Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia: improving coherence in external relations
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Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA
Edward Elgar Publishing
[2020]
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List offigures List of tables List of abbreviations vi vii viii 1 Introduction: the EU’s quest for amore coherent Russia policy 2 A research framework to investigate external coherence 12 3 “Coherence matters”: why an undefined term became a guiding principle for EU foreign policy 60 How to coordinate the EU’s foreign policy towards Russia? External coherence within the policy setting 77 EU foreign policy and relations with Russia: the challenge to shape an unresponsive milieu 135 Acting coherently: the complex relationship of milieu and possession goals in the EU-Russia context 180 Conclusion: understanding external (in)coherence and its implications for the future 221 4 5 6 7 Index 1 233
Index ‘1-points’ 87 ‘2-points’ 87 milieu and possession goals 183 -4, 185 research framework 12-13, 14, 16, 18,26n, 28, 30 CGEA (Commissioners’ Group on External Action) 97, 99 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) 187 Chechen War 83 Chirac, Jacques 211 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 147, 150 ‘civilian power’ 19, 22, 168 CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) 184,187n, 188 CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) 138 COEST (Working Party on Eastern Europe and Central Asia) 87-90, 91,94-5, 99,102,104,106,109 coherence analysis (research framework) 6, 15,16-17,23-32,40-42 СОНОМ (Working Party on Human Rights) 87, 90-92, 95, 99 Cold War 7, 8,16,46, 62,135,138,146, 147, 152, 156-7, 171 committee level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87, 88, 89, 92-3,95, 99,101,104,125 Community law 184 comprehensively formulated policies 67-8 compulsory negotiation system 72, 80 conditionality 23,40,46 EU-Russia relations 135,136,139, 140-42,145,147,155,183, 198 consensus-finding 3, 31, 37,41, 79, 80, 87, 94, 102,126,127,128,223 consistency acquis communautaire 28, 141,196 actomess 15,16,20-24,138,140 administrative overload 7, 79,114, 125-6,129, 224 Agence Europe 9 Amsterdam Treaty (1997) 62, 63,184 ‘A-points’ 92 Arab Spring 123 Ashton, Catherine 2,97, 117-18,185, 205, 206 Barroso, José Manuel 13,156,194, 210, 211 bilateral forums 9,135,145-7,150-51, 153,154 Blair, Tony 191 Borrell, Josep 211 bounded rationality 36, 78, 128 ‘B-points’ 92 Bretherton, Charlotte 21,23, 26 Brexit 170 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) states 123 capability-
expectations gap 20,23,64 capacity (actomess dimension) 21 CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) 182 CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) 9 coherence as a guiding principle 62, 73 coordinating foreign policy 80-81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 90,92-3, 95, 97,98-100, 103, 114, 117, 120, 121, 12ІП, 124 EU֊Russia relations 138, 171-2, 173 233
234 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coherence as a guiding principle 60, 61-4, 64n, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 coordinating foreign policy 86, 90, 94,95, 98,104, 120,124 milieu and possession goals 188-9, 194, 199, 204, 205-6, 213 research framework 25֊9, 32, 44 Constitutional Treaties 62-3, 184 coordinating foreign policy 6-7, 77-9, 126-9, 222-3 administrative overload 7, 79,114, 125-6,129 CFSP 80-81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92-3,95, 97, 98-100,103, 114, 117, 120, CFSP 121, 12 In, 124 common practices, values and objectives 6,106-7 coordination mechanisms 78, 80, 89,98,101-3, 113, 115, 119, 122,126-7,128-9, 223, 224 Council of the European Union 6, 79, 80, 81, 86-95, 96, 98-102,103-4,106,107-8, 110, 111, 118, 119, 120, 123^4, 125, 127 decision-making 80-82, 94, 95,114, 116, 117, 123, 126 defining the approach 111-13 EEAS 6, 77-8, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93^4, 96-7, 98-101,102,105,111-12, 114,117-22,123,126, 127-8 energy policy 81, 84-6, 87, 90, 92, 95-6, 97,100, 101-2,108, 114-15,118-19, 120-22, 124-5,126 European Commission 6, 77, 79, 81,82, 85, 95-102, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118-20, 121^1,127 European Council 6, 77, 79, 81-6, 94, 95, 98-9, 102,117,118, 120,123,125-6,127 five guiding principles 107, 112-13, 117, 119, 123, 124, 127, 128, 223 formal aspects of coordination 6, 79-103,222,223 fragmented institutional framework 7, 116-19, 222, 224 HR 6, 79,81,86,94, 95,97, 98-101, 117-18, 119, 120, 122,127-8 human rights policy 81, 87,90-92, 95, 100, 109-10, 116, 124 incomplete competences 6,114-16 informal coordination practices 6, 103-13,222,223 institutionalism
78, 80,102, 103, 114,128,129 institutionalization 78, 89, 113-14, 129 interinstitutional coordination mechanisms 101-3 lack of coherence in 6-7,113-26, 127-9, 222-3, 224 lack of strategic objectives 7,122-5 like-minded groups 6,107-9,113, 127,128 research framework 45-6 socialization 6,103-6,113,127,128 turf wars 7, 79, 114, 119-22, 129 uploading 6,18, 79,109-11,113, 127,128 coordination mechanisms 45,48, 75 coordinating foreign policy 78, 80, 89, 98, 101-3,113,115,119, 122, 126-7, 128-9, 223, 224 COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives) 77, 88,92-3, 104, 108,120-21,125 Comcil of the European Union 136 committee level 86, 87, 88, 89, 92-3, 95, 99, 101, 104, 125 coordinating foreign policy 6, 79, 80,81, 86-95, 96, 98-102, 103-4, 106, 107-8, 110, 111, 118,119,120,123-4,125, 127 ministerial level 86, 87, 88, 90, 93-5, 111, 121, 144, 151 working party level 86, 87-92,95, 101, 110 crude oil imports 147-9 CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) 140 CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy) 18,19, 28,30, 83, 100
