Eurasianism: an ideology for the multipolar world
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| Language: | English |
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Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Lexington Books
[2020]
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| Series: | Russian, Eurasian, and Eastern European politics
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | ix, 291 Seiten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781793604798 9781793604811 |
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Contents Foreword: Geopolitics and Eurasianism vii Michael O. Slobodchikoff Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Ideology as a Methodological Tool for Interpreting Eurasianism 19 2 From Early Eurasianism to Neo-Eurasianism: A Historical and Philosophical Overlook 45 3 The Liaison between Geopolitics and Eurasianism 77 4 The Foundations of Eurasian Power: The Strategic Role of the Heartland Region in Geopolitical Thought 99 5 The Eurasianist Ideology: Theory, Mission, and Program 157 6 The Antagonists of Eurasianism: Post-Liberalism, Atlanticism, and Unipolar Globalism 193 The Eurasianist Vision of Global Order: The Quest for a Multipolar World 217 7 Conclusion 257 Appendix : F urther Reading 263 Bibliography 265 Index 271 About the Author 291 v
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Index twent-fírst-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR), 258 9/11,257 Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Alaska,63, 111, 118,119,140 Al-Assad, Bashar, 258 Albania, 241, 253n49 Aldershot, 108 Alekseyev, Nikolai Nikolayevich, 48, 55, 72 Alexander the Great, 58, 122,123, 125, 152n69 Alps, 123,138 Al-Qaeda, 242 Altai Mountains, 138,147 Amaľrik, Andrey Alekseyevich, 35 America. See United States of America Americanism, 179,197, 201-206; anti-, 179 American meridian zone, 239-240 American Revolution. See United States of America, American War of Independence Americas, 52,106,115,117,118,119, 125,127,139, 142, 153n86,160,185, 186, 239; Central America, 153n86; North America, 83,104, 105,110, 111, 115,127,128,146, 220,223,226, 240; South America, 105,127,128,140, 146,150,240 Amish, 172 Anarchism, 4,25,26, 47, 66,194 Anatolia, 119,123,129,147,228 Abkhazia, 192ո87,208,245. See also Georgia, Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008 Abyssinia, 130 Actium, battle of. 123 Adjara, 245 Afghanistan, 119,129,132,147, 233, 243, 244; Soviet invasion of, 148,233, 260 Africa, 84,105, 106,109,122,123, 124, 125,126,127,139,142, 160,232, 236, 258; African landmass, 117; Black, 242,254n69; Carthaginian, 124; Central Africa, 101, 115; Horn of, 241-242; North Africa, 46, 124,130, 148,241,261; Southern Africa, 115, 126; Trans-Saharan Africa, 117, 118, 119,130,140, 239,241 Afro-Asia, 125 Agarthi, myth of, 64 Age of Discovery, 127 Agnosticism, 200; phenomenalistic, 200-201 Agursky, Mikhail Samuilovich, 62. See also National-Bolshevism Ahnenerbe, 64, 74n42 Akhiezer, Aleksander
Ilyich, 37 Akhmatova, Anna, 55 271
272 Ancien Regime, ЗО, 31,194 Ancient Babylonia, 116 Ancient Romans, 112,117, 118, 122,123, 124 Angles, 124 Anglo-American meridian zone, 17 Anglo-Boer War, 136 Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, 112 Anglo-Saxons, 62 Angola, 232 Animism, 250 Ankara, 244, 245 Antarctica, 105 Arab Great Space, 239 Arabia, 118,119,130,131, 132, 241; Arab countries, 236,242; Arab Springs, 252nl3; Arabian Desert, 152n31; Arabs, 125; Saudi, 222, 236, 241, 242, 252nl2, 252n20 Arabian Peninsula. See Arabia Arab-Islamic Large Space, 17, 241 Arctic Region, 105,152n31 Arctic Sea. See Ocean, Arctic Argentina, 232,240 Aristocracy, 31,181, 247 Aristotle, 181 Armenią 73,131,190, 228,243, 245, 254n70 Aryan race, 27,165 Asceticism, 70 Ashgabat, 245 Asią 7, 8, 12, 37, 38,47, 52, 73n4, 109, 112,113,117,125,126,127,129,130, 136,144,169,187,215,233,236,244; Asians, 113; Asian steppes, 114; Eastern, 46, 84,143, 230,232, 234, 260,261; South-eastern, 147,235, 240; Southern, 46 Asia Minor, 82,116,122,123,131 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), 251n4,258 Asianism, 48 Assyrią 116 Astaną 245, 246 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 228 Atheism, 14, 162, 168, 174 Athens, 93, 154nl47, 181 Atlanticism, 206-208; and the fall of the Soviet Union, 60, 233; anti-Atlanticist Index movements, 28; as an antagonist of Eurasianism, 10, 14,15,16,91,162, 163,179; as a theoretical paradigm, 62, 162; as expression of a globalist elite, 177; as expression of thalassocracy, 9, 159,208,229,237; as theorized by Nicholas! Spykman, 10, 84, 150; Atlanticist Empire, 192n82; geopolitical pole of, 65; in relation to Russią 41,235; penetrating in the Rimland,
11,190, 242; strategic, 180; Western Atlanticism, 9, 232 Atlantic meridian zone, 239 Attila, 113. See also Huns Australia, 104,110,127, 146,203, 221, 226,239 Australasią 105,115,117,118,119, 126, 127,142 Austria, 50, 113, 186; Ostmark, 113 Austria-Hungary. See Austro-Hungarian Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire, 82, 126,131, 226,237, 252n31 Authoritarianism, 31; electoral, 37 Avars, 113 Axis Powers, 148,209,230 Azerbaijan, 73,190, 228, 243,245, 254n70 Azores, 159 Ba’athism, 232 Babeuf, François-Noël, 26 Baghdad, 114 Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 39 Baku, 244,245 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 26 Balance of power, 12,66, 120,134,141, 145,150,218,228, 231 Balkans, 65,84,109,116,208,252nl3; Balkan Peninsulą 91 Baltic region, 112 Baltic republics, 190, 214,241,252n31 Baluchistan, 129 Barbar)՛, 105 Barrés, Maurice, 27 Barrow Valley, 108 Battarrą Marco, 71 Beijing, 223,257,258 Belarus, 73,185,190,214, 221,228, 242, 245,252n31; Byelorussians, 74n36. See
Index also Russia, White Russians Belgium, 73 Belgrade, 49 Benoist, Alainde, 64, 71,159,167,168, 214, 247. See also European New Right Berdyaev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 39 Bering Strait, 111 Berlin, 82,144,146,232; Wall, 60,257 Bishkek, 245 Bismarck, Otto von, 190 Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 26 Blavatsky, Madame Helena, 64 Boers, 136 Bolivia, 185 Bolshevism, 34, 55, 144; Bolshevik Revolution, 4, 7, 33, 45,46, 47,48,49, 54-55,63,227; Bolsheviks, 188, 227, 228, 234 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 1, 21, 58, 135 Bonnot De Condillac, Etienne, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues Bosnia. See Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina, 91,132,241 Bosporus, 116. See also Turkey, Turkish Straits Brahmanism. See Hinduism Braudel, Fernand, 61 Brazil, 212,221,240, 257 Brest, 107 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 227, 252n31 BRIC countries, 258 BRICS countries, 66, 218,220,251n4, 258 Bristol, 108 Bristol Channel, 107-108 Bromberg, Yakov, 48 Brussels, 49 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 85,190, 234 Buddhism, 48, 51,152n48, 250 Bukarsky, Vladimir, 72 Bulgaria, 18nl, 48,73, 133, 137,227,235, 241, 243,252n31, 253n49; Bulgarians, 134 Bulgars, 8, 113 Burckhardt, Titus, 62, 64,172 Burke, Edmund, 6,25, 30; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 30 Byzantine Empire, 3,124, 225 Byzantine Orthodox civilization, 62 Byzantium. See Constantinople 273 Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues Cabet, Étienne, 26 Camberley, 108 Campanella, Tommaso, 26 Canada, 73,126,139,140,141,150,203, 221,239 Canterbury, 108 Cape Colony, 109, 110 Cape of Good Hope, 117, 124-125, 136 Cape Town, 127 Cape Veldt, 130 capitalism, 9,14,15,
61, 67, 73n4, 93, 169, 176,183,197,198, 202,206, 212,213, 219,220,222, 261; anti-, 14, 174; financial, 15,176; English, 126; industrial, 176 Caribbean Basin, 83, 153n86, 240 Carolingian Empire, 124,237. See also Charlemagne; Holy Roman Empire Carpathian Mountains, 113, 147 Carthage, 93, 123; Carthaginians, 122 Castro, Fidel, 232, 253n45 Cathay, 105 Catherine II the Great, 47, 50 Catholicism, 210 Caucasia. See Caucasus Caucasians, 4 Caucasus, 52,65,119,128, 208, 229,242, 244,245; North, 228; South, 227, 252n31 Central American Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Central Asia, 4,18n2, 56, 66, 83,101, 113, 116, 128,132,137, 142, 225,229, 232, 235, 243, 244,245,260 Central Powers, 227, 252n31 Centralism, 189,192n83 Chalons, battle of, 112 Charlemagne, 113,124. See also Carolingian Empire Charles XII of Sweden, 81 Chassebuf De Volney, Constantin François, 20,21. See also Ideology, ideologues Chatham, 107, 108 Chauprade, Aymeric, 85 Chauvinism, 15,27, 69,167, 174,195 Chavism, 222
274 Index Chechnya, 36,38; Chechen Wars, 233 Cherbourg, 107 Chile, 232 China, 66, 70, 88,105, 110, 114,116,117, 119,120, 125,126, 132,134,137,141, 142,144,147, 150,184, 203,212, 218-219, 219,220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 230,234,235, 236, 239, 240,242, 243, 258; Chinese civilization, 184; Chinese people, 137; Chinese Revolution, 232; Chinese Summer Olympics, 258; communist, 135; Eastern, 116; Greater, 240 Chinese Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Christendom. See Christianity Christianity, 51,112,124,152n48,250; Christian Church, 194,198; Christians, 175,197,244; medieval, 204; Res Publica Christiana, 25 ln2 Chukotka Peninsula, 127 Ciscaucasia, 234, 244 Civilizationalism, 40,41; civilizational big spaces, 157,159, 167,177 Classic Eurasianism, 7,46-55; Classic Eurasianists, 4, 8, 48,49-54, 62 Clemenceau, Georges, 133 Cohen, Saul Bernard, 78 Colchester, 108 Cold War, 11,66, 85, 86, 88, 93, 95,100, 132,135, 146,148, 166, 203,204,231, 232,253n45,261; post-, 36, 41, 88, 201,207 collectivism, 38, 65,183 Colombia, 240 colonialism, 50, 86,186; crypto-, 242; neo-, 202,222, 242 Colour Revolutions, 252nl3 Columbus, Christopher, 106 commercialism, 4, 31 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 38,189,237, 242, 243,244, 254n70 Commonwealth of Nations, 109 communism, 4, 7,15, 19, 22, 25, 26-27, 27,28, 35, 38, 47, 55, 73n4, 88,163, 164,166, 167,168, 169, 175, 193, 195, 196,212; Afro-, 232; anti-, 33; Manifesto ofthe Communist Party, 26, 175; post-, 36; primitive, 169; scientific, 34; Soviet, 37. See also Leninism; Stalinism; Trotskyism; Maoism communitarianism: in IR theory, 27 Conceptualism, 39,40
Confucianism, 51, 250 Congo, 130 conservatism, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15,19,25, 25-26,28,29-32,42, 47,65,159, 167, 170,171, 172, 173, 180,182-183,193, 194,196, 204, 226; according to Friedrich Hayek, 32; according to Michael Oakeshott, 32; according to Samuel Huntington, 31-32; as opposed to other ideologies, 29; bio-, 6,30; conservative revolution, 8,9, 14,63, 74n36,157,159, 172,173; cultural, 6, 30; definition of, 29; different strands of, 30-31; Eurasianist, 13,33, 94; fiscal, 6,30; fundamentalist, 172, 173; historical evolution of, 30; liberal, 172, 173; neo-, 6,30; paleo-, 6,30; religious, 6, 30; revolutionary, 172, 173; social, 173; social, 6, 30; traditionalist, 171-172, 173 Constantinople, 47, 63, 225 constitutionalism, 67 constructivism: in IR theory, 27 consumerism, 15, 63, 67, 70,158,161, 193,206,214 Continental power. See tellurocracy continentalism, 159 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 199 Corbin, Henry, 62, 64 Cork, 108 Corporativism, 65 Cosmopolitanism, see cosmopolitism cosmopolitism, 7, 16, 68,196; in IR theory, 27; Marxist, 168; Western, 42 Cossacks, 52, 111, 132, 253n50 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count Richard, 238 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 166 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 229 Crete, 122 Crimea, 65,208,245, 258; Crimean War, 66,126 Croatia, 18nl, 253n49 Crusades, 112, 114,124
Index Cuba, 232,240,253ո45; Bay of Pigs Invasion, 253ո45; Cuban Missile Crisis, 232,253n45; Cuban Revolution, 232 Cumans, 113 Curragh, 108 Cyprus, 109, 125,243 Czarist empire. See Russian Empire Czech Republic, 253n49 Czechoslovakia, 133, 230,253n49 Czechs, 4,134. See also western Slavs Da Gama, Vasco, 111, 124,125 Dagestan, 228 Damascus, 114 Danes, 112 Danilevsky, Nikolay Yakovlevich, 9, 62 Danube River, 123,131 Dardanelles, 116. See also Turkey, Turkish Straits Darré, Richard Walther, 74n42 Dartmouth, 107 Darwin, Charles, 145. See also Darwinism Darwinism, 60, 79,101,104,170,198; social, 104,112,170,198. See also Darwin, Charles Daudet, Léon, 27 Daunou, Pierre Claude François, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues De Gaulle, Charles, 238 Deleuze, Gilles, 66 democracy: democratism, 31, 158, 183; electoral democracy, 86; liberal democracy, 16,28, 38,68, 88,95,169, 181,201, 203,205, 206, 212,221,230, 233; origin of, 181; social democracy, 31,36,164 Demotia, concept of, 9, 64, 247 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, 48,227 Descartes, René, 16,199 Destutt De Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, 20 determinism, 58,59; biological, 57; economic, 168; geographical, 51, 57, 60,101,112,224; historical, 112 Devonian Peninsula, 108 Devonport, 107,108 dialogism, 39 Donbass region, 245,258 275 Donetsk, People’s Republic of, 245 Dorians, 122 Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikhailovich, 39 Dover, 107,108 Dublin, 95,108, 231 Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich, 2,4, 6, 7, 9, 10,11, 13-15, 16, 17,28, 64, 70-73, 74n36,77, 78, 85, 99,100,157, 159, 160,161,163,164, 165,166,167,169, 173,174, 175, 178, 179, 180,181, 182, 183,184, 185,
