Untangling complex systems: a grand challenge for science
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Boca Raton
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
[2019]
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | xix, 568 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781466509429 |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface...................................................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................................xvii About the Author...................................................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Chapter 2 Reversibility orIrreversibility? That Is the Question!...................................................21 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Chapter 3 The Never-Ending Journey to Discovering the Secrets of Nature.................... 1 1.1.1 The “Practical Period”............................................................................. 4 1.1.2 The “Philosophical Period”......................................................................5 1.1.3 The “Experimental Period”...................................................................... 8 1.1.4 The “Computational Period”.................................................................. 15 What Is Science, Today?....................................................................................... 16 Purposeand Contents of This Book.......................................................................18 Key
Questions....................................................................................................... 20 Key Words.............................................................................................................20 Hints for Further Reading.................................................................................... 20 Introduction........................................................................................................... 21 The Thermodynamic Approach..........................................................................22 2.2.1 The Classical Definition of Entropy......................................................23 2.2.2 The Statistical Definition of Entropy....................................................24 2.2.3 The Logical Definition of Entropy........................................................27 An Exhausting Fight against Entropy.................................................................30 2.3.1 The Maxwell’s Demon........................................................................... 30 2.3.2 A First Mechanical Attempt...................................................................30 2.3.3 Another Mechanical Attempt.................................................................31 2.3.4 The Involvement of Artificial Intelligence: A “Thought Experiment”............................................................................................ 32 2.3.5 The Embodiment of Maxwell’s Demon: A “Real Experiment”....... 34 2.3.6 The Surprising Behavior of Small
Systems......................................... 35 2.3.7 There Is Still an Open Question............................................................ 38 Key Questions........................................................................................................ 38 Key Words............................................................................................................. 38 Hints for Further Reading....................................................................................39 Exercises................................................................................................................ 39 Solutions to the Exercises..................................................................................... 39 Out-of-Equilibrium Thermodynamics........................................................................... 41 3.1 3.2 Introduction........................................................................................................... 41 Definition of the Entropy Change for an Out-of-Equilibrium System............. 41 3.2.1 Heat Conduction.......................................................................................43 3.2.2 Chemical Reactions................................................................................ 44 3.2.3 Diffusion.................................................................................................. 47 3.2.4 Migration................................................................................................. 47 3.2.5
Generalization.........................................................................................50 vii
Contents VIII 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Chapter 4 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics in Linear Regime................................. 50 3.3.1 Fourier’s Law: The Law of Heat Conduction.................................. 50 3.3.2 Ohm’s Law: The Law of Electrical Conduction.............................. 51 3.3.3 Poiseuille’s Law: The Law of Laminar Flow of Fluids................... 52 3.3.4 Fick’s Law: The Law of Diffusion................................................... 53 3.3.5 Generalization: Symmetry Principle and Onsager Reciprocal Relations........................................................................................... 54 3.3.6 An Experimental Proof of the Reciprocal Relations....................... 57 3.3.7 Cross-Diffusion................................................................................ 59 3.3.8 Thermal Diffusion........................................................................... 61 Evolution of Out-of-Equilibrium Systems in Linear Regime....................... 63 3.4.1 The Case of Heat Conduction.......................................................... 64 3.4.2 The Case of Diffusion...................................................................... 65 The Theorem of Minimum Entropy Production in Linear Regime..............67 3.5.1 A Single Force and Flow................................................................. 67 3.5.2 The Case of More Than One Force and One Flow..........................68 Evolution of Out-of-Equilibrium Systems in Nonlinear Regime..................69 3.6.1 Chemical
Reactions......................................................................... 69 3.6.2 The Glansdorff-Prigogine Stability Criterion.................................. 71 The Chemical Transformations and the Linear Regime............................... 72 3.7.1 Onsager’s Reciprocal Relations for Chemical Reactions................. 73 3.7.2 A Particular Case.............................................................................73 The Evolution of Chemical Reactions in Open Systems............................... 74 3.8.1 The Mono-Dimensional Case.......................................................... 75 3.8.2 The Bi-Dimensional Case................................................................ 76 3.8.3 The Multi-Dimensional Case........................................................... 81 Key Questions............................................................................................... 81 KeyWords..................................................................................................... 82 Hints for Further Reading............................................................................. 82 Exercises........................................................................................................ 82 Solutions to the Exercises.............................................................................. 86 An Amazing Scientific Voyage: From Equilibrium up to Self-Organization through Bifurcations..................................................................................................97 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
