Essential epidemiology: an introduction for students and health professionals
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA
Cambridge University Press
2020
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| Edition: | Fourth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Item Description: | Auf dem Umschlag: includes bonus enhanced eBook |
| Physical Description: | xx, 416 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781108766807 1108766803 |
Staff View
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Contents Foreword Preface About the authors Acknowledgements How to use this book How to use your VitalSource eBook Chapter 1 Epidemiology is . v xiii xv xvi xvii xix 1 A case of food poisoning 3 Subdisciplines of epidemiology 4 On epidemics 6 An historical epidemic 8 The beginnings 10 What does epidemiology offer? 15 What do epidemiologists do? 16 A natural experiment 22 Conclusions 24 Recommended reading 25 References 25 Chapter 2 How long is a piece of string? Measuring disease frequency 27 What are we measuring? 28 The concepts: Prevalence and incidence 30 Measuring disease occurrence in practice: Epidemiological studies 35 Measuring disease occurrence in practice: Using routine data 41 Other measures commonly used in public health 47 Global health indicators 51 Summary 61 Questions 63 References 63 Chapter 3 Who, what, where and when? Descriptive epidemiology 65 Case reports and case series 67 Vital statistics and mortality data 68 Morbidity data 75
Contents Creative use of existing data 81 Confidentiality 87 Summary 88 Questions 88 Recommended reading 88 References 89 Chapter 4 Healthy research: Study designs for public health The ideal study Intervention studies or trials Observational studies 92 94 95 100 A word about ethics 113 Summary 116 Questions 116 Recommended reading 117 References 118 Chapter 5 Why? Linking exposure and disease 120 Looking for associations 121 Ratio measures (relative risk) 123 Difference measures (attributable risk) 129 Relative risk versus attributable risk: An example 138 Looking for associations when the measures are continuous 139 Summary 140 Questions 141 Recommended reading 143 References 143 Chapter б Heads or tails? The role of chance 145 Random sampling error 146 Statistical significance: Could an apparent association have arisen by chance? 147 Confidence intervals 148 Power: Could we have missed a true association? 151 Interpreting p-values and confidence intervals 152 Statistical versus clinical significance 155 Summary 157 Questions 157 Recommended reading 158 References 158 Chapter 7 All that glitters is not gold: The problem of error 159 Sources of error in epidemiological studies 160 Selection bias 161 Measurement or information error 171
Contents Summary 181 Questions 182 Recommended reading 183 References 183 Chapter 8 Muddied waters: The challenge of confounding 185 An example of confounding: Is alcohol a risk factor for lung cancer? 187 Characteristics of a confounder 189 The effects of confounding 190 Control of confounding through study design 195 Control of confounding in data analysis 200 Confounding: The bottom line 206 Questions 207 Recommended reading 208 References 209 Chapter 9 Reading between the lines: Reading and writing epidemiological papers 210 The research question and study design 212 Internal validity 212 So what? Are the results important? 221 Generalisability (external validity) 222 Descriptive studies 223 Writing papers 223 Summary: One swallow doesn't make a summer 224 Questions 225 Recommended reading 225 References 226 Chapter 10 Who sank the boat? Association and causation 228 What do we mean by a cause? 230 Association versus causation 233 Evaluating causation 235 An example: Does H. pylori cause stomachcancer? 241 Conclusion 242 Questions 242 Recommended reading 243 References 243 Chapter 11 Assembling the building blocks: Reviews and their uses 244 What is a systematic review? 245 Specifying the research question 247 Identifying the literature 247 Appraising the literature 249
ѳ Contents Summarising the data 250 Drawing condusions 256 Assessing the quality of a systematic review 256 Making judgements in practice 258 The end result 260 Conclusion 261 Questions 262 Recommended reading 262 References 262 Chapter 12 Surveillance: Collecting health-related data for epidemiological intelligence and public health action 265 Martyn Kirk, Penelope Webb and Chris Bain The scope of surveillance 267 Why conduct surveillance? 267 Types of surveillance 268 Surveillance essentials 275 Summary 278 Questions 279 Recommended reading 279 References 279 Chapter 13 Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters 282 Martyn Kirk, Adrian Sleigh and Penelope Webb Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters 284 Epidemiology of infectious diseases 285 Outbreak management and investigation 290 Evidence for causation 295 Non-infectious clusters and outbreaks 296 Summary 299 Questions 299 Recommended reading 299 References 300 Chapter 14 Prevention: Better than cure? 302 Disease prevention in public health 303 The scope for preventive medicine 307 Strategies for prevention 310 The population attributable fraction as a guide to prevention 314 Prevention in practice 316 Evaluation of preventive interventions in practice 319 A final (cautionary) word 320 Questions 321 Recommended reading 321 References 321
