Fearing the worst: how Korea transformed the Cold War
"The Worst Case considers how the Cold War and its shape as a strategic confrontation between two superpowers flowed from the Korean War. The book examines the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, each superpower's relations with its allies, and the roles of technolo...
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| Sprache: | English |
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Columbia University Press
[2020]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Woodrow Wilson Center series
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The Worst Case considers how the Cold War and its shape as a strategic confrontation between two superpowers flowed from the Korean War. The book examines the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, each superpower's relations with its allies, and the roles of technology, intelligence, and domestic politics in the decisions of the key nations. The United States reluctantly funded massive increases in nuclear weapons, strategic bombers, and nuclear submarines because the leaders of the Truman administration concluded that Stalin was prepared to start World War III to advance his interests in Asia and Europe. In the absence of any reliable intelligence on Soviet or Chinese decision-making, the key people in the administration accepted the worst case as a real possibility, and prepared for it. What they did not know is that Stalin was working consistently to avoid war with the United States, that Mao was not a puppet of Moscow but had his own ambitious agenda in Asia, and that Kim Il-sung had convinced Stalin that he could produce a low-cost victory in Korea that would give the Soviet Union warm-water ports and a reliable client state strategically positioned to influence Japan and the states of Southeast Asia. Through materials from archives and previously restricted published materials in Russia, China, and North Korea that have become accessible in recent years, The Worst Case provides insights into the reasons behind choices made by leaders in the communist countries to add to the well-researched records on the Western side"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 586 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780231192743 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fearing the worst |b how Korea transformed the Cold War |c Samuel F. Wells, Jr. |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a How Korea transformed the Cold War |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a How Korea transformed the Cold War |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Columbia University Press |c [2020] | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Woodrow Wilson Center series | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Stalin Endorses War in Asia -- Kim Il-sung Plans an Attack -- Truman Consolidates US Commitments -- Joseph McCarthy Sells the Politics of Fear -- Paul Nitze Sounds the Tocsin -- North Korea Drives South -- Truman Reverses Policy -- Douglas MacArthur Gambles and Wins -- Mao Zedong Intervenes Massively -- Peng Dehuai and Matthew Ridgway Fight to a Stalemate -- George C. Marshall and Robert Lovett Guide a US Buildup -- Dean Acheson Leads the Defense of Europe -- Andrei Tupolev Creates a Strategic Bomber Force -- Curtis LeMay Builds the Strategic Air Command -- Igor Kurchatov Develops Soviet Nuclear Weapons -- Walter Bedell Smith Reforms and Expands the CIA -- Korea Transforms the Cold War | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The Worst Case considers how the Cold War and its shape as a strategic confrontation between two superpowers flowed from the Korean War. The book examines the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, each superpower's relations with its allies, and the roles of technology, intelligence, and domestic politics in the decisions of the key nations. The United States reluctantly funded massive increases in nuclear weapons, strategic bombers, and nuclear submarines because the leaders of the Truman administration concluded that Stalin was prepared to start World War III to advance his interests in Asia and Europe. In the absence of any reliable intelligence on Soviet or Chinese decision-making, the key people in the administration accepted the worst case as a real possibility, and prepared for it. What they did not know is that Stalin was working consistently to avoid war with the United States, that Mao was not a puppet of Moscow but had his own ambitious agenda in Asia, and that Kim Il-sung had convinced Stalin that he could produce a low-cost victory in Korea that would give the Soviet Union warm-water ports and a reliable client state strategically positioned to influence Japan and the states of Southeast Asia. Through materials from archives and previously restricted published materials in Russia, China, and North Korea that have become accessible in recent years, The Worst Case provides insights into the reasons behind choices made by leaders in the communist countries to add to the well-researched records on the Western side"-- | |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Military relations | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: THE WAR 1 STALIN ENDORSES WAR IN ASIA 7 2 KIM IL-SUNG PLANS AN ATTACK 26 3 TRUMAN CONSOLIDATES US COMMITMENTS 42 4 Joseph McCarthy sells the politics of fear 61
X CONTENTS 5 PAUL NUTZE SOUNDS THE TOCSIN 81 6 NORTH KOREA DRIVES SOUTH 108 7 TRUMAN REVERSES POLICY 121 8 DOUGLAS MacARTHUR GAMBLES AND WINS 142 9 MAO ZEDONG INTERVENES MASSIVELY 167 10 PENG DEHUAI AND MATTHEW RIDGWAY FIGHT TO A STALEMATE 198 PART II: THE TRANSFORMATION 11 GEORGE C. MARSHALL AND ROBERT LOVETT GUIDE A US BUILDUP 237 12 DEAN ACHESON LEADS THE DEFENSE OF EUROPE 269 13 ANDREI TUPOLEV CREATES A STRATEGIC BOMBER FORCE 304 14 CURTIS LeMAY BUILDS THE STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND 328
CONTENTS XI 15 IGOR KURCHATOV DEVELOPS SOVIET NUCLEAR WEAPONS 367 16 WALTER BEDELL SMITH REFORMS AND EXPANDS THE CIA 413 17 KOREA TRANSFORMS THE COLD WAR 472 Chronology Notes 491 $oy Selected Bibliography Index 563 555
INDEX Italicized page numbers refer to photographs; figures, notes, and tables are indicated byf, n, and tfollowing the page numbers. Abakumov, Viktor, 14-15,5081119 and, 288; in Roosevelt administration, Acheson, Dean, 250,291,300; on aid for 279-80; Schuman/Schuman Plan Rhee government, 59,513Ո26; assessment and, 275,283,288; as secretary of state of, 301-3,481; background of, 278-81, under Truman, 51,281; Smith as CIA 512Ո15; at Bretton Woods Conference, director and, 470; Soviet atomic bomb 280; China and Asia policy of, 21,53֊54 development, reaction to, 83; on Soviet 58-59,79,281; on congressional approval relations, 94,204; Truman and, 281-82, needed for war, 141,144; as “defender 302; as undersecretary of state to Byrnes, of Europe,” 302; on defense budget, 280; on US troops’ deployment to 97; Dulles Report (1949) and, 417; Europe, 296-97,302; Western Europe’s European Defence Community (EDC) security as top priority for, 51,270-71; and, 298-300; France and, 274; German West Germany and, 274-77; in World War II policymaking, 280 rearmament and, 286-87,301; Harriman and, 302; on Hoover’s neoisolationism, Adenauer, Konrad: Acheson and, 301, 293-94; Korean War cease-fire and, 229,238; Korean War strategy and, 302; election of, 20, 52,272; German rearmament and, 285-92; Schuman Plan 124-26,130,132,134, 201,205,247, 284-85,478,480-81; Lovett and, 245, and, 282-83; West Germany’s integration into Europe and, 273 302,481; Marshall and, 143,280,302,481; AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission McCarthyism and Republican attacks aircraft. See aviation industry; Tupolev, on, 74,79;
NATO and, 285-86,302; Nitze and, 92; on NSC-68’s strategy for Cold Andrei N.; specific aircraft by designation Air Force, US: air bases in Europe, 302; called War, 106-7,518Ո32; nuclear bomb US Army Air Forces in World War II, 340; development and, 93; Pleven Plan Eighth Air Force, 341,342,345; expansion
564 Air Force, US (continued) and defense budget, 265,268; Far East Air INDEX Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 81,83, Force, 200,361; Korean War, in action 254, Յ29.361,363-64 Attlee, Clement, 203,248,289,479 after start of, 119-20,132; lack of combat Austin, Warren, 147 readiness, 329-33; LeMay as US Air aviation industry; SAC and, 353-58; SAC Forces Europe commander, 349; LeMay fighter planes, 359Í; SAC number Doctrine, 342; LeMay s effect on, 366; of aircraft, 356,357í, 363; SAC National Security Act’s creation of, 349. reconnaissance aircraft, 359ft SAC See aho LeMay, Curtis E.; Strategic Air tankers, 358t; in Soviet Union, 305-27, Command (SAC); specific aircraft by type 483; US bombers in World War II, Albania, failed covert CIA operations in, 461 345-48. See ако Strategic Air Command; Aleksandrov, Anatolii, 401 Tupolev, Andrei N.; specific model of Alexander, Harold, 435-36,439 Alikhanov, Abram, 382-83,384,390 bombers Ayers, Eben, 145 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda (wife of Stalin), 13 Alliluyeva, Svetlana (daughter of Stalin), 9,12 B-17 bombers, 336-42 Allison, John, 125,163 B-24 bombers, 354 B-29 bombers: in Korean War, 361-63,473; Almond, Edward M. (Ned), 151,152,155,156, 161,529Ո8 LeMay and, 345-49,353—54; Lend-Lease Alsop, Joseph, 162 program and, 305; MİG-15S vs., 320, Alsop, Stewart, 228 362,473; problems in early test flights Alvarez, Luis, 84,378 of, 542Ո31; redesignated medium-range Anderson, Carl, 370 bombers, 543Ո46; SAC number of Andrew, Christopher, 469 (1946-54), 3571,361,363; Stalin ordering Angleton, James J., 422,460 Tupolev to copy, 316-19,411,482-83 anti-
Semitism, 325,403 Arkhangelskiy, Aleksandr A., 315-16 B-36 and B-36D bombers: B-52 vs., 356; designated heavy bombers, 543Ո46; Armed Forces Security Agency, 469 LeMay and, 81,353; MİG-15S and MiG- arms race; “Bomber Gap,” 484; extremes in 17s vs., 354; SAC number of (1946-54), tactical weapons and in size of arsenals 357ft З61 B-47 bombers: design of, 354-55,356; SAC in, 410; NATOs tactical nuclear weapons deployed in Germany, 302; NSC Report 68 on, 93-103; as outcome of Korean War, 234,481; US reaction to Soviet bomber threat, 327; WSEGI Study on number of (1946-54), 357ft B-50 bombers: redesignated medium-range bombers, 543Ո46; SAC number of (1946-54), 357ft 361 atomic war plan, 360. See also nuclear B-52 bombers, 355, 355-56,358,360,363, weapons, development and deployment 473,481 Bajanov, Evgeniy, 3 of; Soviet atomic bomb development Armstrong, Charles, 33-34,209 Bajanova, Natalia, 3 Armstrong, O. K., 68 Baldwin, Hanson, 338-39 Arnold, Henry H. “Hap,” 345,346 Balezin, S. A., 383 Artsimovich, Lev, 371,390 Barbour, Walworth, 125 atomic bomb. See nuclear weapons, Barrett, Edward W., 96,103,104 development and deployment of; Soviet Baruch, Bernard, 428 atomic bomb development Battle of the Bulge (1944-45), 218-19
INDEX Beech, Keyes, 162 Beisner, Robert L., 288,291 Belensky, Semyon, 399 Beneš, Edward, 387 Beria, Lavrenti: administrative skills of, 539Ո15; at atomic bomb test site, 405-6; as atomic development commander, 38184,405-7,484; Department S created by, 390-91; failing to accord priority to nuclear development, 384,388; Kapitsa and, 546Ո39; Kurchatov and, 381-82, 383-84,390,392; moving Sakharov to work with Khariton, 399; postHiroshima, urgency given to atomic weapon development by, 389; ScientificTechnical Council and, 373-74; Stalin’s attempts to counterbalance power of, 15.16,393; State Defense Committee member, 373,380; suspicious of Kurchatov and other scientists, 381-82, 396,402-3; Tupolev’s aircraft designs and, 310-13,314,315,325; Voznesensky investigation and, 14 Berlin airlift (1948-49), 20,47,51-52,246, 350,444,512П16, 542Ո38 Berlin Blockade (1948-49), 20,21,47,51,52, 329,412,444,542Ո38,551П57 Bevin, Ernest, 282,286 Bigart, Homer, 162 Blair, Bill, 162 Blair, Clay, 216-17,219 221 Bohlen, Charles, 103-4,129-30,263,488, 518Ո45 Bolshevism, 181 Bonesteel, Charles H., 26 Bonnet, Henri, 275 Bradley, Omar: on atomic bomb as principal offensive weapon, 84; defense budget FY1951 and, 149,258; on European defense strategy, 295; Jackson as deputy chief of intelligence for, 447,452; as JCS chairman, 471; on Korean War strategy, 127,148-49,204,247; Marshall and, 427; meeting with MacArthur in Japan (1950), 122; on National Guard 565 mobilization, 131; NATO and, 286; Ridgway and, 212,221; on Smith, 426-27, 447; Truman meetings with, 142; in World War II, 212,216, 218-21 Brandeis,
Louis, 279 Bretton Woods Conference, 280 Brewster, Owen, 68 Bricker, John, 73 Bridges, Styles, 68,74-75 Britain: Anglo-American dominance of NATO, 270; atomic bomb development efforts and coordination with US Manhattan Project, 375; criticism and recommendations of US conduct of Korean War, 203-4, 248-49,289,479; currency issues in, 274,277,283; Maud Committee report on atomic bomb development, 375-76; Montgomery’s army in World War II, 213-14, 219-21, 439,440,441; Pleven Plan and, 288; recognition of PRC by, 534Ո18; US aid to, 43,269; US building base in, 356 Broda, Engelbert, 397 Brooke, Alan, 439-41 Brown, Clarence J., Sr., 260 Brownell, George A., 469 Bruce, David K. E„ 277, 299,302 Brussels Pact (formed 1948), 19, 21,47,52 Bryoade, Henry, 285 Budenz, Louis E, 76 budget. See defense budget Bulganin, Nikolai, 15,16,194,372 Bulgaria, Soviet purges in (1948), 19 Bureau of the Budget, 253,260,267,413-14 Burgess, Guy, 59,462,469 Burma, CIA operations in, 468 Burnazian, A. I„ 406 Burns, James H„ 98,150 Byrnes, James E, 280 Cain, Harry P„ 68 Cairncross, John, 375 Cambridge Five (Soviet spies), 375 Canada: Manhattan Project, participation in, 375; US building base in, 356
566 Caridi, Ronald, 293 Castellano, Giuseppi, 435-36 ССР. See Cliinese Communist Party cease-fire negotiations: armistice (July 27, 1953), 231,301,362,480; British advocating for, 203,248-49; Chinese and North Korean leaders disagreeing in, 230; deadlock in, 230-31,261, 480; differing US officials’ opinions on when and whether to start, 203, 237-38, 247-48; intermittent talks for two years, 229,301,480; on location of truce line, 230; Panmunjom as site for talks, 229; prisoners of war exchange and, 229,230, 231; Soviet-US discussions about, 22829, 261; Trumans reaction to proposal of, 204; UN initiatives for, 205, 226,480 Central Aero-Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI, Russia), 306-7 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Asian covert operations, failure of, 464-69, 473; assassination of Stalin proposal rejected by Smith, 464; cooperation with IAC under Smith, 451; coordination with FBI, 417,470,474; covert operations, costs and failures of, 419-23,454-55, 456-64,470,482; on CPV size, 199, 201; Directorate of Plans, 454,457,459; Dulles report on (1949), 416-18,448, 450,470; dysfunctionality of, 451-52, 469-70; Italian elections (1948) and, 19; Korean intelligence failures and, 462-63; merger of OSO and OPC, 458-59; Office of Current Intelligence, 454; Office of National Estimates (ONE), 417,450, 454,482; Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 419,420,422,448,450,452,453, 458,459, 464, 466-67, 549Ո12; Office of Research and Reports (ORR), 450,454; Office of Special Operations (OSO), 420,422,448,450,452,458,464; Philby firing and, 462; Poland and Albania, failed covert operations in,
461; prewar estimate of North Korean forces, 121; psychological warfare and, 457,459; INDEX reorganization under Smith, 451-55, 552Ո80; resentment of other intelligence agencies in, 551Ո64; secret prisons and interrogation of suspected double agents, 463; Smith as director, 446-69; Soviet security system as impediment to getting accurate and timely intelligence by, 455; Soviet stockpile of atomic bombs report (1950), 94; on Soviet Union as main supplier to North Korea and as source of Chinese intervention, 203; US troops in Korea memo (1948), 55; on Zhou’s claim that third world war inevitable, 205 Central Intelligence Agency Act (1949), 421 Central Intelligence Group (CIG), 414-15 Chadwick, James, 369 Chae Pyong-duk, 118,1x9 Chambers, Whittaker, 68-69,71 Chang, Jung, 186 Cheju Island, 30,31,37 Chen Jian, 3,110,172 Chen Li-fu, 67 Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi China. See People’s Republic of China; Taiwan China lobby, 53,57,58,66-68,75-76 Chinese Civil War: Americans with experience from, recognizing Chinese regulars in Korea, 200; Chinese Communist victory in, 21,38,42, 70,123,184-85; defeat of PLA on island of Jinmen (Quemoy), 171-72; Mao’s prediction of outcome, 183-84; Marshall’s attempt to arrange peace agreement in, 205; North Korea’s support to Communists in, 37,110,114,172-73; Stalin and Nationalist forces in, 21-22, 34,182,183; US support of Nationalists in, 57,130,164,174,200 Chinese Communist Party (CCP): development of organization, 167,169, 171; disagreements in and struggle to survive, 209; founding of, 181; KPA assistance from, 110; Maos consolidation of
power of, 183; Stalin’s view of, 183; in United Front, 182,183,188,207
INDEX Chinese Nationalists: defeat of PLA on 567 Chinese, 472; US flawed assumptions island of Jinmen (Quemoy), 171-72; about nuclear weapons as deterrent incompetence and corruption of, 184; to military aggression, 473. See aho Mao expelled by Jiang, 182; Mao joining, arms race; McCarthy, Joseph; nuclear 182; misrepresentation of intelligence weapons, development and deployment gathering by, 466-67; Stalin and, 21-22, 34,182,183; US support of, 53-54,57-58. See also Chinese Civil War; Jiang Jieshi Chinese People’s Volunteers (CPV): first of; Strategic Air Command Collins, J. Lawton, 131,135,152,162-63, 206, 217,224, 249 Comintern, 181,182 offensive of, 199-202; second offensive Committee on the Present Danger, 96 of, 202, 238, 253,480; third offensive of, communist parties: in Europe, 18,19; 222-24,251; fourth offensive of, 224-26; fifth offensive of, 227-28; casualties in in United States, 68. See aho specific countries war, 233; disadvantages of, 198; large Conant, James, 96-97, 517Ո30 number of troops in, 198; Peng as Condit, Doris, 149, 253, 267 commander of, 193,198 Congress: defense budget and, 148,252, Cho Mansik, 34 256-59,267,481; failure of Truman to Ch’oe Yonggon, 109 seek authorization for US forces in chronology of events, 491-506 Korea, 141,144, 255,486; OPC activities, Church, John H., 132 funding for, 421; psychological warfare Churchill, Winston, 45,242,429-30,438-40, supported by, 459; on US troops’ 550Ո45 deployment to Europe, 294-98 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Congress for Cultural Freedom, 420 CIG (Central Intelligence Group), 414-15 Coplon,
Judith, 61,73 Clark, Mark W„ 214-15 Correa, Matthias, 416 Clay, Lucius, 274-75,350 covert operations. See Central Intelligence Clifford, Clark, 49 Agency Cockcroft, John, 369 CPV. See Chinese People’s Volunteers Coe, Michael, 467 Crosswell, D. K. R., 423-26,428,430,432, Cohn, Roy, 75 Cold War: Chinese lack of preparation for 436 Cuban missile crisis, 489 major war, 475; containment policy of Cumings, Bruce, 28,510Ո9 US in, 28,50,54-55,58,96,444; Cuban cybernetics, 314-15 missile crisis (1962), 489; escalation of, Czechoslovakia: coup (1948), 19,419; Marshall Plan and, 18; Soviet purges 1-2,95-96,411,416,481; Korean War’s legacy in, 196-97,234,237,472,488; “no in (1948), 19; uranium ore provided to first use” of nuclear weapons during, 487; NSC-68’s strategy for United States Soviet Union, 387,394 in, 93-108; signals intelligence, loss of Dae-Sook Suh, 35 US code-breaking and, 423,464,474, Dallek, Robert, 141 549Ո20; Soviet lack of preparation for Darlan, François, 436 major war, 474; Soviet objectives and Davies, John Paton, Jr., 93,106 threat estimates in, 262-66; start of, Davis, Arthur C, 132 46-47, 98-103; US flawed assumptions DCI. See director of central intelligence about Korean War roles of Soviets and Dean, N. Gordon, 143