Introduction.................................................................................................... 97 Bifurcations..................................................................................................101 4.2.1 Saddle-Node Bifurcation................................................................ 101 4.2.2 Trans-Critical Bifurcation...............................................................102 4.2.2.1 From a Lamp to a Laser: An Example of Trans-Critical Bifurcation...............................................103 4.2.3 Pitchfork Bifurcation......................................................................105 4.2.3.1 Chiral Symmetry Breaking.............................................105 4.2.4 Hopf Bifurcations............................................................................110 Key Questions............................................................................................. Ill Key Words..................................................................................................1 Hint for Further Reading..............................................................................Ill Exercises...................................................................................................... 112 Solutions to the Exercises............................................................................ 112
Contents Chapter 5 IX The Emergence of Temporal Order in the Ecosystems..............................................117 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 Chapter 6 The Emergence of Temporal Order in the Economy................................................. 147 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Chapter 7 Introduction...................................................................................................... 117 Predator-Prey Relationship: The Lotka-Volterra Model..............................117 Entropy Production in the Lotka-Volterra Model........................................ 121 More about Predator-Prey Relationships....................................................... 123 Other Relationships within an Ecosystem..................................................... 129 Mathematical Modeling of Symbiotic Relationships...................................130 5.6.1 Antagonism........................................................................................ 130 5.6.2 Mutualism.......................................................................................... 133 Key Questions..................................................................................................135 Keywords........................................................................................................ 135 Hints for Further Reading...............................................................................135 Exercises............................................................................................................136 Solutions to
the Exercises................................................................................137 Introduction........................................................................................................147 The Economic Problem................................................................................... 148 Linear and Circular Economy.........................................................................149 The Law of Supply and Demand.................................................................... 151 The Business Cycles........................................................................................ 152 6.5.1 Goodwin’s Predator-Prey Model........................................................153 6.5.2 The Multiplier and Accelerator Model............................................156 6.5.3 Other Models..................................................................................... 158 6.5.4 The Real Business Cycles................................................................. 159 Key Questions.................................................................................................. 160 Keywords.........................................................................................................160 Hints for Further Reading............................................................................... 160 Exercises............................................................................................................160 Solutions to the
Exercises................................................................................ 161 The Emergence of Temporal Order within a Living Being...................................... 167 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Introduction.......................................................................................................167 Metabolic Events..............................................................................................167 7.2.1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics............................................................... 168 7.2.2 Hill Kinetics........................................................................................169 7.2.3 The Nonlinearity of Allosteric Enzymes.........................................170 7.2.4 Glycolysis............................................................................................174 Cellular Signaling Processes........................................................................... 176 7.3.1 The Simplest Signal Transduction System........................................176 7.3.2 Signal Transduction Systems with Positive Feedback....................177 Epigenetic Events.............................................................................................181 Biological Rhythms..........................................................................................185 Amplification and Adaptation in Regulatory and Sensory Systems...........187 7.6.1 Magnitude Amplification...................................................................187 7.6.2 Sensitivity
Amplification...................................................................188 7.6.3 Adaptation........................................................................................... 190 Key Questions.................................................................................................. 191
