Open ecosystems: ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2019
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| Edition: | First edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xi, 178 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780198812456 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Open Ecosystems
ecology and evolution beyond
the forest edge
William J Bond
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
1 Introduction to open ecosystems: a global anomaly and a local example 1
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 Fynbos shrublands: an example 2
121 Climate does not explain the absence of forests 2
122 The dominance of fynbos is not a consequence of deforestation 4
123 Forests are not excluded from fynbos by low nutrient soils 4
124 Fire and the origin and maintenance of open ecosystems 5
1 3 Open ecosystems in wider context 6
1 4 Geographic scope and terminological difficulties 9
1 5 History of research 10
151 Consumer control: fire and open ecosystems 10
152 Consumer control: herbivores and open ecosystems 10
153 New developments 11
1 6 Book structure 12
2 The pattern of open ecosystems and the climates in which they occur 13
2 1 Introduction 13
2 2 Climate explanations for the distribution of biomes 13
221 Examples of climate-vegetation correlations 14
2 3 Climate zones where ecosystems are uncertain 15
2 4 Tropical and subtropical regions 16
2 5 Temperate and boreal regions 20
251 Local studies 20
252 Mapping the spatial extent of temperate and boreal open ecosystems 20
253 Remote sensing of temperate and boreal trees 21
2 6 Beyond correlations 22
261 Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs and DVMs) 22
262 Southern African case study 23
263 Simulating world vegetation 25
2 7 Explanations for uncertain ecosystems 25
271 Are uncertain ecosystems merely the product of deforestation? 25
3 Uncertain ecosystems: the conceptual framework 27
3 1 Introduction 27
3 2 The carrying capacity for trees 27
vii
viii CONTENTS
3 3 Explanations for open, low biomass ecosystems:
Bottom-up factors
331 Climate extremes
332 Hostile soils
333 Physical disturbance
3 4 Anthropogenic disturbance and open, low biomass ecosystems
3 5 Consumers and open, low biomass ecosystems
351 The green world hypothesis
352 Consumers that escape predation
353 Fire as a generalist herbivore
354A multi-coloured world
3 6 Integrating top-down and bottom-up processes
3 7 Open ecosystems and succession mechanisms
3 8 Alternative stable states
381 Testing ASS
382 Alternative hypotheses
383 Experiments
384 Stability
385 Patterns from space
3 9 Implications of ASS theory
3 10 Summary
4 The nature of open ecosystems
4 1 Introduction
4 2 Diversity, endemism, and the antiquity of open ecosystems
4 3 Tropical grassy biomes
431 The grasslands of Madagascar: anthropogenic or ancient?
432 Southern grasslands of the USA
4 4 North temperate floras
45A global perspective: open ecosystem biodiversity hotspots
451 Forests versus savannas: an intercontinental comparison
4 6 The diversity of open ecosystems
4 7 Functional traits in a trophically structured world: a framework
471 Green versus black and brown world traits (closed versus open
ecosystems)
472 Black world traits
473 Grass-fuelled surface fire regimes
474 Underground trees: geoxylic suffrutices
4 8 Crown fire systems
4 9 Old-growth grasslands
4 10 Brown world traits: herbivory responses
4 10 1 Woody plants
4 10 2 Herbaceous plants
4 11 Open habitat faunas
4 11 1 Species richness
4 11 2 Forest/open ecosystem mosaics
CONTENTS ix
4 11 3 Functional traits 65
4 11 4 Mammals 65
4 12 Summary 66
5 The origins of closed and open ecosystems: Fossils and phylogenies 67
5 1 Introduction 67
5 2 Exploring the past 67
521 Fossils 67
522 Phylogenies 68
5 3 The early origin of forests 68
5 4 The Cretaceous and the emergence of the flowering plants 69
541 The attributes of early angiosperms 69
542 Dinosaurs and the spread of the angiosperms in the Cretaceous 70
543 Fire and the spread of angiosperms in the Cretaceous 70
544 Phylogenetic evidence for fire-adaptive traits in the Cretaceous 71
5 5 The first angiosperm-dominated forests 73
5 6 The Cenozoic: the age of mammals 73
5 7 The origin of grasslands: another angiosperm revolution 74
5 8 The origin of savannas 74
581 C4 photosynthesis and atmospheric CO2 74
582 The role of consumers: fire 75
583 Climate, fire, CO2 interactions 77
584 The role of consumers: mammals 77
5 9 Summary 78
591 The relevance of geological history of uncertain ecosystems 81
6 Soils and open ecosystems 82
6 1 Introduction 82