Index data sources 9 death penalty 19 decision-making 3,4,9, 204, 223, 224, 111 coherence as a guiding principle 67, 70,71,72, 73,74 coordinating foreign policy 80-82, 94, 95, 114, 116, 117,123, 126 EU-Russia relations 169-70,171 research framework 20-21,27n, 28, 30,31,33,34,35, 37,41,47 Declaration on Democracy of the Copenhagen European Council (1978) 182 Declaration on European Identity of the Copenhagen European Council (1973) 182 Declaration on Human Rights (1991) 182 defining ‘coherence’ 2, 4, 25-9, 60 defining EU foreign policy 12-14 deliberation 36-7, 40,151,154, 167, 170, 228-9 Delors, Jacques 82 DG (Directorate General of the European Commission) 89, 95-6,111,112, 120, 145 DG ENER (DG for Energy of the European Commission) 90,96, 121,122, 149 DG RELEX (DG for External Relations of the European Commission) 96, 97,99,119, 204 ‘divide and rule’ strategy 116,156, 162, 164,199, 203 dual analytical approach 4, 6,7, 34, 40-42, 44, 69, 221, 224 ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights) 154, 186, 187-8, 187n ‘economic power’ 5,19,21,142, 162, 196, 202 ECT (Energy Charter Treaty) 95, 150, 160,163, 167,190 EEAS (European External Action Service) 2,13, 14, 223 coherence as a guiding principle 66, 67, 68 235 coordinating foreign policy 6, 77-8, 79,81,82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93—4, 96-7, 98-101, 102, 105, 111-12, 114, 117-22, 123,126,127-8,223 EU-Russia relations 136,145, 153, 157,158, 159, 160-61, 163, 164,169,170 milieu and possession goals 184-5, 203,204, 207 effectiveness analysis (research framework) 15, 16, 22^1,28, 29, 35, 36-7,41,44 ‘end of history’ thesis 138
energy acquis 198,199, 202, 212 Energy Community 95, 125, 160, 163, 190, 192,193, 194-5, 196,198-9 Energy Dialogue 97, 119, 122, 149-51, 160, 193-4 ‘energy diplomacy’ 121-2, 161 energy policy 4, 8 coherence as a guiding principle 63, 66, 73 competitive energy negotiations 2-3 coordinating foreign policy 81, 84-6, 87,90, 92, 95-6, 97, 100,101-2,108,114-15, 118-19, 120-22, 124-5, 126 dynamics between possession and milieu goals 7,47, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 EU-Russia relations 7,136,142, 143,146-51,152,154, 159-62, 163, 165-7,169, 172, 224-5 institutionalization 9 milieu goals 7, 47,189-99, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 milieu shaping 189-99, 202, 203, 213,214 possession goals 7,47,189-96,197, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 research framework 38-9 Energy Union 8,121-2,194-5,229 ENP (European Neighbourhood Policy) 142, 144,159,163, 171 EP (European Parliament) coordinating foreign policy 77, 79-80
236 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia EU-Russia relations 136,146, 152-3, 155,164, 167-9 milieu and possession goals 188, 205-6, 212 EPC (European Political Cooperation) 30,61-2,103,138,182 EPE (Energy Policy for Europe) 85,191, 193 EUAM (EU Advisory Mission for Civilian Security Sector Reform Ukraine) 164 Euratom Treaty (1958) 190 European Atomic Energy Community 190 European Coal and Steel Community 8, 189-90 European Commission coherence as a guiding principle 63, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, coordinating foreign policy 6, 77, 79,81,82, 85,95-102,110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118-20, 121-4,127 Directorate Generals see DG; DG ENER; DG RELEX EU-Russia relations 136,149,156, 157, 158-9, 160, 161,167, 169 milieu and possession goals 185, 190-91,192-3,194-5, 197-8,200-204, 210, 228-9 research framework 13, 27n, 28, 31 European Council 9, 228,229 coherence as a guiding principle 63,72 coordinating foreign policy 6, 77, 79, 81-6, 94, 95, 98-9,102, 117,118,120, 123,125-6, 127 EU-Russia relations 136,144,145, 167-8,169,170 milieu and possession goals 7, 187, 190,191,192-3,194-5, 208-12 research framework 13, 45, European Court of Auditors 69 European Court of Human Rights 152, 154 ‘European integration’ theories 1, 8, 170 milieu and possession goals 181, 186-7,189-90,194-5, 201 research framework 13, 14,16, 17, 35 ‘European norms’ 136, 137,141,141n, 172, 224 European Security Strategy (2003) 70, 211 European Union Global Strategy (2016) 70 EuRoPol Gaz S.A. 200-201 Eurostat 9 EU-Russia relations 4, 7, 8, 135-7, 172-3 bilateral forums 9, 135, 145-7, 150-51, 153, 154 challenges in 156-72
coherence as a guiding principle 61, 62, 69 conditionality of 135,136, 139, 140^42, 145,147, 155, 183, 198 consolidating 7,143-56,172 coordinating foreign policy 78, 79, 83, 89, 91, 94, 99-100, 106, 110,112-13,116,118, energy policy 7,136,142,143, 146-51, 152, 154, 159-62, 163.165-7,169,172,224-5 EU’s lack of identity 7, 136, 137, 156.165-72,173, 225 European Commission 136,149, 156, 157, 158-9, 160,161, 167,169 European Council 136, 144,145, 167-8, 169, 170 European External Action Service 136,145,153,157,158,159, 160-61, 163, 164, 169, 170 ‘European norms’ 136,137,141, 141n, 172 European Parliament 136,146, 152-3,155, 164,167-9 external challenges 7, 156-65 harmonization of 135, 136,141, 142,151,173 human rights policy 7, 136,138, 139-M0, 142,143, 146-7, 149,152-6,157-9,165, 167-9,172, 224
237 Index institutionalization of 7, 135 6, 137, 143-7,149, 151-5, 156-8, 159,164,167,172-3,224 internal challenges 7,165-72 liberalism 138-9, 148, 160-61,166, 170 milieu goals 140, 151, 155-6, 165, 169, 188,197-8,206,208, 209-10 milieu shaping 135,136,137, 141, 143,144,145, 147, 151, 152, 154,155-6,158-9,161, 164-5,169,172-3, 224-5 normalization of 83,135, 136,137, 139,149,155,164,172, 224 normative criteria 138-9,141-2, 141n, 155, 156-7, 159, 165, 168,171 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 139-42, 143-5, 146, 149,151,153,155,159, 167,168n possession goals 140, 143, 151,154, 188, 197-8, 206,208, 209-10 rebuilding?, 137-43, 172 research framework 12, 24, 45, 46, 49 shared neighbourhood 135,143, 156, 162-3, 171 shared norms and values 1374-3, 154-5,156,157,171,224 Ukraine crisis 7,137,143,146,147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155,156, 163-4,170-71, 173,224-5 EWP (Energy Working Party) 87, 90-91, 95,101,104 external opportunity structure 15, 25, 31-2 FAC (Foreign Affairs Council) 63, 81, 86, 93—4, 95, 98-9, 117, 120-22, 123-4, 205 Ferrero-Waldner, Benita 159 five guiding principles 107,112-13,117, 119,123,124,127,128, 136, 223 ‘Four Common Spaces’ framework 142, 144 fragmented institutional framework 7, 116-19,222, 224 Fukuyama, Francis 138 future policy-making and research 226-30 GAC (General Affairs Council) 77, 93, 123-4 GAERC (General Affairs and External Relations Council) 93 Gas Advisory Council 150,151 Gauttier, Pascal 26-7, 27n Gazprom 97, 118, 163, 166, 197-8, 200-202 Gaz-System 201 Gebhard, Carmen 27,27n, 29 Grexit 170 guiding principle, coherence as 6, 60-61, 74-5
coherence between external policies 67-8 coherence between institutional actors 65-7 coherence in practice 6, 69-73 consistency 60,61-4, 64n, 68,69, 72, 73, 74 ‘coordination’ and ‘agreement’ 68-9 decision-making 67, 70, 71,72, 73, 74 defining ‘coherence’ 60 external action 61-4, 70-71 foreign policy-making 64-9, 72-3 policy content 60-61, 65,68, 69, 74-5, 222 policy setting 60-61, 65, 67,69, 74-5,222 research framework 44—5 Hampton Court Summit (2005) 191, 196 hard power 19 harmonization 46, 135, 136, 141, 142, 151,173,211 Hermitage Capital Management 205 hierarchical escalation ladder 94, 127 ‘high politics’ 38, 92 Hill, Christopher 20,23, 25-6 historical institutionalism 35, 36, 78, 114,128, 129 horizontal coherence coherence as a guiding principle 61, 63, 65, 74