x Contents 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 Chapter 8 The Emergence of Temporal Order in a Chemical Laboratory................................ 197 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 Chapter 9 KeyWords.......................................................................................................... 192 Hints for Further Reading................................................................................ 192 Exercises............................................................................................................. 192 Solutions to the Exercises..................................................................................193 Introduction........................................................................................................ 197 The Discovery of Oscillating Chemical Reactions........................................197 The Systematic Design of Chemical Oscillators............................................ 199 8.3.1 Excitability.......................................................................................... 202 8.3.2 Oscillations......................................................................................... 203 8.3.3 In Practice............................................................................................203 Primary “Oscillators”....................................................................................... 205 8.4.1 Oregonator Model: The “Primary Oscillator” of Coproduct Autocontrol......................................................................................... 205 8.4.2 The Modified Lotka-Volterra
or Predator-Prey“Primary Oscillator”........................................................................................... 208 8.4.3 The “Flow Control Primary Oscillator”...........................................212 8.4.4 The Composite System: A Chemical Equilibrium Coupled to a “Primary Oscillator”................................................................... 214 8.4.5 “Delayed Negative Feedback Oscillator”.........................................216 Overview and Hints for Further Reading....................................................... 220 Key Questions................................................................................................... 222 Keywords......................................................................................................... 222 Exercises.............................................................................................................222 Solutions to the Exercises................................................................................. 227 The Emergence of Order in Space............................................................................... 241 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Introduction........................................................................................................ 241 The Reaction-Diffusion Model........................................................................241 Turing Patterns..................................................................................................246 Turing Patterns in a Chemical
Laboratory..................................................... 251 Turing Patterns in Nature................................................................................. 255 9.5.1 Biology: The Development of Embryos............................................256 9.5.2 Biology: Regeneration of Tissues...................................................... 260 9.5.3 Biology: Phyllotaxis............................................................................261 9.5.4 Biology: Animal Markings................................................................ 261 9.5.5 Ecology, Sociology, and Economy.................................................... 263 9.5.6 Geomorphology.................................................................................. 263 9.5.7 The Next Development of Turing’s Theory: The Mechanochemical Patterning........................................................... 264 Chemical Waves................................................................................................269 9.6.1 Propagator-Controller Model.............................................................270 9.6.1.1 Phase Waves........................................................................ 271 9.6.1.2 Trigger Waves..................................................................... 271 9.6.2 Shapes of Chemical Waves................................................................ 273 9.6.2.1 Mono- and Bi-Dimensional Waves................................... 273 9.6.2.2 Three-Dimensional Waves................................................ 274 9.6.2.3 Effect of
Curvature.............................................................274
Contents x¡ 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 “Chemical” Waves in Biology......................................................................... 275 9.7.1 Waves in a Neuron.............................................................................275 9.7.2 The Fisher-Kolmogorov Equation...................................................279 9.7.3 Waves in Our Brain.......................................................................... 281 9.7.4 Waves in Our Heart.......................................................................... 282 9.7.5 Calcium Waves................................................................................. 283 9.7.6 cAMP Waves: The Case of Dictyostelium Discoideum................284 9.7.7 Spreading of Species, Epidemics and ... Fads...............................285 Liesegang Patterns............................................................................................285 Liesegang Phenomena in Nature.....................................................................288 9.9.1 In Geology.........................................................................................288 9.9.2 In Biology..........................................................................................289 A Final Note: The Reaction-Diffusion Structures inArt and Technology........................................................................................................289 9.10.1 Reaction-Diffusion Processes as Art............................................. 289 9.10.2 Reaction-Diffusion Processes in
Technology................................290 Key Questions.................................................................................................. 290 Keywords.........................................................................................................291 Hints for Further Reading.................................................................................291 Exercises............................................................................................................ 291 Solutions to the Exercises................................................................................ 296 Chapter 10 The Emergence of Chaos in Time............................................................................... 317 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Introduction....................................................................................................... 317 Nonlinearity and Chaos: The Case of the Double Pendulum.......................317 Nonlinearity and Chaos: The Case of the Population Growth and the Logistic Map......................................................................................................321 The Universality of Chaos............................................................................... 326 Convection..........................................................................................................327 The Entropy Production in the Nonlinear Regime: The Case of Convection......................................................................................................... 332 The “Butterfly
