On reasoning and argument: essays in informal logic and on critical thinking
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cham
Springer
[2017]
|
| Edition: | softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition |
| Series: | Argumentation library
Volume 30 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xxvii, 553 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783319851846 9783319535616 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a On reasoning and argument |b essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |c David Hitchcock |
| 250 | |a softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cham |b Springer |c [2017] | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Part I Deduction, Induction and Conduction
1 Deduction, Induction and Conduction............................... 3
1.1 The Issue..................................................... 4
1.2 Fohr’s Objections............................................. 6
1.3 Weddle’s Deduct!vism.......................................... 7
1.4 Conduction................................................... 14
1.5 Which Standard of Appraisal?................................. 19
References.......................................................... 20
2 The Linked-Convergent Distinction.................................... 21
2.1 Introduction................................................. 21
2.2 Convergence: Not Multiplicity of Arguments................... 23
2.3 The Primary Sphere of the Distinction........................ 25
2.4 Conclusion................................................... 28
References.......................................................... 29
3 Postscript........................................................... 31
References.......................................................... 36
Part II Material Consequence
4 Enthymematic Arguments............................................... 39
4.1 Deductive Validity in Natural Languages...................... 40
4.2 Distinguishing Enthymemes from Non Sequiturs................. 43
4.3 The Universal Generalization Thesis.......................... 46
4.4 Confirmation of the Universal Generalization Thesis.......... 48
4.5 Qualifications of the Universal Generalization Thesis........ 50
4.6 Missing Premisses or Rules?.................................. 52
4.7 Other Purposes for Identifying Enthymemes’ Assumptions. ... 54
4.8 Note......................................................... 55
References.......................................................... 55
XVII
Contents
xviii
5 Does the Traditional Treatment of Enthymemes Rest
on a Mistake?....................................................... 57
5.1 Enthymemes............................................... 58
5.1.1 Actual Arguments.................................... 58
5.1.2 The Traditional Treatment........................... 59
5.1.3 A Terminological Problem............................ 60
5.1.4 Doubts.............................................. 61
5.1.5 The Mistake......................................... 64
5.2 Logical Consequence.......................................... 64
5.2.1 The Deducibility Conception......................... 64
5.2.2 The Modal Conception................................ 66
5.2.3 The Substitutional Conception....................... 67
5.2.4 The Formal Conception............................... 67
5.2.5 The Model-Theoretic Conception...................... 68
5.3 Revisions.................................................... 69
5.3.1 Two Problems........................................ 69
5.3.2 A Revised Generic Conception of Consequence .... 71
5.4 Enthymematic Consequence..................................... 71
5.4.1 Example............................................. 71
5.4.2 Exceptions.......................................... 72
5.4.3 An Objection........................................ 74
5.4.4 Further Questions................................... 76
5.5 Summary...................................................... 77
References.......................................................... 77
6 Toulmin’s Warrants................................................... 81
6.1 Toulmin’s Conception......................................... 81
6.2 Misconceptions............................................... 83
6.2.1 A Warrant Is not a Kind of Premiss.................. 83
6.2.2 A Warrant Is not an Implicit Premiss................ 84
6.2.3 A Warrant Is not an Ungeneralized Indicative
Conditional......................................... 86
6.3 Objections................................................... 87
6.3.1 Difficulty of Practical Application................. 87
6.3.2 Occurrence of General Statements as Grounds
and of Particular Statements as Warrants............ 87
6.3.3 Misconstrual of the Function of Generalized
Conditionals in Premissary Position................. 90
6.3.4 Absence of Warrants from Arguments as Products
and from Our Conscious Reasoning.................... 92
6.3.5 Difficulty of Assigning Some Warrants to Fields. ... 93
6.4 Summary...................................................... 93
References.......................................................... 94
Contents
xix
7 Non-logical Consequence............................................... 97
7.1 Consequence in Contemporary Philosophy........................ 97
7.2 Tarski’s Conception of Consequence............................ 98
7.3 Extending Tarski’s Condition F to Non-logical
Consequence.................................................. 102
7.4 Revision and Expansion of Substitutional, Formal
and Model-Theoretic Conceptions of Consequence............... 104
7.5 The Problem of Contingent Non-trivial Truth-Preservation. ... 109