568 defense budget: air force expansion and, 265,268; balanced budget as Truman priority and, 43,50-51,351,360,474; congressional action, 148,252, 256-59, 267,481; economic downturn causing federal budget cuts, 56-60,81-82; FY 1951 budget, 56, 81-82,105,148,252, 254; FY 1951 supplemental requests, 148-49,252-53,256,258, 477,480, 488,534Ո30; FY 1952 budget, 259-61, 489; FY 1953 budget, 261-68; increases (1950-53), 259Í; Korean Wars effect on, 148-50, 252-56; NSC 68 and 68/4 recommendations and, 104-5,107,262; nuclear weapons and budget ceiling, 88-89 Defense Department, creation of, 349 de Gaulle, Charles, 438-39 Dement’yev, Petr, 317-18 Democratic Front for the Unification of the Fatherland, 113 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See North Korea Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), 172 Democrats: blamed for weak American defenses, 141; McCarthy, inability to counter effectively, 63,72,73,76-77 Deng Hua, 178,191 Dewey, Thomas E„ 48,67,131,295 Dill, John, 429-30 Dillon, Clarence, 89 Dirac, Paul, 371 director of central intelligence (DCI), 414-15, 417-18,423,451,457-58,551Ո64. See also Smith, Walter Bedell Beetle” Dixiecrats, 48 Djilas, Milovan, 9,11,12,19 Domes, Jurgen, 208 Donovan, Robert, 43,48, 63,141 Donovan, William, 448 Douglas, Lewis, 277,302 Douglas, Paul, 295 Downey, Jack, 467 Doyle, James H., 151,152,162 INDEX Dulles, Allen W., 326,416; at CIA, 452-53; covert operations and, 457,458, 470-71; as deputy director for central intelligence, 460; Dulles report on CIA (1949), 416-18,448,450,470; misrepresentation of North Korean intelligence gathering by,
466; secret prisons and interrogation of suspected double agents, supervision of, 463; Smith and, 448,452; Wisner and, 421 Dulles, John Foster, 122,125,231,295 Dykes, Vivian, 430 East China Normal University (Shanghai), 4 Eastern Europe, Soviets in, 19,47. See aho specific countries East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 13; creation of (1949), 21,42; currency policy in (1948), 20; Free Jurists’ Committee, CIA support for, 464; ftiture in Soviet policy under Stalin, 19; uranium ore provided to Soviet Union, 394 Eastland, James O., 68 Economic Cooperation Administration, 272-73 Eichelberger, Robert L„ 157 Eighth Army, US: first encounters with CPV, 199,478; offensive to break out of Pusan Perimeter, 162; Operation Thunderbolt and, 223; second offensive of CPV and, 238; sent to fight, 136-38; third offensive of CPV and, 222-23; understrength in first three months of war, 159; Walker replaced as commander by Ridgway, 202; withdrawing from Yalu to below 38th Parallel (1950), 202. See ako Ridgway, Matthew Eisenhower, Dwight D.: assessment of US strategies for Korean War at start of fighting, 132-33,142; as consultant to joint chiefs, 201; election of, 79; European Defence Community (EDC) and, 299; German surrender and, 439,441-42; in Italy during World War II, 214,433-35; Korean War concluded under, 231,480;
INDEX 569 Normandy invasion during World War II, 215-16,438,440; as North Africa offensive commander in World War II, 431-33; as president, 231,480; Ridgway and, 212,216; Smith as Eisenhower’s chief of staff in World War II, 431-42; as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), 287,290,295, 297,302; as supreme commander of Allied forces in the Mediterranean in World War II, 432- 33,440 Elsey, George, 129 environmental contamination from atomic production facilities, 400-401 Europe. See Western Europe; specific countries European Coal and Steel Community, 283, 288,299 European Defence Community (EDC), 287-88,290,298-301 European Defence Community (EDC) Treaty (1952), 300; Tripartite Declaration foreign intelligence agencies, 413-16. See ako Central Intelligence Agency Formosa. See Taiwan Forrestal, James V., 50, 90,244-45,415-16, 417 France: calling for more US troops to be based in Europe, 285; European Defence Community (EDC) and, 287-88,290, 298-300; instability of governments in, 273-74; Manhattan Project, participation in, 375; MDAP and, 271; NATO alliance and, 52, 270; US aid to, 269; in Vietnam (Indochina), 55,131,172,277,292,300; West Germany and German rearmament issues, 273-77, 286-301 Frankfurter, Felix, 279 Franks, Oliver, 248 French Communist Party, 20 Fried, Richard, 78, 80 Fuchs, Klaus, 42, 61,70,376,387,392,394, 407,485 with, 538Ո44 executive authority: president as commander in chief and ability to deploy armed forces, 297; Truman using to commit US forces in Korea, 141,144,255,486 F-82, F-84, and F-86 fighters, 359t, 362 Fairbank, John К., 167 Fair Deal
agenda, 43,140 Far East Air Force: Bomber Command under O’Donnell, 361; seeking to attack Soviet bases within China, 200 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 70-71, 76, 78, 413.417.418, 470,474 Fecteau, Dick, 467 Federal Republic of Germany. See West Germany Ferguson, Homer, 68 Fermi, Enrico, 370, 547Ո48 Finletter, Thomas K„ 132 First Marine Division, 158,160 Fisher, Louis, 523Ո4 Flerov, Georgii N., 374-75.376-77.385. 402, 406 Gaddis, John Lewis, 87 Gallup, George, 48 Gamov, Georgii, 370 Gao Gang, 175-76,189,191,193,196 Gavin, James M„ 213 Gehlen, Reinhard, 421-22 Geneva Conference (1954), 302 George, Walter, 295 German Democratic Republic. See East Germany Germany: end of World War II occupation of, 20,45,46,290,292,301,441; fall of Berlin, German nuclear program disposition upon, 387,390; reunification goals for, 19,275. See also West Germany; World War II Ginzburg, Vitaly, 399 Goldhaber, Maurice, 380 Golovin, Igor, 378,379,396,398-99,403, 547Ո62 Gordon, Yefim, 326 Gorlizki, Yoram, 14-15,16 Gorskii, Anatolii, 375-76
570 Gottwald, Klement, i8 Great Britain. See Britain Great Leap Forward, 210 Greece, 29,47, 91,129,302,461, 481 Green, Theodore F., 72 Greenglass, David, 392 Greenland, US building base in, 356 Gregg, Donald, 465 Gruenther, Alfred M., 94 Guam: LeMay in World War II on, 346-47; US building base in, 356 guerrilla operations: Joint Chiefs of Staff vs. CIA in battle over control over, 457-58; Mao’s strategic use of, 188; North Korean invasion’s dependence on, 112,475; South Korean suppression of (1949-50), 37, 114. 475 Halaby, Najeeb, 95 Halliday, Jon, 186 Hamby, Alonzo, 144 Haney, Albert, 465-66 Hankey, Lord, 375 Harriman, W. Averell, 300; Acheson and, 247,302; European Payments Union and, 283; Formosa policy and, 146; on Korean War policy, 165; Lovett and, 244,245; Marshall Plan and, 271,277; as national security adviser, 142-43 Hart, John Limond, 462-63,465-66,469 Haruki, Wada, 109 Hastings, Max, 218,219 Heini, Robert Debs, Jr., 254 Helms, Richard, 459,463 Hickenlooper, Bourke B„ 68,72,77 Higgins, Marguerite, 162 “High-Level Political Decisions on US Strategic Arms, 1945-1974,” 3 Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H„ 415,417-19,421 Hiss, Alger, 61, 68-70,73, 278 Ho Chi Minh, 172 Hodge, John R„ 28 Hodges, Courtney, 219 Holloway, David, 3,369,371,390,406,412, 546Ո42 INDEX Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 279 Hoover, Herbert, 58,255,293 Hoover, J. Edgar, 70,552Ո85 Hopkins, Harry, 241,388,428 House Foreign Affairs Committee, 123 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 66,71 Houston, Lawrence, 447,449 Hungary, Soviet purges in (1948), 19 Hurley, Patrick, 70 hydrogen bomb. See nuclear
weapons, development and deployment of Ignatiev, Alexandre M„ 35,36 Il’yushin, Sergei V., 310 Inchon assault. See Operation Chromite Indochina. See Vietnam Intelligence Advisory Board, 414 Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC), 415, 448-50,551Ո65 intelligence agencies, expansion of, 413-16. See also Central Intelligence Agency; FBI; Office of Strategic Services intelligence failures of United States, 140,200-202,237. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Interdepartmental Watch Committee (Department of Defense), 454 International Monetary Fund, 413 Ioffe, Abram F., 368-71,374,377-80 Iran: crisis (1946), 412; Soviet threat to stability of, 47 Isaacson, Walter, 245,246 isolationists, 72,73,144,242,255-56,340, 429; neoisolationist policy, 293,298 Italy: elections (1948), 19; NATO alliance and, 52; in World War II, 212-15,433-37 Ivan the Terrible, 10 Jackson, William H„ 416,446-47,450, 452-53,460 Jacob, Ian, 440 James, D. Clayton, 155,157,158 Japan: alliance with Great Britain in World War 1,180; attack on northern China
INDEX (1937)) 183,207; importance in Cold War containment to East Asia, 157; Kim discounting likely involvement in talks with Mao about launching Korean War, 40; Korea as colony of (1910-45), 26-27; Maos reaction to Japanese presence in China after World War 1,181; rebuilding as priority of MacArthur, 54,121; South Korean army led by men who had served in Imperial Japanese Army, 109; surrender of (1945), 46,348,389; US military and economic aid for, 43,54-55,59,122 Jenner, William E., 78 Jessup, Phillip C, 74 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 13 Jiang Jieshi: as American ally, 422; China lobby and, 54, 66-67; full of Nationalist government and, 167; Lattimore and, 76; MacArthur and, 121,145-47,175; Marshall and, 53; misrepresentation of intelligence gathering by, 422,466-67; as Nationalist leader and expulsion of Mao and CCP, 182; offering troops to fight in Korea, 135; Stalin’s treaty with, 22; United Front and, 182,183; US aid to, 164. See also Chinese Nationalists Jiang Qing (Madame Mao), 185-86 Jodi, Alfred, 442 Johnson, Louis: atomic weapons development and, 95; cancellation of Navy’s first supercarrier, 81,352-53; defense budget FY 1950 and, 88, 97; defense budget FY 1951 and, 149, 252; defense strategy in Asia and, 122; drafting orders for MacArthur, 133; NSC 68 and, 95,97,98; removed from secretary of defense position, 143,147,286; on start of Korean War, 126-27, 522Ո29; on State Department’s disengagement from Chinese Nationalists, 57 Johnson, Lyndon,366 Joint Chiefs of Staff: advocating for broader war and not seeking cease-fire, 237-38; cancelling Far East Air Force
attacks 571 on Soviet bases within China, 200-201; covert operations, fighting with CIA for control of, 457-58; defense budget and, 105,148,149,253,265,267; end of Korean War under Eisenhower and, 231; Formosa defense and, 57,58,145; on German rearmament to create stronger European defenses against Soviets, 284; Korean War strategy and, 118,127, 205,227, 251,362,487; LeMay chairing subcommittee on nuclear testing for, 349; MacArthur intimidating, 162-63; meeting with NSC at start of Korean War, 132; Mutual Defense Assistance Program and, 57; on National Guard mobilization, 131; NATO and, 286,295; Operation Chromite and, 159 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 83 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 371 Judd, Walter H., 68,70 Kaftanov, Sergei, 374,376,377 Kaganovich, Lazar, 16 Kang Kon, 109 Kapitsa, M. S., 39 Kapitsa, Peter, 369,370,374,377,378,546Ո39 KB-29 jet tankers, 358Ѓ KC-97 jet tankers, 358Ѓ KC-135 jet tankers, 358,360 Kellis, James G. L., 466 Kennan, George E: Acheson and, 533Ո17; as ambassador to Soviet Union, 443; containment policy and, 95-96, 517Ո27; covert actions by CIA and, 419; “International Control of Atomic Energy” report by, 85-87; Japan-centric policy and, 54; Korean War cease-fire discussions with Moscow, 228,248; “long telegram” by, 46,443, 550-51Ո56; Nitze and, 92,515Ո7; psychological warfare and, 459; on Soviet threat and atomic weapons development, 95-96,263, 516ПП11-12; West Germany’s place in Europe and, 274-75; Wisner and, 421 Kennedy, John E, 489
572 Kennedy, Joseph P., 256 Kenney, George C., 329,330-31 Kent, Sherman, 453 Kenyon, Dorothy, 74,77 Kerber, Leonid I., 3,307,310,313,315,316, 321,324,325 KGB, 69,70 Khariton, Iulii B., 371,372,384,385,387,390, 399-404,406 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 14-15,16 Khlopin, Vitali, 382,386,406 Khrunichev, Mikhail, 318,321 Khrushchev, Nikita, 9,11,15-16,23 Kikoin, Isaak K„ 384,390 Kim Ch’aek, 109 Kim II, 109 Kim Il-sung, 38,117,190; background of, 25, 32-34,510Ո13; Beijing meeting (1950), 39-40,173; control of troops and in disagreement with Peng, 200; cult of personality and, 35-36; in 88 th Independent Brigade to help Chinese communists, 34; Korean War cease-fire negotiations and, 229,230; leaders of KPA and, 109,115; Mao and, 110,116, 173,178,197, 233. 486; Moscow meeting (1950) with Stalin, 37,39; preparation for war by, 37-41,108,475; purge of rivals from South Korean Communist Party, 232; refusal to share information on course of war, 197; Stalin and Soviet aid for, շ, 24-25,37,39,108,110-11,114,190, 195,475.486; “Supreme Leader” role assumed by, 28,34-36; unification goals of, 24,108,475 Kim Tu-bong, 36 Kim Ung, 111 King, Ernest J„ 440 Kirov, Sergei, 8 Kissinger, Henry, 233,509Ո33 Kissner, August W„ 331 KMT (Kuomintang), 182-84,206-7. See abo Chinese Nationalists Knowland, William F„ 57,68, 295 Kohlberg, Alfred, 67,70,76 INDEX Korea: instability in south after World War II, 27-32; Joint Commission acting as trusteeship after World War II, 28; Korean Democratic Party, 27-28,29; Korean National Police, 28,29; leftist groups and conflicts in, 27,29; National Security Council Report 48/2
(1949), 31; People’s Republic, 27; post-World War II leadership in, 27-28; revolts and instability in southern provinces of, 29-31; Stalin’s policy on, 24,112; withdrawal of US troops (June 1949), 3i 55-56,108,121; Workers’ Party of Korea, 36; during World War II, 26-27. See abo North Korea; South Korea; 38th Parallel; unification of Korea Korean Communist Party, 29,34; split into Chinese and Soviet factions, 110-11 Korean People’s Army (KPA): casualties suffered in war, 232; compared to combined American-South Korean forces, 137; compared to South Korean forces, 114-16,140,475,520Ո13; establishment of, 36,109-14; expansion of forces and training of recruits, 37,41, 109,111,112,121; leaders of, 109,115; in Mongolia to assist Chinese Communists, 37; removal of officers who served in Japanese military from, 109,114; return of soldiers from Chinese Civil War to join, 41,110,114-15,121,136,173 475; Soviet advisers and, 110,114; Soviet weapons for, 2, 7,37,39,40,111,112,136, 233,475. See also Korean War Korean War: armistice (July 27,1953), 231, 301,362,480; assessment of, 232-34.271; asymmetrical warfare in, 199; casualties suffered in, 232-33,532Ո64; Chinese and Maos intervention in, 3,108,174-78, 189-96,197,199,209,237,470,476; Choisin Reservoir, battle at (1950), 529Ո8; CPV attacks in, 199-202; evacuation of US troops as possibility, 202, 205,247, 251-52; forces comparison between North and South, 114-16,140,475,520Ш3;
INDEX inadequacy of American response as cause for concern among Allies, 140-41; initial US public support for, 131-32,136; legacy in Cold War, 196-97,234,237, 472,488; logistical problems for North to supply and transport troops, 115, 138,475; map of shifting line of combat (1950-51), 139; naval blockade of North Korea, 136; new US strategy in (late 1950/early 1951), 203-6; NIEs on, 449; no peace treaty to end, 362; NSC-68 adoption and, 107; Operation Chromite, i5։-53 158-63,161; Operation Preemptive Strike by North Korea, 113; political climate in US at time of, 80; Ridgway’s successes in, 224, 227-28,252,297,480; SAC and, 361-66; southern invasion by North Korean forces and start of war (June 25,1950), 77,108-20,477; Soviet pilots flying M1G-15S in, 200,320,362, 469,543Ո55; Soviets as supplier to North Korea and China, 2,7,37,39,40,111,112, 13d, 233,475; Stalin orchestrating Chinese intervention in, 39,172,189-90,193,237, 412,486; Truman considering nuclear options in, 203,204, 248-49; Truman learning of North Korean invasion and deciding to intervene, 123-25,128, 135-36,476,486; Truman’s agreement to recommendations on Chinese entry and Soviet planes, 202,476; Tfuman’s choice to fight a limited war, 126-32,224,232, 252,480,487; Truman’s initial references to avoid labeling conflict as war, 133-34; Truman’s popularity increased by his decision making in, 141,476; Truman’s public statements on defense plans for South Korea, 131,133-34; US advocates for broader war, 226,227,237-38,251,487; US Air Force planes in action after start of, 119-20,132; US assessment of Soviet
involvement in, 79,126,129-30,284,476; US ground troops in, 132,134,136-38, 522Ո29; US military demobilization after peace, 328; US recognition of Chinese 573 soldiers in, 199-200,237,478,487; US security issues in light of US performance in, 284-85; US strategy sessions in reaction to Chinese intervention, 246-52,478; weapons comparison between North and South, 115. See ako cease-fire negotiations; Chinese Peoples Volunteers; Eighth Army, US; Korean People’s Army; 38th Parallel Korolyov, Sergei R, 310,411 Kosygin, Aleksei, 15 Kozak, Warren, 336 KPA. See Korean People’s Army Kramish, Arnold, 396-97,546Ո47 Kroos, Arthur G., 216,530-31Ո38 Krulak, Victor H., 152 Kumykin, Pavel, 11 Kuomintang (KMT), 182-84,206-7. See also Chinese Nationalists Kurchatov, Boris, 379,382,385,386 Kurchatov, Igor, 391; Academy of Sciences and, 385; assembling team of physicists to work and working facilities, 384-85; at atomic bomb test site, 404-5; background of, 378-79; Beria as operation commander to, 381-82,383-84,407; first nuclear reactor F֊i built by, 395-97, 547Ո48; Hiroshima’s impact on, 389-93; honors accorded to, 406-7; Ioffe and, 379, 380; jealous colleagues as threats to, 38283,403-4; joining Communist Party, 39899,403,547Ո62; move to Cheliabinsk-40, 398; multiple teams to pursue alternative routes to nuclear weapons under, 399; on need for Soviet government to commit resources to nuclear physics, 372,383-84; nicknamed “the Beard,” 374, 391; nicknamed “the General,” 378,391; as nuclear research program director, Յ77-78;at Physicotechnical Institute, 374; progress despite lack of
resources, 384-88,484; as rising star of Soviet physics, 371; Stalin ordering American plutonium bomb design to be copied, 392; World War II work of, 374,380
574 Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 14,15 Kuznetsov, N. D., 324 INDEX Lin Biao, 184,191-92,193,527Ո48 Lindberg, Charles A., 330,334 Lippmann, Walter, 255-56 La Follette, Robert M„ Jr„ 65 Litvinov, Maksim, 388 Landau, Lev, 404 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 72,77,122,295 Langer, William, 453 Long March of Mao and his troops, 183,207 Lankov, Andrei, 35 Losyukov, P. A., 312 Lattimore, Owen, 74, 75-76,77,79 Lovett, Robert A.: Acheson and, 245,302, Laurence, William, 371 481; background of, 243-46; defense Lawrence, Ernest О., 84,370 budget and, 150,252,253,260,265-67; LeBaron, Robert, 95 as defense secretary, 238,265; Korean Lebed, Mikola, 421 War strategy and, 478; Marshall and, 143, Leffler, Melvyn, 51 238,243,245-46; Psychological Strategy Leipunskii, Aleksandr I„ 371,385 Board and, 457; State-Defense Policy Lei Yingfu, 176 Review Group and, 97; as undersecretary LeMay, Curtis E., 331-66,355; in Asian of state, 246; in Yale Unit of Naval theater in World War II, 345-48; B-36 bomber production and, 81; background Reserve Flying Corps (World War I), 244 Lowe, Frank E., 156-57 of, 333-50,365; Bell’s palsy afflicting, Lucas, Scott, 293 341,542Ո23; Berlin airlift (1948-49) Luce, Henry R„ 67 and, 350; in European theater in World Lui Shaoqi, 183 War II, 340-45; firing of SAC top staff, Lushan Conference (1959), 210 Lysenko, Trofin, 315,403 331; on Guam, 346-47; incendiary bombs used against Japan by, 347-48; innovations introduced to SAC, 351-53; Korean War and, 361,363,366,481; MacArthur, Douglas, i6i advocating for lack of respect for US Navy, 346-47, broader war, 226,227,237-38,251,487, 489;