189,193,195,196,197, 201.202, 203,204, 205, 206,211,212, 214,215,221, 223, 224,231,232,236, 237,238, 239, 240, 242,243, 244,245, 246,247, 254n70,255n87,257; Dugin’s geopolitical thought, 89-95; idea of “Autonomies” and regionalism, 18,246-251; idea of “Great Spaces” and “Geo-economic zones,” 17, 236-246 Duma, 36 Dumézil, Georges, 64 Dumont, Louis, 64 Durand, Gilbert, 166 Dushanbe, 245 Early Eurasianism. See Classic Eurasianism East, 37,47, 56, 65, 69, 73n4,142, 160, 184.203, 208,212,213, 231 East Germany, 253n49 Eastern Slavs, 4, 225 ecumenism, 39 Edinburgh, 108 Egypt, 109,120, 123, 126, 130, 134, 232, 236,241, 252n20; Ancient, 116,117, 121-122,123 Eliade, Mircea, 62 elitism, 9,63. See also Pareto, Vilfredo; Mosca, Gaetano; Michels, Robert Enfield, 108 Engels, Friedrich, 21,26,175 England, 103, 108, 112, 114, 117; metropolitan, 107 English Channel, 107,109,124 English Revolution, 26 Enlightenment, 20, 25, 30, 38,161,164, 181,194,195,198,204,210 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 244
276 Index Eskin, Avigdor, 72 esotericism, 64 essentialism, 39 Estonia, 233, 252ոՅ 1,253ո49 Ethiopia, 56, 232, 241 ethnocentrism, 14, 158, 161, 167, 198 Euphrates River, 130 Eurafrasia, 125,127-128, 130, 133. «See also World Promontory Eurasia, 1,2,3,11,12,13, 19,40,41,47, 48,49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60,65, 66, 69, 69-70, 77, 83, 84, 93, 95, 99,100, 106, 111, 113,114, 114-117,118, 120, 121, 124,126, 127,132,135, 137,139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149-150, 150, 159,160, 179,184, 187, 225,226, 227, 229,230, 231,232,234, 235, 236, 238, 242,248, 250,257, 260, 261; central, 113; Eurasian continent, 11, 59, 70, 83, 94, 106, 111, 120, 121,132,147,159, 160,162, 184,225, 235,238, 243,257, 260; Eurasian Empire, idea of, 10, 91, 94,95,188, 188-190, 230, 232, 252n35; Eurasian landmass, 1, 9, 11, 12, 47, 52, 54, 77, 82, 99, 100,111, 115,117, 135,144,151,188,207,226, 261; Fortress, 135; integration of, 4,14, 143, 159,190,225, 238, 244,245, 246; languages of, 53; peoples of, 50, 52-53; peripheral zones of, 2,12,100,115, 115-116, 120,134,146; steppes of, 115, 118 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 4, 7, 223,244, 254n70, 258, 259 Eurasian rims. See Eurasia, peripheral zones of Eurasianism: as an ideology, 6, 28-29; as expression of tellurocracy, 9,159,208; as strand of conservatism, 6, 65; different interpretations of, 4; in International Relations (IR), 27-28, 218; non-Russian Eurasianism, 4 Eurasianist ideology. See Eurasianism Eurasia Political Party, 72-73 Euro-African meridian zone, 17, 239,241 Euro-Asia, 10, 91,120 Europe, 7, 8,26, 27, 37, 38,45,47, 52, 55, 66, 69, 73n4, 74n36, 81, 91, 106,
112-113, 113,114, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125,126,127,129,130,132,135, 137,139,147, 150,160,164,174,184, 186,187,188,190,194, 195,198,203, 204,207,208, 210,211, 214,221, 223, 230,231,234, 235, 238,239,241,242, 244,258,260; Atlanticist, 214; Central, 1, 12,55,81,82,105, 114,116,119, 136,142,143,144,145,188,210,211, 216n46, 229,230,231; Christian, 124; Continental, 185, 214,238; Eastern, 2, 12,43n40, 65, 82,92, 99, 112,114, 118,119,121,128,132, 133,134, 135, 138,143,144, 169, 188, 207,210, 211, 215,216n46,225,227, 229, 230,231, 233,235,245; Eurasian, 214; Eurocentrism, 38,54, 159,163,178; European Peninsula, 112, 113,114, 116,235; European philosophy, 16, 199; Europeans, 113, 125,188,211, 238; Greater, 241, 261; Inner Europe, 116; Northern, 67,114; Peninsular, 140; Southern, 114, 211; Western, 2, 43n40,63,67, 105,114, 118,119,133, 148,169,188,195,197, 203,207, 210, 211,216n46,220, 225, 232, 235,238 European Large Space, 17,241,243 European New Right, 71, 74n36,159. See also Benoist, Alain de European Union (EU), 10,41, 65, 66, 86, 192n82,220,223, 224, 234, 235,236, 237,238, 239, 241,244,254n68,258, 259; European integration, 208, 238, 241; Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), 254n68 Europeanization. See westernization Evola, Julius, 64, 95,172 existentialism, 39 Falkland Islands, 110 Far East, 52,66, 105,118,229, 232; Russian, 147, 234 fascism, 4,6, 7, 14, 15,19, 25,27, 34, 47, 55, 86, 88,163,164,165,166,167, 168,170,174, 175,193, 195,196, 230; Italian, 165 federalism, 31, 248 feminism: in IR theory, 27 feudalism, 31 financial crisis of 2008,258
Index financiálisul, 67,202,241,250, 259 Finland, 252ո31 Finno-Ugrics, 4, 50 Finns, 4 First World War, 2,12, 80, 83,110, 120, 126,128,132,133,135,137, 144,187, 209,216n46,219,228, 252n31, 260 Florida, 253n45 Florovsky, Georges Vasilievich, 8, 48, 55 Fordism, 37 Foucault, Michel, 66 Fourier, Charles, 26 Fourth Political Theory, 14-15,157, 163-175,180-190. See also Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich France, 2,4,11, 20, 27,92,107, 109,110, 112,113,114,120,125,126,134, 136, 138,139,140,145,185, 186,210,211, 212,214,224,228, 230,238, 257; French people, 113,125; French Revolution, 1,25,26, 27, 30, 31, 69, 195,198; Napoleonic, 150, 260 Francisco, Franco, 164 Franks, 112 freemasonry, 222 Freund, Julien, 64, 247 Fukuyama, Francis, 7,28, 37, 40,68, 88, 95, 196,205,208, 214 G-20,258 Ganges River, 104, 117 Garat, Dominique Joseph, 20. See also ideologues, Ideology Gaul, 113,122,123,124 Genghis Khan, 3,4,47, 51, 54, 59, 225, 229,252n35 Geo-economics, 88-89,218 Geographical pivot of history, 1,12, 93, 99,100, ! 11-120,121,137,225. See also Mackinder, Sir Halford John; Heartland Geopolitics, 2, 9-11,19, 65-66, 70, 78-95, 89-91,159,259; Anglo-Saxon school, 83-84; classic, 79; critical school, 85-86; criticism towards, 86-89; French School, 85; French school of possibilism, 82-83; German school of Geopolitik, 84,100,141, 229; Italian school, 84; Kyoto School, 84; Nazi, 111 144; neoclassical school, 85 Georgei, Gaston, 62 Georgia, 38,73,190, 207, 228, 243,245, 254n70,258; Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008,181, 192n87, 258 German Kaiserdom. See Germany, German Empire Germanic peoples, 118,124,133,134,
142,143, 181 Germany, 2, 11, 12, 18nl, 73, 84, 92, 94, 100,110,114,120,121,126,128,132, 133,133-134,134,135,136,137,139, 140, 142,143,144, 145, 150, 167, 170, 185,186,188,212, 214,224,225, 226, 227,228,229,230, 238, 252n31, 257; forests of, 113; German Conservative Revolution, 159; German Empire, 2, 80, 112, 120, 126, 136, 150,252n31, 260; Germans, 113,139,142,144,145; Greater, 81-82,142,144, 229; Nazi, 2, 6, 33, 50, 65, 74n42, 84, 132,144, 146, 150,165,185,188, 209,230,234,260; North, 112; South, 112; Weimar Republic, 185; Western, 210 Gesell, Silvio, 66 Gibraltar, 109,125 Global Caliphate. See Islam, Islamic Empire global governance, 16, 88,196,201 global government. See world government globalism, 7,14,16, 17, 29, 87, 88, 173, 174, 178,196, 205, 206, 208-210, 218, 233, 237,244,246; alter-, 3,6, 7,19, 33,42,160; alter-globalist movements, 163, 173; anti-, 66, 160, 188; anti globalist movements, 28, 163,173; in IR theory, 27; unipolar, 15, 63,159, 208, 217; Western, 41 globalization, 16,67,70,78,159,160,166, 168,176,185,196, 197,198,206, 208, 213,222, 223, 237,238, 258, 259; alter-, 67; unipolar, 163,174,197; Western-led, 68, 158,204 Gobi Desert, 138; Little, 115 Gorbachëv, Mikhail Sergeyevich, 35, 233; perestroika, 35, 61, 233;glasnost’, 35 Goths, 112 Gramsci, Antonio, 21 Gray, Colin S., 85, 87
278 Great Britain, 1, 2,12,49,65, 73, 74ո36, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93,103,104,105,123, 124,125,126,128,132, 134,135,136, 139, 140,141,142,143, 144,145, 146, 148,150,151,186,210,211,212,214, 224,226,227,228, 229, 230, 233, 239, 241,253ո43,253ո44; British Dominions, 126; British Empire, 2, 65, 66, 80, 81,100,105-110,120, 132, 144,228,260; British Isles, 106, 117, 119, 127,132; British people, 126, 152n73; British Seas, 105; Pax Britannica, 189 Great Game, 65, 74n45-75n46,132, 226, 233; “New,” 66 Great Northern War, 81 Greece, 2,133,134,135, 223, 228,235; Ancient Greeks, 92,117,118, 122; Byzantine Greeks, 113; Greek Archipelago, 154nl47; Greek citystates (poleis), 181; Greeks, 134; Hellenistic, 123 Greenland, 241 Greenwich, 107 Grotius, Hugo, 25 Grozny, 244 Guatemala, 240 Guénon, René, 62, 64, 71, 95,172 Guinea Coast, 130 Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 8, 9, 53-54, 55-60,62, 69, 167; theory of ethnic complementarity, 55, 56; theory of ethnicity, 57; theory of ethnogenesis, 8, 55, 56, 57-58, 74n21; theory of passionarity, 8, 55, 56, 58 Gumilev, Nikolay Stepanovich, 55 G-Zero world, 220 Hadrian’s Wall, 123 Hainan, 241 Haiti, 240 Hannibal, 122-123,125 Harwich, 107 Haushofer, Karl Ernst, 2,10,12-13, 65, 83, 84,85,100,135,141-146, 154nl31,159,224, 229, 230,260; Eurasian big space, 142; Kontinentalblock strategy, 2, 12, 65, 135,143-145, 145,229; Pan-America, Index 142,143; Pan-Europa, 142, 238; PanPacific zone, 142; Pan-regions, 13, 65, 142,145-146 Hawaii, 83 Hayek, Friedrich, 32 Heartland, 1-2,10,11,12,13,41,52,66, 84,92, 93, 99,100, 115,117,118,119, 120,121,143,144,145, 146, 147,148,
149,151,152n58, 153nl09, 225,226, 227,228,230,231,233, 234,235, 260; American, 139; Heartland theory, 3, 11, 12, 65, 99, 111, 120-141, 143, 144, 146; Russian, 138; Southern, 130-131. See also Mackinder, Sir Halford John; Geographical pivot of history hedonism, 15,193, 214 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 21, 35, 94,182; Hegelian conception of history, 21; Hegelian Left, 21 Heidegger, Martin, 14, 159,172, 181,182 Helgoland, 125 Hellenic Peninsula, 122,152n69 Hellenistickingdoms, 123 Hemisphere: Eastern, 127,147; Northern, 127; Southern, 141; Western, 147,150, 186,226 Henry the Navigator, 124 Hielscher, Friedrich, 172 Himmler, Heinrich, 74n42 Hindu civilization, 104 Hinduism, 51,152n48,250; Hindus, 175, 197 Hindu Kush, 138 Hindu Large Space, 17,239, 243 Hitler, Adolf, 135,144,165,188, 229, 230 Hitlerite Germany. See Germany, Nazi Germany Hobbes, Thomas, 35,145, 183, 189,214 Holy Roman Empire, 124,211,237 Hong Kong, 132 Hopkirk, Peter, 74n45 Hounslow, 108 humanism, 198; post-, 176, 197, 205 Hundred Years’ War, 112 Hungary, 18nl, 73,113, 116,133, 253n49; Hungarian great plain {Puszta), 113, 115; Hungarians, 4, 134 Huns, 8,112,113
Index Huntington, Samuel Phillips, 9, 13, 23, 31, 33,41,68,157,180,205,212, 223-224; different civilizations according to, 223-224 Hyperboreans, 64 Iceland, 127, 241 Icy Sea. See Ocean, Arctic idealism, 26, 121, 226; in IR theory, 27; Wilsonian, 135 identitarism, 33, 173,261 ideocracy, 39,40,64,93,158, 167, 194, 247 ideology: concept of, 4, 20; definition of, 4; definitional analysis of, 23-25; Eurasianism as an, 19; general taxonomy of, 25-27; history of the concept of, 20-22; ideologues, 20 Il’in, Ivan Aleksandrovich, 8,48 imperialism, 8, 86,112,160, 174,187, 202,222; anti-, 158; cultural, 63, 158; in relation to geopolitics, 10; neo-, 37, 205 India, 56, 70,105, 109,110, 114,116,117, 119, 120,125,126,132,134,141,142, 150,212,219,221,232,235, 236, 242, 243; British, 66, 132,143; Indian Raj, 66,109, 126 Indian Subcontinent, 2,116,119,132,142, 243 Indies, 52,109,114,124,125,132, 137; British, 132; East, 117, 125; West, 110, 117,125 individualism, 15, 31, 38, 63, 69,158, 172, 177, 181,183,193,194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201,202,206, 214,226, 261; anti-, 14,174; post-, 172; ultra-, 204 Indochina, 2,116,119,132, 135, 142,148, 232, 233,240, 260 Indo-Chinese-Australasian “New Pacific” Space, 239 Indo-Europeans, 64 Indonesia, 142,239,240, 242,252n20; Indonesian Archipelago, 117, 119,240 Indo-Pacific region, 116 Industrial Revolution, 26, 149, 164 industrialism, 31, 93 Inner Asia, 111 279 Inner Crescent, 65, 100,116,118, 119, 120,121,127,132, 135,137,138,140, 146. See also Rimland International Eurasian Movement, 73,159, 160,163,180,217,237 internationalism, 34; in IR theory, 27 Iran,
4, 43n40, 116, 138, 184,203,221, 222, 228,235, 236, 242,243,244, 252n20; Iranian Plateau, 128; Iranian Revolution, 148,261. See also Persia Iraq, 232, 235, 243 Iraq War, 257 Ireland, 107,108, 239,241 Islam, 48, 51,124, 152n48,192n85, 241-242,250; Islamic Empire, 192n85, 222; Islamic state, 222; Islamic world, 184, 232, 252n20; Muslims, 175,197, 244; Shi’a, 223,242,252n20; Sufi, 242; Sunni, 192n85, 222,223, 241-242 Islamic Continental Large Space, 17,239, 243,244,254n70 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 242 Israel, 148,203, 221,241,242 Italic peoples, 122 Italy, 18nl, 27, 71, 73, 84,114,120, 122, 124,126,134,142, 143,185, 186, 214, 224,253n45; fascist, 230; Italians, 113, 165 Jainism, 250; Jains, 244 Jakobson, Roman, 48, 53, 55 Jamaica, 240 Japan, 2,11,18nl, 82, 84,125,126,128, 134,142,143,144,145,146, 151,203, 204, 212,221, 226, 227, 229,230, 232, 234, 236, 239,240,260; Greater, 12, 144; imperial, 144; Japanese Archipelago, 117,119,127,147; Japanese bridgeheads in continental Asia, 12; Japanese people, 4,137 Japanese Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Jaspers, Karl Theodor, 22 Jaxartes River. See Syr Darya River Jews, 70,175,197,222 Jinping, Xi, 258 Joan of Arc, 58 Jordan, 241, 252nl2 Judaism, 250 Jung, Carl Gustav, 64