-611 Hypotheses on the role of soils in shaping ecosystems 82
6 2 Physical controls on forest development 83
621 Waterlogging 84
622 Maximum rooting depth as a global constraint on trees 85
6 3 Chemical controls on forest development 86
631 Correlative studies 86
632 Plant-soil feedbacks 87
6 4 Sampling soils for ecological studies 91
641 Which nutrients? 91
6 5 Why should nutrients influence forest/open ecosystem distribution? 92
651 Hypotheses for soil nutrient dependence 92
652 Nutrient constraints on tree growth 92
653 Nutrient/fire interactions 93
6 6 Summary of soil effects 93
7 Fire and open ecosystems 97
7 1 Introduction
7 2 Hypotheses on the role of fire in shaping ecosystems
x CONTENTS
7 3 The spatial domain of fire as a consumer
7 4 Patterns of global fires: pyromes
741 Convergence and divergence of pyromes
7 5 Evidence for fire-maintained open ecosystems
751 Patterns
752 Manipulative studies
753 Fire suppression in tropical and subtropical grassy ecosystems
754 Fire suppression in woody and grassy temperate ecosystems
7 6 Evidence for fire-maintained open ecosystems: adding fire
7 7 Alternative stable states
771 Pyrophilic versus pyrophobic ecosystems
772 Feedbacks maintaining states: flammability
773 Feedbacks maintaining states: soils
774 Stability of states
775 Regime shifts
7 8 Life at the edge
7 9 Summary
8 Vertebrate herbivory and open ecosystems
8 1 Introduction
8 2 Overgrazing, degradation, and other value-laden terms
8 3 Examples of herbivore impacts
831 Exclosure experiments: temperate and boreal forests
832 Exclosure experiments: savannas
833 Natural experiments
8 4 Why herbivores impact plant populations
841 Factors influencing stem loss
842 Mechanical damage
843 Simulation models: putting herbivores into dynamic vegetation
models (DVMs)
8 5 Heterogeneity in herbivore impacts
851 Which herbivores?
852 Which plants?
8 6 Examples of brown world
8 7 Alternative states and regime shifts
871 Herbivory and fire as competing consumers
872 Stability of states and regime shifts: paleoecological evidence
8 8 Summary and conclusion
9 The future of open ecosystems
9 1 The end of savannas?
911 CO2 effects
912 Woody encroachment
9 2 The future of consumers that maintain open ecosystems
921 The end of savannas? Fire management
922 The end of savannas? The future of the megafauna
CONTENTS xi
923 The expansion of open woody ecosystems? Megafires
and their control 146
924 Large fires and land-use change 147
9 3 Invasives and open ecosystems 148
9 4 Habitat transformation 149
9 5 Carbon sequestration, afforestation, and reforestation 149
951 Global tree-planting programmes 149
952 Will afforestation of open ecosystems cool the world? 151
9 6 Conclusions 152
References 155
Index 175
|
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Bond, William J. 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1194516688 aut Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge William J. Bond First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2019 xi, 178 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Savanne (DE-588)4130737-9 gnd rswk-swf Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 gnd rswk-swf Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 s Savanne (DE-588)4130737-9 s Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-188 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=031066950&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bond, William J. 1948- Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge Savanne (DE-588)4130737-9 gnd Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130737-9 (DE-588)4158359-0 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4057302-3 |
| title | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge |
| title_auth | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge |
| title_exact_search | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge |
| title_full | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge William J. Bond |
| title_fullStr | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge William J. Bond |
| title_full_unstemmed | Open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge William J. Bond |
| title_short | Open ecosystems |
| title_sort | open ecosystems ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge |
| title_sub | ecology and evolution beyond the forest edge |
| topic | Savanne (DE-588)4130737-9 gnd Grünland (DE-588)4158359-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Steppe (DE-588)4057302-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Savanne Grünland Ökosystem Steppe |
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