approving Far East Air Force attack 353; nicknamed “Iron Ass,” 341; Offutt plans on Soviet bases within China, 200; Air Force Base inspection, 331; political aura and reputation of, 153-58,165,176- ramifications not appreciated by, 366; 77; Chinese familiarity with amphibious postwar Pentagon assignment of, 349; tactics of, 176-77; CIA, cooperation with, replacing zig-zag bombing runs with 464; as commander in chief of United wedge formation, 341-42; resignation Nations Forces, 153,233; counteroffensive at demand of Lyndon Johnson, 366; directed by, 134-35,138,238,477; on CPV as SAC commander, 331,350; as 305th size, 201; critical of South Korean forces, Bomb Group commander, 340-44; as 134; on defense of Taiwan, 127; doubting top navigator in air corps (1938), 339; as Chinese active participation in war, Twentieth Air Force commander, 345, 202,478,487; instructed to avoid Soviet 348; as youngest general in army, 345 and Chinese borders, 165,477; Japan’s LeMay Doctrine, 342 rebuilding as priority of, 54,121; Jiang Leningrad Five affair (1949), 13-14,15,16, Jieshi and, 121,145-47,175; Joint Chiefs of 508Ո19 Levine, Steven, 179,181,186 Staff intimidated by, 162-63; Kennan on, Lilienthal, David E., 83, 87 228; loss of prestige and credibility after November 1950 losses, 224,238,247,479; Lilley, James, 422-23 McCarthy and, 70; on Mount McKinley Li Mi, 468 at Operation Chromite, 160,161,161;
INDEX on North Korean invasion of the South (June 25,1950), 118,125,130; requests for more troops, 134,148,289; Ridgway and, 222; SAC support requested by, 361; strategy for late 1950/early 1951 and, 205-6,248; strikes north of 38th Parallel authorized by, 133,487; Taiwan visit (1950), 145-46,175; 303 funds and, 58; Truman’s decision to relieve, 226, 260,531Ո54; Truman’s opinion of and relationship with, 145-47,204,226, 249; Truman’s orders to, 127-28,251, 486; unaware of North Korean plans for invasion, 121; US allies criticizing conduct of Korean War by, 249,479; on US troops in Korea, 55; Yalu as goal for end of 1950,202. See also Operation Chromite (Inchon landing) Maclean, Donald, 462,469 Macmillan, Harold, 435 Mahon, George H„ 88,149,258,261 Malenkov, Georgy, 14,15,16,373 Malik, Yacov, 228-29 Manchuria, 37,67,110,164,362 Manhattan Project, 42,45, 61,511Ո8 Mao Zedong, 23,187; agenda in Asia of, 2,233,475; background of, 179-88; Bolshevism and, 181; CCP role of, 181, 182-83; as Central Executive Committee secretary, 182; in Chinese Civil War, 182-85; “continuous revolution” policy of, 171; debt owed to North Korea for earlier help in Chinese Civil War, 110, 173; ego and “enigmatic” behavior of, 197, 209-10,528Ո57; government strategy of, 168; health of, 186-87; Japanese presence in China after World War I and, 181; Kim meeting with (1950), 39-40֊ 173; Korean War cease-fire negotiations and, 230; Korean War involvement of, 3,108,17478,189-96,197, 209; leadership abilities of, 188; MacArthur’s personality noted by, 176-77; as Military Commission chairman, 208; as
millionaire, 186; North Korean invasion plan not known by, 115-16,174,196-97; personal life 575 and relationships of, 185-87; Stalin, relationship with, 21-25,183,184-85,188, 194,196; Stalin’s negotiations with, 21-25, 38,171; Stalin-Zhou telegram (1950) to, 194; Taiwan (Formosa) acquisition, importance of, 40,170,171,174; on US weaknesses in Korean War, 178,192 Marshall, George C., 250,300; Acheson and, 143, 280,302,481; advocating for broader war and not seeking cease-fire, 237-38; as army chief of staff in World War II, 240; background of, 143,238-43; China mission of, 53,205; defense budget and, 149-50,253,258,260-61; Dill and, 429-30; at Infantry School in Fort Benning, Georgia, 239; Korean War cease-fire and, 229,247; Korean War strategy and, 205,247,478,488; leadership of Defense Department, 238; Lovett and, 238,243,245-46; MacArthur and, 166; McCarthy’s attacks on, 79; Pleven Plan and, 288; psychological warfare and, 459; reconstruction aid to Europe proposed by, 17,29; Ridgway and, 211-12, 216,222; Roosevelt and, 240-41; as secretary of defense, 143,286; Smith as assistant secretary, and later secretary, to, 427-28; Smith as CIA director and, 470; on successful measures of Operation Thunderbolt, 224; on US troops’ deployment to Europe, 295-96, 297; in World War 1,239; World War II preparation by, 241-42,427,440 Marshall Plan; Acheson and, 51,270,280, 512Ո15; continuing past cutoff date, 285-86; covert cover for espionage expenses provided by, 419-20; cutoff date of, 273,277; Eastern Europe unable to participate in, 350; effectiveness of, 53; implementation of,
246,269; LeMay and, 349; Nitze and, 91; as part of US Cold War containment policy, 21,419,444; proposal of, 17-18; South Korean politics and, 29; stalled European recovery despite, 277; Truman and, 123; West Germany included in, 18,419
576 Martin, Joseph W, Jr., 68,226 McCarran, Patrick A., 68,79 McCarthy, Joseph, 61-80,75; attacks on Truman administration, 42,62-63, 71-72,122,140,474; background of, 63-66; Hiss and, 68-70; impact of, 79-80,479; Philby firing and, 462; reelection of (1952), 79; Senate report criticizing, 77-78; Tydings Committee and, 71-78,122; Wheeling speech (February 9,1950), 42, 62, 63, 66,70,71 McClellan, John L„ 297 McCloy, John J., 26,272-75, 283-88,290, 299,302 McKinley, William, 239 McMahon, Brien, 72, 83, 84 McNair, Leslie J„ 212 McNamara, Robert, 366 McNeil, Wilfred J„ 150 MDAP (Mutual Defense Assistance Program), 269-70,271,286 Meilinger, Phillip, 354-55 Menshikov, Mikhail, 10-11 Miasishchev, Vladimir, 322-24,484 MİG-15S, 200,227,320,354,362,469,473, 543Ո55 MİG-17S, 354 Mikoyan, Anastas, 9-11,12-13,15, 23 Millett, Allan R„ 115,122,13 6,152,155,199, 252,510Ո9,520m Mitchell, Billy, 337 Model, Walter, 220-21 Molotov, Vyacheslav; on arrests of Tupolev and other aircraft designers, 310; Berlin Blockade and, 444; Mao and, 22,23; at Marshall Plan meeting in Paris (1947), 18; as nuclear program director, 377,380,383, 392,484; in Stalin’s regime, ю, 12-13,15; State Defense Committee member, 373 Mongolia, 24,67 Monnet, Jean, 282-83,287,299,302 Montague, Ludwell Lee, 418,449,451,456 Montgomery, Bernard, 213-14, 219-21,355, 438-41 Montgomery, John B„ 331,333 INDEX Morocco, US building base in, 356 Mu Chong, 111 Muccio, John J„ 118,119,124,125,128,130 Murrow, Edward R., 79 Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP), 269-70,271,286 Mydans, Carl, 162 National Intelligence Authority, 414
National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), 201, 262-63, 417, 447. 450-5Ն 454.470 National Security Act (1947), 349.415,423 National Security Agency (NSA), 69,469, 549Ո20 National Security Council (NSC): assessment of NSC Report 68,106-7; covert operations, DCI given authority by, 458; criticism of NSC Report 68, 103-4; Dulles Report (1949) and, 417; European Defence Community (EDO) and, 300; Korean War strategy and, 132,487; meetings at end of 1950,203; meetings with Truman, 142; “The Need of Defense Measures Against Increasing Threat of Atomic Attack Against the Continental United States” (paper presented to NSC), 94; NSC Report 8/2,56; NSC Report 10/2,419,459; NSC Report 13/2,157; NSC Report 20/4,50-51, 99,106; NSC Report 48/2,58; NSC Report 50,417-18,448,454; NSC Report 68 (68/2 and 68/4), 80,93-107,150, 252-53,262-64, Յ60, 457,473,477,480; NSC Report 81/1,165,166; NSC Report 114 and revised 114/1 and 114/2 (replacing NSC 68), 262-67; NSC Report 115,300; psychological warfare and, 457; Smith as CIA director and, 448; South Korea, US troops in, 55; on successful measures of Operation Thunderbolt, 224; superbomb issue and, 83; Truman’s adoption of NSC Report 68,103-6 National Security Resources Board, 105-6 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): formation (1949), 20,
INDEX 52-53; German rearmament and, 285, 290,298-300; Greece and Turkey joining, 302,481; militarization of, wisdom of policy in hindsight, 488; nuclear weapons control and, 86; purpose and importance of, 269, 445; Stalin’s postwar strategy and, 21; Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and, 287,290; tactical nuclear weapons deployed in Germany and, 302; tensions in, 270; US troops allocated to, 285-86,292-98,302; West Germany’s participation in, 21,301 Nemenov, Leonid M„ 385,386 neutralism, 247,270,271, 278,301 Newfoundland, US building base in, 356 Newman, Robert, 78 Nimitz, Chester W„ 64 Nitze, Paul, 82; background of, 89-90; concern over Soviet atomic capability, 360; defense budget and, 253; drafting NSC Report 68, 93-98, 105,473, 516Ո18; Kennan and, 87; as Office of International Trade Policy deputy director and later director, 91-92; as Policy Planning Staff director, 98; proposal for review of H-bomb development, 83-84; “Recent Soviet Moves,” 93; as US Strategic Bombing Survey director, 90-91 Nixon, Richard M„ 70,74 Norden bombsight, 339 Normandy invasion (World War II, known as Overlord), 215-19,241,344-45, 437-38,440 Norstad, Lauris, 331 North Atlantic Council, 286-88,290-91, 300-301 North Atlantic Treaty (1949), 52-53,123, 246,269 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO Northeast Border Defense Army (Chinese), 174,176,177,190-91,199 577 North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): CIA’s inability to collect intelligence on, 463,465-66,473; founding of (1948), 36; North Korean Communist Party, 36; North Korean Provisional People’s Committee, 109;
preparation for war, 37-41; relations with other communist regimes, 196-97, 233-34; Soviets providing weapons and support to, 2,7,37,39,40,111,112,136, 23Յ) 475; transformation of Cold War, 472-89. See ako Kim Il-sung; Korean People’s Army; Korean War North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), 172 Novikov, A. A., 305,315 Novikov, N. V., 12 NSA (National Security Agency), 69, 469, 549Ո20 NSC. See National Security Council Nuclear History Program (international study), 3-4 nuclear weapons, development and deployment of, 3; AAF strategy after 1946,328; Acheson-Lilienthal Plan for control of atomic energy, 280; air power to deliver strategic nuclear weapons, 268; Asian policy of Stalin, changes due to Soviet atomic development, 25; Bikini Atoll test (1954), 405,410; defense budget ceiling and, 88-89; dispute among US service branches over atomic bombing operations, 352-53; Germany, US Army housing tactical nuclear weapons in, 302; Hiroshima’s impact on, 388-93; hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) decision by US, 82-84; LeMay’s role in, 349; Manhattan Project (US development of atomic bomb), 42,45,46,305,375-76, 387,511П8; opposition to atomic strategy, 84-87; prior to fall of Berlin to Red Army, British-American unit capturing uranium ore and delivering it to Manhattan Project, 387; SAC atomic strike equipment, 329; Smyth Report
578 nuclear weapons (continued) (sanitized history of Manhattan Project report), 394; Soviet stockpile of nuclear weapons, 94-95, 264,409, 409Ѓ, 411,485; thermonuclear bomb development, 399,408, 410; transfer of nuclear weapons from AEC to SAC, 364; Truman considering use of in Korean War, 203, 204, 248-49; Tu-16 designed by Tupolev to drop hydrogen bomb, 320; US accelerated research, 61, 82,375; US advances in larger bombs, 81; US stockpile of nuclear weapons, 361, 473; WSEG I Study on atomic war plan, 360, See also Atomic Energy Commission; Soviet atomic bomb development Nutter, Ralph, 343-44 O’Donnell, Emmett “Rosie,” 361 Office of Defense Mobilization, 266 Office of Policy Coordination. See Central Intelligence Agency Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 413,418 OFFTACKLE as US war plan against Soviet Union, 358,53бп2Ј Offutt Air Force Base (Omaha), 331,352 Olds, Robert, 337-38 O’Mahoney, Joseph C„ 260 Ongjin Peninsula, 37,111,113 Operation Chromite (Inchon landing), i5i-53 158-63,161,477; Chinese expectation of and sharing information with Kim and Stalin, 159,177; effect on communist regimes’ strategy, 178,189, 197; MacArthur’s victory over North Korea, 162-63,477 Operation Thunderbolt, 223 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 85,96 Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 277 Orlov, Andrei, 188 Ostapenko, Yu. A., 3 Outer Mongolia. See Mongolia Overy, Richard, 344 INDEX P-51 fighters, 359Í P-80 fighters, 359t Pace, Frank, 127,135 Pak Hon-yong, 111,173,232 Pak Il-yu, 111 Pantsov, Alexander, 179,181,186 Park Hon-yong, 190 Patton, George S„ 213,214,219,438 Paulsen, Friedrich,
180,185 Pearson, Drew, 76 Pendergast, Tom, 44-45 Peng Dehuai, 210; background of, 206-8; as Chinese People’s Volunteers commander, 193,198-234; in Communist Party, 207; compared to Ridgway, 221-22; in disagreement with Kim and other generals, 200; initial Korean War strategy of, 200,224,478; in KMT, 206-7; Korean War cease-fire talks and, 229; Mao and, 207-9, 210, շշշ շշ4’ as “mediocre” military strategist, 208; in PLA during Chinese Civil War, 208; PRC positions held by, 208; preparation for intervention and, 196; purged and subjected to torture and interrogation until his death, 210-11,530Ո17; StalinZhou telegram (1950), effect on, 194; in support of Mao’s intervention policy, 191,192-93; in United Front fight against Japan, 207. See ako Chinese People’s Volunteers People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 170,175, 185,208,475 People’s Republic of China (PRC): attitude toward North Koreans, 233; Beijing as capital, 185; Central Military Commission, 177,189,207; CIA’s inability to collect intelligence on, 466-67, 473; Common Program, 168; creation of (1949), 21,38,167,185; economic reconstruction as priority of, 192; initial challenges for, 167,475; land reform in, 168-69,171; North Vietnam and, 172; political mobilization in, 171; recognition as sole legitimate government of China,
INDEX 579 203-4, 248,479, 534Ո18; regional Rasetti, Franco, 371 division and administration of, 169; Rearden, Steven, 91 relations with other communist regimes, Republicans: 1952 elections, 79,294; 196-97,233-34; Stalin’s attitude toward, armistice agreement and, 232; China 21-22; UN admission of, 204, 248; in lobby and, 66; crossing 38th Parallel United Front, 168,170,182, 207. See and, 165; on German rearmament, 286; also Korean War; Sino-Soviet Treaty Korean War, support for, 143; loss to of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Truman as stimulus for anticooperative Assistance (1950) behavior, 50,63; right wing and support Perkins, George, 103,104 for McCarthy, 63,72-73,123,474; Pershing, John J., 239 Taiwan’s protection, support for, 143; Pervukhin, Mikhail, 377,380,383,389,401 on US troops’ deployment to Europe, Peurifoy, John, 71,122 294-95 Philby, Kim, 59-60,422,460,462, 552Ո85 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Philippines, 59,128,130-31,140,153,156,192, Research and Development Corporation 211,251 PLA (Peoples Liberation Army), 170,175, 185,208,475 (RAND), 349 Rhee, Syngman: as American ally, 422; distrust of army’s senior officers, 114; Pleven, René, 287-88,299 forced evacuation from Seoul, 130; Pleven Plan, 288-90 inadequate defense preparations of, 117; Pogue, Forrest, 239,246 MacArthur and, 118-19: North Korean Poland: Freedom and Independence fear of invasion by, 111; opposed to movement (WIN) in, 461; Marshall cease-fire terms, 231; ordering South Plan and, 18; Soviet purges in (1948), 19; Korean troops to cross 38th Parallel, Stalin’s failure to honor Yalta
agreements 166; releasing North Korean prisoners to on, 388; uranium ore provided to Soviet undermine cease-fire terms, 231; Truman Union, 394 and, 31,55,123; US support for, 122,477 politics of fear, 61-80 Rhodes, Richard, 397 Potsdam Conference (1945), 45 Power, Thomas S., 331 Riabeva, L. D„ 3 Ricks, Thomas, 227 PRC. See People’s Republic of China Ridgway, Matthew, 225,456·, background Preston, Joe, 340-41 Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), 457-58 of, 211-21; compared to Peng, 221-22; psychological warfare, 457,459 War, 202,222-23,479-80; as 18th Pusan: goal of North Koreans to reach, 112, Airborne Corps commander in World as Eighth Army commander in Korean 113; Pusan Perimeter, fighting of UN War II, 218-19; as 82nd Infantry Division troops to stabilize, 133-38,138,142,162, commander in World War II, 212-17; 164,176,189, 284,361-62,477; railway Korean War cease-fire discussions and, 229; reputation of, 213, 215,216, 219. See workers’ strike in, 29; South Korean naval victory at, 118 Pyongyang Academy (North Korea), 109 also Korean War Riehl, Nikolaus, 394,406 Rigmant, Vladimir, 326 Radford, Arthur W„ 152 Radio Free Europe, 421 Rakosi, Mátyás, 11 Röntgen, Wilhelm, 368 Roosevelt, Franklin D„ 43-44.67,240-41, 340,375,427.429-30,440
580 Roper, Elmo, 48 Rosenberg, David Alan, 360 Roshchin, N. V., 40,191 Ross, Steven T„ 536Ո21 Rovere, Richard, 80,515Ո30 Rusk, Dean, 26,123,163 SAC. See Strategie Air Command Sakharov, Andrei, 399,402-3,408 Schlesinger, James R., 3 Schrecken Ellen, 79 Schumacher, Kurt, 289 Schuman, Robert, 52,275-76,282-83, 286-90,299,302 Schuman Pian, 282-85,287-88,290 Schwartz, Thomas, 273 Sebald, William, 146 Semenov, Nikolai, 369,374 Senate, US: Armed Services Committee, 295, 326,447; Foreign Relations Committee, 72,77, 80,295; Internal Security Subcommittee, 79: Resolution 231 (1950), 72,78; Tydings Committee (1950), 71-78, 80 Seoul: third offensive of CPV capturing, 251; North Koreans’ capture of, 118-19; Operation Chromite’s capture of, 162, 165; Ridgway s troops protecting against fifth offensive of CPV, 227; Willoughby reporting on North Korean threat to, 124 Service, John Stewart, 74,77 Seventh Fleet, 128,130,134,138,145-46,151, 164,170,174 Seventh Infantry Division, 158-59,162 Shakhurin, A. I., 315 Shelton, Christina, 514Ո12 Shen Zhihua, 3,191,200,233 Shepherd, Lemuel C., Jr., 152 Sherman, Forrest R, 136,152 Short, Dewey, 421 Shtykov, Terentii F.: background of and role in North Korea, 35; on fear of South Korean invasion of North Korea, 111; involvement in offensive operations against South Koreans, 112; Kím and, INDEX 25; seeking additional arms for North Korean army and police, 37 Shu Guang Zhang, 3 signals intelligence (SIGINT), 423,464,469, 474 Sikorsky, Igor, 307 Simonov, N. S., 3 Sinel’nikov, Kirill, 379 Sino-Soviet Treaty (1945), 22,23 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (1950), 7,21-25, 38,40,42,115,171,172,193,277,486 Smirnov, Yuri N„ 396 Smith, Charles B., 136-37 Smith, H. Alexander, 68 Smith, Howard W, 267 Smith, Lawrence K., 68 Smith, Oliver Prince, 152,529Ո8 Smith, Walter Bedell “Beetle,” 423-71,456; as ambassador to Soviet Union after World War II, 443-44; as assistant secretary, and later secretary, to Marshall, 427-28; background of, 423-46; Brooke and, 440-41; as CIA director, 143,247, 446-69; as Combined Chiefs of Staff secretary, 243,430; as commander of First Army on Governor’s Island, 444-45; compared to Eisenhower, 432; compared to LeMay, 442; de Gaulle’s recognition as head of provisional French government, role in, 438-39; Dykes and, 430; German surrender, role in, 441-42; in Italy during World War II, 433-36; jeeps and, 428; Korean War strategy and, 247; legacy of, 469-71; My Three Years in Moscow, 445-46; as Normandy invasion’s chief planner, 438; promotion to four-star general (1951), 452; as Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) chairman, 457; SHAEF headquarters in England during World War II, 437,447,452; Truman’s meetings with, 471; in World War II, 426-42. See also Central Intelligence Agency Smyth, Henry D., 394