238 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coordinating foreign policy 96, 97, 99, 101, 116, 128 milieu and possession goals 185, 209,211 research framework 15, 25,26, 27, 27n, 28-9, 30,31,32,45, 48 horizontal coordination mechanisms 45, 48, 78, 80, 89, 92, 93, 102,126-7, 223 Howorth, Jolyon 77-8 HR (High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy) 2, 13,14, 63,72, 169 coordinating foreign policy 6,79, 81,86,94, 95,97, 98-101, 117-18, 119, 120, 122, 127-8, 223 milieu and possession goals 184—5, 205, 206 HR-CFSP (High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy) 77, 85-6 Human Rights Consultations 91-2,153, 158-9,169, 184, 188, 205-6 human rights policy 4 closing the internal-external gap 186-9 coherence as a guiding principle 63 coordinating foreign policy 81, 87, 90-92, 95,100,109-10,116, 124 discrepancies in 3 dynamics between possession and milieu goals 7,47, 200, 204-15,225-6 EU-Russia relations 7,136, 138, 139-40, 142, 143, 146-7, 149,152-6,157-9,165, 167-9,172,224 institutionalization 9 landmark cases 204-8, 214 ‘mainstreaming’ human rights 8, 63, 91, 185-6, 188,212,213,214 milieu goals 7,47, 181-9, 200, 204-15, 225-6 milieu shaping 182,184,187,188, 189 possession goals 7,47,200, 204-15, 225-6 research framework 14, 39 shared values 182-6 IEM (Internal Energy Market) 73,90, 92,125 incoherence 3,4, 29, 65, 70, 72, 80, 167, 169,213, 221-6 incomplete competences 6,114-16 institutional legacies 36, 78, 114,118, 128,129 institutional reform 223 -4,228 coherence as a guiding principle 62-3, 67,72 coordinating foreign policy 79, 87,
89,91,94, 96, 99,102, 111, 113-14, 119,122, 127,128-9 research framework 12, 15,16,25, 30-31,32,35,36-7,41-2 institutionalism 4—5, 221, 223, 226 coordinating foreign policy 78, 80, 102.103.114.128.129 historical institutionalism 35, 36,78, 114, 128, 129 new institutionalisms 16, 34-5,37, 78 rational choice institutionalism 35-6,37, 78, 80,102,114, 128.129 research framework 15, 16, 34-8, 39, 40, 42, 45-6 sociological institutionalism 35, 36, 37, 78, 103, 114, 128,129 institutionalization 3—4, 9, 221, 222-3, 224, 225, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 64, 75 coordinating foreign policy 78, 89, 113-14, 129 EU-Russia relations 7, 135-6,137, 143-7, 149, 151-5, 156-8, 159, 164, 167, 172-3,224 milieu and possession goals 189, 214 research framework 14,16,18, 34, 37,44,46 intergovemmentalism 16, 17-18,19,34 interinstitutional coordination mechanisms 101-3 internal opportunity structure 15,25, 31-2 International Relations 23
239 Index inter-pillar coherence 28, 30-31 intra-pillar coherence 28, 30-31 Iraq War 14 Iron Curtain 8,137,138 JHA (Justice and Home Affairs Council) 81 Journal ofEuropean Public Policy 23 Juncker Commission 97,194,195 Juncker, Jean-Claude 195 Key Outstanding Issues 111-І 3,127, 128, 223 Khanty-Mansiysk Summit (2008) 145 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 168,204, 205 Kissinger, Henry 13,118,122-3 Kyoto protocol 160 Lahti European Council 7,181,192, 200, 208-12, 214, 226 Landaburu, Eneko 204 landmark cases (human rights policy) 204-8,214 Lavenex, Sandra 197 Lavrov, Sergey 142,162 legal frameworks 40,151-2,160, 184, 186,187,196-9,202 legal remedies 15,25, 29-30, 31, 32, 41-2, 67 ‘legal transplantation’ 199 LGBT rights 152,157-8 liberalism 17 EU-Russia relations 138-9, 148, 160-61,166,170 milieu and possession goals 195-6, 197, 198, 199, 201,213 Libyan conflict 14 like-minded groups 6, 79,107-9, 113, 127, 128, 223 Lisbon Treaty (2009) coherence as a guiding principle 62-3, 64, 72, 73 coordinating foreign policy 80, 89, 90, 93 4, 96, 97, 98-9, 100, 102, 117, 117n, 119-21,122, 123 EU-Russia relations 138n, 169 milieu goals 184, 187, 187֊8n research framework 14,18, 26n Litvinenko, Alexander 110, 204,205 LNG terminals 166 Luxembourg Report (1970) 61 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 62, 73,187, 190 Magnitsky Act (2016) 168,205,206 Magnitsky, Sergei 91, 152,168, 204, 205-6, 207,208 ‘mainstreaming’ human rights 8, 63,91, 185-6,188,212,213,214 Mandelson, Peter 3 ‘market power’ 5,19 Medvedev, Dmitry 146, 161,205 Memorandum on an Early Warning Mechanism 150 Merkel, Angela 146,211 Meseberg memorandum 146
milieu goals 5,221 energy policy 7,47, 189-99, 200-204, 208-15,225-6 EU-Russia relations 140, 151, 155-6, 165, 169 human rights policy 7, 47, 181-9, 200, 204-15, 225-6 relationship with possession goals 7,47, 180-81, 189,199-215, 225-6, 227, 228-30 research framework 6, 15, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42-4, 46, 47 shared values 182-6 supranationalism 184, 189-91,194, 196.213 milieu shaping 5, 81,180, 181, 215, 227-8,229-30 energy policy 7,189-99, 202, 203, 213.214 EU-Russia relations 135, 136, 137, 141,143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152,154,155-6,158-9,161, 164-5, 169, 172-3, 224-5 human rights policy 7,182,184, 187,188, 189 research framework 15, 33-4,43-4, 46-7,49 shared norms 189-99 ‘military power’ 5, 19 ministerial level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87, 88, 90, 93-5, 111, 121,144, 151
240 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia Mogherini, Federica 97,112,117,118 mutually beneficial approach 67-8, 211 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 116, 163, 182 natural gas imports 147-9 Navalny, Alexei 205 neoñmctionalism 16,17-8, 19 new institutionalisms 16, 34-5, 37, 78 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 158, 205 Nice Treaty (2001) 62,63,184 Nord Stream II 125,167,198 ‘normal power’ 5, 19 normalization of EU֊Russia relations 83, 135, 136,137, 139, 149, 155, 164, 172,224 ‘normative power’ 5,19,22,139,141n, 142 Novak, Alexander 150 Nuttall, Simon 64, 103 Oettinger, Günther 121, 150, 201, 202 operationalizing coherence 29-32, 44 opportunity (actomess dimension) 21 Orbán, Viktor 162 Ostpolitik 147 Paks Nuclear Power Plant 162 Paris Treaty (1951) 189-90 Parliamentary Cooperation Committee 146 participatory requirements 196-9 Partnership for Modernisation 119, 145, 154, 159,194 path dependence 36, 78, 114, 118,128, 129 Pawlak, Waldemar 201 PCA (Partnership and Cooperation Agreement) 119 EU-Russia relations 139-42,143-5, 146,149, 151, 153,155, 159, 167, 168n milieu and possession goals 183, 190,193,194, 209 PGNiG 200-201 Piebalgs, Andris 150 ‘pipeline diplomacy’ 199 policy content 4-5, 221, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 60-61, 65, 68, 69, 74-5, 222 coordinating foreign policy 224 EU֊Russia relations see EU~Russia relations milieu and possession goals 180, 181, 189 research framework 6,15, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37-42, 44-5, 47, 48, 49 policy setting 4-5, 221, 224, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 60-61, 65,67, 69, 74-5,222 coordinating foreign policy see