Contents Chapter 15 Early detection: What benefits at what cost? Why screen? 324 325 The requirements of a screening program 328 Evaluation of a screening program 340 Summary 349 Questions 350 Recommended reading 351 References 351 Chapter 16 Epidemiology and the public's health 353 Translating epidemiological research into practice 354 Challenges 356 Limiting error 357 Improving measurement 358 Synthesis and integration 360 Epidemiology and complex systems 362 A final word 363 Recommended reading 364 References 364 Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Appendix 3: Appendix 4: Appendix 5: Appendix 6: Appendix 7: Direct standardisation Standard populations Calculating risk and lifetime risk from routine data Indirect standardisation Calculating life expectancy from a life table Why the odds ratio approximates the relative risk for a rare disease Formulae for calculating confidence intervals for common epidemiological measures Appendix 8: The Mantel-Haenszel method for calculating pooled odds ratios 366 368 370 372 374 376 Glossary Answers Index 381 393 409 377 379
Now in its fourth edition, Essential Epidemiology is an engaging and accessible introduction to the foundations of epidemiology. This text introduces the core concepts and shows the essential role of epidemiology in public health and medicine across a broad range of health monitoring and research activities. It draws on cases from chronic and infectious diseases, with vibrant contemporary, historical and hypothetical examples that enable students to engage with the content. Complex mathematics are kept to a minimum in thé main text with more advanced concepts presented as optional extras for those who want more detail. With more than 90 questions and answers to work through in the print book, and hundreds more in the enhanced eBook, this is an essential resource for students, practitioners and anyone else who needs to interpret health data in their studies or work. Epidemiology's most important goal is to bring rigour to the collection, analysis and interpretation of health data to improve health at a global scale. Essential Epidemiology is highly regarded as a resource that provides readers with the tools to achieve that goal. Penelope Webb is a Principal Research Fellow and Group Leader at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Brisbane, an Honorary Professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Queensland and an Adjunct Professor in the School of Public Health and Social Work at the Queensland University of Technology. Chris Bain is a former Reader in Epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the University of Queensland. Andrew Page is
Professor of Epidemiology in the School of Medicine at Western Sydney University. |
| adam_txt |
Contents Foreword Preface About the authors Acknowledgements How to use this book How to use your VitalSource eBook Chapter 1 Epidemiology is . v xiii xv xvi xvii xix 1 A case of food poisoning 3 Subdisciplines of epidemiology 4 On epidemics 6 An historical epidemic 8 The beginnings 10 What does epidemiology offer? 15 What do epidemiologists do? 16 A natural experiment 22 Conclusions 24 Recommended reading 25 References 25 Chapter 2 How long is a piece of string? Measuring disease frequency 27 What are we measuring? 28 The concepts: Prevalence and incidence 30 Measuring disease occurrence in practice: Epidemiological studies 35 Measuring disease occurrence in practice: Using routine data 41 Other measures commonly used in public health 47 Global health indicators 51 Summary 61 Questions 63 References 63 Chapter 3 Who, what, where and when? Descriptive epidemiology 65 Case reports and case series 67 Vital statistics and mortality data 68 Morbidity data 75
Contents Creative use of existing data 81 Confidentiality 87 Summary 88 Questions 88 Recommended reading 88 References 89 Chapter 4 Healthy research: Study designs for public health The ideal study Intervention studies or trials Observational studies 92 94 95 100 A word about ethics 113 Summary 116 Questions 116 Recommended reading 117 References 118 Chapter 5 Why? Linking exposure and disease 120 Looking for associations 121 Ratio measures (relative risk) 123 Difference measures (attributable risk) 129 Relative risk versus attributable risk: An example 138 Looking for associations when the measures are continuous 139 Summary 140 Questions 141 Recommended reading 143 References 143 Chapter б Heads or tails? The role of chance 145 Random sampling error 146 Statistical significance: Could an apparent association have arisen by chance? 147 Confidence intervals 148 Power: Could we have missed a true association? 151 Interpreting p-values and confidence intervals 152 Statistical versus clinical significance 155 Summary 157 Questions 157 Recommended reading 158 References 158 Chapter 7 All that glitters is not gold: The problem of error 159 Sources of error in epidemiological studies 160 Selection bias 161 Measurement or information error 171
Contents Summary 181 Questions 182 Recommended reading 183 References 183 Chapter 8 Muddied waters: The challenge of confounding 185 An example of confounding: Is alcohol a risk factor for lung cancer? 187 Characteristics of a confounder 189 The effects of confounding 190 Control of confounding through study design 195 Control of confounding in data analysis 200 Confounding: The bottom line 206 Questions 207 Recommended reading 208 References 209 Chapter 9 Reading between the lines: Reading and writing epidemiological papers 210 The research question and study design 212 Internal validity 212 So what? Are the results important? 221 Generalisability (external validity) 222 Descriptive studies 223 Writing papers 223 Summary: One swallow doesn't make a summer 224 Questions 225 Recommended reading 225 References 226 Chapter 10 Who sank the boat? Association and causation 228 What do we mean by a cause? 230 Association versus causation 233 Evaluating causation 235 An example: Does H. pylori cause stomachcancer? 241 Conclusion 242 Questions 242 Recommended reading 243 References 243 Chapter 11 Assembling the building blocks: Reviews and their uses 244 What is a systematic review? 245 Specifying the research question 247 Identifying the literature 247 Appraising the literature 249