INDEX Smyth Report (sanitized history of Manhattan Project report), 394 Snow, Edgar, 180-81 Sontag, Raymond, 453 Souers, Sidney W, 414,446 sources for research, 4,486 South Korea (Republic of Korea): army of, 109,524Ո30; casualties suffered in war, 232; evacuation of American dependents and civilians (June 26,1950), 119,128; Marshall Plan and, 29; present-day clashes continuing on border, 234,362; US aid and support for, 43,59,123,128, 172; US failure to arm Rhee prior to Korean War, 117; US recognizing direct responsibility for military security of, 21, 59; US troops in (1948), 55; US troops in (present day), 234. See also Korean War; Rhee, Syngman “The Soviet-American Strategic Arms Competition” study, 3 Soviet atomic bomb development, 314, 367-412,482; Academy of Sciences’ role in, 369,370,372,382,385,403-4; Arzamas-16 to build and test detonation mechanisms, 399-402; atomic bomb test (1949), 21,38, 61,70, 88,94,401-8, 485; benefits from receiving intelligence reports on US/UK bomb program and bombings, 375,387,390,392, 394,396-97, 407-8, 485; Beria’s role as atomic development commander, 381-84,407,484; Cheliabinsk-40 radioactive discharge, effect on environment, 400-401; Cheliabinsk-40 reactors, 398-99,401,408,485; climate of suspicion and fear surrounding Soviet scientists, 370,381-82,384,396, 402-3,407; costs of, 407; cyclotron development, 378-79,381,385-86; Czechoslovakia’s agreement to provide uranium ore to Soviet Union, 387; duration of development period, 407, 485; expansion of weapons production, 408-10; F-i reactor, 375-76,392,395-97, 581 547Ո48; first Soviet
heavy water reactor, 383,386; Flerov and, 374-75,376-77! Hiroshima’s impact on, 388-93,483; infrastructure and industry, creation of, 393-401,546Ո42; Institute of Rare and Fine Metals creating pure uranium metal, 387; Ioffe’s role in, 368-71,377, 379; Kharkiv Institute’s role in, 369-71; Kurchatov’s role in, 370-72,377; multiple research programs supported, 399,410, 485; NKVD supervision of, 384-89; physics, Soviet study and development of, 368-69,403-4; progress despite lack of resources, 384-88; Radium Institute (Leningrad), 372,378,382; ScientificTechnical Council, 373-74,376,389; seizure of German nuclear materials and scientists, 387,390; Stalin and, 25, 384,392,402,410-12,486; Stalin and Beria failing to accord priority to, 384, 388,482; Stalin ordering Kurchatov to copy American plutonium bomb design, 392; Stalin’s purges and World War II efforts, effect on, 367-68,370-71,373-77; thermonuclear bomb development, 399; uranium, quest for, 386-87,394,407; uranium purification program, 394,399, 485. See also Kurchatov, Igor Soviet spies: Burgess, 59,462,469; Fuchs, 42, 61,70,376,387,392,394,407,485; on Hiroshima/Nagasaki, 375-76,392; Hiss case, 69; Kurchatovs F-i reactor based on intelligence provided by, 375-76, 392; Maclean, 462,469; on Manhattan Project, 42, 61,305,375-76,387,388, 394, 397, 482; McCarthy and, 76; Philby as top Soviet spy, 59-60,422,460,462; Rosenbergs, 469; SIGINT’s effectiveness in identifying, 469 Soviet Union: all-Russian trade fair in Leningrad (January 1949), 13-14; armistice of Korean War accepted by, 231,480; aviation industry in, 305-27,483;
casualties in Korean War, 233; Central AeroHydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI),
582 Soviet Union (continued) INDEX CIA proposing assassination of, 464; 306-7; CIAs inability to collect intelligence death of, 231,301; demonstration of on, 455,473; Communist Information power by, 12-14; foreign policy priorities Bureau (Cominform), 18,19,20; Council of, 17-21; Germany, policies toward, of Ministers’ resolution (February 1947) 19-21; Kim meeting with (March 1950), on allocation of power in, 12; cybernetics 37,39; Kim seeking support from, 2, study in, 314-15; defense industry in, 24-25.37.39.108, ill, 114,190.194.475. 486; Korean War and, 7,38-39,165,172, after World War II, 8,57,304-5,474; dissidents and intellectuals, treatment of, 178,189,195,475,486; Kurchatov and, 13,18,309,325,403,445; dysfunctional 381,383,392,402; Mao, relationship with, decision making process in (1948-50), 21-25,183,184-85,188,194,196; Marshall 17; environmental contamination from Plan, reaction to, 18; orchestrating atomic production facilities, 400-401; Chinese intervention in Korean War, 39, Gosplan (economic planning agency) 172,189-90,193,237,412,486; personality affair (1949), 13-14; Leningrad Five affair of, 9-11; physical decline and isolation (1949), 13-14,15,16,508Ո19; Mongolia and, of, 11,16-17; riss to power as dictator, 24; NKGB’s Department S, 390-91; NKVD 8-11; secret police and security forces of, in control of aircraft design, 310-25; 14-15.393; Shtykov and, 112; Smith’s My NKVD in control of nuclear project, 384- Three Years in Moscow on, 445; Truman 89; Politburo under Stalin, 11-16,393,474; and, 45-46; trying to avoid war in Korea, relations with other
communist regimes, 37,112,165; trying to avoid war with 196-97,233-34; Smith’s My Three Years in United States, 2,412,486; Tupolev and, Moscow on, 445; State Defense Committee, 314,482 373,377,380,389; as supplier in Korean Stassen, Harold, 295 War to North Korea and China, 2,7,37,39, 40,111,112,136,233,475; US assessment State-Defense Policy Review Group, 96-103, of Soviet involvement in Korean War, State Department, US: Asian military and 516-17Ո22,517Ո30 79,126,129-30,284,476; World War II s economic aid and, 43,58; China policy legacy in, 7-8. See also Beria, Lavrenti; of, 54, 57; China White Paper (1949), Cold War; Korean War; Sino-Soviet 54; covert operations, role in, 455,458; Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual on CPV size, 201; European Defence Assistance (1950); Soviet atomic bomb Community (EDC) and, 299-300; intelligence agencies, recommendations development; Stalin, Joseph; individual countries under control ofSoviet Union on, 413-14; Korea policy of, 28,55; loyalty Spaatz, Carl, 328-29 Spain, US building bases in, 303,356 files of personnel, 62-63, 71,73. 77.122; Loyalty Review Boards, 71; Marshall Plan spies: Kim receiving intelligence ahead of Inchon assault, 159,161; OPC recruiting, implementation and, 17-18; McCarthy’s 420. See also Soviet spies attacks on, 62-63,71-72.77-78,79,122, 278; NSC 68, response to, 103-4; Office Spofford, Charles M., 288 of Intelligence Research, 126; Policy Spofford Plan, 289-90 Planning Staff, 81,163; recommending Stalin, Joseph, 23; aircraft design and, 305-15, 411; atomic development and, 25,384, 392,402,410-12,484;
Berlin Blockade and, 444; Chinese Civil War and, 184-85; cease-fire positioning of UN troops, 237. See also Acheson, Dean; Marshall, George C. Stimson, Henry L., 74, 245,278,442
INDEX Strategic Air Command (SAC): bases, 583 Taubman, William, 19 331-33.332Ѓ, 352,356,481; capabilities Taylor, Maxwell D., 216 of aircraft, 353-58,357-58Ѓ, 363, 473, Teiwes, Frederick, 188,209 481; change of course under LeMay, Teller, Edward, 84,399,410 329-33։ compared to Soviet approach to Tender, Arthur, 437 national defense, 411; control of nuclear Terletskii, Iakov, 392 weapons transferred from AEC to, 364; 38th Parallel: Allison recommending dispute with Navy over atomic bombing advancing beyond, 163; cease-fire at, operations, 352-53; fighter planes, 359Í; acceptable to US, 203; clashes at (1949), initial lack of readiness for combat, 31,37; as dividing line for neutral zone 328-29; Korean War and, 361-66,481; between opposing forces, 229; fifth LeMay as commander of, 331,350, 365-66; number of aircraft, 356,357t; below, 227; Mao promising aid to Kim for offensive of CPV driving UN forces OFFTACKLE as war plan against Soviet US strikes north of, 40,197; present-day Union, 358,536Ո21; reconnaissance continuing hostile actions at, 234,362; aircraft, 359t; tankers, 358t; target proposal for division at (1945), 26; Rhee selection in Soviet Union, SAC gaining ordering South Korean troops to cross, control of, 364-65; teamwork and unit 166; Ridgway pushing CPV back across, initiative stressed by LeMay, 351-53; war 227,480; Stalin on, 37,111; US/UN troops’ plans of, 358-61; Wright Field (Dayton), practice night attack on, 333. See also strikes north of, 133-34,163-66,486 Thomas, Evan, 245,246 LeMay, Curtis E.; specific aircraft types Thompson, Llewellyn E., Jr.,
103,104,516Ո18 Strong, Kenneth, 448 Thorp, Willard L., 103 Struble, Arthur D., 151 303 funds for defense of Chinese Sudoplatov, Pavel, 390-91 Sun Yat-sen, 182 Thurmond, Strom, 47-48,50 Superfortresses. See B-29 bombers Tibbets, Paul W, 330 Symington, Stuart, 326,360 Tito, Josip Broz, 18-19 Nationalists, 57-58 Tofte, Hans, 465 Taft, Robert A., 58,73,75,144, 255,294,297 Taiwan (Formosa): Asian policy of Truman administration and, 21,59,127,146, trade unions, communist influence in, 420 Troyanovsky, Oleg, 9,10 Truman, Harry, 49,250,266,291,300; 172; Chinese Communists realizing Acheson and, 281-82,302; Asian policy US military aid as impediment to of, 21,31,53-55,58,79,172; atomic their overtaking, 172; Joint Chiefs of weapons and, 42,84,203,204,248-49, Staff agreeing to defense for, 57,58, 389; background of, 43-45; becoming 145; MacArthur’s position on strategic president upon Roosevelt’s death (April importance of, 147; Mao’s desire to 12,1945), 44; blamed for “loss” of China, acquire, 40,170,171,174; Truman agreeing to US-provided protection 21,61,70,278; campaign for reelection and election results, 47-49; consolidation for, 130,232; US Seventh Fleet in of US commitments by, 42-60; Formosa Strait, 134,174. See also Chinese Eisenhower’s assessment of Truman’s lack Nationalists of understanding that US would be in Tamm, Igor, 399, 408 major war, 133,142,201; on executive Task Force Smith, 136-37 authority to commit forces, 141; executive
584 Truman (continued) authority used to commit US forces in Korea, 141,144,2-55; Fair Deal domestic legislative program of, 43,140; farm vote and, 512П13; French forces in Vietnam, aid to, 172; on German rearmament, 284,285; international and financial challenges, 50-53; on MacArthur’s conduct, 145-47, 204,226,249; McCarthy’s tactics of red scare and, 61,71,79; NSC 68 and, 104-6; praised for war decisionmaking and increased popular support for, 141, 254-55; psychological warfare and, 459; public unpopularity and vulnerability of, 7,47-48,123; as Roosevelt’s vice president, 43-44,45; scandal exposés on improper gifts to administration members, 43; Smith and, 471; Stalin and, 45-46; third world war as inevitable for, 488; Western Europe’s security as top priority for, 51, 60,158,203,270. See also defense budget; Korean War Truman Doctrine: Acheson and, 280, 512Ո15; covert actions by CIA and, 419; economic and military support to Greece and Turkey, 29,47; financial commitments of, 123; globalism vs. isolationism and, 256; Lovett and, 246; Nitze and, 91; as part of US Cold War containment policy, 28-29,270,444 Truscott, Lucian K„ 463-64 Tupolev, Andrei N., 305-27,323,482-83; ANT-i airplane design by, 307; ANT-շ airplane design by, 307,308; ANT25 airplane design by, 308; ANT-42 bomber and, 311; B-29 copy called B-4, Stalin giving order for, 316-19,482-83; background of, 306-9; cybernetics and, 314-15; meeting with Stalin to explain refusal to enlarge Tu-16,321; Miasishchev as competitor designer of M-4 bombers, 322-23,484; PB-4 dive bomber and, 311; Project 64 to design bomber
deliver atomic bomb, 314,315,320; purged by Stalin and in prison design bureau, INDEX 309-13; released from prison to do design work during World War II, 313-14; rewarded by Stalin, 314,318; TB-i bomber design by, 307; TB-3 bomber design by 308; Tu-շ dive bomber design by 311,312,319; Tu֊4 long-range bomber design by (B-4 renamed in honor of Tupolev), 318,319,320,408,411,483; Tu-16 medium-range bomber design by 318,319-20,483; Tu-85 intercontinental bomber design by, 320,323,324,483; TU-95/TU-95M/TU-95A/TU-95MA intercontinental bomber design by, 323, 324-27,411,484; turbojet and turboprop engines rejected by 321,324 Turkey 29,47,91,280,302-3,356,481 Tydings, Millard, 293 Tydings Committee (1950), 71-78,80,122 Ulbricht, Walter, 272 unification of Korea: Kim ITsung’s goal of, 24,108,112,475; need for UN action on, 163,166; Stalin’s view on, 39-40; as US goal, 163,164,165 United Nations: Charter obligations, 59,128, 144; forces in Korean War, 137-38,139, 223-25,227,229-30; negotiations to settle war at, 205,226,480; planning of, 413; PRC admission to, 204,248; Security Council on North Korean aggression, 120,124,126,128,131; South Korea and, 29; Soviet stance on Korean War in, 164-65. See also Korean War United States: casualties in Korean War, 233; Kim discounting likely involvement in talks with Mao about launching Korean War, 40; Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP), 53,57; recession (1949), 42-43,81; 303 funds for defense of Chinese Nationalists, 57-58; trying to avoid war with China, 3,60,203, 237,487; trying to avoid war with Soviet Union, 97,366. See aho Cold War;
Korean War; nuclear weapons, development and deployment of;
INDEX Truman, Harry; World War II; specific government agencies and ojficiah University of North Korean Studies (Seoul), 4 Urey, Harold, 370 Vandenberg, Hoyt: as air force chief of staff, 329,415; as director of central intelligence (DCI), 414-15; identifying need for changes to insure combat readiness, 329-33; LeMay and, 350; Lovett and, 246; on Operation Thunderbolt, 224; on transfer of nuclear weapons from AEC to SAC, 364; on US strategy at start of Korean War, 127,130,206 Vannikov, Boris, 389,390,398 Vasiliyev, Nikolai A., 112,113 Vassiliev, Alexander, 397 Venona transcripts, 69,514Ո12 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 372,386 Vernadsky, George, 372 Vietnam (Indochina): Chinese plan for Communist takeover in, 170,172; France in, 55,131,172, 277, 292,300 Vinson, Carl, 88 Voroshilov, Klimenti, 373 Vorys, John M„ 68 Voznesensky, Nikolai A., 14 Walker, Walton H„ 137-38, 202,479 Wallace, Henry A., 47,50 Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), 360 Webb, James E., 106,126, 282,457 Weidenbach, Adolph C, 156 Weiner, Tim, 459-60,470-71 Weinstein, Allen, 70 Weisskopf, Victor, 371 Welch, Joseph Nye, 79 Westad, Odd Arne, 183-84 Western Enterprises (CIA front group on Taiwan), 467 Western Europe: European Coal and Steel Community, 283; fear of Soviet aggression in, 269-70; integrated European defense 585 force (European Defence Community [EDC]), 287-88,290,298-300; LeMay as US Air Forces Europe commander, 349; stalled economic recovery in, 300; US debate over increasing troops in, 292-98; US defense budget underwriting, 255; as US priority, 51,60,158,203,247, 269,270-71,479. See also Marshall
Plan; specific countries West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): Basic Law, adoption of (1949), 20,52; Bonn as capital, 272; Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service), 421-22; concessions from North Atlantic Council meeting, 287; creation of (1949), 20,52, 269, 272, 419,551Ո57; currency policy and, 19-20, 274,275,419; end of Western powers’ occupation in, 20,45,46,290,292,301, 441; France and, 273-77; Korean War as situation giving advantage to German rearmament arguments, 289; Marshall Plan to include, 18,419; rearmament of, 284, 285-92; Social Democrats in, 273 289; US desire to create as stable, prosperous country, 272-78; Washington Agreements (adopted 1949), 275; West Berlin, 272,419; Young Germans resistance group, CIA support for, 463. See also Berlin airlift; Berlin Blockade Wherry, Kenneth, 75,294, 297 White, Lincoln, 71 Whitehouse, Frank, 105 Whitney, Courtney, 156,161 Willoughby, Charles A., 121-22,124,156,199, 201,456 Wilson, E. T. S., 369 Wisconsin Progressive Party, 65 Wisner, Frank, 419-21,453,454,457-60, 463-64,470,553Ո98 Wolfe, James, 523Ո19 Wolk, Herman S., 350 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Cold War International History Project, 4; Digital Archive on
586 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (continued) website, 4; North Korea International Documentation Project, 4; Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, 4; Program on International Security Studies, 4 World Bank, 413 World War 1,180-81,211,239,244,272,425 World War II: Arcadia planning session with Churchill, 242,429-30; Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) in, 429-30, 439; European theater favored by US over Pacific conflict, 270; at fall of Berlin to Soviets, NKVD in search of uranium, 387; final push by Allies to defeat Germany, 439-41; German surrender (May 7,1945) and subsequent occupation, 20,45,46,290,292, 439,441-42; Italy in, 212-15,433-37; Japanese surrender (August 14,1945), 46,348,389; Lend-Lease program, 280, 305,316,388,428; Malta conference on strategy to defeat Hitler, 439-40; Marshall and, 241-43; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 312; Normandy invasion (Overlord), 215-19, 241,344-45,437-38,440; North Africa offensive (Operation Torch), 136, 243,429,431-33; postwar compared to World War I postwar, 272; prior to fall of Berlin to Soviets, British-American unit capturing uranium ore and delivering it to Manhattan Project, 387; Ridgway in, 211-16; Soviet air force in, 304-5; Soviet atomic bomb development during, 373-77; Soviet legacy from, 7-8; Soviet offensive in Asian theater, 389; Soviets under siege by Nazis, 368,373,385; US military demobilization after peace, 413,473; US military disorganization at time of entry into, 429,431; Yalta Conference (1945), 21-22,45,67,68,388. See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; nuclear weapons, development and deployment
of; Soviet atomic bomb development INDEX Wright Field (Dayton), practice night attack on, 333 WSEG (Weapons Systems Evaluation Group), 360 Xiao San, 180 Yafeng Xia, 3,200,233 Yakovlev, Alexander S., 310 Yalta Conference (1945), 21-22,45, 67, 68, 388 Yalu River (border of PRC and Korea): B-29S disabling power plants along, 362; Chinese troops crossing, 196, 237,487; MacArthur’s strategy and, 477; Soviet air cover of, 200, 233 Yang Changji, 180 Yugoslavia, independence of, 302-3 Zakharov, M. V., 189 Zaloga, Steven, 322 Zaveniagin, Avraamii P., 390, 546Ո38 Zel’dovich, Iakov, 385,403,406 Zhang Guotao, 183 Zhdanov, Andrei, 18,35 Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 13 Zhigarev, Pavel, 320 Zhou Enlai: advocating joining Jiangsponsored National Assembly, 183; armistice of Korean War and, 231; CCP role of, 182; claim that third world war inevitable, 205,488; Kim meeting with (1950), 39; Kissinger on, 509Ո33; Korean War and, 174,175, 177; protest to UN that US action constituted act of aggression against PRC, 146-47; rejecting UN cease-fire proposals, 205; Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950) and, 23; Stalin meeting on Korean War strategy (1950), 194; StalinZhou telegram (1950) to Mao, 194; strategy to confront US on three fronts, 173; on US Seventh Fleet in Formosa Strait, 134,174 Zhukovskiy, N. Ye., 306-7 Ч Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: THE WAR 1 STALIN ENDORSES WAR IN ASIA 7 2 KIM IL-SUNG PLANS AN ATTACK 26 3 TRUMAN CONSOLIDATES US COMMITMENTS 42 4 Joseph McCarthy sells the politics of fear 61
X CONTENTS 5 PAUL NUTZE SOUNDS THE TOCSIN 81 6 NORTH KOREA DRIVES SOUTH 108 7 TRUMAN REVERSES POLICY 121 8 DOUGLAS MacARTHUR GAMBLES AND WINS 142 9 MAO ZEDONG INTERVENES MASSIVELY 167 10 PENG DEHUAI AND MATTHEW RIDGWAY FIGHT TO A STALEMATE 198 PART II: THE TRANSFORMATION 11 GEORGE C. MARSHALL AND ROBERT LOVETT GUIDE A US BUILDUP 237 12 DEAN ACHESON LEADS THE DEFENSE OF EUROPE 269 13 ANDREI TUPOLEV CREATES A STRATEGIC BOMBER FORCE 304 14 CURTIS LeMAY BUILDS THE STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND 328
CONTENTS XI 15 IGOR KURCHATOV DEVELOPS SOVIET NUCLEAR WEAPONS 367 16 WALTER BEDELL SMITH REFORMS AND EXPANDS THE CIA 413 17 KOREA TRANSFORMS THE COLD WAR 472 Chronology Notes 491 $oy Selected Bibliography Index 563 555