References........................................................... 113
8 Inference Claims..................................................... 115
8.1 Introduction................................................. 115
8.2 Following as Logically Necessary Truth-Preservation:
Two Obj ections.............................................. 116
8.3 First Reformulation: Following as Necessary
Truth-Transmission........................................... 118
8.4 Second Reformulation: Following as
Counterfaetual-Supporting Truth-Transmission................. 124
8.5 Elaboration and Extensions of Counterfaetual-Supporting
Truth-Transmission........................................... 127
8.5.1 Restrictions on the Range of the Variables
in an Argument’s Schema............................. 127
8.5.2 Generalization from Truth to Acceptability.......... 128
8.5.3 Allowance for Conclusions that Are
not Assertives...................................... 128
8.5.4 Allowance for Rebuttable Inferences................. 129
8.6 A Sceptical Rejoinder........................................ 131
8.7 Anti-generalist Alternatives................................. 132
8.7.1 Bermejo-Luque....................................... 132
8.7.2 Verheij............................................. 135
8.7.3 Gerlofs............................................. 136
8.7.4 Ennis............................................... 139
8.8 Summary...................................................... 142
Appendix............................................................. 143
References........................................................... 144
9 Material Consequence and Counterfactuals............................. 147
9.1 Introduction................................................. 147
9.2 Covering Generalizations..................................... 148
9.3 Non-triviality............................................... 149
9.4 Counterfactuals.............................................. 151
9.5 Semantics.................................................... 154
9.6 Summary...................................................... 159
References........................................................... 160
XX
Contents
10 Postscript.......................................................... 161
10.1 “Enthymematic Arguments” (1985)............................. 162
10.2 “Does the Traditional Treatment of Enthymemes Rest
on a Mistake?” (1998)....................................... 166
10.3 “Toulmin’s Warrants” (2003)................................. 177
10.4 “Non-logical Consequence” (2009)............................ 178
10.5 “Inference Claims” (2011)................................... 179
10.6 “Material Consequence and Counterfactuals” (2013)........... 182
References......................................................... 184
Part III Patterns of Reasoning
11 Validity in Conductive Arguments.................................... 189
11.1 Conclusive Validity......................................... 189
11.2 Non-conclusive Validity..................................... 193
11.3 Conduction.................................................. 194
11.4 Conclusion.................................................. 199
References......................................................... 199
12 Reasoning by Analogy: A General Theory.............................. 201
12.1 Good Inference.............................................. 202
12.2 Reasoning by Analogy........................................ 204
12.3 Similarity-Based Criteria for Good Analogical Inference.... 206
12.4 Determination-Based Criteria for Good Analogical
Inference................................................... 207
12.5 Criteria for Good a Priori Analogical Inference............. 211
12.6 Summary and Conclusion...................................... 212
References......................................................... 214
13 Pollock on Practical Reasoning...................................... 215
13.1 Introduction: The Nature of Practical Reasoning............. 215
13.2 The Belief-Desire Model of Practical Reasoning.............. 217
13.3 The Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) Model of Practical
Reasoning................................................... 218
13.4 Pollock’s Belief-Desire-Intention-Liking (BDIL) Model
of Practical Reasoning...................................... 218
13.5 Strengths of Pollock’s BDIL Model........................... 221
13.6 Weaknesses of Pollock’s BDIL Model.......................... 222
13.7 Conclusion.................................................. 223
References......................................................... 224
14 The Generation of Argument Schemes.................................. 225
14.1 Introduction................................................ 225
14.2 Bottom-Up Generation........................................ 226
14.3 A Bottom-Up Approach: The “Argumentative Schemes”
of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca............................ 228
Contents
xxi
14.4 An Indirectly Bottom-Up Approach: Via Supposed
Fallacies.................................................... 229
14.5 Top-Down Generation.......................................... 229
14.6 A Top-Down Approach: Grennan’s Combinatorial
Generation................................................... 231
14.7 A Mixed Approach: Hastings’ “Modes of Reasoning”............. 233
14.8 Choices in the Generation of Argumentation Schemes........... 234
14.9 Summary and Conclusion....................................... 235
References........................................................ 236
15 Instrumental Rationality........................................... 237