280 Jünger, Ernst, 172 Jünger, Friedrich Georg, 172 Justicialism, 164. See also Perón, Juan Domingo Jutes, 124 Kalmyks, 113 Kamchatka Peninsula, 119 Kant, Immanuel, 16,199-200,214, 216nl8 Kaplan, Robert, 87 Kars, 252n31 Karsavin, Lev Platonovich, 48 Kashmir, 243 Kazakhstan, 1,4, 45, 73,119,189, 221, 223,242, 245, 246 Kennan, George Frost, 65,146, 148,231 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 253n45 Kent, 107 Keynes, John Mynard, 67 Khanate of the Golden Horde, 47, 63, 225, 226 Khara-Davan, Ėrenzhen, 48, 54 Khazar khaganate, 55; Khazars, 113 Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich, 232, 253n45,253n49 Kiev, 246 Kildare, 108 Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Kjellén, Rudolf, 10, 79, 81-82, 84, 96nl 1, 141,143; pan-regions, 81-82, 84 Kolchak, Aleksander Vasilyevich, 48 Kontinentalblock. See Haushofer, Kontinentalblock strategy Korea. See Korean Peninsula; North Korea; South Korea Korean Peninsula, 2, 120, 134, 135,142, 144,147,148, 229, 240 Koreans, 4 Korean War, 148,232 Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich, 48 Kropotkin, Pëtr Alekseyevich, 26 Kyrgyzstan, 73,189, 242, 245 Laclau, Ernesto, 28 Lacoste, Yvés, 79, 85 Index Lamarckism, 104 Land-power. See tellurocracy Latin America, 232, 236, 240 Latium, 122 Latvia, 233, 252n31, 253n49 Lea River, 108 League of Nations, 121,131, 133,134, 143, 153nl09 Lebanon, 73, 243 legalism, 38, 67 Lehman Brothers, 258 Lena River, 115, 129,138,234; “Lenai and,” 138, 140 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 21, 222. See also Leninism Leningrad. See Saint Petersburg Leninism, 21, 27, 34,
35, 39. See also Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; communism Lepanto, battle of, 152n73 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 64 liberalism, 4,11,14,15-16, 25,27, 29, 30, 31,38, 47,67,91,92, 93,159,161, 163,164, 165,166, 167,168, 169, 170, 171,175, 177, 178,193-197,204,205, 206,213, 226, 233,249, 261; anti-, 14, 33,163,174; Atlanticist, 94; Christian, 39; in IR theory, 27; neo-, 180; post-, 15-16,16,29, 62, 63,160, 164,166, 169,174, 180, 196-198, 205; ultra-, 180 Libya, 235 Liffey River, 108 Limerick, 108 Limonov, Eduard, 71,167. See also National-Bolshevism Lisbon, 159 List, Friedrich, 66, 79; theory of the Zollverein, 66 Lithuania, 233,252n31,253n49 Little Entente, 133,230 lobbyism, 241 London,49,103, 108, 109, 111 Luhansk, People’s Republic of, 245 Macedonia: Former Yugoslav Republic of (North Macedonia), 235,241; historical region of, 123 Macedonian Empire, 47, 123,237; Ancient Macedonians, 122
Index Mackinder, Sir Halford John, 1-2,10,11, 12,13, 41, 52, 65,77,79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 93,99-141,141,143, 144,145, 146,147,148,149,151nl, 152n58, 153nl09,224,225,226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 234,260; Mackinder’s “New Geography,” 100-105 Madagascar, 242 Maghreb. See Africa, North Africa Magyars, 113 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 10, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 96nl6,100, 224, 228, 229; navalist theory, 83 Makhachkala, 244 Malacca, Strait of, 127 Malaysia, 239,240 Malta, 109,125,139 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 81 Manchukuo, 144 Manchuria, 115,118, 119, 136,142,147, 229,234,240; Manchus, 4, 50 Manifesto of the Global Revolutionary Alliance, 15,157,175-180 Mannheim, Karl, 22 Maoism, 27. See also communism Marginal Crescent. See Inner Crescent Maritime power. See thalassocracy Mark Antony, 123 Marshall Plan, 207 Marx, Karl, 4, 21, 26, 175, 212. See also Marxism Marxism, 11,14,15,21,34, 36, 37, 40,47, 91,92, 93,164,165,166,167,168, 169,170,174,188,194,195,212,213, 230,235; anti-, 66; in IR theory, 88; neo-, 167. See also Marx, Karl Marxism-Leninism. See Leninism Mashrek, 241,243 Massi, Ernesto, 84 materialism, 14,15,158,161, 162,168, 174,175, 195,196,197,206; dialectical, 34; historical, 34, 168 Maurras, Charles, 27 Mediterranean region, 105,116,235 mercantilism, 249 Mesopotamia, 82 Messina, Strait of, 123 Mexico, 150,240; Gulf of, 147 Meynaud, Jean, 22 281 Michels, Robert, 64. See also elitism Middle Ages, 56,117,137,174,198 Middle East, 2,46, 66,114, 118,137,142, 215,232,243, 244, 252nl3, 252n20, 258,260,261; Greater, 148,234 militarism, 86,226; in IR theory, 27 Millenarism, 48 Minsk, 245 Missouri,
139; River, 139 Mitteleuropa. See Europe, Central Europe Modem Age, 195,196, 198 modernism, 46,160,175,198-201, 205, 206,213, 215,222; anti-, 158,163,169; post-, 14,16, 40,164, 166,196-197, 204,206 Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 64, 172, 247 Moldova, 214, 242 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, 18nl Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 2,18nl, 144, 145,153nll6, 230 monarchism, 15,47,158,172, 193,194 monarchy, 181,198,199,247 mondialism, 62, 205 Mongolia, 59,113, 114,118,119,128, 131,147,242; Inner, 240; Mongol “yoke,” 38, 50, 53, 62, 113,152n40; Mongol Empire, 3,4,47, 50, 51, 54, 119,225; Mongolic khaganates, 225; Mongols, 4, 8,37, 50, 51,114 Monroe, James, 83. See also United States of America, Monroe Doctrine Montenegro, 91,235, 241,253n49 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis De Secondat, 25 More, Sir Thomas, 26 Mosca, Gaetano, 64. See also elitism Moscow, 49, 63, 72,144,146, 209, 227, 229.234, 243, 244, 245, 246, 253n45; as “Third Rome,” 3, 63, 94, 225 Mozambique, 232 multiculturalism, 38,39,41, 202,222 multilateralism, 219 multipolar world order, 13,14,15,18, 28, 60,63,66,95, 99,135, 157,159,160, 161,163, 167, 173, 175, 177, 180,184, 185,187, 188,197, 203,217,220,222, 223.235, 246, 257, 258; as conceived by Aleksandr Dugin, 17-18,217-251,
282 236-246; principles of, 14 Munich, 84; Agreement, 230 Muscovite Czardom. See Muscovy, principality of Muscovy, principality of, 50, 54, 59, 63, 113,118, 225, 226 Muslim Brotherhood, 242 Mussolini, Benito, 27,165 Mutti, Claudio, 71 mutual assured destruction (MAD), 253n41 Myanmar, 240 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 232 National-Bolshevism, 9,13, 62, 65, 159, 163,164,166, 173, 174,175, 191n50; National-Bolshevik Party (NBP), 71 Nationalism, 4,14,25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 37, 38, 69, 70,165, 194, 195; in IR theory, 27; post-Soviet, 61; Slavic, 42 National Socialism. See Nazism National Syndicalism, 164. See also Franco, Francisco Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 189, 245 Nazi regime. See Germany, Nazi Germany Nazism, 22,27, 164,230 Near East, 105,109,116, 119, 123,142 Negroland, 242, 254n69 Neo-Eurasianism, 3,6, 7, 8-9, 11, 13-15, 17-18,42, 60-73, 99, 163; concept of civilization, 157; five fondamentale pillars of, 161; ideological foundations of, 157-163; vision of economics, 249-250; vision of religion, 250 Neo-Eurasianist ideology. See neoEurasianism Nepal, 243 Netherlands, 81,125,186, 210, 211 New Delhi, 243 New Development Bank (NDB), 25 ln4, 258 New Guinea, 101 New Left, 8 New Pacific Large Space, 17, 240 New Right, 8 New World Order (NWO), 201-202,207, 208,209,235 New Zealand, 221, 239 Nicaragua, 185, 240 Index Nicholas II of Russia, 227 Niekisch, Ernst, 167,172 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 170,215 Nigritia, 242, 254n69 nihilism, 173, 197 Nikitin, Vassily Petrovich, 48 Nile River, 117,121-122,123,130 Normans, 112,124. See also Vikings; Norsemen Norsemen, 124. See also Vikings; Normans North, 69
North American Large Space, 17, 239, 240,241 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 11, 16, 18, 41, 61, 65, 66, 92, 120,135,140,150, 179, 180,187, 190, 201,203,204,206,207-208, 214, 226, 231,232,233,235,241, 245, 253n49, 257,258,260,261; NATO-Soviet contraposition, 132; Secretary General of, 192n82 North Cape, 105 North Korea, 185,203,212,221,222 Norway, 147, 241 Ó Tuathail, Gearóid, 85 Oakeshott, Michael, 32 Ob’River, 115, 129 objectivism, 199 occultism, 64, 70 Ocean: Arctic, 59,66, 119, 125,127,129, 138,140,147,234; Atlantic, 52, 83, 106,114,116,117,126, 139,140,150, 154nl47,207,210,226, 230, 231, 238, 252nll; Indian, 83,110,114,118, 124, 125,126,130,132, 140, 243; Pacific, 52,83,84,114,118,126,140,142, 145, 148, 150, 151, 154nl47, 225, 226, 230,232 Oceania, 115, 119, 140 Octavian Augustus, 123 October Revolution. See Bolshevism, Bolshevik Revolution One Belt and One Road Initiative (OBOR), 258 Operation Barbarossa, 135 Orient, 54; Orientalism, 46
Index orthodoxy, 37,46,49, 50, 51, 54, 63, 184, 225,245; Orthodox Church, 38, 53; orthodox concept of“Kat'echón," 9, 63, 247 Ottoman Empire, 82,109, 244, 252n31; Ottomans, 63, 152n73 Outer Crescent, 11, 65, 93, 118, 119, 121, 128,132,135 Owen, Mackubin T., 85 Owen, Robert, 26 Oxford, 111 Oxus River. See Amu Darya River Pacific region, 160, 212,223, 235 Pacific Rim, 235 Pacific-Far East meridian zone, 17, 239, 240 paganism, 250 Pakistan, 222,236,243,244 Palestine, 185,241 Pamir, 147 Panama, 240; Canal, 83,126, 154nl47 Pan-America. See Americas Pan-Americanism, 150 Panarin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, 9,28, 67-70, 72; ideas of “Occidentalism” {Zapadniehestvo) and “Westernization” (Vesternizatsiya), 67-68; notion of “global political prognostication,” 68-69 Pan-Eurasian zone, 17 Pan-Germanism, 46, 81, 142, 143 Pan-Mongolism, 48 Pan-Slavism, 4,46 Papuasia, 240 Pareto, Vilfredo, 9, 22, 63-64. See also elitism Paris, 49 Parker, Geoffrey, 85 parliamentarism, 36,73n4,197 paternalism, 183 patriotism, 37; colonial, 112; post-Soviet, 61 Patzinaks, 113 Pearl Harbour, Japanese attack against, 230 Peloponnese, 122 Pembroke, 107 Perón, Juan Domingo, 164 Perroux, François, 67 283 Persia, 114, 115,116, 119,129, 130,131, 132,147,148, 226. See also Iran Persian Empire, 122, 152n69, 244 Persian Gulf, 82,114, 116,152n49,243 Persians, 92 personalism, 40 Peru, 232 Peter I the Great, 46,47, 50, 81,147 Petrograd. See Saint Petersburg Philippines, 83,239, 240 Phoenicians, 122 Pimlico, 108 Pivovarov, Yuri Sergeyevich, 37 Plato, 35 pluralism: civilizational, 69 Poland, 73,132,133, 137, 214, 227,228,
230,234, 252n31, 253n49; Poles, 4, 134. See also western Slavs Polar Regions, 101,140 Popper, Karl, 4,28 Portland (England), 107, 108 Portsmouth, 107, 108 Portugal, 124,125,127,186; Portuguese people, 125 positivism, 26,196; scientific, 28, 215 Post-Soviet space, 17,40, 41,42,189,190, 217,244 Potsdam Conference, 232, 253n44 pragmatism, 28, 36, 162 Prague, 49, 54, 55; Prague School, 49 Prester John, 56 Primakov, Yevgeny Maksimovich, 41 progressivism, 14, 30, 33,174, 175, 226; Bolshevik, 47 Protestant Reformation, 25 Protestantism, 198, 203, 210 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 26 Prussia, 94,131,226 Punic Wars, 93, 122, 123 Punjab, 116 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 3, 7, 37-38,42, 72, 244 Pyrenees, 138 Queen’s County (Ireland), 108 Queenstown (Ireland), 107 racism, 15,167,174,180; anti-, 33; biological, 112; civilizational, 13;
284 Index cultural, 14,198, 211,258; democratic, 67 radicalism, 6, 30, 32,203 Rand, Ayn, 198 rationalism, 38,39, 59, 67,183, 194,195, 196,198,205,206,215, 226 Ratzel, Friedrich, 10, 79, 79-81, 82, 84, 96n9, 112, 141, 143,225; idea of “living space” (Lebensraum), 79, 80-81, 84 realism, 59,121; in IR theory, 27, 87, 88 regionalism, 17, 218 relativism, 162,199 Renaissance, 25, 181 republicanism, 194; social, 158 Restoration, 25,30 Rhine River, 107,123,124, 126, 138, 188 Rhodesia, 109 Rimland, 2,10, 13, 66, 68, 83, 92, 94, 100, 120,131,152n59,231, 232,233, 234, 260; Rimland theory, 10, 65, 84, 146-151,261. See also Spykman, Nicholas John Roman Empire, 47, 118, 123,124,126, 204,237; Eastern. See Byzantine Empire; Western, 123. See also Rome Roman-Germanic civilization, 8, 62, 63, 224 Romania, 18nl, 133, 147,227, 230, 235, 241, 243,253n49 Romanov dynasty, 47, 50, 59, 63,183 romanticism, 26 Rome, 93, 122, 123,154nl47; imperial, 94՛, Pax Romana, 189; republican, 123 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 187 Roosevelt, Theodore, 83, 186; Roosevelt Corollary, 186,204 Rostov-on-Don, 49 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 64,247 Royal Geographical Society, 101 Rozanov, Vasily Vasilievich, 39 Russia, 1-2, 3,4, 6-7, 8,10,11, 12, 17-18, 33, 34, 35,36, 37,38, 40, 4041,46, 47,49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59,60, 61,62,63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 82, 84, 90-91,91, 94, 100,109,110, 112, 113,114,118,119,120,121,126, 128,131,132,133, 133-134, 135,136, 137,138,139,142,143,144,145, 147, 158,160,164,167, 173,183,184,185, 190,203,207,208,212, 214,217, 220, 221,222,225,226,227, 228,229,230, 233,234,235-236,238,
242-244,244, 245,246,252n31,258; Central, 119; civilizational model of, 70,158; Communist Party of (KPFR), 71, 72; Eastern Russians, 63; European, 128; Great Russians, 63, 74n36; Greater, 229; history of, 62-63; IR philosophical thought of, 40-41; Kievan Rus’, 4, 50, 59,62,152n40, 225, 226; Liberaldemocratic Party of (LDPR), 72; Little Russians, 74n37; Mongol and Byzantine imperial heritage of, 3,47, 53; New Democratic Russia Party of (NDR), 72; philosophical thought of, 6, 19, 33-35,37, 38-40, 41; Russia’s geopolitical mission according to neoEurasianism, 224-236; Russian Civil War, 46, 48, 227-228, 228, 229,234; Russian Empire, 2, 8, 37, 38, 46, 48, 50, 59, 65,66,105,113,118, 119,132, 136,137,225,226, 229,233,234,244, 252n31,260; Russians, 49, 59, 60, 94, 113,118; Russian steppe, 116; Southern, 113; Western Russians, 63; White Russians, 74n37 Russian Eurasianism. See Eurasianism; neo-Eurasianism Russian Federation. See Russia Russian Revolution. See Bolshevism, Bolshevik Revolution Russian-Central Asian meridian zone, 239, 242,243, 244 Russian-Eurasian Large Space, 2,17,239, 241,242,244, 245, 254n70 Russo-Japanese War, 126, 136 Sahara Desert, 106, 114, 115, 117,119, 123,127,130, 131, 140,242 Sahel, 241 Saint Petersburg, 63, 227,229,234 Saint-Simon, Henri De, 26 Sakharov, Andrey Dmitrievich, 35 Salafism, 172,192n85, 242 Salisbury Plain, 108 Sami, 4 Samoyeds, 4, 50