INDEX Italicized page numbers refer to photographs; figures, notes, and tables are indicated byf, n, and tfollowing the page numbers. Abakumov, Viktor, 14-15,5081119 and, 288; in Roosevelt administration, Acheson, Dean, 250,291,300; on aid for 279-80; Schuman/Schuman Plan Rhee government, 59,513Ո26; assessment and, 275,283,288; as secretary of state of, 301-3,481; background of, 278-81, under Truman, 51,281; Smith as CIA 512Ո15; at Bretton Woods Conference, director and, 470; Soviet atomic bomb 280; China and Asia policy of, 21,53֊54 development, reaction to, 83; on Soviet 58-59,79,281; on congressional approval relations, 94,204; Truman and, 281-82, needed for war, 141,144; as “defender 302; as undersecretary of state to Byrnes, of Europe,” 302; on defense budget, 280; on US troops’ deployment to 97; Dulles Report (1949) and, 417; Europe, 296-97,302; Western Europe’s European Defence Community (EDC) security as top priority for, 51,270-71; and, 298-300; France and, 274; German West Germany and, 274-77; in World War II policymaking, 280 rearmament and, 286-87,301; Harriman and, 302; on Hoover’s neoisolationism, Adenauer, Konrad: Acheson and, 301, 293-94; Korean War cease-fire and, 229,238; Korean War strategy and, 302; election of, 20, 52,272; German rearmament and, 285-92; Schuman Plan 124-26,130,132,134, 201,205,247, 284-85,478,480-81; Lovett and, 245, and, 282-83; West Germany’s integration into Europe and, 273 302,481; Marshall and, 143,280,302,481; AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission McCarthyism and Republican attacks aircraft. See aviation industry; Tupolev, on, 74,79;
NATO and, 285-86,302; Nitze and, 92; on NSC-68’s strategy for Cold Andrei N.; specific aircraft by designation Air Force, US: air bases in Europe, 302; called War, 106-7,518Ո32; nuclear bomb US Army Air Forces in World War II, 340; development and, 93; Pleven Plan Eighth Air Force, 341,342,345; expansion
564 Air Force, US (continued) and defense budget, 265,268; Far East Air INDEX Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 81,83, Force, 200,361; Korean War, in action 254, Յ29.361,363-64 Attlee, Clement, 203,248,289,479 after start of, 119-20,132; lack of combat Austin, Warren, 147 readiness, 329-33; LeMay as US Air aviation industry; SAC and, 353-58; SAC Forces Europe commander, 349; LeMay fighter planes, 359Í; SAC number Doctrine, 342; LeMay s effect on, 366; of aircraft, 356,357í, 363; SAC National Security Act’s creation of, 349. reconnaissance aircraft, 359ft SAC See aho LeMay, Curtis E.; Strategic Air tankers, 358t; in Soviet Union, 305-27, Command (SAC); specific aircraft by type 483; US bombers in World War II, Albania, failed covert CIA operations in, 461 345-48. See ако Strategic Air Command; Aleksandrov, Anatolii, 401 Tupolev, Andrei N.; specific model of Alexander, Harold, 435-36,439 Alikhanov, Abram, 382-83,384,390 bombers Ayers, Eben, 145 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda (wife of Stalin), 13 Alliluyeva, Svetlana (daughter of Stalin), 9,12 B-17 bombers, 336-42 Allison, John, 125,163 B-24 bombers, 354 B-29 bombers: in Korean War, 361-63,473; Almond, Edward M. (Ned), 151,152,155,156, 161,529Ո8 LeMay and, 345-49,353—54; Lend-Lease Alsop, Joseph, 162 program and, 305; MİG-15S vs., 320, Alsop, Stewart, 228 362,473; problems in early test flights Alvarez, Luis, 84,378 of, 542Ո31; redesignated medium-range Anderson, Carl, 370 bombers, 543Ո46; SAC number of Andrew, Christopher, 469 (1946-54), 3571,361,363; Stalin ordering Angleton, James J., 422,460 Tupolev to copy, 316-19,411,482-83 anti-
Semitism, 325,403 Arkhangelskiy, Aleksandr A., 315-16 B-36 and B-36D bombers: B-52 vs., 356; designated heavy bombers, 543Ո46; Armed Forces Security Agency, 469 LeMay and, 81,353; MİG-15S and MiG- arms race; “Bomber Gap,” 484; extremes in 17s vs., 354; SAC number of (1946-54), tactical weapons and in size of arsenals 357ft З61 B-47 bombers: design of, 354-55,356; SAC in, 410; NATOs tactical nuclear weapons deployed in Germany, 302; NSC Report 68 on, 93-103; as outcome of Korean War, 234,481; US reaction to Soviet bomber threat, 327; WSEGI Study on number of (1946-54), 357ft B-50 bombers: redesignated medium-range bombers, 543Ո46; SAC number of (1946-54), 357ft 361 atomic war plan, 360. See also nuclear B-52 bombers, 355, 355-56,358,360,363, weapons, development and deployment 473,481 Bajanov, Evgeniy, 3 of; Soviet atomic bomb development Armstrong, Charles, 33-34,209 Bajanova, Natalia, 3 Armstrong, O. K., 68 Baldwin, Hanson, 338-39 Arnold, Henry H. “Hap,” 345,346 Balezin, S. A., 383 Artsimovich, Lev, 371,390 Barbour, Walworth, 125 atomic bomb. See nuclear weapons, Barrett, Edward W., 96,103,104 development and deployment of; Soviet Baruch, Bernard, 428 atomic bomb development Battle of the Bulge (1944-45), 218-19
INDEX Beech, Keyes, 162 Beisner, Robert L., 288,291 Belensky, Semyon, 399 Beneš, Edward, 387 Beria, Lavrenti: administrative skills of, 539Ո15; at atomic bomb test site, 405-6; as atomic development commander, 38184,405-7,484; Department S created by, 390-91; failing to accord priority to nuclear development, 384,388; Kapitsa and, 546Ո39; Kurchatov and, 381-82, 383-84,390,392; moving Sakharov to work with Khariton, 399; postHiroshima, urgency given to atomic weapon development by, 389; ScientificTechnical Council and, 373-74; Stalin’s attempts to counterbalance power of, 15.16,393; State Defense Committee member, 373,380; suspicious of Kurchatov and other scientists, 381-82, 396,402-3; Tupolev’s aircraft designs and, 310-13,314,315,325; Voznesensky investigation and, 14 Berlin airlift (1948-49), 20,47,51-52,246, 350,444,512П16, 542Ո38 Berlin Blockade (1948-49), 20,21,47,51,52, 329,412,444,542Ո38,551П57 Bevin, Ernest, 282,286 Bigart, Homer, 162 Blair, Bill, 162 Blair, Clay, 216-17,219 221 Bohlen, Charles, 103-4,129-30,263,488, 518Ո45 Bolshevism, 181 Bonesteel, Charles H., 26 Bonnet, Henri, 275 Bradley, Omar: on atomic bomb as principal offensive weapon, 84; defense budget FY1951 and, 149,258; on European defense strategy, 295; Jackson as deputy chief of intelligence for, 447,452; as JCS chairman, 471; on Korean War strategy, 127,148-49,204,247; Marshall and, 427; meeting with MacArthur in Japan (1950), 122; on National Guard 565 mobilization, 131; NATO and, 286; Ridgway and, 212,221; on Smith, 426-27, 447; Truman meetings with, 142; in World War II, 212,216, 218-21 Brandeis,
Louis, 279 Bretton Woods Conference, 280 Brewster, Owen, 68 Bricker, John, 73 Bridges, Styles, 68,74-75 Britain: Anglo-American dominance of NATO, 270; atomic bomb development efforts and coordination with US Manhattan Project, 375; criticism and recommendations of US conduct of Korean War, 203-4, 248-49,289,479; currency issues in, 274,277,283; Maud Committee report on atomic bomb development, 375-76; Montgomery’s army in World War II, 213-14, 219-21, 439,440,441; Pleven Plan and, 288; recognition of PRC by, 534Ո18; US aid to, 43,269; US building base in, 356 Broda, Engelbert, 397 Brooke, Alan, 439-41 Brown, Clarence J., Sr., 260 Brownell, George A., 469 Bruce, David K. E„ 277, 299,302 Brussels Pact (formed 1948), 19, 21,47,52 Bryoade, Henry, 285 Budenz, Louis E, 76 budget. See defense budget Bulganin, Nikolai, 15,16,194,372 Bulgaria, Soviet purges in (1948), 19 Bureau of the Budget, 253,260,267,413-14 Burgess, Guy, 59,462,469 Burma, CIA operations in, 468 Burnazian, A. I„ 406 Burns, James H„ 98,150 Byrnes, James E, 280 Cain, Harry P„ 68 Cairncross, John, 375 Cambridge Five (Soviet spies), 375 Canada: Manhattan Project, participation in, 375; US building base in, 356
566 Caridi, Ronald, 293 Castellano, Giuseppi, 435-36 ССР. See Cliinese Communist Party cease-fire negotiations: armistice (July 27, 1953), 231,301,362,480; British advocating for, 203,248-49; Chinese and North Korean leaders disagreeing in, 230; deadlock in, 230-31,261, 480; differing US officials’ opinions on when and whether to start, 203, 237-38, 247-48; intermittent talks for two years, 229,301,480; on location of truce line, 230; Panmunjom as site for talks, 229; prisoners of war exchange and, 229,230, 231; Soviet-US discussions about, 22829, 261; Trumans reaction to proposal of, 204; UN initiatives for, 205, 226,480 Central Aero-Hydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI, Russia), 306-7 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): Asian covert operations, failure of, 464-69, 473; assassination of Stalin proposal rejected by Smith, 464; cooperation with IAC under Smith, 451; coordination with FBI, 417,470,474; covert operations, costs and failures of, 419-23,454-55, 456-64,470,482; on CPV size, 199, 201; Directorate of Plans, 454,457,459; Dulles report on (1949), 416-18,448, 450,470; dysfunctionality of, 451-52, 469-70; Italian elections (1948) and, 19; Korean intelligence failures and, 462-63; merger of OSO and OPC, 458-59; Office of Current Intelligence, 454; Office of National Estimates (ONE), 417,450, 454,482; Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 419,420,422,448,450,452,453, 458,459, 464, 466-67, 549Ո12; Office of Research and Reports (ORR), 450,454; Office of Special Operations (OSO), 420,422,448,450,452,458,464; Philby firing and, 462; Poland and Albania, failed covert operations in,
461; prewar estimate of North Korean forces, 121; psychological warfare and, 457,459; INDEX reorganization under Smith, 451-55, 552Ո80; resentment of other intelligence agencies in, 551Ո64; secret prisons and interrogation of suspected double agents, 463; Smith as director, 446-69; Soviet security system as impediment to getting accurate and timely intelligence by, 455; Soviet stockpile of atomic bombs report (1950), 94; on Soviet Union as main supplier to North Korea and as source of Chinese intervention, 203; US troops in Korea memo (1948), 55; on Zhou’s claim that third world war inevitable, 205 Central Intelligence Agency Act (1949), 421 Central Intelligence Group (CIG), 414-15 Chadwick, James, 369 Chae Pyong-duk, 118,1x9 Chambers, Whittaker, 68-69,71 Chang, Jung, 186 Cheju Island, 30,31,37 Chen Jian, 3,110,172 Chen Li-fu, 67 Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jieshi China. See People’s Republic of China; Taiwan China lobby, 53,57,58,66-68,75-76 Chinese Civil War: Americans with experience from, recognizing Chinese regulars in Korea, 200; Chinese Communist victory in, 21,38,42, 70,123,184-85; defeat of PLA on island of Jinmen (Quemoy), 171-72; Mao’s prediction of outcome, 183-84; Marshall’s attempt to arrange peace agreement in, 205; North Korea’s support to Communists in, 37,110,114,172-73; Stalin and Nationalist forces in, 21-22, 34,182,183; US support of Nationalists in, 57,130,164,174,200 Chinese Communist Party (CCP): development of organization, 167,169, 171; disagreements in and struggle to survive, 209; founding of, 181; KPA assistance from, 110; Maos consolidation of
power of, 183; Stalin’s view of, 183; in United Front, 182,183,188,207
INDEX Chinese Nationalists: defeat of PLA on 567 Chinese, 472; US flawed assumptions island of Jinmen (Quemoy), 171-72; about nuclear weapons as deterrent incompetence and corruption of, 184; to military aggression, 473. See aho Mao expelled by Jiang, 182; Mao joining, arms race; McCarthy, Joseph; nuclear 182; misrepresentation of intelligence weapons, development and deployment gathering by, 466-67; Stalin and, 21-22, 34,182,183; US support of, 53-54,57-58. See also Chinese Civil War; Jiang Jieshi Chinese People’s Volunteers (CPV): first of; Strategic Air Command Collins, J. Lawton, 131,135,152,162-63, 206, 217,224, 249 Comintern, 181,182 offensive of, 199-202; second offensive Committee on the Present Danger, 96 of, 202, 238, 253,480; third offensive of, communist parties: in Europe, 18,19; 222-24,251; fourth offensive of, 224-26; fifth offensive of, 227-28; casualties in in United States, 68. See aho specific countries war, 233; disadvantages of, 198; large Conant, James, 96-97, 517Ո30 number of troops in, 198; Peng as Condit, Doris, 149, 253, 267 commander of, 193,198 Congress: defense budget and, 148,252, Cho Mansik, 34 256-59,267,481; failure of Truman to Ch’oe Yonggon, 109 seek authorization for US forces in chronology of events, 491-506 Korea, 141,144, 255,486; OPC activities, Church, John H., 132 funding for, 421; psychological warfare Churchill, Winston, 45,242,429-30,438-40, supported by, 459; on US troops’ 550Ո45 deployment to Europe, 294-98 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency Congress for Cultural Freedom, 420 CIG (Central Intelligence Group), 414-15 Coplon,
Judith, 61,73 Clark, Mark W„ 214-15 Correa, Matthias, 416 Clay, Lucius, 274-75,350 covert operations. See Central Intelligence Clifford, Clark, 49 Agency Cockcroft, John, 369 CPV. See Chinese People’s Volunteers Coe, Michael, 467 Crosswell, D. K. R., 423-26,428,430,432, Cohn, Roy, 75 Cold War: Chinese lack of preparation for 436 Cuban missile crisis, 489 major war, 475; containment policy of Cumings, Bruce, 28,510Ո9 US in, 28,50,54-55,58,96,444; Cuban cybernetics, 314-15 missile crisis (1962), 489; escalation of, Czechoslovakia: coup (1948), 19,419; Marshall Plan and, 18; Soviet purges 1-2,95-96,411,416,481; Korean War’s legacy in, 196-97,234,237,472,488; “no in (1948), 19; uranium ore provided to first use” of nuclear weapons during, 487; NSC-68’s strategy for United States Soviet Union, 387,394 in, 93-108; signals intelligence, loss of Dae-Sook Suh, 35 US code-breaking and, 423,464,474, Dallek, Robert, 141 549Ո20; Soviet lack of preparation for Darlan, François, 436 major war, 474; Soviet objectives and Davies, John Paton, Jr., 93,106 threat estimates in, 262-66; start of, Davis, Arthur C, 132 46-47, 98-103; US flawed assumptions DCI. See director of central intelligence about Korean War roles of Soviets and Dean, N. Gordon, 143
568 defense budget: air force expansion and, 265,268; balanced budget as Truman priority and, 43,50-51,351,360,474; congressional action, 148,252, 256-59, 267,481; economic downturn causing federal budget cuts, 56-60,81-82; FY 1951 budget, 56, 81-82,105,148,252, 254; FY 1951 supplemental requests, 148-49,252-53,256,258, 477,480, 488,534Ո30; FY 1952 budget, 259-61, 489; FY 1953 budget, 261-68; increases (1950-53), 259Í; Korean Wars effect on, 148-50, 252-56; NSC 68 and 68/4 recommendations and, 104-5,107,262; nuclear weapons and budget ceiling, 88-89 Defense Department, creation of, 349 de Gaulle, Charles, 438-39 Dement’yev, Petr, 317-18 Democratic Front for the Unification of the Fatherland, 113 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See North Korea Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), 172 Democrats: blamed for weak American defenses, 141; McCarthy, inability to counter effectively, 63,72,73,76-77 Deng Hua, 178,191 Dewey, Thomas E„ 48,67,131,295 Dill, John, 429-30 Dillon, Clarence, 89 Dirac, Paul, 371 director of central intelligence (DCI), 414-15, 417-18,423,451,457-58,551Ո64. See also Smith, Walter Bedell "Beetle” Dixiecrats, 48 Djilas, Milovan, 9,11,12,19 Domes, Jurgen, 208 Donovan, Robert, 43,48, 63,141 Donovan, William, 448 Douglas, Lewis, 277,302 Douglas, Paul, 295 Downey, Jack, 467 Doyle, James H., 151,152,162 INDEX Dulles, Allen W., 326,416; at CIA, 452-53; covert operations and, 457,458, 470-71; as deputy director for central intelligence, 460; Dulles report on CIA (1949), 416-18,448,450,470; misrepresentation of North Korean intelligence gathering by,
466; secret prisons and interrogation of suspected double agents, supervision of, 463; Smith and, 448,452; Wisner and, 421 Dulles, John Foster, 122,125,231,295 Dykes, Vivian, 430 East China Normal University (Shanghai), 4 Eastern Europe, Soviets in, 19,47. See aho specific countries East Germany (German Democratic Republic), 13; creation of (1949), 21,42; currency policy in (1948), 20; Free Jurists’ Committee, CIA support for, 464; ftiture in Soviet policy under Stalin, 19; uranium ore provided to Soviet Union, 394 Eastland, James O., 68 Economic Cooperation Administration, 272-73 Eichelberger, Robert L„ 157 Eighth Army, US: first encounters with CPV, 199,478; offensive to break out of Pusan Perimeter, 162; Operation Thunderbolt and, 223; second offensive of CPV and, 238; sent to fight, 136-38; third offensive of CPV and, 222-23; understrength in first three months of war, 159; Walker replaced as commander by Ridgway, 202; withdrawing from Yalu to below 38th Parallel (1950), 202. See ako Ridgway, Matthew Eisenhower, Dwight D.: assessment of US strategies for Korean War at start of fighting, 132-33,142; as consultant to joint chiefs, 201; election of, 79; European Defence Community (EDC) and, 299; German surrender and, 439,441-42; in Italy during World War II, 214,433-35; Korean War concluded under, 231,480;
INDEX 569 Normandy invasion during World War II, 215-16,438,440; as North Africa offensive commander in World War II, 431-33; as president, 231,480; Ridgway and, 212,216; Smith as Eisenhower’s chief of staff in World War II, 431-42; as Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), 287,290,295, 297,302; as supreme commander of Allied forces in the Mediterranean in World War II, 432- 33,440 Elsey, George, 129 environmental contamination from atomic production facilities, 400-401 Europe. See Western Europe; specific countries European Coal and Steel Community, 283, 288,299 European Defence Community (EDC), 287-88,290,298-301 European Defence Community (EDC) Treaty (1952), 300; Tripartite Declaration foreign intelligence agencies, 413-16. See ako Central Intelligence Agency Formosa. See Taiwan Forrestal, James V., 50, 90,244-45,415-16, 417 France: calling for more US troops to be based in Europe, 285; European Defence Community (EDC) and, 287-88,290, 298-300; instability of governments in, 273-74; Manhattan Project, participation in, 375; MDAP and, 271; NATO alliance and, 52, 270; US aid to, 269; in Vietnam (Indochina), 55,131,172,277,292,300; West Germany and German rearmament issues, 273-77, 286-301 Frankfurter, Felix, 279 Franks, Oliver, 248 French Communist Party, 20 Fried, Richard, 78, 80 Fuchs, Klaus, 42, 61,70,376,387,392,394, 407,485 with, 538Ո44 executive authority: president as commander in chief and ability to deploy armed forces, 297; Truman using to commit US forces in Korea, 141,144,255,486 F-82, F-84, and F-86 fighters, 359t, 362 Fairbank, John К., 167 Fair Deal
agenda, 43,140 Far East Air Force: Bomber Command under O’Donnell, 361; seeking to attack Soviet bases within China, 200 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 70-71, 76, 78, 413.417.418, 470,474 Fecteau, Dick, 467 Federal Republic of Germany. See West Germany Ferguson, Homer, 68 Fermi, Enrico, 370, 547Ո48 Finletter, Thomas K„ 132 First Marine Division, 158,160 Fisher, Louis, 523Ո4 Flerov, Georgii N., 374-75.376-77.385. 402, 406 Gaddis, John Lewis, 87 Gallup, George, 48 Gamov, Georgii, 370 Gao Gang, 175-76,189,191,193,196 Gavin, James M„ 213 Gehlen, Reinhard, 421-22 Geneva Conference (1954), 302 George, Walter, 295 German Democratic Republic. See East Germany Germany: end of World War II occupation of, 20,45,46,290,292,301,441; fall of Berlin, German nuclear program disposition upon, 387,390; reunification goals for, 19,275. See also West Germany; World War II Ginzburg, Vitaly, 399 Goldhaber, Maurice, 380 Golovin, Igor, 378,379,396,398-99,403, 547Ո62 Gordon, Yefim, 326 Gorlizki, Yoram, 14-15,16 Gorskii, Anatolii, 375-76