Effect”......................................................................................334 10.7.1 The Complexity of Convection in the TerrestrialAtmosphere......334 10.7.2 The Lorenz’s Model......................................................................... 335 10.7.3 The Sensitivity to the Initial Conditions........................................ 338 10.7.4 The Hydrodynamic Photochemical Oscillator...............................340 Aperiodic Time Series......................................................................................342 10.8.1 How Do We Recognize Chaotic Time Series?...............................343 10.8.1.1 Time Delay τ...................................................................343 10.8.1.2 Embedding Dimension m.............................................. 344 10.8.1.3 Lyapunov Exponents....................................................... 345 10.8.1.4 Kolmogorov-Sinai Entropy.............................................346 10.8.1.5 Correlation Dimension................................................... 347 10.8.1.6 Permutation Entropy...................................................... 347 10.8.1.7 Surrogate Data................................................................348 10.8.1.8 Short-Term Predictability and Long-Term Unpredictability..............................................................348 10.8.2 Prediction of the Chaotic Time Series............................................349 10.8.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks.............................................350
x¡¡ Contents 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 Mastering Chaos........................................................................................352 10.9.1 Applications................................................................................ 354 10.9.1.1 Communication by Chaotic Dynamics..................... 354 10.9.1.2 Computing by Chaotic Dynamics............................. 354 Key Questions............................................................................................ 355 Key Words.................................................................................................355 Hints for Further Reading..........................................................................356 Exercises....................................................................................................356 Solutions to the Exercises...........................................................................360 Chapter 11 Chaos in Space: The Fractals...................................................................................379 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 Introduction...............................................................................................379 What Is a Fractal?...................................................................................... 381 Fractal Dimension...................................................................................... 383 Fractals That Are Not Perfectly Self-Similar.............................................385 The
Fractal-like Structures in Nature.......................................................386 The Dimensions of Fractals That AreNot Perfectly Self-Similar..............388 A Method for Generating Fractal-likeStructures in the Lab...................... 389 Dendritic Fractals......................................................................................392 Multifractals..............................................................................................394 11.9.1 Analysis of the Complex Images............................................... 394 11.9.2 Analysis of the Complex Time Series........................................ 395 Diffusion in Fractals................................................................................. 395 Chemical Reactions on Fractals and Fractal-like Kinetics in Cells........ 396 Power Laws or Stretched ExponentialFunctions?..................................... 399 Why Does Chaos Generate Fractals?........................................................ 401 Chaos, Fractals, and Entropy....................................................................402 Key Questions........................................................................................... 403 Keywords................................................................................................. 403 Hints for Further Reading......................................................................... 404 Exercises.................................................................................................... 404 Solutions to the
Exercises.......................................................................... 405 Chapter 12 Complex Systems..................................................................................................... 415 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 The Natural Complexity Challenges......................................................... 415 The Computational Complexity of theNatural Complex Systems............ 415 Ifit Were NP = P, Would Be the Complexity Challenges Surely Won? ..419 The Features of Complex Systems............................................................ 420 12.4.1 Networks.................................................................................... 420 12.4.2 Out-of-Equilibrium Systems......................................................426 12.4.2.1 The Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation...........426 12.4.2.2 The Fate of the Solar Thermal Radiation and the Climate Change........................................................ 430 12.4.2.3 Solar Radiation and Life on Earth............................ 431 12.4.2.4 Solar Radiation as an Energy Source for Life on Earth......................................................................... 433 12.4.2.5 Solar Radiation as Information Source for Life on Earth.................................................................... 437 12.4.3 Emergent Properties...................................................................444
Contents x¡¡¡ 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 Key Questions................................................................................................446 Key Words...................................................................................................... 446 Hints for Further Reading.............................................................................. 447 Exercises..........................................................................................................447 Solutions to the Exercises............................................................................... 450 Chapter 13 How to Untangle Complex Systems?.......................................................................... 457 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 Introduction.....................................................................................................457 Improving Electronic Computers..................................................................457 Natural Computing......................................................................................... 461 13.3.1 Computing Inspired by Natural Information Systems..................462 13.3.1.1 Artificial Life, Systems Chemistry, Systems Biology, and Synthetic Biology..................................462 13.3.1.2 Membrane Computing.................................................463 13.3.1.3 DNA and RNA Computing........................................464 13.3.1.4 Evolutionary Computing............................................ 467 13.3.1.5 Artificial Immune