ѳ Contents Summarising the data 250 Drawing condusions 256 Assessing the quality of a systematic review 256 Making judgements in practice 258 The end result 260 Conclusion 261 Questions 262 Recommended reading 262 References 262 Chapter 12 Surveillance: Collecting health-related data for epidemiological intelligence and public health action 265 Martyn Kirk, Penelope Webb and Chris Bain The scope of surveillance 267 Why conduct surveillance? 267 Types of surveillance 268 Surveillance essentials 275 Summary 278 Questions 279 Recommended reading 279 References 279 Chapter 13 Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters 282 Martyn Kirk, Adrian Sleigh and Penelope Webb Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters 284 Epidemiology of infectious diseases 285 Outbreak management and investigation 290 Evidence for causation 295 Non-infectious clusters and outbreaks 296 Summary 299 Questions 299 Recommended reading 299 References 300 Chapter 14 Prevention: Better than cure? 302 Disease prevention in public health 303 The scope for preventive medicine 307 Strategies for prevention 310 The population attributable fraction as a guide to prevention 314 Prevention in practice 316 Evaluation of preventive interventions in practice 319 A final (cautionary) word 320 Questions 321 Recommended reading 321 References 321
Contents Chapter 15 Early detection: What benefits at what cost? Why screen? 324 325 The requirements of a screening program 328 Evaluation of a screening program 340 Summary 349 Questions 350 Recommended reading 351 References 351 Chapter 16 Epidemiology and the public's health 353 Translating epidemiological research into practice 354 Challenges 356 Limiting error 357 Improving measurement 358 Synthesis and integration 360 Epidemiology and complex systems 362 A final word 363 Recommended reading 364 References 364 Appendix 1: Appendix 2: Appendix 3: Appendix 4: Appendix 5: Appendix 6: Appendix 7: Direct standardisation Standard populations Calculating risk and lifetime risk from routine data Indirect standardisation Calculating life expectancy from a life table Why the odds ratio approximates the relative risk for a rare disease Formulae for calculating confidence intervals for common epidemiological measures Appendix 8: The Mantel-Haenszel method for calculating pooled odds ratios 366 368 370 372 374 376 Glossary Answers Index 381 393 409 377 379
Now in its fourth edition, Essential Epidemiology is an engaging and accessible introduction to the foundations of epidemiology. This text introduces the core concepts and shows the essential role of epidemiology in public health and medicine across a broad range of health monitoring and research activities. It draws on cases from chronic and infectious diseases, with vibrant contemporary, historical and hypothetical examples that enable students to engage with the content. Complex mathematics are kept to a minimum in thé main text with more advanced concepts presented as optional extras for those who want more detail. With more than 90 questions and answers to work through in the print book, and hundreds more in the enhanced eBook, this is an essential resource for students, practitioners and anyone else who needs to interpret health data in their studies or work. Epidemiology's most important goal is to bring rigour to the collection, analysis and interpretation of health data to improve health at a global scale. Essential Epidemiology is highly regarded as a resource that provides readers with the tools to achieve that goal. Penelope Webb is a Principal Research Fellow and Group Leader at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Brisbane, an Honorary Professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Queensland and an Adjunct Professor in the School of Public Health and Social Work at the Queensland University of Technology. Chris Bain is a former Reader in Epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the University of Queensland. Andrew Page is
Professor of Epidemiology in the School of Medicine at Western Sydney University. |
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| spelling | Webb, Penny 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)133265692 aut Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals Penelope Webb, Chris Bain, Andrew Page Fourth edition Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA Cambridge University Press 2020 xx, 416 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auf dem Umschlag: includes bonus enhanced eBook Epidemiology Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 s DE-604 Bain, Chris 1947- (DE-588)173761836 aut Page, Andrew 1974- (DE-588)1131903927 aut Ersatz von 978-1-107-52915-1 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032047477&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032047477&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
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| title | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals |
| title_auth | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals |
| title_exact_search | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals |
| title_full | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals Penelope Webb, Chris Bain, Andrew Page |
| title_fullStr | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals Penelope Webb, Chris Bain, Andrew Page |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals Penelope Webb, Chris Bain, Andrew Page |
| title_short | Essential epidemiology |
| title_sort | essential epidemiology an introduction for students and health professionals |
| title_sub | an introduction for students and health professionals |
| topic | Epidemiology Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Epidemiology Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiologie Einführung |
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