coordinating foreign policy research framework 6,15, 32,33, 34-7, 38, 39, 40-42, 44-6, 48 Polish Gas-Trading S.A. 201 Polish-Russian Gas Negotiations (2010) 7,200-204, 226, 228-9 political initiatives 15, 25,29, 31-2,42, 182 Politkovskaya, Anna 152,168, 205 possession goals 221 energy policy 7, 47, 189-96, 197, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 EU-Russia relations 140,143, 151, 154 human rights policy 7,47,200, 204-15,225-6 relationship with milieu goals 7, 47,180-81, 189,199-215, 225-6, 227, 228-30 research framework 6, 15, 33, 39-40,41,42-4,46,47 supranationalism 184, 189-91,194, 196,213 possession seeking 47, 180, 203, 213, 227-8,229 research framework 15, 33,43, 46, 47 power 5-6,230 EU-Russia relations 137,141n, 142, 156, 161-2, 163,168,171, 173 research framework 16,19-24 PPC (Permanent Partnership Council) 119, 144, 149, 153,154 PPCE (Permanent Partnership Council on Energy) 90,102,149-50,151
Index presence (actomess dimension) 21 ‘problem-structural approach’ 38 PSC (Political and Security Committee) 77, 88, 92-3, 94, 98, 99,104֊֊5, 108, 120-21,146 ‘punching below its weight’ (EU) 2, 20, 65,173 Pussy Riot 91, 152, 168, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 Putin, Vladimir 136,142,156,161,162, 164,210,212 QMV (qualified majority voting) 81, 86, 95, 107, 121 rational choice institutionalism 35-6, 37, 78, 80, 102,114,128, 129 ‘regulatory power’ 5,19 research framework 6,12-15 actomess 15, 16, 20-24 coherence analysis 6,15,16-17, 23-32,40-42 defining ‘coherence’ 25-9 defining EU foreign policy 12-14 dual analytical approach 6,40-42, 44 effectiveness analysis 15,16, 22-4, 28,29, 35, 36-7,41,44,46 institutionalism 15,16, 34—8, 39, 40, 42,45-6 institutionalization 14,16, 18, 34, 37,44,46 institutions 33,34-7 intergovemmentalism 16, 17-18, 19, 34 limits of dichotomies 17-20 milieu and possession goals 6, 15, 33, 39—40, 41, 42-4, 46-7 operationalizing coherence 29-32, 44 policy content 6,15, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37^42, 44-5,47,48,49 policy setting 6, 15, 32,33, 34-7, 38, 39, 40-42,44-6,48 power debates 16,19-24 research propositions 44-50 supranationalism 16 theoretical contributions 16-24 241 ‘Roadmap EU֊Russia Energy Cooperation until 2050’ 150 Rosatom 162 Rosneft 163 Rostov-on-Don Summit (2010) 145 rale of law 32,43,116,138,145,146, 152,157,159,172, 183-4, 206, 211 ‘Russian bear’ image 157,165 Russian Federal Assembly 146 Šefrovič, Maroš 229 SG (Secretariat General) 98 shared norms 137-43, 171, 181, 189-99 shared values 1, 21, 70, 106, 137-43, 154-6,182-6,189 Shmatko, Sergei 150 Single
European Act (SEA, 1986) 30, 61, 182,187 Škripal, Sergei 110 Škripal, Yulia 110 socialization 36,79, 147, 223 coordinating foreign policy 6, 103-6, 113, 127, 128 sociological institutionalism 35, 36-7, 78, 103,114,128, 129 soft power 19 Solana, Javier 85 sovereignty 2,67, 226, 227-8, 229 coordinating foreign policy 94,115 EU֊Russia relations 141, 142 milieu and possession goals 194, 201,203-4,211 research framework 17, 30, 31, 38 ‘speaking with one voice’ 2, 3, 8, 223 coherence as a guiding principle 65-6, 70, 72 coordinating foreign policy 86,105, 111, 116,127 milieu and possession goals 194, 198, 200, 203 research framework 18, 23, 28, 29 special committees 92 strategic objectives, lack of 7,122-5 sui generis structure of EU 18, 21, 34, 38, 39, 77, 98,230 ‘superpower’ 5,19 supranationalism 161, 223, 225, 227-8 coherence as a guiding principle 62, 67,71,72,
242 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coordinating foreign policy 80, 85, 90, 103,114, 115,116-і 8, 125,127, milieu and possession goals 184, 189-91,194,196,213 research framework 16, 17-19, 28, 30, 34 SWOT-analysis 229 Syrian Civil War 123 TCAs (Trade and Cooperation Agreements) 138,139,140 TEU (Treaty on European Union) 3,16, 73, 82, 95, 187-8n, 195,202 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) 84, 195,202 Third Energy Package 97,160,167, 197-9 ‘traditional family values’ 157 Transneft 163 Treaty of Rome (1957) 1 Treaty on European Security (proposed) 146 TTE (Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council) 81,92, 95, 121 turf wars 7, 79, 114, 119-22,129,224 Tusk, Donald 195 Ukraine crisis 83, 89-90,119, 121,123, 124, 193-4,196 EU-Russia relations 7, 137, 143, 146,147,148,151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 163-4, 170-71, 173, 224-5 unintended consequences 36, 73, 114, 119,128,224 uploading 6,18,79,109-11,113,127, 128,223 Van Rompuy, Herman 145,195, 205, 228 vertical coherence coherence as a guiding principle 61,65 coordinating foreign policy 86, 91, 101,116,128 milieu and possession goals 185, 209 research framework 15, 25, 26, 27-8, 29, 30,31,32,45,48 vertical coordination mechanisms 45, 48, 78, 80, 89,102, 126,223 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) 140 VisegrádFour 108-9 Vogler, John 21, 26 Wolfers, Arnold 5, 6,15, 33, 34, 39,40, 41,46, 129, 180, 221 working party level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87-92,95, 101,110 WTO (World Trade Organisation) 162 ‘Yamal-Europe’ pipeline 200, 201 Yeltsin, Boris 161 г---------—«Ì Bayarisď Bayerische
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Contents List offigures List of tables List of abbreviations vi vii viii 1 Introduction: the EU’s quest for amore coherent Russia policy 2 A research framework to investigate external coherence 12 3 “Coherence matters”: why an undefined term became a guiding principle for EU foreign policy 60 How to coordinate the EU’s foreign policy towards Russia? External coherence within the policy setting 77 EU foreign policy and relations with Russia: the challenge to shape an unresponsive milieu 135 Acting coherently: the complex relationship of milieu and possession goals in the EU-Russia context 180 Conclusion: understanding external (in)coherence and its implications for the future 221 4 5 6 7 Index 1 233