Systems........................................ 468 13.3.1.6 Cellular Automata....................................................... 469 13.3.1.7 Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic, and Robots.... 471 13.3.1.8 Protein Computing...................................................... 476 13.3.1.9 Amorphous Computing...............................................477 13.3.1.10 Building Models of Complex Systems: ODEs, Boolean Networks, and FuzzyCognitive Maps........477 13.3.1.11 Agent-Based Modeling................................................479 13.3.2 Computing by Exploiting the Physicochemical Laws................... 482 13.3.2.1 Thermodynamics..........................................................482 13.3.2.2 Classical Physics...........................................................484 13.3.2.3 Computing with Subatomic Particles, Atoms, and Molecules............................................................... 486 13.3.2.4 The “Ultimate Laptop”................................................ 491 Last Conclusive Thoughts and Perspectives.................................................491 Last Motivating Sentences Pronounced by “Important People”................ 493 Key Questions................................................................................................. 494 KeyWords........................................................................................................494 Hints for Further Reading.............................................................................. 495
Exercises........................................................................................................... 495 Solutions of the Exercises.............................................................................. 497 Appendix A: Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations.................................................... 503 Appendix B: The Maximum Entropy Method..............................................................................507 Appendix C: Fourier Transform of Waveforms............................................................................ 513 Appendix D: Errors and Uncertainties in Laboratory Experiments........................................ 517 Appendix E: Errors in Numerical Computation........................................................................... 531 References.............................................................................................................................................. 535 Index........................................................................................................................................................559
Untangling Complex Systems A Grand Challenge for Science Complex Systems are natural systems that science is unable to describe exhaustively. Examples of Complex Systems include both unicellular and multicellular living beings, human brains, human immune systems, ecosystems, human societies, the global economy, the climate and geology of our planet. This book is an account of the marvelous interdisciplinary journey the author has made to understand the properties of Complex Systems. He has undertaken his trip equipped with the fundamental principles of physical chemistry, particularly, the Second Law of Thermodynamics which describes the spontaneous evolution of our universe, and the tools of non-linear dynamics. The author addresses the disciplines of chemistry, biology, physics, economy, and philosophy to demonstrate how Complex Systems are intertwined networks in out-of-equilibrium conditions, exhibiting emergent properties such as self organization phenomena and chaotic behaviors in time and space. Although the fundamental physical and chemical laws are known, we encounter many difficulties in predicting the phenomenology of the Complex Systems mainly for computational reasons. If we want to control Complex Systems we need to improve our current computational facilities, design brand new ones, formulate new algorithms, and develop new models. This book traces a didactic route ançl a research path that will be useful to untangle Complex Systems. Other features include • Questions and key-words in every chapter to ensure reader comprehension • Numerous homework problems
with solutions • Chemical laboratory experiments are proposed and solved as exercises • Explains the strict relation between Natural Complexity and Computational Complexity This book is a valuable resource to spark enthusiasm for the investigation of Complex Systems in new generations. Science CRC Press ® Taylor Francis Group an informa business www.crcpress.com CRC Press titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats ISBN 978-1-4665-0942-9 9781466509429
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| owner_facet | DE-703 |
| physical | xix, 568 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gentili, Pier Luigi Verfasser aut Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science Pier Luigi Gentili Boca Raton CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group [2019] xix, 568 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Computational complexity System analysis System theory Fuzzy logic Komplexes System (DE-588)4114261-5 gnd rswk-swf Komplexes System (DE-588)4114261-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031071801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031071801&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Gentili, Pier Luigi Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science Computational complexity System analysis System theory Fuzzy logic Komplexes System (DE-588)4114261-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114261-5 |
| title | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science |
| title_auth | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science |
| title_exact_search | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science |
| title_full | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science Pier Luigi Gentili |
| title_fullStr | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science Pier Luigi Gentili |
| title_full_unstemmed | Untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science Pier Luigi Gentili |
| title_short | Untangling complex systems |
| title_sort | untangling complex systems a grand challenge for science |
| title_sub | a grand challenge for science |
| topic | Computational complexity System analysis System theory Fuzzy logic Komplexes System (DE-588)4114261-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computational complexity System analysis System theory Fuzzy logic Komplexes System |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031071801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031071801&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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