Index Sandhurst, 108 Saracens, 114,116,117, 124 Sartori Giovanni, 4, 28 Saudi Arabia. See Arabia, Saudi Savitsky, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 8,48, 51-53, 55, 72,188; geosophy, 51-52; theory of topogenesis, 51 Saxons, 124 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 21. See also Ideology, ideologues Scandinavia, 81,105,119 Schmitt, Carl, 14,15, 64, 65, 84, 97nl9, 159,172,185,187-188, 224, 229, 247; idea of “Empire” (Reich), 185, 187-188; ideaof“Large space” {Großraum), 15, 185-186,187-188 Schumpeter, Joseph, 66 scientism, 196 Scientology, 162 Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 123 Scotland, 108 Scythism, 48 Sea: Aegean, 122,154nl47; Aral, 129; Baltic, 52,81,129, 131,133,134, 137, 140,152n58; Black, 66, 114,116,126, 129,131,133,137,140,152n49, 152n58; Caribbean, 140, 147,154nl47; Caspian, 55,66, 113, 114,116,125, 129,138,152n49; Mediterranean, 65, 66, 84,91,109, 114, 115,116,121, 122,123,124,126,127,130,132,134, 140, 152n49,152n73, 154nl47; North, 109; Red, 114,130,152n49; South China, 258; White, 52; Yellow, 66 Sea-power. See thalassocracy Second German Reich. See Germany, German Empire Second World War, 2, 7, 12, 34, 55,65, 84, 85, 86, 132,134,135,136, 139,140, 141,148,151,187,207, 209, 212,219, 230,234,252n35,253n44, 260 secularism, 194, 222 Sedan, battle of, 136 Seleznyov, Gennadiy Nikolayevich, 72 Sempa, Francis, 85 Semyonov, Grigory Mikhaylovich, 48 Senkaku/Diaoyiu Islands, 240 Serbia, 43n40, 73,91,185, 214, 235,241 285 Shakhmatov, Mstislav Vyacheslavovich, 48 Shamanism, 48, 51, 250 Shambala, myth of, 64 Shanghai, 258 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 251n4,257 Shangri-La, myth of, 64 Sheemess, 107
Shestov, Lev Isaakovich, 39 Shintoism, 250 Shmulevich, Avraam, 72 Siberia,63, 111, 118, 119,128, 129,130, 137, 225,234; Eastern, 138, 234; Siberian khanates, 63; Siberian plain, 52; Trans-Siberian railway, 118; Western, 129, 234 Sicily, 124; Strait of, 123 Sikhism, 250; Sikhs, 244 Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), 258 skepticism, 28, 162, 199 Slavophilism, 3,46; Slavophiles, 35, 46 Slavs, 46,49, 50, 56, 118,133,134 Sloan, Geoffrey, 85 Slovakia, 18nl, 73, 253n49; Slovaks, 4. See also western Slavs Slovenia, 253n49 Sobornost ’, 37 socialism, 4,9, 14, 15, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36, 47,164,174,175, 193, 212,229, 230, 249; Arab, 232; ideal, 43n41; neo, 222; real, 34, 43n41, 61; scientific, 21 Sofia, 49 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich, 35,39 Somalia, 232 Somaliland, 130 Sombart, Werner, 172 Sorel, Georges, 163, 173 Soros Foundation, 252nl3 South, 69 South Africa, 118,127, 130,132, 136 South American Large Space, 17,239, 240 South Korea, 221,226,260 South Ossetia, 192n87, 207, 245. See also Georgia, Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008 South Sudan, 223 Southampton, 108 Soviet bloc, 147,196, 207,231,233
286 Index Soviet Russia. See Soviet Union Soviet state. See Soviet Union Soviet Union, 2, 3, 6, 7,11,15,18nl, 33, 34,35, 36,38, 40,46, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61,65, 66, 70, 84,100, 135,138, 140, 142,144, 145, 146,148,150,153nll6, 188.207, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,234, 235, 242, 252nl3, 252n35, 253n43,253n44, 253n45,253n49, 257, 260, 261; Communist Party of the (CPSU), 35,36; demise of, 166, 193, 201.208, 209, 233,235; Soviet Empire, 11,95, 148, 233,234 Spain, 71, 73, 105, 122, 123,124, 125, 186,214, 224; Spanish Armada, 125; Spanish people, 125,152n73 Spanish-American War, 126,136,147 Spann, Othmar, 172 Sparta, 93 Spencer, Herbert, 198 Spengler, Oswald, 9, 61, 62, 64, 68, 172 Spinoza, Baruch, 25 spiritualism, 38,158, 205,226 Spykman, Nicholas John, 2,10, 13, 65, 68, 84,85, 87, 94, 100, 131,146-151, 152n59,154nl43,154nl47, 231,260, 261. See also Rimland Sri Lanka, 243 St George’s Channel, 107 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 6, 33, 40, 229,230, 232 Stalinism, 27, 34. See also Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich; communism statism, 40, 41, 42 Steuckers, Robert, 71 Strausz-Hupé, Robert, 231 structuralism, 39,40; post-, 40 subjectivism, 16,199, 201,216nl8 Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa, transSaharan Africa Sudan, 109,130 Suez: Canal, 125,127; Isthmus of, 116, 124, 127 Sukhumi, 244 Suvchinsky, Pyotr Petrovich, 48 Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Dmitry Petrovich, 48, 49 Sweden, 64, 81 Switzerland, 241,257 Syr Darya River, 115, 129 Syria, 115,116,185, 221,232,235,243, 258; Syrian Civil War, 258 Tadzhuddin, Talgat Safich, 72 Taiwan, 240 Tajikistan, 73,189,242,243, 245 Tamerlane, 54 Taoism, 250
Tashkent, 245 Tatars, 8, 53, 59, 118, 253n50; Tatar khanates, 63 Tbilisi, 244 Teheran, 243,244; Conference, 253n44 tellurocracy, 9,10, 11,12,13,15, 41, 51, 52,65, 83, 84,92-94,100, 111, 116, 117,118, 120, 121,126-135,139,143, 147,159,188,225, 227,228, 232, 233, 260; Eurasian, 117; German, 139; Nazi, 230; Persian, 122; Roman, 123; Russian, 111, 136, 225, 227; Soviet, 139,148, 229-230, 230, 234, 235 Tengrism, 48, 51,250 Terracciano, Carlo, 71 terrorism, 217 Thailand, 240 thalassocracy, 9,10,11, 12,13,14, 15, 41, 52,65, 79, 83-84, 84, 92-94, 99-100, 111, 115,116, 117,118,120, 121-126, 128,132, 133,134,135, 136,139, 143, 144,147,154ПІ47, 159,188,225,226, 227,228, 229,230,231, 232, 233, 260; American, 126,226, 235; Anglo-Saxon, 139,143,145, 148, 229,230; British, 12,100,106, 132, 136,144,226; Carthaginian, 122; Greek, 122,152n69; Japanese, 126; Minoan, 122; North Atlantic, 140; Roman, 122; Viking, 124; Western, 139; Western European, 111 Thebes (Ancient Egypt), 122 theocracy, 247 Third German Reich. See Germany, Nazi Third International (Komintern), 229 Third Way, 8,14, 47, 73n4,159,175, 230; in economics, 9, 66-67,202,249 Thiriart, Jean, 65, 159, 231,238,253n39; pan-Eurasian project, 65, 74n36, 159, 231
Index Thirty Years’ War, 209, 251n2 Thrace, 152n69; Eastern, 243 Thual, François, 85 Tibet, 59,101,119,131,138, 223 Timofeyevich, Yermak, 111 Tipperary, 108 Tokyo, 146, 159 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 125 totalitarianism, 39,40, 73n4,195 Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 9,61, 62 traditionalism, 6, 8,13,14,15, 19,28, 33, 38,62, 65,70, 158, 159,161,170,174, 180,193,194,195, 204,205, 206,226, 230,233, 259; conservative, 171-172; philosophy of, 3,64 Trafalgar, battle of, 125,132,136 Transcaucasia, 131,244 Trans-Saharan Large Space, 17,242 Transvaal, 109 Trenin, Dmitri, 40 Tripartite Pact, 2, 18nl, 143,144, 145, 153nll6,230 Triple Entente, 227,252n31 Trotskyism, 27. See also communism Trubetzkoy, Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich, 4, 8,48,49-51,53,55, 72 Truman, Harry, 65,146,231 Trump, Donald, 214 Tskhinvali, 244 Tudor Age, 118 Turanism, 3,18n2; Great Turan, 229; Turan, 4,18ո2, 50; Turanian peoples, 4, 50,51,55, 56,60,113, 116,137 Turkey, 1,2,4, 43n40,45, 73,119,126, 135,208,212, 221, 228,236,242,243, 244,245, 252n20, 253n45; European. See Thrace, Eastern; Turkish Straits, 116; Turks, 4,125. See also Turkic peoples Turkic peoples, 4, 50, 51, 55, 238; Seljuk Turks, 114 Türkistan, 52,113,114,119,128,129, 233,242; Eastern. See Xinjiang; Russian, 66 Turkmenistan, 189,242, 243,245 Ugrics. See Finno-Ugrics Ukraine, 38,73,82, 90-91,119,128,190, 207,208,214,223, 228,234,245, 246, 287 252n31,258; Eastern, 243; Ukrainian crisis in 2014, 38, 65, 245; Ukrainians, 74n36; Western, 113, 241. See also Russia, Little Russians Ungem-Stemberg, Baron Roman Fëdorovich von, 48 United Kingdom (UK). See Great Britain
United Nations (UN), 10, 86, 87, 246, 253n45; Charter of the, 221; General Assembly (UNGA), 246; Security Council (UNSC), 18, 235,246 United States of America, 1, 2, 9,11,12, 40,41, 55,60, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74n36, 79,81, 83, 85, 95,110, 112,126,128, 135,136,139,140, 141,142,144,145, 146,147, 148, 150-151,172, 174,179, 185.185-187,192n82, 194, 196, 197, 198,201-206,206, 207,208, 209, 211, 213,214,218, 219-223, 224, 226,228, 229,230, 231, 232, 234,236,238, 239, 240,242,245, 252nl3, 253n43, 253n44, 253n45,257, 258, 260; American Empire, 189, 190, 220; American War of Independence, 112, 198; containment strategy, 2, 65-66, 100,146,148, 231, 233, 261; Manifest Destiny, 83, 204; Monroe Doctrine, 83, 185.186- 187,204, 236, 239, 240 universalism, 178,187,204, 205,209,224; Western, 204 Ural Mountains, 52,113,129, 238 Ural River, 129 USA. See United States of America USSR. See Soviet Union Ussuri River, 234 Ustryalov, Nikolay Vasilyevich, 62, 167, 173. See also National-Bolshevism utilitarianism, 206 Uyghurs, 119 Uzbekistan, 189,242,245 Vallaux, Camille, 82. See also Geopolitics, French school of possibilism Vandam, Aleksey Yefimovich (Edrikhin), 228 Venezuela, 185,203,221,222, 232, 240 Vernadsky, George Vladimirovich, 8,48, 53-54,72; noosphere, 53-54
288 Versailles, 230; Peace Conference, 120, 133; Treaty of, 142,143,227,228,229 Vidal de la Blache, Paul, 82. See also Geopolitics, French school of possibilism Vienna, 49, 116 Vietnam, 212,240 Vietnam War, 148, 232 Vikings, 114,117, 124. See also Norsemen; Normans Vladikavkaz, 244 Vladivostok, 95,159, 231,238 Volga River, 115,129 Wahhabism, 172, 192n85, 242 Wales, 107 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 167 Walmer, 107 Waltham, 108 Warsaw Pact, 60, 61, 135,138, 139,150, 166,207, 231,232,233,252n35, 253n49,260 Washington, D.C., 146, 207, 209,253n45 Waterford, 108 Waterloo, 136 Weber, Max, 61,198 West, 7, 36, 37, 40, 41, 47, 49, 54, 61, 64, 65, 68, 69, 73n4,105,159,160, 174, 183,184,185,188,203, 204,205, 206, 208,210, 211, 212-213, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222,231, 242,244, 258, 259; American, 83; Eurasianist “rejection of the,” 62,67; idea of the decline of the, 68; Western civilization, 16, 47, 168, 194,195,196,204, 207,210, 211, 223; Western identity, 30; Western liberalism, 10,11,15, 37,40, 42, 47, 50, 193; Western values, 35,176, 197, 212,213 Western Slavs, 4, 50 Westernism, 4,40, 210-213; anti-Western movements, 28. See also West Westernization, 46,47, 50; Westemizers, 35 Westphalia, Peace of, 25 ln2. See also Westphalian system Westphalian system, 201, 209, 210, 218, 237, 251n2 Wicklow Mountains, 108 Index Wight, Martin, 40 Wilhelm II of Germany, 126,135 Wilhelminę Germany. See Germany, German Empire Wilson, Woodrow, 186, 187,228; Wilson Doctrine, 228. See also Wilsonianism Wilsonianism, 204. See also Wilson, Woodrow Winchester, 108 Windsor, 108 Wirth, Hermann, 64, 74n42, 95 Woolwich,
108 World Economic Forum (WEF), 257 world government, 16, 17, 187,196, 207, 218 World Island, 1,10,11, 65, 92,93, 99,100, 111, 121,126,127,127-128,128, 130, 131,132,133, 134, 138,140,144,146, 226,228,231,232,234 World Ocean, 117,118 World Promontory, 125, 126. See also Eurafrasia World Social Forum (WSF), 257 World War One. See First World War World War Two. See Second World War World’s pivotal region. See geographical pivot of history Wrangel, Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich, 48 Xerxes I, 125, 152n69 Xinjiang, 119,240 Yalta, 209; bipolar world system, 233; Conference, 212,230,232,253n43, 253n44 Yangtze River, 117 Yekaterinburg, 258 Yellow River, 59 Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich, 35-36, 37, 61; anti-Yeltsin opposition, 36; era, 37 Yenisei River, 115, 129,138, 139,234 Yerevan, 244,245 York, 108 Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich, 48 Yugorussia, 228 Yugoslavia, 133,223,230; Yugoslavs, 134 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich, 36, 72 Ziegler, Leopold, 172
Index Zoroastrianism, 250; Zoroastrians, 244 28 9 Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich, 36,71 |
| adam_txt |
Contents Foreword: Geopolitics and Eurasianism vii Michael O. Slobodchikoff Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 Ideology as a Methodological Tool for Interpreting Eurasianism 19 2 From Early Eurasianism to Neo-Eurasianism: A Historical and Philosophical Overlook 45 3 The Liaison between Geopolitics and Eurasianism 77 4 The Foundations of Eurasian Power: The Strategic Role of the Heartland Region in Geopolitical Thought 99 5 The Eurasianist Ideology: Theory, Mission, and Program 157 6 The Antagonists of Eurasianism: Post-Liberalism, Atlanticism, and Unipolar Globalism 193 The Eurasianist Vision of Global Order: The Quest for a Multipolar World 217 7 Conclusion 257 Appendix : F urther Reading 263 Bibliography 265 Index 271 About the Author 291 v