Index ‘1-points’ 87 ‘2-points’ 87 milieu and possession goals 183 -4, 185 research framework 12-13, 14, 16, 18,26n, 28, 30 CGEA (Commissioners’ Group on External Action) 97, 99 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) 187 Chechen War 83 Chirac, Jacques 211 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 147, 150 ‘civilian power’ 19, 22, 168 CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) 184,187n, 188 CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) 138 COEST (Working Party on Eastern Europe and Central Asia) 87-90, 91,94-5, 99,102,104,106,109 coherence analysis (research framework) 6, 15,16-17,23-32,40-42 СОНОМ (Working Party on Human Rights) 87, 90-92, 95, 99 Cold War 7, 8,16,46, 62,135,138,146, 147, 152, 156-7, 171 committee level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87, 88, 89, 92-3,95, 99,101,104,125 Community law 184 comprehensively formulated policies 67-8 compulsory negotiation system 72, 80 conditionality 23,40,46 EU-Russia relations 135,136,139, 140-42,145,147,155,183, 198 consensus-finding 3, 31, 37,41, 79, 80, 87, 94, 102,126,127,128,223 consistency acquis communautaire 28, 141,196 actomess 15,16,20-24,138,140 administrative overload 7, 79,114, 125-6,129, 224 Agence Europe 9 Amsterdam Treaty (1997) 62, 63,184 ‘A-points’ 92 Arab Spring 123 Ashton, Catherine 2,97, 117-18,185, 205, 206 Barroso, José Manuel 13,156,194, 210, 211 bilateral forums 9,135,145-7,150-51, 153,154 Blair, Tony 191 Borrell, Josep 211 bounded rationality 36, 78, 128 ‘B-points’ 92 Bretherton, Charlotte 21,23, 26 Brexit 170 BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) states 123 capability-
expectations gap 20,23,64 capacity (actomess dimension) 21 CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) 182 CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy) 9 coherence as a guiding principle 62, 73 coordinating foreign policy 80-81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 90,92-3, 95, 97,98-100, 103, 114, 117, 120, 121, 12ІП, 124 EU֊Russia relations 138, 171-2, 173 233
234 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coherence as a guiding principle 60, 61-4, 64n, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 coordinating foreign policy 86, 90, 94,95, 98,104, 120,124 milieu and possession goals 188-9, 194, 199, 204, 205-6, 213 research framework 25֊9, 32, 44 Constitutional Treaties 62-3, 184 coordinating foreign policy 6-7, 77-9, 126-9, 222-3 administrative overload 7, 79,114, 125-6,129 CFSP 80-81, 82, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92-3,95, 97, 98-100,103, 114, 117, 120, CFSP 121, 12 In, 124 common practices, values and objectives 6,106-7 coordination mechanisms 78, 80, 89,98,101-3, 113, 115, 119, 122,126-7,128-9, 223, 224 Council of the European Union 6, 79, 80, 81, 86-95, 96, 98-102,103-4,106,107-8, 110, 111, 118, 119, 120, 123^4, 125, 127 decision-making 80-82, 94, 95,114, 116, 117, 123, 126 defining the approach 111-13 EEAS 6, 77-8, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93^4, 96-7, 98-101,102,105,111-12, 114,117-22,123,126, 127-8 energy policy 81, 84-6, 87, 90, 92, 95-6, 97,100, 101-2,108, 114-15,118-19, 120-22, 124-5,126 European Commission 6, 77, 79, 81,82, 85, 95-102, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118-20, 121^1,127 European Council 6, 77, 79, 81-6, 94, 95, 98-9, 102,117,118, 120,123,125-6,127 five guiding principles 107, 112-13, 117, 119, 123, 124, 127, 128, 223 formal aspects of coordination 6, 79-103,222,223 fragmented institutional framework 7, 116-19, 222, 224 HR 6, 79,81,86,94, 95,97, 98-101, 117-18, 119, 120, 122,127-8 human rights policy 81, 87,90-92, 95, 100, 109-10, 116, 124 incomplete competences 6,114-16 informal coordination practices 6, 103-13,222,223 institutionalism
78, 80,102, 103, 114,128,129 institutionalization 78, 89, 113-14, 129 interinstitutional coordination mechanisms 101-3 lack of coherence in 6-7,113-26, 127-9, 222-3, 224 lack of strategic objectives 7,122-5 like-minded groups 6,107-9,113, 127,128 research framework 45-6 socialization 6,103-6,113,127,128 turf wars 7, 79, 114, 119-22, 129 uploading 6,18, 79,109-11,113, 127,128 coordination mechanisms 45,48, 75 coordinating foreign policy 78, 80, 89, 98, 101-3,113,115,119, 122, 126-7, 128-9, 223, 224 COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives) 77, 88,92-3, 104, 108,120-21,125 Comcil of the European Union 136 committee level 86, 87, 88, 89, 92-3, 95, 99, 101, 104, 125 coordinating foreign policy 6, 79, 80,81, 86-95, 96, 98-102, 103-4, 106, 107-8, 110, 111, 118,119,120,123-4,125, 127 ministerial level 86, 87, 88, 90, 93-5, 111, 121, 144, 151 working party level 86, 87-92,95, 101, 110 crude oil imports 147-9 CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) 140 CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy) 18,19, 28,30, 83, 100
Index data sources 9 death penalty 19 decision-making 3,4,9, 204, 223, 224, 111 coherence as a guiding principle 67, 70,71,72, 73,74 coordinating foreign policy 80-82, 94, 95, 114, 116, 117,123, 126 EU-Russia relations 169-70,171 research framework 20-21,27n, 28, 30,31,33,34,35, 37,41,47 Declaration on Democracy of the Copenhagen European Council (1978) 182 Declaration on European Identity of the Copenhagen European Council (1973) 182 Declaration on Human Rights (1991) 182 defining ‘coherence’ 2, 4, 25-9, 60 defining EU foreign policy 12-14 deliberation 36-7, 40,151,154, 167, 170, 228-9 Delors, Jacques 82 DG (Directorate General of the European Commission) 89, 95-6,111,112, 120, 145 DG ENER (DG for Energy of the European Commission) 90,96, 121,122, 149 DG RELEX (DG for External Relations of the European Commission) 96, 97,99,119, 204 ‘divide and rule’ strategy 116,156, 162, 164,199, 203 dual analytical approach 4, 6,7, 34, 40-42, 44, 69, 221, 224 ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights) 154, 186, 187-8, 187n ‘economic power’ 5,19,21,142, 162, 196, 202 ECT (Energy Charter Treaty) 95, 150, 160,163, 167,190 EEAS (European External Action Service) 2,13, 14, 223 coherence as a guiding principle 66, 67, 68 235 coordinating foreign policy 6, 77-8, 79,81,82, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93—4, 96-7, 98-101, 102, 105, 111-12, 114, 117-22, 123,126,127-8,223 EU-Russia relations 136,145, 153, 157,158, 159, 160-61, 163, 164,169,170 milieu and possession goals 184-5, 203,204, 207 effectiveness analysis (research framework) 15, 16, 22^1,28, 29, 35, 36-7,41,44 ‘end of history’ thesis 138
