian sinology in the Age of Napoleon -- Conspiracy and conquest on the Amur "Spies and Scholars explores centuries of Russian spying and scholarship on the Far East. In the seventeenth century, Russian bureaucrats were focused on China and the forbidding Siberian frontier. They relied more on spies, including Jesuit scholars stationed in China. In the early nineteenth century, the geopolitical challenge shifted to Europe: rivalry with Britain drove the Russians to stake their prestige on public-facing intellectual work, and knowledge of the East was embedded in the academy. None of these institutional configurations was especially effective in delivering strategic or commercial advantages. But various knowledge regimes did have their consequences. Knowledge filtered through Russian espionage and publication found its way to Europe, informing the encounter between China and Western empires"-- Geschichte 1650-1860 gnd rswk-swf Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd rswk-swf Chinabild (DE-588)4122097-3 gnd rswk-swf Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Espionage, Russian / China / History Intellectuals / Russia / Attitudes East and West China / Study and teaching / Russia / History Espionage, Russian Intellectuals / Attitudes Study skills China Russia History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 s Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 s Chinabild (DE-588)4122097-3 s Geschichte 1650-1860 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Afinogenov, Gregory Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power Part I. Muscovite statecraft and hybrid knowledge: Muscovy on the knowledge frontier -- Seeing China through Russian eyes -- Part II. Bureaucrats and their secrets: Secret missions, troublesome missionaries -- Scholarship and expertise at home and abroad -- The caravan as a knowledge bureaucracy -- The commerce of long-distance letters -- Part III. Remaking knowledge on the frontier: Frontier intelligence and the struggle for Inner Asia -- Spies and subversion in Eastern Siberia -- Part IV. Intelligence and sinology in search of world power: Imperial encounters in the North Pacific -- Making Russian sinology in the Age of Napoleon -- Conspiracy and conquest on the Amur Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd Chinabild (DE-588)4122097-3 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056287-6 (DE-588)4122097-3 (DE-588)4017894-8 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power |
| title_auth | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power |
| title_exact_search | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power |
| title_full | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power Gregory Afinogenov |
| title_fullStr | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power Gregory Afinogenov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spies and scholars Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power Gregory Afinogenov |
| title_short | Spies and scholars |
| title_sort | spies and scholars chinese secrets and imperial russia s quest for world power |
| title_sub | Chinese secrets and Imperial Russia's quest for world power |
| topic | Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd Chinabild (DE-588)4122097-3 gnd Forschung (DE-588)4017894-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spionage Chinabild Forschung China Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032060327&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT afinogenovgregory spiesandscholarschinesesecretsandimperialrussiasquestforworldpower |