15.1 Introduction................................................. 237
15.2 Selection of the Goal........................................ 240
15.3 Consideration of Possible Means.............................. 242
15.4 Conclusion................................................... 245
References.......................................................... 247
16 Appeals to Considerations........................................... 249
16.1 Introduction................................................. 249
16.2 Some Examples................................................ 250
16.3 Definition................................................. 251
16.4 Name......................................................... 258
16.5 Structure.................................................... 258
16.6 Scope........................................................ 260
16.7 Evaluation................................................... 261
16.8 Summary...................................................... 269
16.9 Appendix: Examples of Conductive Reasoning................... 269
References.......................................................... 273
17 “All Things Considered”.............................................. 277
17.1 Introduction................................................. 277
17.2 Kinds of Consideration....................................... 278
17.3 Policy Question and Options.................................. 279
17.4 Listing Considerations....................................... 280
17.5 Evaluating Considerations.................................... 281
17.6 Reframing.................................................... 283
17.7 Debiasing.................................................... 285
17.8 Weighing..................................................... 286
17.9 Soundness and Completeness................................... 288
17.10 Prospects for Quantification................................. 289
References.......................................................... 289
18 Postscript........................................................... 291
18.1 Argumentation Schemes........................................ 292
18.2 Appeals to Relevant Considerations or Criteria............... 298
xxii Contents
18.3 Reasoning by Analogy......................................... 301
18.4 Practical Reasoning.......................................... 302
References.......................................................... 307
Part IV Interpersonal Discussion
19 Some Principles of Rational Mutual Inquiry.......................... 313
19.1 Prescriptive Dialectical Systems............................. 313
19.2 Mutual Inquiry.............................................. 315
19.3 Conclusion................................................... 320
References.......................................................... 321
20 The Practice of Argumentative Discussion........................... 323
20.1 Some Species of Argumentation................................ 324
20.2 The Definition of Argument................................... 325
20.3 The Definition of Argumentation.............................. 325
20.4 Apparent Counterexamples..................................... 327
20.5 Properties of Argumentative Discussion....................... 329
20.6 The Value and Present Status of Argumentative
Discussion................................................... 333
References.......................................................... 334
21 Postscript.......................................................... 335
21.1 Introduction................................................. 335
21.2 “Some Principles of Rational Mutual Inquiry” (1991).......... 337
21.3 “The Practice of Argumentative Discussion” (2002)............ 340
References.......................................................... 344
Part V Evaluation of Reasoning
22 Relevance........................................................... 349
22.1 Relevance in General......................................... 350
22.1.1 Its Ontological Status.............................. 350
22.1.2 Its Relation to Irrelevance......................... 351
22.1.3 Is Relevance a Matter of Degree?.................... 351
22.1.4 Two Main Types: Causal and Epistemic................ 352
22.1.5 Subjective Relevance................................ 355
22.2 Epistemic Relevance.......................................... 355
22.2.1 Ontological Status of Its Terms..................... 355
22.2.2 Reflexivity, Symmetry, Transitivity................. 357
22.2.3 Definition.......................................... 357
22.2.4 In Conversation..................................... 359
22.2.5 In Argument: Conclusion Relevance................... 360
22.2.6 Premiss Relevance................................... 360
22.3 Fallacies of Relevance....................................... 362
22.3.1 Locke’s ‘Arguments ad’.............................. 362
Contents
XXlll
22.3.2 Relevant and Irrelevant Emotional Appeals........... 364
22.3.3 The Consequence Relation.......................... 365
22.3.4 The ad Verecundiam................................ 366
22.4 Conclusion.................................................. 367
References.......................................................... 368
23 Good Reasoning on the Toulmin Model................................. 371
23.1 Introduction.............................................. 371
23.2 Justified Grounds......................................... 373
23.2.1 Direct Observation.................................. 373
23.2.2 Written Records of Direct Observation............... 375
23.2.3 Memory.............................................. 376