energy acquis 198,199, 202, 212 Energy Community 95, 125, 160, 163, 190, 192,193, 194-5, 196,198-9 Energy Dialogue 97, 119, 122, 149-51, 160, 193-4 ‘energy diplomacy’ 121-2, 161 energy policy 4, 8 coherence as a guiding principle 63, 66, 73 competitive energy negotiations 2-3 coordinating foreign policy 81, 84-6, 87,90, 92, 95-6, 97, 100,101-2,108,114-15, 118-19, 120-22, 124-5, 126 dynamics between possession and milieu goals 7,47, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 EU-Russia relations 7,136,142, 143,146-51,152,154, 159-62, 163, 165-7,169, 172, 224-5 institutionalization 9 milieu goals 7, 47,189-99, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 milieu shaping 189-99, 202, 203, 213,214 possession goals 7,47,189-96,197, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 research framework 38-9 Energy Union 8,121-2,194-5,229 ENP (European Neighbourhood Policy) 142, 144,159,163, 171 EP (European Parliament) coordinating foreign policy 77, 79-80
236 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia EU-Russia relations 136,146, 152-3, 155,164, 167-9 milieu and possession goals 188, 205-6, 212 EPC (European Political Cooperation) 30,61-2,103,138,182 EPE (Energy Policy for Europe) 85,191, 193 EUAM (EU Advisory Mission for Civilian Security Sector Reform Ukraine) 164 Euratom Treaty (1958) 190 European Atomic Energy Community 190 European Coal and Steel Community 8, 189-90 European Commission coherence as a guiding principle 63, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, coordinating foreign policy 6, 77, 79,81,82, 85,95-102,110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118-20, 121-4,127 Directorate Generals see DG; DG ENER; DG RELEX EU-Russia relations 136,149,156, 157, 158-9, 160, 161,167, 169 milieu and possession goals 185, 190-91,192-3,194-5, 197-8,200-204, 210, 228-9 research framework 13, 27n, 28, 31 European Council 9, 228,229 coherence as a guiding principle 63,72 coordinating foreign policy 6, 77, 79, 81-6, 94, 95, 98-9,102, 117,118,120, 123,125-6, 127 EU-Russia relations 136,144,145, 167-8,169,170 milieu and possession goals 7, 187, 190,191,192-3,194-5, 208-12 research framework 13, 45, European Court of Auditors 69 European Court of Human Rights 152, 154 ‘European integration’ theories 1, 8, 170 milieu and possession goals 181, 186-7,189-90,194-5, 201 research framework 13, 14,16, 17, 35 ‘European norms’ 136, 137,141,141n, 172, 224 European Security Strategy (2003) 70, 211 European Union Global Strategy (2016) 70 EuRoPol Gaz S.A. 200-201 Eurostat 9 EU-Russia relations 4, 7, 8, 135-7, 172-3 bilateral forums 9, 135, 145-7, 150-51, 153, 154 challenges in 156-72
coherence as a guiding principle 61, 62, 69 conditionality of 135,136, 139, 140^42, 145,147, 155, 183, 198 consolidating 7,143-56,172 coordinating foreign policy 78, 79, 83, 89, 91, 94, 99-100, 106, 110,112-13,116,118, energy policy 7,136,142,143, 146-51, 152, 154, 159-62, 163.165-7,169,172,224-5 EU’s lack of identity 7, 136, 137, 156.165-72,173, 225 European Commission 136,149, 156, 157, 158-9, 160,161, 167,169 European Council 136, 144,145, 167-8, 169, 170 European External Action Service 136,145,153,157,158,159, 160-61, 163, 164, 169, 170 ‘European norms’ 136,137,141, 141n, 172 European Parliament 136,146, 152-3,155, 164,167-9 external challenges 7, 156-65 harmonization of 135, 136,141, 142,151,173 human rights policy 7, 136,138, 139-M0, 142,143, 146-7, 149,152-6,157-9,165, 167-9,172, 224
237 Index institutionalization of 7, 135 6, 137, 143-7,149, 151-5, 156-8, 159,164,167,172-3,224 internal challenges 7,165-72 liberalism 138-9, 148, 160-61,166, 170 milieu goals 140, 151, 155-6, 165, 169, 188,197-8,206,208, 209-10 milieu shaping 135,136,137, 141, 143,144,145, 147, 151, 152, 154,155-6,158-9,161, 164-5,169,172-3, 224-5 normalization of 83,135, 136,137, 139,149,155,164,172, 224 normative criteria 138-9,141-2, 141n, 155, 156-7, 159, 165, 168,171 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 139-42, 143-5, 146, 149,151,153,155,159, 167,168n possession goals 140, 143, 151,154, 188, 197-8, 206,208, 209-10 rebuilding?, 137-43, 172 research framework 12, 24, 45, 46, 49 shared neighbourhood 135,143, 156, 162-3, 171 shared norms and values 1374-3, 154-5,156,157,171,224 Ukraine crisis 7,137,143,146,147, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155,156, 163-4,170-71, 173,224-5 EWP (Energy Working Party) 87, 90-91, 95,101,104 external opportunity structure 15, 25, 31-2 FAC (Foreign Affairs Council) 63, 81, 86, 93—4, 95, 98-9, 117, 120-22, 123-4, 205 Ferrero-Waldner, Benita 159 five guiding principles 107,112-13,117, 119,123,124,127,128, 136, 223 ‘Four Common Spaces’ framework 142, 144 fragmented institutional framework 7, 116-19,222, 224 Fukuyama, Francis 138 future policy-making and research 226-30 GAC (General Affairs Council) 77, 93, 123-4 GAERC (General Affairs and External Relations Council) 93 Gas Advisory Council 150,151 Gauttier, Pascal 26-7, 27n Gazprom 97, 118, 163, 166, 197-8, 200-202 Gaz-System 201 Gebhard, Carmen 27,27n, 29 Grexit 170 guiding principle, coherence as 6, 60-61, 74-5
coherence between external policies 67-8 coherence between institutional actors 65-7 coherence in practice 6, 69-73 consistency 60,61-4, 64n, 68,69, 72, 73, 74 ‘coordination’ and ‘agreement’ 68-9 decision-making 67, 70, 71,72, 73, 74 defining ‘coherence’ 60 external action 61-4, 70-71 foreign policy-making 64-9, 72-3 policy content 60-61, 65,68, 69, 74-5, 222 policy setting 60-61, 65, 67,69, 74-5,222 research framework 44—5 Hampton Court Summit (2005) 191, 196 hard power 19 harmonization 46, 135, 136, 141, 142, 151,173,211 Hermitage Capital Management 205 hierarchical escalation ladder 94, 127 ‘high politics’ 38, 92 Hill, Christopher 20,23, 25-6 historical institutionalism 35, 36, 78, 114,128, 129 horizontal coherence coherence as a guiding principle 61, 63, 65, 74
238 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coordinating foreign policy 96, 97, 99, 101, 116, 128 milieu and possession goals 185, 209,211 research framework 15, 25,26, 27, 27n, 28-9, 30,31,32,45, 48 horizontal coordination mechanisms 45, 48, 78, 80, 89, 92, 93, 102,126-7, 223 Howorth, Jolyon 77-8 HR (High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy) 2, 13,14, 63,72, 169 coordinating foreign policy 6,79, 81,86,94, 95,97, 98-101, 117-18, 119, 120, 122, 127-8, 223 milieu and possession goals 184—5, 205, 206 HR-CFSP (High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy) 77, 85-6 Human Rights Consultations 91-2,153, 158-9,169, 184, 188, 205-6 human rights policy 4 closing the internal-external gap 186-9 coherence as a guiding principle 63 coordinating foreign policy 81, 87, 90-92, 95,100,109-10,116, 124 discrepancies in 3 dynamics between possession and milieu goals 7,47, 200, 204-15,225-6 EU-Russia relations 7,136, 138, 139-40, 142, 143, 146-7, 149,152-6,157-9,165, 167-9,172,224 institutionalization 9 landmark cases 204-8, 214 ‘mainstreaming’ human rights 8, 63, 91, 185-6, 188,212,213,214 milieu goals 7,47, 181-9, 200, 204-15, 225-6 milieu shaping 182,184,187,188, 189 possession goals 7,47,200, 204-15, 225-6 research framework 14, 39 shared values 182-6 IEM (Internal Energy Market) 73,90, 92,125 incoherence 3,4, 29, 65, 70, 72, 80, 167, 169,213, 221-6 incomplete competences 6,114-16 institutional legacies 36, 78, 114,118, 128,129 institutional reform 223 -4,228 coherence as a guiding principle 62-3, 67,72 coordinating foreign policy 79, 87,