570 Gottwald, Klement, i8 Great Britain. See Britain Great Leap Forward, 210 Greece, 29,47, 91,129,302,461, 481 Green, Theodore F., 72 Greenglass, David, 392 Greenland, US building base in, 356 Gregg, Donald, 465 Gruenther, Alfred M., 94 Guam: LeMay in World War II on, 346-47; US building base in, 356 guerrilla operations: Joint Chiefs of Staff vs. CIA in battle over control over, 457-58; Mao’s strategic use of, 188; North Korean invasion’s dependence on, 112,475; South Korean suppression of (1949-50), 37, 114. 475 Halaby, Najeeb, 95 Halliday, Jon, 186 Hamby, Alonzo, 144 Haney, Albert, 465-66 Hankey, Lord, 375 Harriman, W. Averell, 300; Acheson and, 247,302; European Payments Union and, 283; Formosa policy and, 146; on Korean War policy, 165; Lovett and, 244,245; Marshall Plan and, 271,277; as national security adviser, 142-43 Hart, John Limond, 462-63,465-66,469 Haruki, Wada, 109 Hastings, Max, 218,219 Heini, Robert Debs, Jr., 254 Helms, Richard, 459,463 Hickenlooper, Bourke B„ 68,72,77 Higgins, Marguerite, 162 “High-Level Political Decisions on US Strategic Arms, 1945-1974,” 3 Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H„ 415,417-19,421 Hiss, Alger, 61, 68-70,73, 278 Ho Chi Minh, 172 Hodge, John R„ 28 Hodges, Courtney, 219 Holloway, David, 3,369,371,390,406,412, 546Ո42 INDEX Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 279 Hoover, Herbert, 58,255,293 Hoover, J. Edgar, 70,552Ո85 Hopkins, Harry, 241,388,428 House Foreign Affairs Committee, 123 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 66,71 Houston, Lawrence, 447,449 Hungary, Soviet purges in (1948), 19 Hurley, Patrick, 70 hydrogen bomb. See nuclear
weapons, development and deployment of Ignatiev, Alexandre M„ 35,36 Il’yushin, Sergei V., 310 Inchon assault. See Operation Chromite Indochina. See Vietnam Intelligence Advisory Board, 414 Intelligence Advisory Committee (IAC), 415, 448-50,551Ո65 intelligence agencies, expansion of, 413-16. See also Central Intelligence Agency; FBI; Office of Strategic Services intelligence failures of United States, 140,200-202,237. See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Interdepartmental Watch Committee (Department of Defense), 454 International Monetary Fund, 413 Ioffe, Abram F., 368-71,374,377-80 Iran: crisis (1946), 412; Soviet threat to stability of, 47 Isaacson, Walter, 245,246 isolationists, 72,73,144,242,255-56,340, 429; neoisolationist policy, 293,298 Italy: elections (1948), 19; NATO alliance and, 52; in World War II, 212-15,433-37 Ivan the Terrible, 10 Jackson, William H„ 416,446-47,450, 452-53,460 Jacob, Ian, 440 James, D. Clayton, 155,157,158 Japan: alliance with Great Britain in World War 1,180; attack on northern China
INDEX (1937)) 183,207; importance in Cold War containment to East Asia, 157; Kim discounting likely involvement in talks with Mao about launching Korean War, 40; Korea as colony of (1910-45), 26-27; Maos reaction to Japanese presence in China after World War 1,181; rebuilding as priority of MacArthur, 54,121; South Korean army led by men who had served in Imperial Japanese Army, 109; surrender of (1945), 46,348,389; US military and economic aid for, 43,54-55,59,122 Jenner, William E., 78 Jessup, Phillip C, 74 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 13 Jiang Jieshi: as American ally, 422; China lobby and, 54, 66-67; full of Nationalist government and, 167; Lattimore and, 76; MacArthur and, 121,145-47,175; Marshall and, 53; misrepresentation of intelligence gathering by, 422,466-67; as Nationalist leader and expulsion of Mao and CCP, 182; offering troops to fight in Korea, 135; Stalin’s treaty with, 22; United Front and, 182,183; US aid to, 164. See also Chinese Nationalists Jiang Qing (Madame Mao), 185-86 Jodi, Alfred, 442 Johnson, Louis: atomic weapons development and, 95; cancellation of Navy’s first supercarrier, 81,352-53; defense budget FY 1950 and, 88, 97; defense budget FY 1951 and, 149, 252; defense strategy in Asia and, 122; drafting orders for MacArthur, 133; NSC 68 and, 95,97,98; removed from secretary of defense position, 143,147,286; on start of Korean War, 126-27, 522Ո29; on State Department’s disengagement from Chinese Nationalists, 57 Johnson, Lyndon,366 Joint Chiefs of Staff: advocating for broader war and not seeking cease-fire, 237-38; cancelling Far East Air Force
attacks 571 on Soviet bases within China, 200-201; covert operations, fighting with CIA for control of, 457-58; defense budget and, 105,148,149,253,265,267; end of Korean War under Eisenhower and, 231; Formosa defense and, 57,58,145; on German rearmament to create stronger European defenses against Soviets, 284; Korean War strategy and, 118,127, 205,227, 251,362,487; LeMay chairing subcommittee on nuclear testing for, 349; MacArthur intimidating, 162-63; meeting with NSC at start of Korean War, 132; Mutual Defense Assistance Program and, 57; on National Guard mobilization, 131; NATO and, 286,295; Operation Chromite and, 159 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 83 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, 371 Judd, Walter H., 68,70 Kaftanov, Sergei, 374,376,377 Kaganovich, Lazar, 16 Kang Kon, 109 Kapitsa, M. S., 39 Kapitsa, Peter, 369,370,374,377,378,546Ո39 KB-29 jet tankers, 358Ѓ KC-97 jet tankers, 358Ѓ KC-135 jet tankers, 358,360 Kellis, James G. L., 466 Kennan, George E: Acheson and, 533Ո17; as ambassador to Soviet Union, 443; containment policy and, 95-96, 517Ո27; covert actions by CIA and, 419; “International Control of Atomic Energy” report by, 85-87; Japan-centric policy and, 54; Korean War cease-fire discussions with Moscow, 228,248; “long telegram” by, 46,443, 550-51Ո56; Nitze and, 92,515Ո7; psychological warfare and, 459; on Soviet threat and atomic weapons development, 95-96,263, 516ПП11-12; West Germany’s place in Europe and, 274-75; Wisner and, 421 Kennedy, John E, 489
572 Kennedy, Joseph P., 256 Kenney, George C., 329,330-31 Kent, Sherman, 453 Kenyon, Dorothy, 74,77 Kerber, Leonid I., 3,307,310,313,315,316, 321,324,325 KGB, 69,70 Khariton, Iulii B., 371,372,384,385,387,390, 399-404,406 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 14-15,16 Khlopin, Vitali, 382,386,406 Khrunichev, Mikhail, 318,321 Khrushchev, Nikita, 9,11,15-16,23 Kikoin, Isaak K„ 384,390 Kim Ch’aek, 109 Kim II, 109 Kim Il-sung, 38,117,190; background of, 25, 32-34,510Ո13; Beijing meeting (1950), 39-40,173; control of troops and in disagreement with Peng, 200; cult of personality and, 35-36; in 88 th Independent Brigade to help Chinese communists, 34; Korean War cease-fire negotiations and, 229,230; leaders of KPA and, 109,115; Mao and, 110,116, 173,178,197, 233. 486; Moscow meeting (1950) with Stalin, 37,39; preparation for war by, 37-41,108,475; purge of rivals from South Korean Communist Party, 232; refusal to share information on course of war, 197; Stalin and Soviet aid for, շ, 24-25,37,39,108,110-11,114,190, 195,475.486; “Supreme Leader” role assumed by, 28,34-36; unification goals of, 24,108,475 Kim Tu-bong, 36 Kim Ung, 111 King, Ernest J„ 440 Kirov, Sergei, 8 Kissinger, Henry, 233,509Ո33 Kissner, August W„ 331 KMT (Kuomintang), 182-84,206-7. See abo Chinese Nationalists Knowland, William F„ 57,68, 295 Kohlberg, Alfred, 67,70,76 INDEX Korea: instability in south after World War II, 27-32; Joint Commission acting as trusteeship after World War II, 28; Korean Democratic Party, 27-28,29; Korean National Police, 28,29; leftist groups and conflicts in, 27,29; National Security Council Report 48/2
(1949), 31; People’s Republic, 27; post-World War II leadership in, 27-28; revolts and instability in southern provinces of, 29-31; Stalin’s policy on, 24,112; withdrawal of US troops (June 1949), 3i 55-56,108,121; Workers’ Party of Korea, 36; during World War II, 26-27. See abo North Korea; South Korea; 38th Parallel; unification of Korea Korean Communist Party, 29,34; split into Chinese and Soviet factions, 110-11 Korean People’s Army (KPA): casualties suffered in war, 232; compared to combined American-South Korean forces, 137; compared to South Korean forces, 114-16,140,475,520Ո13; establishment of, 36,109-14; expansion of forces and training of recruits, 37,41, 109,111,112,121; leaders of, 109,115; in Mongolia to assist Chinese Communists, 37; removal of officers who served in Japanese military from, 109,114; return of soldiers from Chinese Civil War to join, 41,110,114-15,121,136,173 475; Soviet advisers and, 110,114; Soviet weapons for, 2, 7,37,39,40,111,112,136, 233,475. See also Korean War Korean War: armistice (July 27,1953), 231, 301,362,480; assessment of, 232-34.271; asymmetrical warfare in, 199; casualties suffered in, 232-33,532Ո64; Chinese and Maos intervention in, 3,108,174-78, 189-96,197,199,209,237,470,476; Choisin Reservoir, battle at (1950), 529Ո8; CPV attacks in, 199-202; evacuation of US troops as possibility, 202, 205,247, 251-52; forces comparison between North and South, 114-16,140,475,520Ш3;
INDEX inadequacy of American response as cause for concern among Allies, 140-41; initial US public support for, 131-32,136; legacy in Cold War, 196-97,234,237, 472,488; logistical problems for North to supply and transport troops, 115, 138,475; map of shifting line of combat (1950-51), 139; naval blockade of North Korea, 136; new US strategy in (late 1950/early 1951), 203-6; NIEs on, 449; no peace treaty to end, 362; NSC-68 adoption and, 107; Operation Chromite, i5։-53 158-63,161; Operation Preemptive Strike by North Korea, 113; political climate in US at time of, 80; Ridgway’s successes in, 224, 227-28,252,297,480; SAC and, 361-66; southern invasion by North Korean forces and start of war (June 25,1950), 77,108-20,477; Soviet pilots flying M1G-15S in, 200,320,362, 469,543Ո55; Soviets as supplier to North Korea and China, 2,7,37,39,40,111,112, 13d, 233,475; Stalin orchestrating Chinese intervention in, 39,172,189-90,193,237, 412,486; Truman considering nuclear options in, 203,204, 248-49; Truman learning of North Korean invasion and deciding to intervene, 123-25,128, 135-36,476,486; Truman’s agreement to recommendations on Chinese entry and Soviet planes, 202,476; Tfuman’s choice to fight a limited war, 126-32,224,232, 252,480,487; Truman’s initial references to avoid labeling conflict as war, 133-34; Truman’s popularity increased by his decision making in, 141,476; Truman’s public statements on defense plans for South Korea, 131,133-34; US advocates for broader war, 226,227,237-38,251,487; US Air Force planes in action after start of, 119-20,132; US assessment of Soviet
involvement in, 79,126,129-30,284,476; US ground troops in, 132,134,136-38, 522Ո29; US military demobilization after peace, 328; US recognition of Chinese 573 soldiers in, 199-200,237,478,487; US security issues in light of US performance in, 284-85; US strategy sessions in reaction to Chinese intervention, 246-52,478; weapons comparison between North and South, 115. See ako cease-fire negotiations; Chinese Peoples Volunteers; Eighth Army, US; Korean People’s Army; 38th Parallel Korolyov, Sergei R, 310,411 Kosygin, Aleksei, 15 Kozak, Warren, 336 KPA. See Korean People’s Army Kramish, Arnold, 396-97,546Ո47 Kroos, Arthur G., 216,530-31Ո38 Krulak, Victor H., 152 Kumykin, Pavel, 11 Kuomintang (KMT), 182-84,206-7. See also Chinese Nationalists Kurchatov, Boris, 379,382,385,386 Kurchatov, Igor, 391; Academy of Sciences and, 385; assembling team of physicists to work and working facilities, 384-85; at atomic bomb test site, 404-5; background of, 378-79; Beria as operation commander to, 381-82,383-84,407; first nuclear reactor F֊i built by, 395-97, 547Ո48; Hiroshima’s impact on, 389-93; honors accorded to, 406-7; Ioffe and, 379, 380; jealous colleagues as threats to, 38283,403-4; joining Communist Party, 39899,403,547Ո62; move to Cheliabinsk-40, 398; multiple teams to pursue alternative routes to nuclear weapons under, 399; on need for Soviet government to commit resources to nuclear physics, 372,383-84; nicknamed “the Beard,” 374, 391; nicknamed “the General,” 378,391; as nuclear research program director, Յ77-78;at Physicotechnical Institute, 374; progress despite lack of
resources, 384-88,484; as rising star of Soviet physics, 371; Stalin ordering American plutonium bomb design to be copied, 392; World War II work of, 374,380
574 Kuznetsov, Aleksei, 14,15 Kuznetsov, N. D., 324 INDEX Lin Biao, 184,191-92,193,527Ո48 Lindberg, Charles A., 330,334 Lippmann, Walter, 255-56 La Follette, Robert M„ Jr„ 65 Litvinov, Maksim, 388 Landau, Lev, 404 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 72,77,122,295 Langer, William, 453 Long March of Mao and his troops, 183,207 Lankov, Andrei, 35 Losyukov, P. A., 312 Lattimore, Owen, 74, 75-76,77,79 Lovett, Robert A.: Acheson and, 245,302, Laurence, William, 371 481; background of, 243-46; defense Lawrence, Ernest О., 84,370 budget and, 150,252,253,260,265-67; LeBaron, Robert, 95 as defense secretary, 238,265; Korean Lebed, Mikola, 421 War strategy and, 478; Marshall and, 143, Leffler, Melvyn, 51 238,243,245-46; Psychological Strategy Leipunskii, Aleksandr I„ 371,385 Board and, 457; State-Defense Policy Lei Yingfu, 176 Review Group and, 97; as undersecretary LeMay, Curtis E., 331-66,355; in Asian of state, 246; in Yale Unit of Naval theater in World War II, 345-48; B-36 bomber production and, 81; background Reserve Flying Corps (World War I), 244 Lowe, Frank E., 156-57 of, 333-50,365; Bell’s palsy afflicting, Lucas, Scott, 293 341,542Ո23; Berlin airlift (1948-49) Luce, Henry R„ 67 and, 350; in European theater in World Lui Shaoqi, 183 War II, 340-45; firing of SAC top staff, Lushan Conference (1959), 210 Lysenko, Trofin, 315,403 331; on Guam, 346-47; incendiary bombs used against Japan by, 347-48; innovations introduced to SAC, 351-53; Korean War and, 361,363,366,481; MacArthur, Douglas, i6i\ advocating for lack of respect for US Navy, 346-47, broader war, 226,227,237-38,251,487, 489;
approving Far East Air Force attack 353; nicknamed “Iron Ass,” 341; Offutt plans on Soviet bases within China, 200; Air Force Base inspection, 331; political aura and reputation of, 153-58,165,176- ramifications not appreciated by, 366; 77; Chinese familiarity with amphibious postwar Pentagon assignment of, 349; tactics of, 176-77; CIA, cooperation with, replacing zig-zag bombing runs with 464; as commander in chief of United wedge formation, 341-42; resignation Nations Forces, 153,233; counteroffensive at demand of Lyndon Johnson, 366; directed by, 134-35,138,238,477; on CPV as SAC commander, 331,350; as 305th size, 201; critical of South Korean forces, Bomb Group commander, 340-44; as 134; on defense of Taiwan, 127; doubting top navigator in air corps (1938), 339; as Chinese active participation in war, Twentieth Air Force commander, 345, 202,478,487; instructed to avoid Soviet 348; as youngest general in army, 345 and Chinese borders, 165,477; Japan’s LeMay Doctrine, 342 rebuilding as priority of, 54,121; Jiang Leningrad Five affair (1949), 13-14,15,16, Jieshi and, 121,145-47,175; Joint Chiefs of 508Ո19 Levine, Steven, 179,181,186 Staff intimidated by, 162-63; Kennan on, Lilienthal, David E., 83, 87 228; loss of prestige and credibility after November 1950 losses, 224,238,247,479; Lilley, James, 422-23 McCarthy and, 70; on Mount McKinley Li Mi, 468 at Operation Chromite, 160,161,161;
INDEX on North Korean invasion of the South (June 25,1950), 118,125,130; requests for more troops, 134,148,289; Ridgway and, 222; SAC support requested by, 361; strategy for late 1950/early 1951 and, 205-6,248; strikes north of 38th Parallel authorized by, 133,487; Taiwan visit (1950), 145-46,175; 303 funds and, 58; Truman’s decision to relieve, 226, 260,531Ո54; Truman’s opinion of and relationship with, 145-47,204,226, 249; Truman’s orders to, 127-28,251, 486; unaware of North Korean plans for invasion, 121; US allies criticizing conduct of Korean War by, 249,479; on US troops in Korea, 55; Yalu as goal for end of 1950,202. See also Operation Chromite (Inchon landing) Maclean, Donald, 462,469 Macmillan, Harold, 435 Mahon, George H„ 88,149,258,261 Malenkov, Georgy, 14,15,16,373 Malik, Yacov, 228-29 Manchuria, 37,67,110,164,362 Manhattan Project, 42,45, 61,511Ո8 Mao Zedong, 23,187; agenda in Asia of, 2,233,475; background of, 179-88; Bolshevism and, 181; CCP role of, 181, 182-83; as Central Executive Committee secretary, 182; in Chinese Civil War, 182-85; “continuous revolution” policy of, 171; debt owed to North Korea for earlier help in Chinese Civil War, 110, 173; ego and “enigmatic” behavior of, 197, 209-10,528Ո57; government strategy of, 168; health of, 186-87; Japanese presence in China after World War I and, 181; Kim meeting with (1950), 39-40֊ 173; Korean War cease-fire negotiations and, 230; Korean War involvement of, 3,108,17478,189-96,197, 209; leadership abilities of, 188; MacArthur’s personality noted by, 176-77; as Military Commission chairman, 208; as
millionaire, 186; North Korean invasion plan not known by, 115-16,174,196-97; personal life 575 and relationships of, 185-87; Stalin, relationship with, 21-25,183,184-85,188, 194,196; Stalin’s negotiations with, 21-25, 38,171; Stalin-Zhou telegram (1950) to, 194; Taiwan (Formosa) acquisition, importance of, 40,170,171,174; on US weaknesses in Korean War, 178,192 Marshall, George C., 250,300; Acheson and, 143, 280,302,481; advocating for broader war and not seeking cease-fire, 237-38; as army chief of staff in World War II, 240; background of, 143,238-43; China mission of, 53,205; defense budget and, 149-50,253,258,260-61; Dill and, 429-30; at Infantry School in Fort Benning, Georgia, 239; Korean War cease-fire and, 229,247; Korean War strategy and, 205,247,478,488; leadership of Defense Department, 238; Lovett and, 238,243,245-46; MacArthur and, 166; McCarthy’s attacks on, 79; Pleven Plan and, 288; psychological warfare and, 459; reconstruction aid to Europe proposed by, 17,29; Ridgway and, 211-12, 216,222; Roosevelt and, 240-41; as secretary of defense, 143,286; Smith as assistant secretary, and later secretary, to, 427-28; Smith as CIA director and, 470; on successful measures of Operation Thunderbolt, 224; on US troops’ deployment to Europe, 295-96, 297; in World War 1,239; World War II preparation by, 241-42,427,440 Marshall Plan; Acheson and, 51,270,280, 512Ո15; continuing past cutoff date, 285-86; covert cover for espionage expenses provided by, 419-20; cutoff date of, 273,277; Eastern Europe unable to participate in, 350; effectiveness of, 53; implementation of,
246,269; LeMay and, 349; Nitze and, 91; as part of US Cold War containment policy, 21,419,444; proposal of, 17-18; South Korean politics and, 29; stalled European recovery despite, 277; Truman and, 123; West Germany included in, 18,419
576 Martin, Joseph W, Jr., 68,226 McCarran, Patrick A., 68,79 McCarthy, Joseph, 61-80,75; attacks on Truman administration, 42,62-63, 71-72,122,140,474; background of, 63-66; Hiss and, 68-70; impact of, 79-80,479; Philby firing and, 462; reelection of (1952), 79; Senate report criticizing, 77-78; Tydings Committee and, 71-78,122; Wheeling speech (February 9,1950), 42, 62, 63, 66,70,71 McClellan, John L„ 297 McCloy, John J., 26,272-75, 283-88,290, 299,302 McKinley, William, 239 McMahon, Brien, 72, 83, 84 McNair, Leslie J„ 212 McNamara, Robert, 366 McNeil, Wilfred J„ 150 MDAP (Mutual Defense Assistance Program), 269-70,271,286 Meilinger, Phillip, 354-55 Menshikov, Mikhail, 10-11 Miasishchev, Vladimir, 322-24,484 MİG-15S, 200,227,320,354,362,469,473, 543Ո55 MİG-17S, 354 Mikoyan, Anastas, 9-11,12-13,15, 23 Millett, Allan R„ 115,122,13 6,152,155,199, 252,510Ո9,520m Mitchell, Billy, 337 Model, Walter, 220-21 Molotov, Vyacheslav; on arrests of Tupolev and other aircraft designers, 310; Berlin Blockade and, 444; Mao and, 22,23; at Marshall Plan meeting in Paris (1947), 18; as nuclear program director, 377,380,383, 392,484; in Stalin’s regime, ю, 12-13,15; State Defense Committee member, 373 Mongolia, 24,67 Monnet, Jean, 282-83,287,299,302 Montague, Ludwell Lee, 418,449,451,456 Montgomery, Bernard, 213-14, 219-21,355, 438-41 Montgomery, John B„ 331,333 INDEX Morocco, US building base in, 356 Mu Chong, 111 Muccio, John J„ 118,119,124,125,128,130 Murrow, Edward R., 79 Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP), 269-70,271,286 Mydans, Carl, 162 National Intelligence Authority, 414