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Index twent-fírst-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR), 258 9/11,257 Aksakov, Konstantin Sergeyevich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Alaska,63, 111, 118,119,140 Al-Assad, Bashar, 258 Albania, 241, 253n49 Aldershot, 108 Alekseyev, Nikolai Nikolayevich, 48, 55, 72 Alexander the Great, 58, 122,123, 125, 152n69 Alps, 123,138 Al-Qaeda, 242 Altai Mountains, 138,147 Amaľrik, Andrey Alekseyevich, 35 America. See United States of America Americanism, 179,197, 201-206; anti-, 179 American meridian zone, 239-240 American Revolution. See United States of America, American War of Independence Americas, 52,106,115,117,118,119, 125,127,139, 142, 153n86,160,185, 186, 239; Central America, 153n86; North America, 83,104, 105,110, 111, 115,127,128,146, 220,223,226, 240; South America, 105,127,128,140, 146,150,240 Amish, 172 Anarchism, 4,25,26, 47, 66,194 Anatolia, 119,123,129,147,228 Abkhazia, 192ո87,208,245. See also Georgia, Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008 Abyssinia, 130 Actium, battle of. 123 Adjara, 245 Afghanistan, 119,129,132,147, 233, 243, 244; Soviet invasion of, 148,233, 260 Africa, 84,105, 106,109,122,123, 124, 125,126,127,139,142, 160,232, 236, 258; African landmass, 117; Black, 242,254n69; Carthaginian, 124; Central Africa, 101, 115; Horn of, 241-242; North Africa, 46, 124,130, 148,241,261; Southern Africa, 115, 126; Trans-Saharan Africa, 117, 118, 119,130,140, 239,241 Afro-Asia, 125 Agarthi, myth of, 64 Age of Discovery, 127 Agnosticism, 200; phenomenalistic, 200-201 Agursky, Mikhail Samuilovich, 62. See also National-Bolshevism Ahnenerbe, 64, 74n42 Akhiezer, Aleksander
Ilyich, 37 Akhmatova, Anna, 55 271
272 Ancien Regime, ЗО, 31,194 Ancient Babylonia, 116 Ancient Romans, 112,117, 118, 122,123, 124 Angles, 124 Anglo-American meridian zone, 17 Anglo-Boer War, 136 Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy, 112 Anglo-Saxons, 62 Angola, 232 Animism, 250 Ankara, 244, 245 Antarctica, 105 Arab Great Space, 239 Arabia, 118,119,130,131, 132, 241; Arab countries, 236,242; Arab Springs, 252nl3; Arabian Desert, 152n31; Arabs, 125; Saudi, 222, 236, 241, 242, 252nl2, 252n20 Arabian Peninsula. See Arabia Arab-Islamic Large Space, 17, 241 Arctic Region, 105,152n31 Arctic Sea. See Ocean, Arctic Argentina, 232,240 Aristocracy, 31,181, 247 Aristotle, 181 Armenią 73,131,190, 228,243, 245, 254n70 Aryan race, 27,165 Asceticism, 70 Ashgabat, 245 Asią 7, 8, 12, 37, 38,47, 52, 73n4, 109, 112,113,117,125,126,127,129,130, 136,144,169,187,215,233,236,244; Asians, 113; Asian steppes, 114; Eastern, 46, 84,143, 230,232, 234, 260,261; South-eastern, 147,235, 240; Southern, 46 Asia Minor, 82,116,122,123,131 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), 251n4,258 Asianism, 48 Assyrią 116 Astaną 245, 246 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 228 Atheism, 14, 162, 168, 174 Athens, 93, 154nl47, 181 Atlanticism, 206-208; and the fall of the Soviet Union, 60, 233; anti-Atlanticist Index movements, 28; as an antagonist of Eurasianism, 10, 14,15,16,91,162, 163,179; as a theoretical paradigm, 62, 162; as expression of a globalist elite, 177; as expression of thalassocracy, 9, 159,208,229,237; as theorized by Nicholas! Spykman, 10, 84, 150; Atlanticist Empire, 192n82; geopolitical pole of, 65; in relation to Russią 41,235; penetrating in the Rimland,
11,190, 242; strategic, 180; Western Atlanticism, 9, 232 Atlantic meridian zone, 239 Attila, 113. See also Huns Australia, 104,110,127, 146,203, 221, 226,239 Australasią 105,115,117,118,119, 126, 127,142 Austria, 50, 113, 186; Ostmark, 113 Austria-Hungary. See Austro-Hungarian Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire, 82, 126,131, 226,237, 252n31 Authoritarianism, 31; electoral, 37 Avars, 113 Axis Powers, 148,209,230 Azerbaijan, 73,190, 228, 243,245, 254n70 Azores, 159 Ba’athism, 232 Babeuf, François-Noël, 26 Baghdad, 114 Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich, 39 Baku, 244,245 Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 26 Balance of power, 12,66, 120,134,141, 145,150,218,228, 231 Balkans, 65,84,109,116,208,252nl3; Balkan Peninsulą 91 Baltic region, 112 Baltic republics, 190, 214,241,252n31 Baluchistan, 129 Barbar)՛, 105 Barrés, Maurice, 27 Barrow Valley, 108 Battarrą Marco, 71 Beijing, 223,257,258 Belarus, 73,185,190,214, 221,228, 242, 245,252n31; Byelorussians, 74n36. See
Index also Russia, White Russians Belgium, 73 Belgrade, 49 Benoist, Alainde, 64, 71,159,167,168, 214, 247. See also European New Right Berdyaev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 39 Bering Strait, 111 Berlin, 82,144,146,232; Wall, 60,257 Bishkek, 245 Bismarck, Otto von, 190 Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 26 Blavatsky, Madame Helena, 64 Boers, 136 Bolivia, 185 Bolshevism, 34, 55, 144; Bolshevik Revolution, 4, 7, 33, 45,46, 47,48,49, 54-55,63,227; Bolsheviks, 188, 227, 228, 234 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 1, 21, 58, 135 Bonnot De Condillac, Etienne, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues Bosnia. See Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina, 91,132,241 Bosporus, 116. See also Turkey, Turkish Straits Brahmanism. See Hinduism Braudel, Fernand, 61 Brazil, 212,221,240, 257 Brest, 107 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 227, 252n31 BRIC countries, 258 BRICS countries, 66, 218,220,251n4, 258 Bristol, 108 Bristol Channel, 107-108 Bromberg, Yakov, 48 Brussels, 49 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 85,190, 234 Buddhism, 48, 51,152n48, 250 Bukarsky, Vladimir, 72 Bulgaria, 18nl, 48,73, 133, 137,227,235, 241, 243,252n31, 253n49; Bulgarians, 134 Bulgars, 8, 113 Burckhardt, Titus, 62, 64,172 Burke, Edmund, 6,25, 30; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 30 Byzantine Empire, 3,124, 225 Byzantine Orthodox civilization, 62 Byzantium. See Constantinople 273 Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues Cabet, Étienne, 26 Camberley, 108 Campanella, Tommaso, 26 Canada, 73,126,139,140,141,150,203, 221,239 Canterbury, 108 Cape Colony, 109, 110 Cape of Good Hope, 117, 124-125, 136 Cape Town, 127 Cape Veldt, 130 capitalism, 9,14,15,
61, 67, 73n4, 93, 169, 176,183,197,198, 202,206, 212,213, 219,220,222, 261; anti-, 14, 174; financial, 15,176; English, 126; industrial, 176 Caribbean Basin, 83, 153n86, 240 Carolingian Empire, 124,237. See also Charlemagne; Holy Roman Empire Carpathian Mountains, 113, 147 Carthage, 93, 123; Carthaginians, 122 Castro, Fidel, 232, 253n45 Cathay, 105 Catherine II the Great, 47, 50 Catholicism, 210 Caucasia. See Caucasus Caucasians, 4 Caucasus, 52,65,119,128, 208, 229,242, 244,245; North, 228; South, 227, 252n31 Central American Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Central Asia, 4,18n2, 56, 66, 83,101, 113, 116, 128,132,137, 142, 225,229, 232, 235, 243, 244,245,260 Central Powers, 227, 252n31 Centralism, 189,192n83 Chalons, battle of, 112 Charlemagne, 113,124. See also Carolingian Empire Charles XII of Sweden, 81 Chassebœuf De Volney, Constantin François, 20,21. See also Ideology, ideologues Chatham, 107, 108 Chauprade, Aymeric, 85 Chauvinism, 15,27, 69,167, 174,195 Chavism, 222
274 Index Chechnya, 36,38; Chechen Wars, 233 Cherbourg, 107 Chile, 232 China, 66, 70, 88,105, 110, 114,116,117, 119,120, 125,126, 132,134,137,141, 142,144,147, 150,184, 203,212, 218-219, 219,220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 230,234,235, 236, 239, 240,242, 243, 258; Chinese civilization, 184; Chinese people, 137; Chinese Revolution, 232; Chinese Summer Olympics, 258; communist, 135; Eastern, 116; Greater, 240 Chinese Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Christendom. See Christianity Christianity, 51,112,124,152n48,250; Christian Church, 194,198; Christians, 175,197,244; medieval, 204; Res Publica Christiana, 25 ln2 Chukotka Peninsula, 127 Ciscaucasia, 234, 244 Civilizationalism, 40,41; civilizational big spaces, 157,159, 167,177 Classic Eurasianism, 7,46-55; Classic Eurasianists, 4, 8, 48,49-54, 62 Clemenceau, Georges, 133 Cohen, Saul Bernard, 78 Colchester, 108 Cold War, 11,66, 85, 86, 88, 93, 95,100, 132,135, 146,148, 166, 203,204,231, 232,253n45,261; post-, 36, 41, 88, 201,207 collectivism, 38, 65,183 Colombia, 240 colonialism, 50, 86,186; crypto-, 242; neo-, 202,222, 242 Colour Revolutions, 252nl3 Columbus, Christopher, 106 commercialism, 4, 31 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 38,189,237, 242, 243,244, 254n70 Commonwealth of Nations, 109 communism, 4, 7,15, 19, 22, 25, 26-27, 27,28, 35, 38, 47, 55, 73n4, 88,163, 164,166, 167,168, 169, 175, 193, 195, 196,212; Afro-, 232; anti-, 33; Manifesto ofthe Communist Party, 26, 175; post-, 36; primitive, 169; scientific, 34; Soviet, 37. See also Leninism; Stalinism; Trotskyism; Maoism communitarianism: in IR theory, 27 Conceptualism, 39,40
Confucianism, 51, 250 Congo, 130 conservatism, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15,19,25, 25-26,28,29-32,42, 47,65,159, 167, 170,171, 172, 173, 180,182-183,193, 194,196, 204, 226; according to Friedrich Hayek, 32; according to Michael Oakeshott, 32; according to Samuel Huntington, 31-32; as opposed to other ideologies, 29; bio-, 6,30; conservative revolution, 8,9, 14,63, 74n36,157,159, 172,173; cultural, 6, 30; definition of, 29; different strands of, 30-31; Eurasianist, 13,33, 94; fiscal, 6,30; fundamentalist, 172, 173; historical evolution of, 30; liberal, 172, 173; neo-, 6,30; paleo-, 6,30; religious, 6, 30; revolutionary, 172, 173; social, 173; social, 6, 30; traditionalist, 171-172, 173 Constantinople, 47, 63, 225 constitutionalism, 67 constructivism: in IR theory, 27 consumerism, 15, 63, 67, 70,158,161, 193,206,214 Continental power. See tellurocracy continentalism, 159 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 199 Corbin, Henry, 62, 64 Cork, 108 Corporativism, 65 Cosmopolitanism, see cosmopolitism cosmopolitism, 7, 16, 68,196; in IR theory, 27; Marxist, 168; Western, 42 Cossacks, 52, 111, 132, 253n50 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Count Richard, 238 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 166 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), 229 Crete, 122 Crimea, 65,208,245, 258; Crimean War, 66,126 Croatia, 18nl, 253n49 Crusades, 112, 114,124
Index Cuba, 232,240,253ո45; Bay of Pigs Invasion, 253ո45; Cuban Missile Crisis, 232,253n45; Cuban Revolution, 232 Cumans, 113 Curragh, 108 Cyprus, 109, 125,243 Czarist empire. See Russian Empire Czech Republic, 253n49 Czechoslovakia, 133, 230,253n49 Czechs, 4,134. See also western Slavs Da Gama, Vasco, 111, 124,125 Dagestan, 228 Damascus, 114 Danes, 112 Danilevsky, Nikolay Yakovlevich, 9, 62 Danube River, 123,131 Dardanelles, 116. See also Turkey, Turkish Straits Darré, Richard Walther, 74n42 Dartmouth, 107 Darwin, Charles, 145. See also Darwinism Darwinism, 60, 79,101,104,170,198; social, 104,112,170,198. See also Darwin, Charles Daudet, Léon, 27 Daunou, Pierre Claude François, 20. See also Ideology, ideologues De Gaulle, Charles, 238 Deleuze, Gilles, 66 democracy: democratism, 31, 158, 183; electoral democracy, 86; liberal democracy, 16,28, 38,68, 88,95,169, 181,201, 203,205, 206, 212,221,230, 233; origin of, 181; social democracy, 31,36,164 Demotia, concept of, 9, 64, 247 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, 48,227 Descartes, René, 16,199 Destutt De Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, 20 determinism, 58,59; biological, 57; economic, 168; geographical, 51, 57, 60,101,112,224; historical, 112 Devonian Peninsula, 108 Devonport, 107,108 dialogism, 39 Donbass region, 245,258 275 Donetsk, People’s Republic of, 245 Dorians, 122 Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikhailovich, 39 Dover, 107,108 Dublin, 95,108, 231 Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich, 2,4, 6, 7, 9, 10,11, 13-15, 16, 17,28, 64, 70-73, 74n36,77, 78, 85, 99,100,157, 159, 160,161,163,164, 165,166,167,169, 173,174, 175, 178, 179, 180,181, 182, 183,184, 185,
189,193,195,196,197, 201.202, 203,204, 205, 206,211,212, 214,215,221, 223, 224,231,232,236, 237,238, 239, 240, 242,243, 244,245, 246,247, 254n70,255n87,257; Dugin’s geopolitical thought, 89-95; idea of “Autonomies” and regionalism, 18,246-251; idea of “Great Spaces” and “Geo-economic zones,” 17, 236-246 Duma, 36 Dumézil, Georges, 64 Dumont, Louis, 64 Durand, Gilbert, 166 Dushanbe, 245 Early Eurasianism. See Classic Eurasianism East, 37,47, 56, 65, 69, 73n4,142, 160, 184.203, 208,212,213, 231 East Germany, 253n49 Eastern Slavs, 4, 225 ecumenism, 39 Edinburgh, 108 Egypt, 109,120, 123, 126, 130, 134, 232, 236,241, 252n20; Ancient, 116,117, 121-122,123 Eliade, Mircea, 62 elitism, 9,63. See also Pareto, Vilfredo; Mosca, Gaetano; Michels, Robert Enfield, 108 Engels, Friedrich, 21,26,175 England, 103, 108, 112, 114, 117; metropolitan, 107 English Channel, 107,109,124 English Revolution, 26 Enlightenment, 20, 25, 30, 38,161,164, 181,194,195,198,204,210 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 244