89,91,94, 96, 99,102, 111, 113-14, 119,122, 127,128-9 research framework 12, 15,16,25, 30-31,32,35,36-7,41-2 institutionalism 4—5, 221, 223, 226 coordinating foreign policy 78, 80, 102.103.114.128.129 historical institutionalism 35, 36,78, 114, 128, 129 new institutionalisms 16, 34-5,37, 78 rational choice institutionalism 35-6,37, 78, 80,102,114, 128.129 research framework 15, 16, 34-8, 39, 40, 42, 45-6 sociological institutionalism 35, 36, 37, 78, 103, 114, 128,129 institutionalization 3—4, 9, 221, 222-3, 224, 225, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 64, 75 coordinating foreign policy 78, 89, 113-14, 129 EU-Russia relations 7, 135-6,137, 143-7, 149, 151-5, 156-8, 159, 164, 167, 172-3,224 milieu and possession goals 189, 214 research framework 14,16,18, 34, 37,44,46 intergovemmentalism 16, 17-18,19,34 interinstitutional coordination mechanisms 101-3 internal opportunity structure 15,25, 31-2 International Relations 23
239 Index inter-pillar coherence 28, 30-31 intra-pillar coherence 28, 30-31 Iraq War 14 Iron Curtain 8,137,138 JHA (Justice and Home Affairs Council) 81 Journal ofEuropean Public Policy 23 Juncker Commission 97,194,195 Juncker, Jean-Claude 195 Key Outstanding Issues 111-І 3,127, 128, 223 Khanty-Mansiysk Summit (2008) 145 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 168,204, 205 Kissinger, Henry 13,118,122-3 Kyoto protocol 160 Lahti European Council 7,181,192, 200, 208-12, 214, 226 Landaburu, Eneko 204 landmark cases (human rights policy) 204-8,214 Lavenex, Sandra 197 Lavrov, Sergey 142,162 legal frameworks 40,151-2,160, 184, 186,187,196-9,202 legal remedies 15,25, 29-30, 31, 32, 41-2, 67 ‘legal transplantation’ 199 LGBT rights 152,157-8 liberalism 17 EU-Russia relations 138-9, 148, 160-61,166,170 milieu and possession goals 195-6, 197, 198, 199, 201,213 Libyan conflict 14 like-minded groups 6, 79,107-9, 113, 127, 128, 223 Lisbon Treaty (2009) coherence as a guiding principle 62-3, 64, 72, 73 coordinating foreign policy 80, 89, 90, 93 4, 96, 97, 98-9, 100, 102, 117, 117n, 119-21,122, 123 EU-Russia relations 138n, 169 milieu goals 184, 187, 187֊8n research framework 14,18, 26n Litvinenko, Alexander 110, 204,205 LNG terminals 166 Luxembourg Report (1970) 61 Maastricht Treaty (1992) 62, 73,187, 190 Magnitsky Act (2016) 168,205,206 Magnitsky, Sergei 91, 152,168, 204, 205-6, 207,208 ‘mainstreaming’ human rights 8, 63,91, 185-6,188,212,213,214 Mandelson, Peter 3 ‘market power’ 5,19 Medvedev, Dmitry 146, 161,205 Memorandum on an Early Warning Mechanism 150 Merkel, Angela 146,211 Meseberg memorandum 146
milieu goals 5,221 energy policy 7,47, 189-99, 200-204, 208-15,225-6 EU-Russia relations 140, 151, 155-6, 165, 169 human rights policy 7, 47, 181-9, 200, 204-15, 225-6 relationship with possession goals 7,47, 180-81, 189,199-215, 225-6, 227, 228-30 research framework 6, 15, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42-4, 46, 47 shared values 182-6 supranationalism 184, 189-91,194, 196.213 milieu shaping 5, 81,180, 181, 215, 227-8,229-30 energy policy 7,189-99, 202, 203, 213.214 EU-Russia relations 135, 136, 137, 141,143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152,154,155-6,158-9,161, 164-5, 169, 172-3, 224-5 human rights policy 7,182,184, 187,188, 189 research framework 15, 33-4,43-4, 46-7,49 shared norms 189-99 ‘military power’ 5, 19 ministerial level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87, 88, 90, 93-5, 111, 121,144, 151
240 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia Mogherini, Federica 97,112,117,118 mutually beneficial approach 67-8, 211 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 116, 163, 182 natural gas imports 147-9 Navalny, Alexei 205 neoñmctionalism 16,17-8, 19 new institutionalisms 16, 34-5, 37, 78 NGOs (non-governmental organizations) 158, 205 Nice Treaty (2001) 62,63,184 Nord Stream II 125,167,198 ‘normal power’ 5, 19 normalization of EU֊Russia relations 83, 135, 136,137, 139, 149, 155, 164, 172,224 ‘normative power’ 5,19,22,139,141n, 142 Novak, Alexander 150 Nuttall, Simon 64, 103 Oettinger, Günther 121, 150, 201, 202 operationalizing coherence 29-32, 44 opportunity (actomess dimension) 21 Orbán, Viktor 162 Ostpolitik 147 Paks Nuclear Power Plant 162 Paris Treaty (1951) 189-90 Parliamentary Cooperation Committee 146 participatory requirements 196-9 Partnership for Modernisation 119, 145, 154, 159,194 path dependence 36, 78, 114, 118,128, 129 Pawlak, Waldemar 201 PCA (Partnership and Cooperation Agreement) 119 EU-Russia relations 139-42,143-5, 146,149, 151, 153,155, 159, 167, 168n milieu and possession goals 183, 190,193,194, 209 PGNiG 200-201 Piebalgs, Andris 150 ‘pipeline diplomacy’ 199 policy content 4-5, 221, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 60-61, 65, 68, 69, 74-5, 222 coordinating foreign policy 224 EU֊Russia relations see EU~Russia relations milieu and possession goals 180, 181, 189 research framework 6,15, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37-42, 44-5, 47, 48, 49 policy setting 4-5, 221, 224, 226 coherence as a guiding principle 60-61, 65,67, 69, 74-5,222 coordinating foreign policy see
coordinating foreign policy research framework 6,15, 32,33, 34-7, 38, 39, 40-42, 44-6, 48 Polish Gas-Trading S.A. 201 Polish-Russian Gas Negotiations (2010) 7,200-204, 226, 228-9 political initiatives 15, 25,29, 31-2,42, 182 Politkovskaya, Anna 152,168, 205 possession goals 221 energy policy 7, 47, 189-96, 197, 200-204, 208-15, 225-6 EU-Russia relations 140,143, 151, 154 human rights policy 7,47,200, 204-15,225-6 relationship with milieu goals 7, 47,180-81, 189,199-215, 225-6, 227, 228-30 research framework 6, 15, 33, 39-40,41,42-4,46,47 supranationalism 184, 189-91,194, 196,213 possession seeking 47, 180, 203, 213, 227-8,229 research framework 15, 33,43, 46, 47 power 5-6,230 EU-Russia relations 137,141n, 142, 156, 161-2, 163,168,171, 173 research framework 16,19-24 PPC (Permanent Partnership Council) 119, 144, 149, 153,154 PPCE (Permanent Partnership Council on Energy) 90,102,149-50,151