National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), 201, 262-63, 417, 447. 450-5Ն 454.470 National Security Act (1947), 349.415,423 National Security Agency (NSA), 69,469, 549Ո20 National Security Council (NSC): assessment of NSC Report 68,106-7; covert operations, DCI given authority by, 458; criticism of NSC Report 68, 103-4; Dulles Report (1949) and, 417; European Defence Community (EDO) and, 300; Korean War strategy and, 132,487; meetings at end of 1950,203; meetings with Truman, 142; “The Need of Defense Measures Against Increasing Threat of Atomic Attack Against the Continental United States” (paper presented to NSC), 94; NSC Report 8/2,56; NSC Report 10/2,419,459; NSC Report 13/2,157; NSC Report 20/4,50-51, 99,106; NSC Report 48/2,58; NSC Report 50,417-18,448,454; NSC Report 68 (68/2 and 68/4), 80,93-107,150, 252-53,262-64, Յ60, 457,473,477,480; NSC Report 81/1,165,166; NSC Report 114 and revised 114/1 and 114/2 (replacing NSC 68), 262-67; NSC Report 115,300; psychological warfare and, 457; Smith as CIA director and, 448; South Korea, US troops in, 55; on successful measures of Operation Thunderbolt, 224; superbomb issue and, 83; Truman’s adoption of NSC Report 68,103-6 National Security Resources Board, 105-6 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): formation (1949), 20,
INDEX 52-53; German rearmament and, 285, 290,298-300; Greece and Turkey joining, 302,481; militarization of, wisdom of policy in hindsight, 488; nuclear weapons control and, 86; purpose and importance of, 269, 445; Stalin’s postwar strategy and, 21; Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and, 287,290; tactical nuclear weapons deployed in Germany and, 302; tensions in, 270; US troops allocated to, 285-86,292-98,302; West Germany’s participation in, 21,301 Nemenov, Leonid M„ 385,386 neutralism, 247,270,271, 278,301 Newfoundland, US building base in, 356 Newman, Robert, 78 Nimitz, Chester W„ 64 Nitze, Paul, 82; background of, 89-90; concern over Soviet atomic capability, 360; defense budget and, 253; drafting NSC Report 68, 93-98, 105,473, 516Ո18; Kennan and, 87; as Office of International Trade Policy deputy director and later director, 91-92; as Policy Planning Staff director, 98; proposal for review of H-bomb development, 83-84; “Recent Soviet Moves,” 93; as US Strategic Bombing Survey director, 90-91 Nixon, Richard M„ 70,74 Norden bombsight, 339 Normandy invasion (World War II, known as Overlord), 215-19,241,344-45, 437-38,440 Norstad, Lauris, 331 North Atlantic Council, 286-88,290-91, 300-301 North Atlantic Treaty (1949), 52-53,123, 246,269 North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO Northeast Border Defense Army (Chinese), 174,176,177,190-91,199 577 North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): CIA’s inability to collect intelligence on, 463,465-66,473; founding of (1948), 36; North Korean Communist Party, 36; North Korean Provisional People’s Committee, 109;
preparation for war, 37-41; relations with other communist regimes, 196-97, 233-34; Soviets providing weapons and support to, 2,7,37,39,40,111,112,136, 23Յ) 475; transformation of Cold War, 472-89. See ako Kim Il-sung; Korean People’s Army; Korean War North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), 172 Novikov, A. A., 305,315 Novikov, N. V., 12 NSA (National Security Agency), 69, 469, 549Ո20 NSC. See National Security Council Nuclear History Program (international study), 3-4 nuclear weapons, development and deployment of, 3; AAF strategy after 1946,328; Acheson-Lilienthal Plan for control of atomic energy, 280; air power to deliver strategic nuclear weapons, 268; Asian policy of Stalin, changes due to Soviet atomic development, 25; Bikini Atoll test (1954), 405,410; defense budget ceiling and, 88-89; dispute among US service branches over atomic bombing operations, 352-53; Germany, US Army housing tactical nuclear weapons in, 302; Hiroshima’s impact on, 388-93; hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) decision by US, 82-84; LeMay’s role in, 349; Manhattan Project (US development of atomic bomb), 42,45,46,305,375-76, 387,511П8; opposition to atomic strategy, 84-87; prior to fall of Berlin to Red Army, British-American unit capturing uranium ore and delivering it to Manhattan Project, 387; SAC atomic strike equipment, 329; Smyth Report
578 nuclear weapons (continued) (sanitized history of Manhattan Project report), 394; Soviet stockpile of nuclear weapons, 94-95, 264,409, 409Ѓ, 411,485; thermonuclear bomb development, 399,408, 410; transfer of nuclear weapons from AEC to SAC, 364; Truman considering use of in Korean War, 203, 204, 248-49; Tu-16 designed by Tupolev to drop hydrogen bomb, 320; US accelerated research, 61, 82,375; US advances in larger bombs, 81; US stockpile of nuclear weapons, 361, 473; WSEG I Study on atomic war plan, 360, See also Atomic Energy Commission; Soviet atomic bomb development Nutter, Ralph, 343-44 O’Donnell, Emmett “Rosie,” 361 Office of Defense Mobilization, 266 Office of Policy Coordination. See Central Intelligence Agency Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 413,418 OFFTACKLE as US war plan against Soviet Union, 358,53бп2Ј Offutt Air Force Base (Omaha), 331,352 Olds, Robert, 337-38 O’Mahoney, Joseph C„ 260 Ongjin Peninsula, 37,111,113 Operation Chromite (Inchon landing), i5i-53 158-63,161,477; Chinese expectation of and sharing information with Kim and Stalin, 159,177; effect on communist regimes’ strategy, 178,189, 197; MacArthur’s victory over North Korea, 162-63,477 Operation Thunderbolt, 223 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 85,96 Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 277 Orlov, Andrei, 188 Ostapenko, Yu. A., 3 Outer Mongolia. See Mongolia Overy, Richard, 344 INDEX P-51 fighters, 359Í P-80 fighters, 359t Pace, Frank, 127,135 Pak Hon-yong, 111,173,232 Pak Il-yu, 111 Pantsov, Alexander, 179,181,186 Park Hon-yong, 190 Patton, George S„ 213,214,219,438 Paulsen, Friedrich,
180,185 Pearson, Drew, 76 Pendergast, Tom, 44-45 Peng Dehuai, 210; background of, 206-8; as Chinese People’s Volunteers commander, 193,198-234; in Communist Party, 207; compared to Ridgway, 221-22; in disagreement with Kim and other generals, 200; initial Korean War strategy of, 200,224,478; in KMT, 206-7; Korean War cease-fire talks and, 229; Mao and, 207-9, 210, շշշ շշ4’ as “mediocre” military strategist, 208; in PLA during Chinese Civil War, 208; PRC positions held by, 208; preparation for intervention and, 196; purged and subjected to torture and interrogation until his death, 210-11,530Ո17; StalinZhou telegram (1950), effect on, 194; in support of Mao’s intervention policy, 191,192-93; in United Front fight against Japan, 207. See ako Chinese People’s Volunteers People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 170,175, 185,208,475 People’s Republic of China (PRC): attitude toward North Koreans, 233; Beijing as capital, 185; Central Military Commission, 177,189,207; CIA’s inability to collect intelligence on, 466-67, 473; Common Program, 168; creation of (1949), 21,38,167,185; economic reconstruction as priority of, 192; initial challenges for, 167,475; land reform in, 168-69,171; North Vietnam and, 172; political mobilization in, 171; recognition as sole legitimate government of China,
INDEX 579 203-4, 248,479, 534Ո18; regional Rasetti, Franco, 371 division and administration of, 169; Rearden, Steven, 91 relations with other communist regimes, Republicans: 1952 elections, 79,294; 196-97,233-34; Stalin’s attitude toward, armistice agreement and, 232; China 21-22; UN admission of, 204, 248; in lobby and, 66; crossing 38th Parallel United Front, 168,170,182, 207. See and, 165; on German rearmament, 286; also Korean War; Sino-Soviet Treaty Korean War, support for, 143; loss to of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Truman as stimulus for anticooperative Assistance (1950) behavior, 50,63; right wing and support Perkins, George, 103,104 for McCarthy, 63,72-73,123,474; Pershing, John J., 239 Taiwan’s protection, support for, 143; Pervukhin, Mikhail, 377,380,383,389,401 on US troops’ deployment to Europe, Peurifoy, John, 71,122 294-95 Philby, Kim, 59-60,422,460,462, 552Ո85 Republic of Korea. See South Korea Philippines, 59,128,130-31,140,153,156,192, Research and Development Corporation 211,251 PLA (Peoples Liberation Army), 170,175, 185,208,475 (RAND), 349 Rhee, Syngman: as American ally, 422; distrust of army’s senior officers, 114; Pleven, René, 287-88,299 forced evacuation from Seoul, 130; Pleven Plan, 288-90 inadequate defense preparations of, 117; Pogue, Forrest, 239,246 MacArthur and, 118-19: North Korean Poland: Freedom and Independence fear of invasion by, 111; opposed to movement (WIN) in, 461; Marshall cease-fire terms, 231; ordering South Plan and, 18; Soviet purges in (1948), 19; Korean troops to cross 38th Parallel, Stalin’s failure to honor Yalta
agreements 166; releasing North Korean prisoners to on, 388; uranium ore provided to Soviet undermine cease-fire terms, 231; Truman Union, 394 and, 31,55,123; US support for, 122,477 politics of fear, 61-80 Rhodes, Richard, 397 Potsdam Conference (1945), 45 Power, Thomas S., 331 Riabeva, L. D„ 3 Ricks, Thomas, 227 PRC. See People’s Republic of China Ridgway, Matthew, 225,456·, background Preston, Joe, 340-41 Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), 457-58 of, 211-21; compared to Peng, 221-22; psychological warfare, 457,459 War, 202,222-23,479-80; as 18th Pusan: goal of North Koreans to reach, 112, Airborne Corps commander in World as Eighth Army commander in Korean 113; Pusan Perimeter, fighting of UN War II, 218-19; as 82nd Infantry Division troops to stabilize, 133-38,138,142,162, commander in World War II, 212-17; 164,176,189, 284,361-62,477; railway Korean War cease-fire discussions and, 229; reputation of, 213, 215,216, 219. See workers’ strike in, 29; South Korean naval victory at, 118 Pyongyang Academy (North Korea), 109 also Korean War Riehl, Nikolaus, 394,406 Rigmant, Vladimir, 326 Radford, Arthur W„ 152 Radio Free Europe, 421 Rakosi, Mátyás, 11 Röntgen, Wilhelm, 368 Roosevelt, Franklin D„ 43-44.67,240-41, 340,375,427.429-30,440
580 Roper, Elmo, 48 Rosenberg, David Alan, 360 Roshchin, N. V., 40,191 Ross, Steven T„ 536Ո21 Rovere, Richard, 80,515Ո30 Rusk, Dean, 26,123,163 SAC. See Strategie Air Command Sakharov, Andrei, 399,402-3,408 Schlesinger, James R., 3 Schrecken Ellen, 79 Schumacher, Kurt, 289 Schuman, Robert, 52,275-76,282-83, 286-90,299,302 Schuman Pian, 282-85,287-88,290 Schwartz, Thomas, 273 Sebald, William, 146 Semenov, Nikolai, 369,374 Senate, US: Armed Services Committee, 295, 326,447; Foreign Relations Committee, 72,77, 80,295; Internal Security Subcommittee, 79: Resolution 231 (1950), 72,78; Tydings Committee (1950), 71-78, 80 Seoul: third offensive of CPV capturing, 251; North Koreans’ capture of, 118-19; Operation Chromite’s capture of, 162, 165; Ridgway s troops protecting against fifth offensive of CPV, 227; Willoughby reporting on North Korean threat to, 124 Service, John Stewart, 74,77 Seventh Fleet, 128,130,134,138,145-46,151, 164,170,174 Seventh Infantry Division, 158-59,162 Shakhurin, A. I., 315 Shelton, Christina, 514Ո12 Shen Zhihua, 3,191,200,233 Shepherd, Lemuel C., Jr., 152 Sherman, Forrest R, 136,152 Short, Dewey, 421 Shtykov, Terentii F.: background of and role in North Korea, 35; on fear of South Korean invasion of North Korea, 111; involvement in offensive operations against South Koreans, 112; Kím and, INDEX 25; seeking additional arms for North Korean army and police, 37 Shu Guang Zhang, 3 signals intelligence (SIGINT), 423,464,469, 474 Sikorsky, Igor, 307 Simonov, N. S., 3 Sinel’nikov, Kirill, 379 Sino-Soviet Treaty (1945), 22,23 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (1950), 7,21-25, 38,40,42,115,171,172,193,277,486 Smirnov, Yuri N„ 396 Smith, Charles B., 136-37 Smith, H. Alexander, 68 Smith, Howard W, 267 Smith, Lawrence K., 68 Smith, Oliver Prince, 152,529Ո8 Smith, Walter Bedell “Beetle,” 423-71,456; as ambassador to Soviet Union after World War II, 443-44; as assistant secretary, and later secretary, to Marshall, 427-28; background of, 423-46; Brooke and, 440-41; as CIA director, 143,247, 446-69; as Combined Chiefs of Staff secretary, 243,430; as commander of First Army on Governor’s Island, 444-45; compared to Eisenhower, 432; compared to LeMay, 442; de Gaulle’s recognition as head of provisional French government, role in, 438-39; Dykes and, 430; German surrender, role in, 441-42; in Italy during World War II, 433-36; jeeps and, 428; Korean War strategy and, 247; legacy of, 469-71; My Three Years in Moscow, 445-46; as Normandy invasion’s chief planner, 438; promotion to four-star general (1951), 452; as Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) chairman, 457; SHAEF headquarters in England during World War II, 437,447,452; Truman’s meetings with, 471; in World War II, 426-42. See also Central Intelligence Agency Smyth, Henry D., 394
INDEX Smyth Report (sanitized history of Manhattan Project report), 394 Snow, Edgar, 180-81 Sontag, Raymond, 453 Souers, Sidney W, 414,446 sources for research, 4,486 South Korea (Republic of Korea): army of, 109,524Ո30; casualties suffered in war, 232; evacuation of American dependents and civilians (June 26,1950), 119,128; Marshall Plan and, 29; present-day clashes continuing on border, 234,362; US aid and support for, 43,59,123,128, 172; US failure to arm Rhee prior to Korean War, 117; US recognizing direct responsibility for military security of, 21, 59; US troops in (1948), 55; US troops in (present day), 234. See also Korean War; Rhee, Syngman “The Soviet-American Strategic Arms Competition” study, 3 Soviet atomic bomb development, 314, 367-412,482; Academy of Sciences’ role in, 369,370,372,382,385,403-4; Arzamas-16 to build and test detonation mechanisms, 399-402; atomic bomb test (1949), 21,38, 61,70, 88,94,401-8, 485; benefits from receiving intelligence reports on US/UK bomb program and bombings, 375,387,390,392, 394,396-97, 407-8, 485; Beria’s role as atomic development commander, 381-84,407,484; Cheliabinsk-40 radioactive discharge, effect on environment, 400-401; Cheliabinsk-40 reactors, 398-99,401,408,485; climate of suspicion and fear surrounding Soviet scientists, 370,381-82,384,396, 402-3,407; costs of, 407; cyclotron development, 378-79,381,385-86; Czechoslovakia’s agreement to provide uranium ore to Soviet Union, 387; duration of development period, 407, 485; expansion of weapons production, 408-10; F-i reactor, 375-76,392,395-97, 581 547Ո48; first Soviet
heavy water reactor, 383,386; Flerov and, 374-75,376-77! Hiroshima’s impact on, 388-93,483; infrastructure and industry, creation of, 393-401,546Ո42; Institute of Rare and Fine Metals creating pure uranium metal, 387; Ioffe’s role in, 368-71,377, 379; Kharkiv Institute’s role in, 369-71; Kurchatov’s role in, 370-72,377; multiple research programs supported, 399,410, 485; NKVD supervision of, 384-89; physics, Soviet study and development of, 368-69,403-4; progress despite lack of resources, 384-88; Radium Institute (Leningrad), 372,378,382; ScientificTechnical Council, 373-74,376,389; seizure of German nuclear materials and scientists, 387,390; Stalin and, 25, 384,392,402,410-12,486; Stalin and Beria failing to accord priority to, 384, 388,482; Stalin ordering Kurchatov to copy American plutonium bomb design, 392; Stalin’s purges and World War II efforts, effect on, 367-68,370-71,373-77; thermonuclear bomb development, 399; uranium, quest for, 386-87,394,407; uranium purification program, 394,399, 485. See also Kurchatov, Igor Soviet spies: Burgess, 59,462,469; Fuchs, 42, 61,70,376,387,392,394,407,485; on Hiroshima/Nagasaki, 375-76,392; Hiss case, 69; Kurchatovs F-i reactor based on intelligence provided by, 375-76, 392; Maclean, 462,469; on Manhattan Project, 42, 61,305,375-76,387,388, 394, 397, 482; McCarthy and, 76; Philby as top Soviet spy, 59-60,422,460,462; Rosenbergs, 469; SIGINT’s effectiveness in identifying, 469 Soviet Union: all-Russian trade fair in Leningrad (January 1949), 13-14; armistice of Korean War accepted by, 231,480; aviation industry in, 305-27,483;
casualties in Korean War, 233; Central AeroHydrodynamics Institute (TsAGI),
582 Soviet Union (continued) INDEX CIA proposing assassination of, 464; 306-7; CIAs inability to collect intelligence death of, 231,301; demonstration of on, 455,473; Communist Information power by, 12-14; foreign policy priorities Bureau (Cominform), 18,19,20; Council of, 17-21; Germany, policies toward, of Ministers’ resolution (February 1947) 19-21; Kim meeting with (March 1950), on allocation of power in, 12; cybernetics 37,39; Kim seeking support from, 2, study in, 314-15; defense industry in, 24-25.37.39.108, ill, 114,190.194.475. 486; Korean War and, 7,38-39,165,172, after World War II, 8,57,304-5,474; dissidents and intellectuals, treatment of, 178,189,195,475,486; Kurchatov and, 13,18,309,325,403,445; dysfunctional 381,383,392,402; Mao, relationship with, decision making process in (1948-50), 21-25,183,184-85,188,194,196; Marshall 17; environmental contamination from Plan, reaction to, 18; orchestrating atomic production facilities, 400-401; Chinese intervention in Korean War, 39, Gosplan (economic planning agency) 172,189-90,193,237,412,486; personality affair (1949), 13-14; Leningrad Five affair of, 9-11; physical decline and isolation (1949), 13-14,15,16,508Ո19; Mongolia and, of, 11,16-17; riss to power as dictator, 24; NKGB’s Department S, 390-91; NKVD 8-11; secret police and security forces of, in control of aircraft design, 310-25; 14-15.393; Shtykov and, 112; Smith’s My NKVD in control of nuclear project, 384- Three Years in Moscow on, 445; Truman 89; Politburo under Stalin, 11-16,393,474; and, 45-46; trying to avoid war in Korea, relations with other
communist regimes, 37,112,165; trying to avoid war with 196-97,233-34; Smith’s My Three Years in United States, 2,412,486; Tupolev and, Moscow on, 445; State Defense Committee, 314,482 373,377,380,389; as supplier in Korean Stassen, Harold, 295 War to North Korea and China, 2,7,37,39, 40,111,112,136,233,475; US assessment State-Defense Policy Review Group, 96-103, of Soviet involvement in Korean War, State Department, US: Asian military and 516-17Ո22,517Ո30 79,126,129-30,284,476; World War II s economic aid and, 43,58; China policy legacy in, 7-8. See also Beria, Lavrenti; of, 54, 57; China White Paper (1949), Cold War; Korean War; Sino-Soviet 54; covert operations, role in, 455,458; Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual on CPV size, 201; European Defence Assistance (1950); Soviet atomic bomb Community (EDC) and, 299-300; intelligence agencies, recommendations development; Stalin, Joseph; individual countries under control ofSoviet Union on, 413-14; Korea policy of, 28,55; loyalty Spaatz, Carl, 328-29 Spain, US building bases in, 303,356 files of personnel, 62-63, 71,73. 77.122; Loyalty Review Boards, 71; Marshall Plan spies: Kim receiving intelligence ahead of Inchon assault, 159,161; OPC recruiting, implementation and, 17-18; McCarthy’s 420. See also Soviet spies attacks on, 62-63,71-72.77-78,79,122, 278; NSC 68, response to, 103-4; Office Spofford, Charles M., 288 of Intelligence Research, 126; Policy Spofford Plan, 289-90 Planning Staff, 81,163; recommending Stalin, Joseph, 23; aircraft design and, 305-15, 411; atomic development and, 25,384, 392,402,410-12,484;