23.2.4 Personal Testimony.................................. 377
23.2.5 Previous Reasoning or Argument...................... 378
23.2.6 Expert Opinion...................................... 378
23.2.7 Authoritative Reference Source...................... 379
23.2.8 General Remarks..................................... 379
23.3 Adequate Information........................................ 379
23.4 Justified Warrant......................................... 381
23.5 Justified in Assuming no Defeaters Apply.................... 383
23.6 Summary and Comparison...................................... 385
References.......................................................... 386
24 Postscript.......................................................... 389
24.1 “Relevance” (1992).......................................... 389
24.2 “Good Reasoning on the Toulmin Model” (2006)................ 394
References.......................................................... 397
Part VI Fallacies
25 Do the Fallacies Have a Place in the Teaching of Reasoning Skills
or Critical Thinking?............................................... 401
25.1 Critical Thinking as an Educational Goal.................... 402
25.2 The Case for Fallacies...................................... 403
25.3 The Case Against Fallacies.................................. 406
25.4 Open Questions.............................................. 407
References.......................................................... 408
26 Is There an Argumentum ad Hominem Fallacy?.......................... 409
26.1 The Traditional Sense of the ad Hominem..................... 410
26.2 The Tu Quoque............................................... 411
26.3 The Abusive ad Hominem...................................... 413
26.4 The Circumstantial ad Hominem............................... 416
26.5 Summary..................................................... 418
References.......................................................... 418
XXIV
Contents
27 Postscript......................................................... 421
27.1 Introduction................................................ 421
27.2 The Place of Fallacies in Teaching Critical Thinking...... 425
27.3 The ad Hominem.............................................. 430
References......................................................... 431
Part VII Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
28 The Significance of Informal Logic for Philosophy.................. 437
28.1 The Concept of Argument..................................... 438
28.1.1 Arguing as a Speech Act............................ 439
28.1.2 The Function(s) of Argument........................ 439
28.1.3 The Macrostructure of Arguments.................... 440
28.1.4 Argument as Dialogical Exchange.................... 441
28.2 The Evaluation of Arguments................................. 441
28.2.1 The Rejection of Soundness......................... 442
28.2.2 A Functional Approach.............................. 442
28.2.3 Acceptability, Relevance, Sufficiency.............. 443
28.2.4 Argument Schemata.................................. 444
28.2.5 The Fallacies Approach............................. 444
28.3 Conclusion.................................................. 445
References......................................................... 445
29 Informal Logic and the Concept of Argument..................... 447
29.1 Introduction................................................ 447
29.2 Technical and Everyday Senses of Argument’................. 448
29.3 Argument as Discourse Supporting a Point of View
by Offering One or More Reasons............................. 449
29.4 Arguments as Invitations to Inference....................... 452
29.5 Extensions: Potential Arguments and Equivalence Classes
of Arguments................................................ 453
29.6 Complex Direct Arguments.................................... 455
29.7 Suppositional Arguments..................................... 456
29.8 First Summary............................................... 461
29.9 Competing Conceptions of Argument........................... 462
29.10 Exclusions from the Class of Arguments...................... 466
29.11 Second Summary.............................................. 467
29.12 Other Issues in Informal Logic.............................. 467
29.12.1 On Argument Identification....................... 467
29.12.2 On Argument Analysis............................. 468
29.12.3 On Argument Evaluation........................... 470
29.12.4 On Argument Criticism............................ 472
29.12.5 On Argument Construction......................... 473
References......................................................... 473
Contents
XXV
30 Critical Thinking as an Educational Ideal.......................... 477
304 Historical Development of the Concept
of Critical Thinking....................................... 478
30.1.1 John Dewey.......................................... 478
30.1.2 Edward Glaser....................................... 478
30.1.3 1940s Through 1960s................................. 479
30.1.4 1970s and 1980s..................................... 479
30.1.5 The 1990 Statement of Expert Consensus.............. 480
30.1.6 Fisher and Scriven.................................. 481
30.2 The Definition of Critical Thinking....................... 481
30.2.1 Commonalities and Differences Among Rival
Definitions........................................ 481
30.2.2 Component Skills and Attitudes...................... 482
30.2.3 Assessment: Criteria and Standards.................. 483
30.2.4 Relation to the Logical Analysis of Arguments..... 483
30.2.5 The Process of Thinking Critically.................. 484