276 Index Eskin, Avigdor, 72 esotericism, 64 essentialism, 39 Estonia, 233, 252ոՅ 1,253ո49 Ethiopia, 56, 232, 241 ethnocentrism, 14, 158, 161, 167, 198 Euphrates River, 130 Eurafrasia, 125,127-128, 130, 133. «See also World Promontory Eurasia, 1,2,3,11,12,13, 19,40,41,47, 48,49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60,65, 66, 69, 69-70, 77, 83, 84, 93, 95, 99,100, 106, 111, 113,114, 114-117,118, 120, 121, 124,126, 127,132,135, 137,139, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149-150, 150, 159,160, 179,184, 187, 225,226, 227, 229,230, 231,232,234, 235, 236, 238, 242,248, 250,257, 260, 261; central, 113; Eurasian continent, 11, 59, 70, 83, 94, 106, 111, 120, 121,132,147,159, 160,162, 184,225, 235,238, 243,257, 260; Eurasian Empire, idea of, 10, 91, 94,95,188, 188-190, 230, 232, 252n35; Eurasian landmass, 1, 9, 11, 12, 47, 52, 54, 77, 82, 99, 100,111, 115,117, 135,144,151,188,207,226, 261; Fortress, 135; integration of, 4,14, 143, 159,190,225, 238, 244,245, 246; languages of, 53; peoples of, 50, 52-53; peripheral zones of, 2,12,100,115, 115-116, 120,134,146; steppes of, 115, 118 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 4, 7, 223,244, 254n70, 258, 259 Eurasian rims. See Eurasia, peripheral zones of Eurasianism: as an ideology, 6, 28-29; as expression of tellurocracy, 9,159,208; as strand of conservatism, 6, 65; different interpretations of, 4; in International Relations (IR), 27-28, 218; non-Russian Eurasianism, 4 Eurasianist ideology. See Eurasianism Eurasia Political Party, 72-73 Euro-African meridian zone, 17, 239,241 Euro-Asia, 10, 91,120 Europe, 7, 8,26, 27, 37, 38,45,47, 52, 55, 66, 69, 73n4, 74n36, 81, 91, 106,
112-113, 113,114, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 125,126,127,129,130,132,135, 137,139,147, 150,160,164,174,184, 186,187,188,190,194, 195,198,203, 204,207,208, 210,211, 214,221, 223, 230,231,234, 235, 238,239,241,242, 244,258,260; Atlanticist, 214; Central, 1, 12,55,81,82,105, 114,116,119, 136,142,143,144,145,188,210,211, 216n46, 229,230,231; Christian, 124; Continental, 185, 214,238; Eastern, 2, 12,43n40, 65, 82,92, 99, 112,114, 118,119,121,128,132, 133,134, 135, 138,143,144, 169, 188, 207,210, 211, 215,216n46,225,227, 229, 230,231, 233,235,245; Eurasian, 214; Eurocentrism, 38,54, 159,163,178; European Peninsula, 112, 113,114, 116,235; European philosophy, 16, 199; Europeans, 113, 125,188,211, 238; Greater, 241, 261; Inner Europe, 116; Northern, 67,114; Peninsular, 140; Southern, 114, 211; Western, 2, 43n40,63,67, 105,114, 118,119,133, 148,169,188,195,197, 203,207, 210, 211,216n46,220, 225, 232, 235,238 European Large Space, 17,241,243 European New Right, 71, 74n36,159. See also Benoist, Alain de European Union (EU), 10,41, 65, 66, 86, 192n82,220,223, 224, 234, 235,236, 237,238, 239, 241,244,254n68,258, 259; European integration, 208, 238, 241; Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), 254n68 Europeanization. See westernization Evola, Julius, 64, 95,172 existentialism, 39 Falkland Islands, 110 Far East, 52,66, 105,118,229, 232; Russian, 147, 234 fascism, 4,6, 7, 14, 15,19, 25,27, 34, 47, 55, 86, 88,163,164,165,166,167, 168,170,174, 175,193, 195,196, 230; Italian, 165 federalism, 31, 248 feminism: in IR theory, 27 feudalism, 31 financial crisis of 2008,258
Index financiálisul, 67,202,241,250, 259 Finland, 252ո31 Finno-Ugrics, 4, 50 Finns, 4 First World War, 2,12, 80, 83,110, 120, 126,128,132,133,135,137, 144,187, 209,216n46,219,228, 252n31, 260 Florida, 253n45 Florovsky, Georges Vasilievich, 8, 48, 55 Fordism, 37 Foucault, Michel, 66 Fourier, Charles, 26 Fourth Political Theory, 14-15,157, 163-175,180-190. See also Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich France, 2,4,11, 20, 27,92,107, 109,110, 112,113,114,120,125,126,134, 136, 138,139,140,145,185, 186,210,211, 212,214,224,228, 230,238, 257; French people, 113,125; French Revolution, 1,25,26, 27, 30, 31, 69, 195,198; Napoleonic, 150, 260 Francisco, Franco, 164 Franks, 112 freemasonry, 222 Freund, Julien, 64, 247 Fukuyama, Francis, 7,28, 37, 40,68, 88, 95, 196,205,208, 214 G-20,258 Ganges River, 104, 117 Garat, Dominique Joseph, 20. See also ideologues, Ideology Gaul, 113,122,123,124 Genghis Khan, 3,4,47, 51, 54, 59, 225, 229,252n35 Geo-economics, 88-89,218 Geographical pivot of history, 1,12, 93, 99,100, ! 11-120,121,137,225. See also Mackinder, Sir Halford John; Heartland Geopolitics, 2, 9-11,19, 65-66, 70, 78-95, 89-91,159,259; Anglo-Saxon school, 83-84; classic, 79; critical school, 85-86; criticism towards, 86-89; French School, 85; French school of possibilism, 82-83; German school of Geopolitik, 84,100,141, 229; Italian school, 84; Kyoto School, 84; Nazi, 111 144; neoclassical school, 85 Georgei, Gaston, 62 Georgia, 38,73,190, 207, 228, 243,245, 254n70,258; Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008,181, 192n87, 258 German Kaiserdom. See Germany, German Empire Germanic peoples, 118,124,133,134,
142,143, 181 Germany, 2, 11, 12, 18nl, 73, 84, 92, 94, 100,110,114,120,121,126,128,132, 133,133-134,134,135,136,137,139, 140, 142,143,144, 145, 150, 167, 170, 185,186,188,212, 214,224,225, 226, 227,228,229,230, 238, 252n31, 257; forests of, 113; German Conservative Revolution, 159; German Empire, 2, 80, 112, 120, 126, 136, 150,252n31, 260; Germans, 113,139,142,144,145; Greater, 81-82,142,144, 229; Nazi, 2, 6, 33, 50, 65, 74n42, 84, 132,144, 146, 150,165,185,188, 209,230,234,260; North, 112; South, 112; Weimar Republic, 185; Western, 210 Gesell, Silvio, 66 Gibraltar, 109,125 Global Caliphate. See Islam, Islamic Empire global governance, 16, 88,196,201 global government. See world government globalism, 7,14,16, 17, 29, 87, 88, 173, 174, 178,196, 205, 206, 208-210, 218, 233, 237,244,246; alter-, 3,6, 7,19, 33,42,160; alter-globalist movements, 163, 173; anti-, 66, 160, 188; anti globalist movements, 28, 163,173; in IR theory, 27; unipolar, 15, 63,159, 208, 217; Western, 41 globalization, 16,67,70,78,159,160,166, 168,176,185,196, 197,198,206, 208, 213,222, 223, 237,238, 258, 259; alter-, 67; unipolar, 163,174,197; Western-led, 68, 158,204 Gobi Desert, 138; Little, 115 Gorbachëv, Mikhail Sergeyevich, 35, 233; perestroika, 35, 61, 233;glasnost’, 35 Goths, 112 Gramsci, Antonio, 21 Gray, Colin S., 85, 87
278 Great Britain, 1, 2,12,49,65, 73, 74ո36, 82, 83, 84, 85, 93,103,104,105,123, 124,125,126,128,132, 134,135,136, 139, 140,141,142,143, 144,145, 146, 148,150,151,186,210,211,212,214, 224,226,227,228, 229, 230, 233, 239, 241,253ո43,253ո44; British Dominions, 126; British Empire, 2, 65, 66, 80, 81,100,105-110,120, 132, 144,228,260; British Isles, 106, 117, 119, 127,132; British people, 126, 152n73; British Seas, 105; Pax Britannica, 189 Great Game, 65, 74n45-75n46,132, 226, 233; “New,” 66 Great Northern War, 81 Greece, 2,133,134,135, 223, 228,235; Ancient Greeks, 92,117,118, 122; Byzantine Greeks, 113; Greek Archipelago, 154nl47; Greek citystates (poleis), 181; Greeks, 134; Hellenistic, 123 Greenland, 241 Greenwich, 107 Grotius, Hugo, 25 Grozny, 244 Guatemala, 240 Guénon, René, 62, 64, 71, 95,172 Guinea Coast, 130 Gumilev, Lev Nikolayevich, 8, 9, 53-54, 55-60,62, 69, 167; theory of ethnic complementarity, 55, 56; theory of ethnicity, 57; theory of ethnogenesis, 8, 55, 56, 57-58, 74n21; theory of passionarity, 8, 55, 56, 58 Gumilev, Nikolay Stepanovich, 55 G-Zero world, 220 Hadrian’s Wall, 123 Hainan, 241 Haiti, 240 Hannibal, 122-123,125 Harwich, 107 Haushofer, Karl Ernst, 2,10,12-13, 65, 83, 84,85,100,135,141-146, 154nl31,159,224, 229, 230,260; Eurasian big space, 142; Kontinentalblock strategy, 2, 12, 65, 135,143-145, 145,229; Pan-America, Index 142,143; Pan-Europa, 142, 238; PanPacific zone, 142; Pan-regions, 13, 65, 142,145-146 Hawaii, 83 Hayek, Friedrich, 32 Heartland, 1-2,10,11,12,13,41,52,66, 84,92, 93, 99,100, 115,117,118,119, 120,121,143,144,145, 146, 147,148,
149,151,152n58, 153nl09, 225,226, 227,228,230,231,233, 234,235, 260; American, 139; Heartland theory, 3, 11, 12, 65, 99, 111, 120-141, 143, 144, 146; Russian, 138; Southern, 130-131. See also Mackinder, Sir Halford John; Geographical pivot of history hedonism, 15,193, 214 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 21, 35, 94,182; Hegelian conception of history, 21; Hegelian Left, 21 Heidegger, Martin, 14, 159,172, 181,182 Helgoland, 125 Hellenic Peninsula, 122,152n69 Hellenistickingdoms, 123 Hemisphere: Eastern, 127,147; Northern, 127; Southern, 141; Western, 147,150, 186,226 Henry the Navigator, 124 Hielscher, Friedrich, 172 Himmler, Heinrich, 74n42 Hindu civilization, 104 Hinduism, 51,152n48,250; Hindus, 175, 197 Hindu Kush, 138 Hindu Large Space, 17,239, 243 Hitler, Adolf, 135,144,165,188, 229, 230 Hitlerite Germany. See Germany, Nazi Germany Hobbes, Thomas, 35,145, 183, 189,214 Holy Roman Empire, 124,211,237 Hong Kong, 132 Hopkirk, Peter, 74n45 Hounslow, 108 humanism, 198; post-, 176, 197, 205 Hundred Years’ War, 112 Hungary, 18nl, 73,113, 116,133, 253n49; Hungarian great plain {Puszta), 113, 115; Hungarians, 4, 134 Huns, 8,112,113
Index Huntington, Samuel Phillips, 9, 13, 23, 31, 33,41,68,157,180,205,212, 223-224; different civilizations according to, 223-224 Hyperboreans, 64 Iceland, 127, 241 Icy Sea. See Ocean, Arctic idealism, 26, 121, 226; in IR theory, 27; Wilsonian, 135 identitarism, 33, 173,261 ideocracy, 39,40,64,93,158, 167, 194, 247 ideology: concept of, 4, 20; definition of, 4; definitional analysis of, 23-25; Eurasianism as an, 19; general taxonomy of, 25-27; history of the concept of, 20-22; ideologues, 20 Il’in, Ivan Aleksandrovich, 8,48 imperialism, 8, 86,112,160, 174,187, 202,222; anti-, 158; cultural, 63, 158; in relation to geopolitics, 10; neo-, 37, 205 India, 56, 70,105, 109,110, 114,116,117, 119, 120,125,126,132,134,141,142, 150,212,219,221,232,235, 236, 242, 243; British, 66, 132,143; Indian Raj, 66,109, 126 Indian Subcontinent, 2,116,119,132,142, 243 Indies, 52,109,114,124,125,132, 137; British, 132; East, 117, 125; West, 110, 117,125 individualism, 15, 31, 38, 63, 69,158, 172, 177, 181,183,193,194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201,202,206, 214,226, 261; anti-, 14,174; post-, 172; ultra-, 204 Indochina, 2,116,119,132, 135, 142,148, 232, 233,240, 260 Indo-Chinese-Australasian “New Pacific” Space, 239 Indo-Europeans, 64 Indonesia, 142,239,240, 242,252n20; Indonesian Archipelago, 117, 119,240 Indo-Pacific region, 116 Industrial Revolution, 26, 149, 164 industrialism, 31, 93 Inner Asia, 111 279 Inner Crescent, 65, 100,116,118, 119, 120,121,127,132, 135,137,138,140, 146. See also Rimland International Eurasian Movement, 73,159, 160,163,180,217,237 internationalism, 34; in IR theory, 27 Iran,
4, 43n40, 116, 138, 184,203,221, 222, 228,235, 236, 242,243,244, 252n20; Iranian Plateau, 128; Iranian Revolution, 148,261. See also Persia Iraq, 232, 235, 243 Iraq War, 257 Ireland, 107,108, 239,241 Islam, 48, 51,124, 152n48,192n85, 241-242,250; Islamic Empire, 192n85, 222; Islamic state, 222; Islamic world, 184, 232, 252n20; Muslims, 175,197, 244; Shi’a, 223,242,252n20; Sufi, 242; Sunni, 192n85, 222,223, 241-242 Islamic Continental Large Space, 17,239, 243,244,254n70 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 242 Israel, 148,203, 221,241,242 Italic peoples, 122 Italy, 18nl, 27, 71, 73, 84,114,120, 122, 124,126,134,142, 143,185, 186, 214, 224,253n45; fascist, 230; Italians, 113, 165 Jainism, 250; Jains, 244 Jakobson, Roman, 48, 53, 55 Jamaica, 240 Japan, 2,11,18nl, 82, 84,125,126,128, 134,142,143,144,145,146, 151,203, 204, 212,221, 226, 227, 229,230, 232, 234, 236, 239,240,260; Greater, 12, 144; imperial, 144; Japanese Archipelago, 117,119,127,147; Japanese bridgeheads in continental Asia, 12; Japanese people, 4,137 Japanese Large Space, 17, 239, 240 Jaspers, Karl Theodor, 22 Jaxartes River. See Syr Darya River Jews, 70,175,197,222 Jinping, Xi, 258 Joan of Arc, 58 Jordan, 241, 252nl2 Judaism, 250 Jung, Carl Gustav, 64
280 Jünger, Ernst, 172 Jünger, Friedrich Georg, 172 Justicialism, 164. See also Perón, Juan Domingo Jutes, 124 Kalmyks, 113 Kamchatka Peninsula, 119 Kant, Immanuel, 16,199-200,214, 216nl8 Kaplan, Robert, 87 Kars, 252n31 Karsavin, Lev Platonovich, 48 Kashmir, 243 Kazakhstan, 1,4, 45, 73,119,189, 221, 223,242, 245, 246 Kennan, George Frost, 65,146, 148,231 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 253n45 Kent, 107 Keynes, John Mynard, 67 Khanate of the Golden Horde, 47, 63, 225, 226 Khara-Davan, Ėrenzhen, 48, 54 Khazar khaganate, 55; Khazars, 113 Khomyakov, Aleksey Stepanovich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich, 232, 253n45,253n49 Kiev, 246 Kildare, 108 Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich, 46. See also Slavophilism, Slavophiles Kjellén, Rudolf, 10, 79, 81-82, 84, 96nl 1, 141,143; pan-regions, 81-82, 84 Kolchak, Aleksander Vasilyevich, 48 Kontinentalblock. See Haushofer, Kontinentalblock strategy Korea. See Korean Peninsula; North Korea; South Korea Korean Peninsula, 2, 120, 134, 135,142, 144,147,148, 229, 240 Koreans, 4 Korean War, 148,232 Kornilov, Lavr Georgiyevich, 48 Kropotkin, Pëtr Alekseyevich, 26 Kyrgyzstan, 73,189, 242, 245 Laclau, Ernesto, 28 Lacoste, Yvés, 79, 85 Index Lamarckism, 104 Land-power. See tellurocracy Latin America, 232, 236, 240 Latium, 122 Latvia, 233, 252n31, 253n49 Lea River, 108 League of Nations, 121,131, 133,134, 143, 153nl09 Lebanon, 73, 243 legalism, 38, 67 Lehman Brothers, 258 Lena River, 115, 129,138,234; “Lenai and,” 138, 140 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 21, 222. See also Leninism Leningrad. See Saint Petersburg Leninism, 21, 27, 34,