Berlin Blockade and, 444; Chinese Civil War and, 184-85; cease-fire positioning of UN troops, 237. See also Acheson, Dean; Marshall, George C. Stimson, Henry L., 74, 245,278,442
INDEX Strategic Air Command (SAC): bases, 583 Taubman, William, 19 331-33.332Ѓ, 352,356,481; capabilities Taylor, Maxwell D., 216 of aircraft, 353-58,357-58Ѓ, 363, 473, Teiwes, Frederick, 188,209 481; change of course under LeMay, Teller, Edward, 84,399,410 329-33։ compared to Soviet approach to Tender, Arthur, 437 national defense, 411; control of nuclear Terletskii, Iakov, 392 weapons transferred from AEC to, 364; 38th Parallel: Allison recommending dispute with Navy over atomic bombing advancing beyond, 163; cease-fire at, operations, 352-53; fighter planes, 359Í; acceptable to US, 203; clashes at (1949), initial lack of readiness for combat, 31,37; as dividing line for neutral zone 328-29; Korean War and, 361-66,481; between opposing forces, 229; fifth LeMay as commander of, 331,350, 365-66; number of aircraft, 356,357t; below, 227; Mao promising aid to Kim for offensive of CPV driving UN forces OFFTACKLE as war plan against Soviet US strikes north of, 40,197; present-day Union, 358,536Ո21; reconnaissance continuing hostile actions at, 234,362; aircraft, 359t; tankers, 358t; target proposal for division at (1945), 26; Rhee selection in Soviet Union, SAC gaining ordering South Korean troops to cross, control of, 364-65; teamwork and unit 166; Ridgway pushing CPV back across, initiative stressed by LeMay, 351-53; war 227,480; Stalin on, 37,111; US/UN troops’ plans of, 358-61; Wright Field (Dayton), practice night attack on, 333. See also strikes north of, 133-34,163-66,486 Thomas, Evan, 245,246 LeMay, Curtis E.; specific aircraft types Thompson, Llewellyn E., Jr.,
103,104,516Ո18 Strong, Kenneth, 448 Thorp, Willard L., 103 Struble, Arthur D., 151 303 funds for defense of Chinese Sudoplatov, Pavel, 390-91 Sun Yat-sen, 182 Thurmond, Strom, 47-48,50 Superfortresses. See B-29 bombers Tibbets, Paul W, 330 Symington, Stuart, 326,360 Tito, Josip Broz, 18-19 Nationalists, 57-58 Tofte, Hans, 465 Taft, Robert A., 58,73,75,144, 255,294,297 Taiwan (Formosa): Asian policy of Truman administration and, 21,59,127,146, trade unions, communist influence in, 420 Troyanovsky, Oleg, 9,10 Truman, Harry, 49,250,266,291,300; 172; Chinese Communists realizing Acheson and, 281-82,302; Asian policy US military aid as impediment to of, 21,31,53-55,58,79,172; atomic their overtaking, 172; Joint Chiefs of weapons and, 42,84,203,204,248-49, Staff agreeing to defense for, 57,58, 389; background of, 43-45; becoming 145; MacArthur’s position on strategic president upon Roosevelt’s death (April importance of, 147; Mao’s desire to 12,1945), 44; blamed for “loss” of China, acquire, 40,170,171,174; Truman agreeing to US-provided protection 21,61,70,278; campaign for reelection and election results, 47-49; consolidation for, 130,232; US Seventh Fleet in of US commitments by, 42-60; Formosa Strait, 134,174. See also Chinese Eisenhower’s assessment of Truman’s lack Nationalists of understanding that US would be in Tamm, Igor, 399, 408 major war, 133,142,201; on executive Task Force Smith, 136-37 authority to commit forces, 141; executive
584 Truman (continued) authority used to commit US forces in Korea, 141,144,2-55; Fair Deal domestic legislative program of, 43,140; farm vote and, 512П13; French forces in Vietnam, aid to, 172; on German rearmament, 284,285; international and financial challenges, 50-53; on MacArthur’s conduct, 145-47, 204,226,249; McCarthy’s tactics of red scare and, 61,71,79; NSC 68 and, 104-6; praised for war decisionmaking and increased popular support for, 141, 254-55; psychological warfare and, 459; public unpopularity and vulnerability of, 7,47-48,123; as Roosevelt’s vice president, 43-44,45; scandal exposés on improper gifts to administration members, 43; Smith and, 471; Stalin and, 45-46; third world war as inevitable for, 488; Western Europe’s security as top priority for, 51, 60,158,203,270. See also defense budget; Korean War Truman Doctrine: Acheson and, 280, 512Ո15; covert actions by CIA and, 419; economic and military support to Greece and Turkey, 29,47; financial commitments of, 123; globalism vs. isolationism and, 256; Lovett and, 246; Nitze and, 91; as part of US Cold War containment policy, 28-29,270,444 Truscott, Lucian K„ 463-64 Tupolev, Andrei N., 305-27,323,482-83; ANT-i airplane design by, 307; ANT-շ airplane design by, 307,308; ANT25 airplane design by, 308; ANT-42 bomber and, 311; B-29 copy called B-4, Stalin giving order for, 316-19,482-83; background of, 306-9; cybernetics and, 314-15; meeting with Stalin to explain refusal to enlarge Tu-16,321; Miasishchev as competitor designer of M-4 bombers, 322-23,484; PB-4 dive bomber and, 311; Project 64 to design bomber
deliver atomic bomb, 314,315,320; purged by Stalin and in prison design bureau, INDEX 309-13; released from prison to do design work during World War II, 313-14; rewarded by Stalin, 314,318; TB-i bomber design by, 307; TB-3 bomber design by 308; Tu-շ dive bomber design by 311,312,319; Tu֊4 long-range bomber design by (B-4 renamed in honor of Tupolev), 318,319,320,408,411,483; Tu-16 medium-range bomber design by 318,319-20,483; Tu-85 intercontinental bomber design by, 320,323,324,483; TU-95/TU-95M/TU-95A/TU-95MA intercontinental bomber design by, 323, 324-27,411,484; turbojet and turboprop engines rejected by 321,324 Turkey 29,47,91,280,302-3,356,481 Tydings, Millard, 293 Tydings Committee (1950), 71-78,80,122 Ulbricht, Walter, 272 unification of Korea: Kim ITsung’s goal of, 24,108,112,475; need for UN action on, 163,166; Stalin’s view on, 39-40; as US goal, 163,164,165 United Nations: Charter obligations, 59,128, 144; forces in Korean War, 137-38,139, 223-25,227,229-30; negotiations to settle war at, 205,226,480; planning of, 413; PRC admission to, 204,248; Security Council on North Korean aggression, 120,124,126,128,131; South Korea and, 29; Soviet stance on Korean War in, 164-65. See also Korean War United States: casualties in Korean War, 233; Kim discounting likely involvement in talks with Mao about launching Korean War, 40; Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP), 53,57; recession (1949), 42-43,81; 303 funds for defense of Chinese Nationalists, 57-58; trying to avoid war with China, 3,60,203, 237,487; trying to avoid war with Soviet Union, 97,366. See aho Cold War;
Korean War; nuclear weapons, development and deployment of;
INDEX Truman, Harry; World War II; specific government agencies and ojficiah University of North Korean Studies (Seoul), 4 Urey, Harold, 370 Vandenberg, Hoyt: as air force chief of staff, 329,415; as director of central intelligence (DCI), 414-15; identifying need for changes to insure combat readiness, 329-33; LeMay and, 350; Lovett and, 246; on Operation Thunderbolt, 224; on transfer of nuclear weapons from AEC to SAC, 364; on US strategy at start of Korean War, 127,130,206 Vannikov, Boris, 389,390,398 Vasiliyev, Nikolai A., 112,113 Vassiliev, Alexander, 397 Venona transcripts, 69,514Ո12 Vernadskii, Vladimir, 372,386 Vernadsky, George, 372 Vietnam (Indochina): Chinese plan for Communist takeover in, 170,172; France in, 55,131,172, 277, 292,300 Vinson, Carl, 88 Voroshilov, Klimenti, 373 Vorys, John M„ 68 Voznesensky, Nikolai A., 14 Walker, Walton H„ 137-38, 202,479 Wallace, Henry A., 47,50 Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), 360 Webb, James E., 106,126, 282,457 Weidenbach, Adolph C, 156 Weiner, Tim, 459-60,470-71 Weinstein, Allen, 70 Weisskopf, Victor, 371 Welch, Joseph Nye, 79 Westad, Odd Arne, 183-84 Western Enterprises (CIA front group on Taiwan), 467 Western Europe: European Coal and Steel Community, 283; fear of Soviet aggression in, 269-70; integrated European defense 585 force (European Defence Community [EDC]), 287-88,290,298-300; LeMay as US Air Forces Europe commander, 349; stalled economic recovery in, 300; US debate over increasing troops in, 292-98; US defense budget underwriting, 255; as US priority, 51,60,158,203,247, 269,270-71,479. See also Marshall
Plan; specific countries West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): Basic Law, adoption of (1949), 20,52; Bonn as capital, 272; Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal Intelligence Service), 421-22; concessions from North Atlantic Council meeting, 287; creation of (1949), 20,52, 269, 272, 419,551Ո57; currency policy and, 19-20, 274,275,419; end of Western powers’ occupation in, 20,45,46,290,292,301, 441; France and, 273-77; Korean War as situation giving advantage to German rearmament arguments, 289; Marshall Plan to include, 18,419; rearmament of, 284, 285-92; Social Democrats in, 273 289; US desire to create as stable, prosperous country, 272-78; Washington Agreements (adopted 1949), 275; West Berlin, 272,419; Young Germans resistance group, CIA support for, 463. See also Berlin airlift; Berlin Blockade Wherry, Kenneth, 75,294, 297 White, Lincoln, 71 Whitehouse, Frank, 105 Whitney, Courtney, 156,161 Willoughby, Charles A., 121-22,124,156,199, 201,456 Wilson, E. T. S., 369 Wisconsin Progressive Party, 65 Wisner, Frank, 419-21,453,454,457-60, 463-64,470,553Ո98 Wolfe, James, 523Ո19 Wolk, Herman S., 350 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Cold War International History Project, 4; Digital Archive on
586 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (continued) website, 4; North Korea International Documentation Project, 4; Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, 4; Program on International Security Studies, 4 World Bank, 413 World War 1,180-81,211,239,244,272,425 World War II: Arcadia planning session with Churchill, 242,429-30; Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS) in, 429-30, 439; European theater favored by US over Pacific conflict, 270; at fall of Berlin to Soviets, NKVD in search of uranium, 387; final push by Allies to defeat Germany, 439-41; German surrender (May 7,1945) and subsequent occupation, 20,45,46,290,292, 439,441-42; Italy in, 212-15,433-37; Japanese surrender (August 14,1945), 46,348,389; Lend-Lease program, 280, 305,316,388,428; Malta conference on strategy to defeat Hitler, 439-40; Marshall and, 241-43; Nazi-Soviet Pact, 312; Normandy invasion (Overlord), 215-19, 241,344-45,437-38,440; North Africa offensive (Operation Torch), 136, 243,429,431-33; postwar compared to World War I postwar, 272; prior to fall of Berlin to Soviets, British-American unit capturing uranium ore and delivering it to Manhattan Project, 387; Ridgway in, 211-16; Soviet air force in, 304-5; Soviet atomic bomb development during, 373-77; Soviet legacy from, 7-8; Soviet offensive in Asian theater, 389; Soviets under siege by Nazis, 368,373,385; US military demobilization after peace, 413,473; US military disorganization at time of entry into, 429,431; Yalta Conference (1945), 21-22,45,67,68,388. See also Eisenhower, Dwight D.; nuclear weapons, development and deployment
of; Soviet atomic bomb development INDEX Wright Field (Dayton), practice night attack on, 333 WSEG (Weapons Systems Evaluation Group), 360 Xiao San, 180 Yafeng Xia, 3,200,233 Yakovlev, Alexander S., 310 Yalta Conference (1945), 21-22,45, 67, 68, 388 Yalu River (border of PRC and Korea): B-29S disabling power plants along, 362; Chinese troops crossing, 196, 237,487; MacArthur’s strategy and, 477; Soviet air cover of, 200, 233 Yang Changji, 180 Yugoslavia, independence of, 302-3 Zakharov, M. V., 189 Zaloga, Steven, 322 Zaveniagin, Avraamii P., 390, 546Ո38 Zel’dovich, Iakov, 385,403,406 Zhang Guotao, 183 Zhdanov, Andrei, 18,35 Zhemchuzhina, Polina, 13 Zhigarev, Pavel, 320 Zhou Enlai: advocating joining Jiangsponsored National Assembly, 183; armistice of Korean War and, 231; CCP role of, 182; claim that third world war inevitable, 205,488; Kim meeting with (1950), 39; Kissinger on, 509Ո33; Korean War and, 174,175, 177; protest to UN that US action constituted act of aggression against PRC, 146-47; rejecting UN cease-fire proposals, 205; Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950) and, 23; Stalin meeting on Korean War strategy (1950), 194; StalinZhou telegram (1950) to Mao, 194; strategy to confront US on three fronts, 173; on US Seventh Fleet in Formosa Strait, 134,174 Zhukovskiy, N. Ye., 306-7 Ч Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Wells, Samuel F. 1935- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170484912 |
| author_facet | Wells, Samuel F. 1935- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wells, Samuel F. 1935- |
| author_variant | s f w sf sfw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV046616594 |
| classification_rvk | MK 2300 |
| contents | Stalin Endorses War in Asia -- Kim Il-sung Plans an Attack -- Truman Consolidates US Commitments -- Joseph McCarthy Sells the Politics of Fear -- Paul Nitze Sounds the Tocsin -- North Korea Drives South -- Truman Reverses Policy -- Douglas MacArthur Gambles and Wins -- Mao Zedong Intervenes Massively -- Peng Dehuai and Matthew Ridgway Fight to a Stalemate -- George C. Marshall and Robert Lovett Guide a US Buildup -- Dean Acheson Leads the Defense of Europe -- Andrei Tupolev Creates a Strategic Bomber Force -- Curtis LeMay Builds the Strategic Air Command -- Igor Kurchatov Develops Soviet Nuclear Weapons -- Walter Bedell Smith Reforms and Expands the CIA -- Korea Transforms the Cold War |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1164660782 (DE-599)BVBBV046616594 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV046616594 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T14:06:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:49:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780231192743 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-032028384 |
| oclc_num | 1164660782 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | xiv, 586 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20200525 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | Columbia University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Woodrow Wilson Center series |
| spelling | Wells, Samuel F. 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)170484912 aut Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War Samuel F. Wells, Jr. How Korea transformed the Cold War New York Columbia University Press [2020] xiv, 586 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Woodrow Wilson Center series Stalin Endorses War in Asia -- Kim Il-sung Plans an Attack -- Truman Consolidates US Commitments -- Joseph McCarthy Sells the Politics of Fear -- Paul Nitze Sounds the Tocsin -- North Korea Drives South -- Truman Reverses Policy -- Douglas MacArthur Gambles and Wins -- Mao Zedong Intervenes Massively -- Peng Dehuai and Matthew Ridgway Fight to a Stalemate -- George C. Marshall and Robert Lovett Guide a US Buildup -- Dean Acheson Leads the Defense of Europe -- Andrei Tupolev Creates a Strategic Bomber Force -- Curtis LeMay Builds the Strategic Air Command -- Igor Kurchatov Develops Soviet Nuclear Weapons -- Walter Bedell Smith Reforms and Expands the CIA -- Korea Transforms the Cold War "The Worst Case considers how the Cold War and its shape as a strategic confrontation between two superpowers flowed from the Korean War. The book examines the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, each superpower's relations with its allies, and the roles of technology, intelligence, and domestic politics in the decisions of the key nations. The United States reluctantly funded massive increases in nuclear weapons, strategic bombers, and nuclear submarines because the leaders of the Truman administration concluded that Stalin was prepared to start World War III to advance his interests in Asia and Europe. In the absence of any reliable intelligence on Soviet or Chinese decision-making, the key people in the administration accepted the worst case as a real possibility, and prepared for it. What they did not know is that Stalin was working consistently to avoid war with the United States, that Mao was not a puppet of Moscow but had his own ambitious agenda in Asia, and that Kim Il-sung had convinced Stalin that he could produce a low-cost victory in Korea that would give the Soviet Union warm-water ports and a reliable client state strategically positioned to influence Japan and the states of Southeast Asia. Through materials from archives and previously restricted published materials in Russia, China, and North Korea that have become accessible in recent years, The Worst Case provides insights into the reasons behind choices made by leaders in the communist countries to add to the well-researched records on the Western side"-- Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Koreakrieg (DE-588)4032467-9 gnd rswk-swf World politics / 1945-1955 World politics / 1955-1965 Cold War Korean War, 1950-1953 / Influence Korea / Strategic aspects United States / Military policy United States / Military relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Military relations / United States Cold War (1945-1989) Korean War (1950-1953) Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) Military policy Military relations Strategic aspects of individual places World politics Korea Soviet Union United States 1945-1965 Koreakrieg (DE-588)4032467-9 s Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-231-54994-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032028384&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=032028384&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Wells, Samuel F. 1935- Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War Stalin Endorses War in Asia -- Kim Il-sung Plans an Attack -- Truman Consolidates US Commitments -- Joseph McCarthy Sells the Politics of Fear -- Paul Nitze Sounds the Tocsin -- North Korea Drives South -- Truman Reverses Policy -- Douglas MacArthur Gambles and Wins -- Mao Zedong Intervenes Massively -- Peng Dehuai and Matthew Ridgway Fight to a Stalemate -- George C. Marshall and Robert Lovett Guide a US Buildup -- Dean Acheson Leads the Defense of Europe -- Andrei Tupolev Creates a Strategic Bomber Force -- Curtis LeMay Builds the Strategic Air Command -- Igor Kurchatov Develops Soviet Nuclear Weapons -- Walter Bedell Smith Reforms and Expands the CIA -- Korea Transforms the Cold War Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Koreakrieg (DE-588)4032467-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4032467-9 |
| title | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War |
| title_alt | How Korea transformed the Cold War |
| title_auth | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War |
| title_exact_search | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War |
| title_full | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War Samuel F. Wells, Jr. |
| title_fullStr | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War Samuel F. Wells, Jr. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fearing the worst how Korea transformed the Cold War Samuel F. Wells, Jr. |
| title_short | Fearing the worst |
| title_sort | fearing the worst how korea transformed the cold war |
| title_sub | how Korea transformed the Cold War |
| topic | Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Koreakrieg (DE-588)4032467-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ost-West-Konflikt Koreakrieg |
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