30.3 Critical Thinking as an Educational Ideal................... 488
30.3.1 The Case for Educating Students to Think
Critically......................................... 488
30.3.2 Ways of Developing Critical Thinking................ 489
30.3.3 Teaching Critical Thinking in a Stand-Alone
Course: Principles of Design....................... 490
30.3.4 Resources on the Web................................ 495
30.4 Summary..................................................... 495
References.......................................................... 496
31 The Effectiveness of Instruction in Critical Thinking................ 499
31.1 Measuring Instructional Effectiveness....................... 500
31.2 Effectiveness of Computer-Assisted Instruction
in Critical Thinking......................................... 502
31.3 Comparative Effectiveness of Different Methods.............. 506
31.4 Summary..................................................... 508
References.......................................................... 509
32 Postscript........................................................... 511
32.1 “The Significance of Informal Logic
for Philosophy” (2000)....................................... 512
32.2 The Concept of Argument..................................... 518
32.3 “Critical Thinking as an Educational Ideal” (2012).......... 529
32.4 “The Effectiveness of Instruction in Critical
Thinking” (2015)............................................. 531
References.......................................................... 533
XXVI
Contents
Erratum to: On Reasoning and Argument............................ El
David Hitchcock
Index............................................................ 537
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hitchcock, David |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1179114930 |
| author_facet | Hitchcock, David |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hitchcock, David |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045281101 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1088866111 (DE-599)BVBBV045281101 |
| dewey-full | 410.1 149.94 |
| dewey-hundreds | 400 - Language 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 410 - Linguistics 149 - Other philosophical systems and doctrines |
| dewey-raw | 410.1 149.94 |
| dewey-search | 410.1 149.94 |
| dewey-sort | 3410.1 |
| dewey-tens | 410 - Linguistics 140 - Specific philosophical schools |
| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Philosophie |
| edition | softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV045281101 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:13:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783319851846 9783319535616 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030668659 |
| oclc_num | 1088866111 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxvii, 553 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Argumentation library |
| series2 | Argumentation library |
| spelling | Hitchcock, David Verfasser (DE-588)1179114930 aut On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking David Hitchcock softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition Cham Springer [2017] © 2017 xxvii, 553 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Argumentation library Volume 30 Philosophy Philology Logic Language and languages / Philosophy Literacy Philosophy of Language Classical Studies Philosophie Sprache Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd rswk-swf Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 gnd rswk-swf Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 s Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 s Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-53562-3 Argumentation library Volume 30 (DE-604)BV012739610 30 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030668659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hitchcock, David On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking Argumentation library Philosophy Philology Logic Language and languages / Philosophy Literacy Philosophy of Language Classical Studies Philosophie Sprache Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036202-4 (DE-588)4002899-9 (DE-588)4251178-1 |
| title | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |
| title_auth | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |
| title_exact_search | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |
| title_full | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking David Hitchcock |
| title_fullStr | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking David Hitchcock |
| title_full_unstemmed | On reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking David Hitchcock |
| title_short | On reasoning and argument |
| title_sort | on reasoning and argument essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |
| title_sub | essays in informal logic and on critical thinking |
| topic | Philosophy Philology Logic Language and languages / Philosophy Literacy Philosophy of Language Classical Studies Philosophie Sprache Logik (DE-588)4036202-4 gnd Argumentation (DE-588)4002899-9 gnd Schlussfolgern (DE-588)4251178-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Philosophy Philology Logic Language and languages / Philosophy Literacy Philosophy of Language Classical Studies Philosophie Sprache Logik Argumentation Schlussfolgern |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030668659&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012739610 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hitchcockdavid onreasoningandargumentessaysininformallogicandoncriticalthinking |