Index presence (actomess dimension) 21 ‘problem-structural approach’ 38 PSC (Political and Security Committee) 77, 88, 92-3, 94, 98, 99,104֊֊5, 108, 120-21,146 ‘punching below its weight’ (EU) 2, 20, 65,173 Pussy Riot 91, 152, 168, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 Putin, Vladimir 136,142,156,161,162, 164,210,212 QMV (qualified majority voting) 81, 86, 95, 107, 121 rational choice institutionalism 35-6, 37, 78, 80, 102,114,128, 129 ‘regulatory power’ 5,19 research framework 6,12-15 actomess 15, 16, 20-24 coherence analysis 6,15,16-17, 23-32,40-42 defining ‘coherence’ 25-9 defining EU foreign policy 12-14 dual analytical approach 6,40-42, 44 effectiveness analysis 15,16, 22-4, 28,29, 35, 36-7,41,44,46 institutionalism 15,16, 34—8, 39, 40, 42,45-6 institutionalization 14,16, 18, 34, 37,44,46 institutions 33,34-7 intergovemmentalism 16, 17-18, 19, 34 limits of dichotomies 17-20 milieu and possession goals 6, 15, 33, 39—40, 41, 42-4, 46-7 operationalizing coherence 29-32, 44 policy content 6,15, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37^42, 44-5,47,48,49 policy setting 6, 15, 32,33, 34-7, 38, 39, 40-42,44-6,48 power debates 16,19-24 research propositions 44-50 supranationalism 16 theoretical contributions 16-24 241 ‘Roadmap EU֊Russia Energy Cooperation until 2050’ 150 Rosatom 162 Rosneft 163 Rostov-on-Don Summit (2010) 145 rale of law 32,43,116,138,145,146, 152,157,159,172, 183-4, 206, 211 ‘Russian bear’ image 157,165 Russian Federal Assembly 146 Šefrovič, Maroš 229 SG (Secretariat General) 98 shared norms 137-43, 171, 181, 189-99 shared values 1, 21, 70, 106, 137-43, 154-6,182-6,189 Shmatko, Sergei 150 Single
European Act (SEA, 1986) 30, 61, 182,187 Škripal, Sergei 110 Škripal, Yulia 110 socialization 36,79, 147, 223 coordinating foreign policy 6, 103-6, 113, 127, 128 sociological institutionalism 35, 36-7, 78, 103,114,128, 129 soft power 19 Solana, Javier 85 sovereignty 2,67, 226, 227-8, 229 coordinating foreign policy 94,115 EU֊Russia relations 141, 142 milieu and possession goals 194, 201,203-4,211 research framework 17, 30, 31, 38 ‘speaking with one voice’ 2, 3, 8, 223 coherence as a guiding principle 65-6, 70, 72 coordinating foreign policy 86,105, 111, 116,127 milieu and possession goals 194, 198, 200, 203 research framework 18, 23, 28, 29 special committees 92 strategic objectives, lack of 7,122-5 sui generis structure of EU 18, 21, 34, 38, 39, 77, 98,230 ‘superpower’ 5,19 supranationalism 161, 223, 225, 227-8 coherence as a guiding principle 62, 67,71,72,
242 Shaping EUforeign policy towards Russia coordinating foreign policy 80, 85, 90, 103,114, 115,116-і 8, 125,127, milieu and possession goals 184, 189-91,194,196,213 research framework 16, 17-19, 28, 30, 34 SWOT-analysis 229 Syrian Civil War 123 TCAs (Trade and Cooperation Agreements) 138,139,140 TEU (Treaty on European Union) 3,16, 73, 82, 95, 187-8n, 195,202 TFEU (Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) 84, 195,202 Third Energy Package 97,160,167, 197-9 ‘traditional family values’ 157 Transneft 163 Treaty of Rome (1957) 1 Treaty on European Security (proposed) 146 TTE (Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council) 81,92, 95, 121 turf wars 7, 79, 114, 119-22,129,224 Tusk, Donald 195 Ukraine crisis 83, 89-90,119, 121,123, 124, 193-4,196 EU-Russia relations 7, 137, 143, 146,147,148,151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 163-4, 170-71, 173, 224-5 unintended consequences 36, 73, 114, 119,128,224 uploading 6,18,79,109-11,113,127, 128,223 Van Rompuy, Herman 145,195, 205, 228 vertical coherence coherence as a guiding principle 61,65 coordinating foreign policy 86, 91, 101,116,128 milieu and possession goals 185, 209 research framework 15, 25, 26, 27-8, 29, 30,31,32,45,48 vertical coordination mechanisms 45, 48, 78, 80, 89,102, 126,223 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) 140 VisegrádFour 108-9 Vogler, John 21, 26 Wolfers, Arnold 5, 6,15, 33, 34, 39,40, 41,46, 129, 180, 221 working party level (Council of the European Union) 86, 87-92,95, 101,110 WTO (World Trade Organisation) 162 ‘Yamal-Europe’ pipeline 200, 201 Yeltsin, Boris 161 г---------—«Ì Bayarisď Bayerische
Staatsbiblio [hek Staatsbibliothek |
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| spelling | Thaler, Philipp Verfasser (DE-588)1206940395 aut Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations Philipp Thaler, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA Edward Elgar Publishing [2020] © 2020 x, 242 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrechtspolitik (DE-588)4169433-8 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf European Union countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / European Union countries International relations European Union Diplomatic relations European Union countries Russia (Federation) Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 s Menschenrechtspolitik (DE-588)4169433-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-78897-977-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032050445&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032050445&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Thaler, Philipp Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Menschenrechtspolitik (DE-588)4169433-8 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4169433-8 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4014715-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations |
| title_auth | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations |
| title_exact_search | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations |
| title_full | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations Philipp Thaler, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| title_fullStr | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations Philipp Thaler, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia improving coherence in external relations Philipp Thaler, University of St. Gallen, Switzerland |
| title_short | Shaping EU foreign policy towards Russia |
| title_sort | shaping eu foreign policy towards russia improving coherence in external relations |
| title_sub | improving coherence in external relations |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Menschenrechtspolitik (DE-588)4169433-8 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Menschenrechtspolitik Außenpolitik Energiepolitik Russland |
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