35, 39. See also Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich; communism Lepanto, battle of, 152n73 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 64 liberalism, 4,11,14,15-16, 25,27, 29, 30, 31,38, 47,67,91,92, 93,159,161, 163,164, 165,166, 167,168, 169, 170, 171,175, 177, 178,193-197,204,205, 206,213, 226, 233,249, 261; anti-, 14, 33,163,174; Atlanticist, 94; Christian, 39; in IR theory, 27; neo-, 180; post-, 15-16,16,29, 62, 63,160, 164,166, 169,174, 180, 196-198, 205; ultra-, 180 Libya, 235 Liffey River, 108 Limerick, 108 Limonov, Eduard, 71,167. See also National-Bolshevism Lisbon, 159 List, Friedrich, 66, 79; theory of the Zollverein, 66 Lithuania, 233,252n31,253n49 Little Entente, 133,230 lobbyism, 241 London,49,103, 108, 109, 111 Luhansk, People’s Republic of, 245 Macedonia: Former Yugoslav Republic of (North Macedonia), 235,241; historical region of, 123 Macedonian Empire, 47, 123,237; Ancient Macedonians, 122
Index Mackinder, Sir Halford John, 1-2,10,11, 12,13, 41, 52, 65,77,79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 93,99-141,141,143, 144,145, 146,147,148,149,151nl, 152n58, 153nl09,224,225,226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 234,260; Mackinder’s “New Geography,” 100-105 Madagascar, 242 Maghreb. See Africa, North Africa Magyars, 113 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 10, 79, 83, 84, 85, 87, 96nl6,100, 224, 228, 229; navalist theory, 83 Makhachkala, 244 Malacca, Strait of, 127 Malaysia, 239,240 Malta, 109,125,139 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 81 Manchukuo, 144 Manchuria, 115,118, 119, 136,142,147, 229,234,240; Manchus, 4, 50 Manifesto of the Global Revolutionary Alliance, 15,157,175-180 Mannheim, Karl, 22 Maoism, 27. See also communism Marginal Crescent. See Inner Crescent Maritime power. See thalassocracy Mark Antony, 123 Marshall Plan, 207 Marx, Karl, 4, 21, 26, 175, 212. See also Marxism Marxism, 11,14,15,21,34, 36, 37, 40,47, 91,92, 93,164,165,166,167,168, 169,170,174,188,194,195,212,213, 230,235; anti-, 66; in IR theory, 88; neo-, 167. See also Marx, Karl Marxism-Leninism. See Leninism Mashrek, 241,243 Massi, Ernesto, 84 materialism, 14,15,158,161, 162,168, 174,175, 195,196,197,206; dialectical, 34; historical, 34, 168 Maurras, Charles, 27 Mediterranean region, 105,116,235 mercantilism, 249 Mesopotamia, 82 Messina, Strait of, 123 Mexico, 150,240; Gulf of, 147 Meynaud, Jean, 22 281 Michels, Robert, 64. See also elitism Middle Ages, 56,117,137,174,198 Middle East, 2,46, 66,114, 118,137,142, 215,232,243, 244, 252nl3, 252n20, 258,260,261; Greater, 148,234 militarism, 86,226; in IR theory, 27 Millenarism, 48 Minsk, 245 Missouri,
139; River, 139 Mitteleuropa. See Europe, Central Europe Modem Age, 195,196, 198 modernism, 46,160,175,198-201, 205, 206,213, 215,222; anti-, 158,163,169; post-, 14,16, 40,164, 166,196-197, 204,206 Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur, 64, 172, 247 Moldova, 214, 242 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, 18nl Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 2,18nl, 144, 145,153nll6, 230 monarchism, 15,47,158,172, 193,194 monarchy, 181,198,199,247 mondialism, 62, 205 Mongolia, 59,113, 114,118,119,128, 131,147,242; Inner, 240; Mongol “yoke,” 38, 50, 53, 62, 113,152n40; Mongol Empire, 3,4,47, 50, 51, 54, 119,225; Mongolic khaganates, 225; Mongols, 4, 8,37, 50, 51,114 Monroe, James, 83. See also United States of America, Monroe Doctrine Montenegro, 91,235, 241,253n49 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis De Secondat, 25 More, Sir Thomas, 26 Mosca, Gaetano, 64. See also elitism Moscow, 49, 63, 72,144,146, 209, 227, 229.234, 243, 244, 245, 246, 253n45; as “Third Rome,” 3, 63, 94, 225 Mozambique, 232 multiculturalism, 38,39,41, 202,222 multilateralism, 219 multipolar world order, 13,14,15,18, 28, 60,63,66,95, 99,135, 157,159,160, 161,163, 167, 173, 175, 177, 180,184, 185,187, 188,197, 203,217,220,222, 223.235, 246, 257, 258; as conceived by Aleksandr Dugin, 17-18,217-251,
282 236-246; principles of, 14 Munich, 84; Agreement, 230 Muscovite Czardom. See Muscovy, principality of Muscovy, principality of, 50, 54, 59, 63, 113,118, 225, 226 Muslim Brotherhood, 242 Mussolini, Benito, 27,165 Mutti, Claudio, 71 mutual assured destruction (MAD), 253n41 Myanmar, 240 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 232 National-Bolshevism, 9,13, 62, 65, 159, 163,164,166, 173, 174,175, 191n50; National-Bolshevik Party (NBP), 71 Nationalism, 4,14,25, 26, 27, 30, 34, 37, 38, 69, 70,165, 194, 195; in IR theory, 27; post-Soviet, 61; Slavic, 42 National Socialism. See Nazism National Syndicalism, 164. See also Franco, Francisco Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 189, 245 Nazi regime. See Germany, Nazi Germany Nazism, 22,27, 164,230 Near East, 105,109,116, 119, 123,142 Negroland, 242, 254n69 Neo-Eurasianism, 3,6, 7, 8-9, 11, 13-15, 17-18,42, 60-73, 99, 163; concept of civilization, 157; five fondamentale pillars of, 161; ideological foundations of, 157-163; vision of economics, 249-250; vision of religion, 250 Neo-Eurasianist ideology. See neoEurasianism Nepal, 243 Netherlands, 81,125,186, 210, 211 New Delhi, 243 New Development Bank (NDB), 25 ln4, 258 New Guinea, 101 New Left, 8 New Pacific Large Space, 17, 240 New Right, 8 New World Order (NWO), 201-202,207, 208,209,235 New Zealand, 221, 239 Nicaragua, 185, 240 Index Nicholas II of Russia, 227 Niekisch, Ernst, 167,172 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 170,215 Nigritia, 242, 254n69 nihilism, 173, 197 Nikitin, Vassily Petrovich, 48 Nile River, 117,121-122,123,130 Normans, 112,124. See also Vikings; Norsemen Norsemen, 124. See also Vikings; Normans North, 69
North American Large Space, 17, 239, 240,241 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 11, 16, 18, 41, 61, 65, 66, 92, 120,135,140,150, 179, 180,187, 190, 201,203,204,206,207-208, 214, 226, 231,232,233,235,241, 245, 253n49, 257,258,260,261; NATO-Soviet contraposition, 132; Secretary General of, 192n82 North Cape, 105 North Korea, 185,203,212,221,222 Norway, 147, 241 Ó Tuathail, Gearóid, 85 Oakeshott, Michael, 32 Ob’River, 115, 129 objectivism, 199 occultism, 64, 70 Ocean: Arctic, 59,66, 119, 125,127,129, 138,140,147,234; Atlantic, 52, 83, 106,114,116,117,126, 139,140,150, 154nl47,207,210,226, 230, 231, 238, 252nll; Indian, 83,110,114,118, 124, 125,126,130,132, 140, 243; Pacific, 52,83,84,114,118,126,140,142, 145, 148, 150, 151, 154nl47, 225, 226, 230,232 Oceania, 115, 119, 140 Octavian Augustus, 123 October Revolution. See Bolshevism, Bolshevik Revolution One Belt and One Road Initiative (OBOR), 258 Operation Barbarossa, 135 Orient, 54; Orientalism, 46
Index orthodoxy, 37,46,49, 50, 51, 54, 63, 184, 225,245; Orthodox Church, 38, 53; orthodox concept of“Kat'echón," 9, 63, 247 Ottoman Empire, 82,109, 244, 252n31; Ottomans, 63, 152n73 Outer Crescent, 11, 65, 93, 118, 119, 121, 128,132,135 Owen, Mackubin T., 85 Owen, Robert, 26 Oxford, 111 Oxus River. See Amu Darya River Pacific region, 160, 212,223, 235 Pacific Rim, 235 Pacific-Far East meridian zone, 17, 239, 240 paganism, 250 Pakistan, 222,236,243,244 Palestine, 185,241 Pamir, 147 Panama, 240; Canal, 83,126, 154nl47 Pan-America. See Americas Pan-Americanism, 150 Panarin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, 9,28, 67-70, 72; ideas of “Occidentalism” {Zapadniehestvo) and “Westernization” (Vesternizatsiya), 67-68; notion of “global political prognostication,” 68-69 Pan-Eurasian zone, 17 Pan-Germanism, 46, 81, 142, 143 Pan-Mongolism, 48 Pan-Slavism, 4,46 Papuasia, 240 Pareto, Vilfredo, 9, 22, 63-64. See also elitism Paris, 49 Parker, Geoffrey, 85 parliamentarism, 36,73n4,197 paternalism, 183 patriotism, 37; colonial, 112; post-Soviet, 61 Patzinaks, 113 Pearl Harbour, Japanese attack against, 230 Peloponnese, 122 Pembroke, 107 Perón, Juan Domingo, 164 Perroux, François, 67 283 Persia, 114, 115,116, 119,129, 130,131, 132,147,148, 226. See also Iran Persian Empire, 122, 152n69, 244 Persian Gulf, 82,114, 116,152n49,243 Persians, 92 personalism, 40 Peru, 232 Peter I the Great, 46,47, 50, 81,147 Petrograd. See Saint Petersburg Philippines, 83,239, 240 Phoenicians, 122 Pimlico, 108 Pivovarov, Yuri Sergeyevich, 37 Plato, 35 pluralism: civilizational, 69 Poland, 73,132,133, 137, 214, 227,228,
230,234, 252n31, 253n49; Poles, 4, 134. See also western Slavs Polar Regions, 101,140 Popper, Karl, 4,28 Portland (England), 107, 108 Portsmouth, 107, 108 Portugal, 124,125,127,186; Portuguese people, 125 positivism, 26,196; scientific, 28, 215 Post-Soviet space, 17,40, 41,42,189,190, 217,244 Potsdam Conference, 232, 253n44 pragmatism, 28, 36, 162 Prague, 49, 54, 55; Prague School, 49 Prester John, 56 Primakov, Yevgeny Maksimovich, 41 progressivism, 14, 30, 33,174, 175, 226; Bolshevik, 47 Protestant Reformation, 25 Protestantism, 198, 203, 210 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 26 Prussia, 94,131,226 Punic Wars, 93, 122, 123 Punjab, 116 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 3, 7, 37-38,42, 72, 244 Pyrenees, 138 Queen’s County (Ireland), 108 Queenstown (Ireland), 107 racism, 15,167,174,180; anti-, 33; biological, 112; civilizational, 13;
284 Index cultural, 14,198, 211,258; democratic, 67 radicalism, 6, 30, 32,203 Rand, Ayn, 198 rationalism, 38,39, 59, 67,183, 194,195, 196,198,205,206,215, 226 Ratzel, Friedrich, 10, 79, 79-81, 82, 84, 96n9, 112, 141, 143,225; idea of “living space” (Lebensraum), 79, 80-81, 84 realism, 59,121; in IR theory, 27, 87, 88 regionalism, 17, 218 relativism, 162,199 Renaissance, 25, 181 republicanism, 194; social, 158 Restoration, 25,30 Rhine River, 107,123,124, 126, 138, 188 Rhodesia, 109 Rimland, 2,10, 13, 66, 68, 83, 92, 94, 100, 120,131,152n59,231, 232,233, 234, 260; Rimland theory, 10, 65, 84, 146-151,261. See also Spykman, Nicholas John Roman Empire, 47, 118, 123,124,126, 204,237; Eastern. See Byzantine Empire; Western, 123. See also Rome Roman-Germanic civilization, 8, 62, 63, 224 Romania, 18nl, 133, 147,227, 230, 235, 241, 243,253n49 Romanov dynasty, 47, 50, 59, 63,183 romanticism, 26 Rome, 93, 122, 123,154nl47; imperial, 94՛, Pax Romana, 189; republican, 123 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 187 Roosevelt, Theodore, 83, 186; Roosevelt Corollary, 186,204 Rostov-on-Don, 49 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 64,247 Royal Geographical Society, 101 Rozanov, Vasily Vasilievich, 39 Russia, 1-2, 3,4, 6-7, 8,10,11, 12, 17-18, 33, 34, 35,36, 37,38, 40, 4041,46, 47,49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59,60, 61,62,63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 82, 84, 90-91,91, 94, 100,109,110, 112, 113,114,118,119,120,121,126, 128,131,132,133, 133-134, 135,136, 137,138,139,142,143,144,145, 147, 158,160,164,167, 173,183,184,185, 190,203,207,208,212, 214,217, 220, 221,222,225,226,227, 228,229,230, 233,234,235-236,238,
242-244,244, 245,246,252n31,258; Central, 119; civilizational model of, 70,158; Communist Party of (KPFR), 71, 72; Eastern Russians, 63; European, 128; Great Russians, 63, 74n36; Greater, 229; history of, 62-63; IR philosophical thought of, 40-41; Kievan Rus’, 4, 50, 59,62,152n40, 225, 226; Liberaldemocratic Party of (LDPR), 72; Little Russians, 74n37; Mongol and Byzantine imperial heritage of, 3,47, 53; New Democratic Russia Party of (NDR), 72; philosophical thought of, 6, 19, 33-35,37, 38-40, 41; Russia’s geopolitical mission according to neoEurasianism, 224-236; Russian Civil War, 46, 48, 227-228, 228, 229,234; Russian Empire, 2, 8, 37, 38, 46, 48, 50, 59, 65,66,105,113,118, 119,132, 136,137,225,226, 229,233,234,244, 252n31,260; Russians, 49, 59, 60, 94, 113,118; Russian steppe, 116; Southern, 113; Western Russians, 63; White Russians, 74n37 Russian Eurasianism. See Eurasianism; neo-Eurasianism Russian Federation. See Russia Russian Revolution. See Bolshevism, Bolshevik Revolution Russian-Central Asian meridian zone, 239, 242,243, 244 Russian-Eurasian Large Space, 2,17,239, 241,242,244, 245, 254n70 Russo-Japanese War, 126, 136 Sahara Desert, 106, 114, 115, 117,119, 123,127,130, 131, 140,242 Sahel, 241 Saint Petersburg, 63, 227,229,234 Saint-Simon, Henri De, 26 Sakharov, Andrey Dmitrievich, 35 Salafism, 172,192n85, 242 Salisbury Plain, 108 Sami, 4 Samoyeds, 4, 50
Index Sandhurst, 108 Saracens, 114,116,117, 124 Sartori Giovanni, 4, 28 Saudi Arabia. See Arabia, Saudi Savitsky, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 8,48, 51-53, 55, 72,188; geosophy, 51-52; theory of topogenesis, 51 Saxons, 124 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 21. See also Ideology, ideologues Scandinavia, 81,105,119 Schmitt, Carl, 14,15, 64, 65, 84, 97nl9, 159,172,185,187-188, 224, 229, 247; idea of “Empire” (Reich), 185, 187-188; ideaof“Large space” {Großraum), 15, 185-186,187-188 Schumpeter, Joseph, 66 scientism, 196 Scientology, 162 Scipio, Publius Cornelius, 123 Scotland, 108 Scythism, 48 Sea: Aegean, 122,154nl47; Aral, 129; Baltic, 52,81,129, 131,133,134, 137, 140,152n58; Black, 66, 114,116,126, 129,131,133,137,140,152n49, 152n58; Caribbean, 140, 147,154nl47; Caspian, 55,66, 113, 114,116,125, 129,138,152n49; Mediterranean, 65, 66, 84,91,109, 114, 115,116,121, 122,123,124,126,127,130,132,134, 140, 152n49,152n73, 154nl47; North, 109; Red, 114,130,152n49; South China, 258; White, 52; Yellow, 66 Sea-power. See thalassocracy Second German Reich. See Germany, German Empire Second World War, 2, 7, 12, 34, 55,65, 84, 85, 86, 132,134,135,136, 139,140, 141,148,151,187,207, 209, 212,219, 230,234,252n35,253n44, 260 secularism, 194, 222 Sedan, battle of, 136 Seleznyov, Gennadiy Nikolayevich, 72 Sempa, Francis, 85 Semyonov, Grigory Mikhaylovich, 48 Senkaku/Diaoyiu Islands, 240 Serbia, 43n40, 73,91,185, 214, 235,241 285 Shakhmatov, Mstislav Vyacheslavovich, 48 Shamanism, 48, 51, 250 Shambala, myth of, 64 Shanghai, 258 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 251n4,257 Shangri-La, myth of, 64 Sheemess, 107
Shestov, Lev Isaakovich, 39 Shintoism, 250 Shmulevich, Avraam, 72 Siberia,63, 111, 118, 119,128, 129,130, 137, 225,234; Eastern, 138, 234; Siberian khanates, 63; Siberian plain, 52; Trans-Siberian railway, 118; Western, 129, 234 Sicily, 124; Strait of, 123 Sikhism, 250; Sikhs, 244 Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), 258 skepticism, 28, 162, 199 Slavophilism, 3,46; Slavophiles, 35, 46 Slavs, 46,49, 50, 56, 118,133,134 Sloan, Geoffrey, 85 Slovakia, 18nl, 73, 253n49; Slovaks, 4. See also western Slavs Slovenia, 253n49 Sobornost ’, 37 socialism, 4,9, 14, 15, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36, 47,164,174,175, 193, 212,229, 230, 249; Arab, 232; ideal, 43n41; neo, 222; real, 34, 43n41, 61; scientific, 21 Sofia, 49 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich, 35,39 Somalia, 232 Somaliland, 130 Sombart, Werner, 172 Sorel, Georges, 163, 173 Soros Foundation, 252nl3 South, 69 South Africa, 118,127, 130,132, 136 South American Large Space, 17,239, 240 South Korea, 221,226,260 South Ossetia, 192n87, 207, 245. See also Georgia, Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008 South Sudan, 223 Southampton, 108 Soviet bloc, 147,196, 207,231,233
286 Index Soviet Russia. See Soviet Union Soviet state. See Soviet Union Soviet Union, 2, 3, 6, 7,11,15,18nl, 33, 34,35, 36,38, 40,46, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61,65, 66, 70, 84,100, 135,138, 140, 142,144, 145, 146,148,150,153nll6, 188.207, 225, 226, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,234, 235, 242, 252nl3, 252n35, 253n43,253n44, 253n45,253n49, 257, 260, 261; Communist Party of the (CPSU), 35,36; demise of, 166, 193, 201.208, 209, 233,235; Soviet Empire, 11,95, 148, 233,234 Spain, 71, 73, 105, 122, 123,124, 125, 186,214, 224; Spanish Armada, 125; Spanish people, 125,152n73 Spanish-American War, 126,136,147 Spann, Othmar, 172 Sparta, 93 Spencer, Herbert, 198 Spengler, Oswald, 9, 61, 62, 64, 68, 172 Spinoza, Baruch, 25 spiritualism, 38,158, 205,226 Spykman, Nicholas John, 2,10, 13, 65, 68, 84,85, 87, 94, 100, 131,146-151, 152n59,154nl43,154nl47, 231,260, 261. See also Rimland Sri Lanka, 243 St George’s Channel, 107 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 6, 33, 40, 229,230, 232 Stalinism, 27, 34. See also Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich; communism statism, 40, 41, 42 Steuckers, Robert, 71 Strausz-Hupé, Robert, 231 structuralism, 39,40; post-, 40 subjectivism, 16,199, 201,216nl8 Sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa, transSaharan Africa Sudan, 109,130 Suez: Canal, 125,127; Isthmus of, 116, 124, 127 Sukhumi, 244 Suvchinsky, Pyotr Petrovich, 48 Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Dmitry Petrovich, 48, 49 Sweden, 64, 81 Switzerland, 241,257 Syr Darya River, 115, 129 Syria, 115,116,185, 221,232,235,243, 258; Syrian Civil War, 258 Tadzhuddin, Talgat Safich, 72 Taiwan, 240 Tajikistan, 73,189,242,243, 245 Tamerlane, 54 Taoism, 250
Tashkent, 245 Tatars, 8, 53, 59, 118, 253n50; Tatar khanates, 63 Tbilisi, 244 Teheran, 243,244; Conference, 253n44 tellurocracy, 9,10, 11,12,13,15, 41, 51, 52,65, 83, 84,92-94,100, 111, 116, 117,118, 120, 121,126-135,139,143, 147,159,188,225, 227,228, 232, 233, 260; Eurasian, 117; German, 139; Nazi, 230; Persian, 122; Roman, 123; Russian, 111, 136, 225, 227; Soviet, 139,148, 229-230, 230, 234, 235 Tengrism, 48, 51,250 Terracciano, Carlo, 71 terrorism, 217 Thailand, 240 thalassocracy, 9,10,11, 12,13,14, 15, 41, 52,65, 79, 83-84, 84, 92-94, 99-100, 111, 115,116, 117,118,120, 121-126, 128,132, 133,134,135, 136,139, 143, 144,147,154ПІ47, 159,188,225,226, 227,228, 229,230,231, 232, 233, 260; American, 126,226, 235; Anglo-Saxon, 139,143,145, 148, 229,230; British, 12,100,106, 132, 136,144,226; Carthaginian, 122; Greek, 122,152n69; Japanese, 126; Minoan, 122; North Atlantic, 140; Roman, 122; Viking, 124; Western, 139; Western European, 111 Thebes (Ancient Egypt), 122 theocracy, 247 Third German Reich. See Germany, Nazi Third International (Komintern), 229 Third Way, 8,14, 47, 73n4,159,175, 230; in economics, 9, 66-67,202,249 Thiriart, Jean, 65, 159, 231,238,253n39; pan-Eurasian project, 65, 74n36, 159, 231
Index Thirty Years’ War, 209, 251n2 Thrace, 152n69; Eastern, 243 Thual, François, 85 Tibet, 59,101,119,131,138, 223 Timofeyevich, Yermak, 111 Tipperary, 108 Tokyo, 146, 159 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 125 totalitarianism, 39,40, 73n4,195 Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 9,61, 62 traditionalism, 6, 8,13,14,15, 19,28, 33, 38,62, 65,70, 158, 159,161,170,174, 180,193,194,195, 204,205, 206,226, 230,233, 259; conservative, 171-172; philosophy of, 3,64 Trafalgar, battle of, 125,132,136 Transcaucasia, 131,244 Trans-Saharan Large Space, 17,242 Transvaal, 109 Trenin, Dmitri, 40 Tripartite Pact, 2, 18nl, 143,144, 145, 153nll6,230 Triple Entente, 227,252n31 Trotskyism, 27. See also communism Trubetzkoy, Prince Nikolai Sergeyevich, 4, 8,48,49-51,53,55, 72 Truman, Harry, 65,146,231 Trump, Donald, 214 Tskhinvali, 244 Tudor Age, 118 Turanism, 3,18n2; Great Turan, 229; Turan, 4,18ո2, 50; Turanian peoples, 4, 50,51,55, 56,60,113, 116,137 Turkey, 1,2,4, 43n40,45, 73,119,126, 135,208,212, 221, 228,236,242,243, 244,245, 252n20, 253n45; European. See Thrace, Eastern; Turkish Straits, 116; Turks, 4,125. See also Turkic peoples Turkic peoples, 4, 50, 51, 55, 238; Seljuk Turks, 114 Türkistan, 52,113,114,119,128,129, 233,242; Eastern. See Xinjiang; Russian, 66 Turkmenistan, 189,242, 243,245 Ugrics. See Finno-Ugrics Ukraine, 38,73,82, 90-91,119,128,190, 207,208,214,223, 228,234,245, 246, 287 252n31,258; Eastern, 243; Ukrainian crisis in 2014, 38, 65, 245; Ukrainians, 74n36; Western, 113, 241. See also Russia, Little Russians Ungem-Stemberg, Baron Roman Fëdorovich von, 48 United Kingdom (UK). See Great Britain
United Nations (UN), 10, 86, 87, 246, 253n45; Charter of the, 221; General Assembly (UNGA), 246; Security Council (UNSC), 18, 235,246 United States of America, 1, 2, 9,11,12, 40,41, 55,60, 65, 66, 67, 73, 74n36, 79,81, 83, 85, 95,110, 112,126,128, 135,136,139,140, 141,142,144,145, 146,147, 148, 150-151,172, 174,179, 185.185-187,192n82, 194, 196, 197, 198,201-206,206, 207,208, 209, 211, 213,214,218, 219-223, 224, 226,228, 229,230, 231, 232, 234,236,238, 239, 240,242,245, 252nl3, 253n43, 253n44, 253n45,257, 258, 260; American Empire, 189, 190, 220; American War of Independence, 112, 198; containment strategy, 2, 65-66, 100,146,148, 231, 233, 261; Manifest Destiny, 83, 204; Monroe Doctrine, 83, 185.186- 187,204, 236, 239, 240 universalism, 178,187,204, 205,209,224; Western, 204 Ural Mountains, 52,113,129, 238 Ural River, 129 USA. See United States of America USSR. See Soviet Union Ussuri River, 234 Ustryalov, Nikolay Vasilyevich, 62, 167, 173. See also National-Bolshevism utilitarianism, 206 Uyghurs, 119 Uzbekistan, 189,242,245 Vallaux, Camille, 82. See also Geopolitics, French school of possibilism Vandam, Aleksey Yefimovich (Edrikhin), 228 Venezuela, 185,203,221,222, 232, 240 Vernadsky, George Vladimirovich, 8,48, 53-54,72; noosphere, 53-54
288 Versailles, 230; Peace Conference, 120, 133; Treaty of, 142,143,227,228,229 Vidal de la Blache, Paul, 82. See also Geopolitics, French school of possibilism Vienna, 49, 116 Vietnam, 212,240 Vietnam War, 148, 232 Vikings, 114,117, 124. See also Norsemen; Normans Vladikavkaz, 244 Vladivostok, 95,159, 231,238 Volga River, 115,129 Wahhabism, 172, 192n85, 242 Wales, 107 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 167 Walmer, 107 Waltham, 108 Warsaw Pact, 60, 61, 135,138, 139,150, 166,207, 231,232,233,252n35, 253n49,260 Washington, D.C., 146, 207, 209,253n45 Waterford, 108 Waterloo, 136 Weber, Max, 61,198 West, 7, 36, 37, 40, 41, 47, 49, 54, 61, 64, 65, 68, 69, 73n4,105,159,160, 174, 183,184,185,188,203, 204,205, 206, 208,210, 211, 212-213, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222,231, 242,244, 258, 259; American, 83; Eurasianist “rejection of the,” 62,67; idea of the decline of the, 68; Western civilization, 16, 47, 168, 194,195,196,204, 207,210, 211, 223; Western identity, 30; Western liberalism, 10,11,15, 37,40, 42, 47, 50, 193; Western values, 35,176, 197, 212,213 Western Slavs, 4, 50 Westernism, 4,40, 210-213; anti-Western movements, 28. See also West Westernization, 46,47, 50; Westemizers, 35 Westphalia, Peace of, 25 ln2. See also Westphalian system Westphalian system, 201, 209, 210, 218, 237, 251n2 Wicklow Mountains, 108 Index Wight, Martin, 40 Wilhelm II of Germany, 126,135 Wilhelminę Germany. See Germany, German Empire Wilson, Woodrow, 186, 187,228; Wilson Doctrine, 228. See also Wilsonianism Wilsonianism, 204. See also Wilson, Woodrow Winchester, 108 Windsor, 108 Wirth, Hermann, 64, 74n42, 95 Woolwich,
108 World Economic Forum (WEF), 257 world government, 16, 17, 187,196, 207, 218 World Island, 1,10,11, 65, 92,93, 99,100, 111, 121,126,127,127-128,128, 130, 131,132,133, 134, 138,140,144,146, 226,228,231,232,234 World Ocean, 117,118 World Promontory, 125, 126. See also Eurafrasia World Social Forum (WSF), 257 World War One. See First World War World War Two. See Second World War World’s pivotal region. See geographical pivot of history Wrangel, Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich, 48 Xerxes I, 125, 152n69 Xinjiang, 119,240 Yalta, 209; bipolar world system, 233; Conference, 212,230,232,253n43, 253n44 Yangtze River, 117 Yekaterinburg, 258 Yellow River, 59 Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich, 35-36, 37, 61; anti-Yeltsin opposition, 36; era, 37 Yenisei River, 115, 129,138, 139,234 Yerevan, 244,245 York, 108 Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolayevich, 48 Yugorussia, 228 Yugoslavia, 133,223,230; Yugoslavs, 134 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir Volfovich, 36, 72 Ziegler, Leopold, 172
Index Zoroastrianism, 250; Zoroastrians, 244 28 9 Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich, 36,71 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Eurasien |
| id | DE-604.BV046621627 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:08:20Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-05T21:00:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781793604798 9781793604811 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032033335 |
| oclc_num | 1151413273 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-824 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-739 |
| physical | ix, 291 Seiten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200729 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Russian, Eurasian, and Eastern European politics |
| spelling | Pizzolo, Paolo 1988- Verfasser (DE-588)1211481301 aut Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world Paolo Pizzolo ; foreword by Michael O. Slobodchikoff Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2020] © 2020 ix, 291 Seiten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian, Eurasian, and Eastern European politics Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Eurasismus (DE-588)7569002-0 gnd rswk-swf Multipolarität (DE-588)4787401-6 gnd rswk-swf Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitics / Eurasia Eurasia / Politics and government Eurasia / Foreign relations Diplomatic relations Geopolitics Politics and government Eurasia Eurasien (DE-588)4015685-0 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Multipolarität (DE-588)4787401-6 s DE-604 Eurasismus (DE-588)7569002-0 s Geschichte z Slobodchikoff, Michael O. (DE-588)1041883722 wpr Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-7936-0480-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Pizzolo, Paolo 1988- Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Eurasismus (DE-588)7569002-0 gnd Multipolarität (DE-588)4787401-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)7569002-0 (DE-588)4787401-6 (DE-588)4015685-0 |
| title | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world |
| title_auth | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world |
| title_exact_search | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world |
| title_full | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world Paolo Pizzolo ; foreword by Michael O. Slobodchikoff |
| title_fullStr | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world Paolo Pizzolo ; foreword by Michael O. Slobodchikoff |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world Paolo Pizzolo ; foreword by Michael O. Slobodchikoff |
| title_short | Eurasianism |
| title_sort | eurasianism an ideology for the multipolar world |
| title_sub | an ideology for the multipolar world |
| topic | Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Eurasismus (DE-588)7569002-0 gnd Multipolarität (DE-588)4787401-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geopolitik Internationale Politik Eurasismus Multipolarität Eurasien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032033335&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pizzolopaolo eurasianismanideologyforthemultipolarworld AT slobodchikoffmichaelo eurasianismanideologyforthemultipolarworld |