Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War: the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2019
|
| Series: | Routledge studies in modern European history
57 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xxvii, 15 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln, 274 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781138480520 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War |b the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria |c Tomasz Kamusella |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Turks |x Civil rights |z Bulgaria | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Muslims |x Civil rights |z Bulgaria | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Bulgaria |x Ethnic relations |y 20th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Bulgaria |x History |y 1944-1990 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Bulgaria |x Emigration and immigration |x History |y 20th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Turkey |x Emigration and immigration |x History |y 20th century | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
ETHNIC CLEANSING DURING THE COLD WAR
/ KAMUSELLA, TOMASZYYEAUTHOR
: 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
ON FORGETFULNESS AND ITS PERILS
THE STATE OF RESEARCH ON THE 1989 EXPULSION
THE 1989 ETHNIC CLEANSING THROUGH THE LENS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS
THE ETHNIC CLEANSING'S AFTERMATH AND THE REGIME CHANGE
THE OFFICIAL COMING TO TERMS WITH THE 1989 ETHNIC CLEANSING
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
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Zheni Zhivkova za Tato: Niama durzhavnik, napravil tova, koeto toi svurshi za Bulgariia
[Evgeniia Zhivkova (or Zhivkov’s Granddaughter} Praises Dad {Todor Zhivkov}: No
Statesman Ever Has Done {So Much} as He Did for Bulgaria]. 2013. 24 chasa. 9 Sept.
www.24chasa.bg/Article/2287678. Accessed: Jul 21, 2016.
Zhivkov, Todor. 1975—1989. Izbrani suchineniia [Collected Works] (39 vols.). Sofia:
Partizdat.
Zhivkov, Todor. 1989. Edinstvo na bulgarskiia narod e grizha i sudba na vseki grazhdanin
na nasheto milo otechestvo [The Unity of the Bulgarian Nation is the Responsibility and
Fate of Each Citizen of Our Dear Fatherland] (p. 1). Rabotnichesko delo. 30 May.
Zhivkov, Todor. 1997. Memoari [Memoirs]. Sofia: SIV AD.
Zhivkov, Todor. 2006a. Memoari [Memoirs]. Sofia: IK Trud i pravo.
Zhivkov, Todor. 2006b. Realniiat sotsializum [Really Existing Socialism] (Ser: Biblioteka
Sotsialni idei, Vol. 11). Sofia: Arete-Fol and Sv. Kelemnt Okhridski.
Zhivkova, Liudmila [=Todor Zhivkov’s daughter]. 1981. Daprebude vuv vekovete nashata
drevna i vechno miada Rodina [Long Live Our Ancient and Eternally Young Homeland].
Sofia: Partizdat.
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Notes
1 Literally the Bulgarian collocation means Tittle excursion,’ which is a direct reference
to the ‘Big Excursion,’ or the ethnic cleansing of Bulgarian Turks and Muslims in 1989.
The article’s author does not harbor any doubts that Vietnamese were expelled from
Bulgaria in 1990 and 1991.
2 Gazeta Wyborcza was Poland’s first non-communist and non-state-owned daily, which
began publishing on 8 May 1989, that is, nearly a month before the first free elections
in the still communist state that were held on 4 June. It explains the newspaper’s title
of ‘Electoral Gazette,’ or ‘Elections Newspaper’ (Dudek 2013: 36). The first non-
communist Prime Minister, Tadeusz Mazowiecki (1927-2013), assumed office on 27
August 1989, but censorship, though in a gradually more lenient form, survived until
April 1990. Cichy’s article, with some sentences removed by a censor, is an example
of this late censorship in the almost-postcommunist Poland (Krôtki 2010).
3 The volume de facto was never published. Joachim Blaschke is a scholar and an NGO
acti vist, who was active especially in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21 st century.
He specialized in conferences and team research on migrations in the then freshly
postcommunist, post-Soviet and post-Yugoslav states, while the findings were published
by his non-profit publishing house, Edition Parabolis. Vagaries of grant financing meant
that some completed and advertised volumes were never actually printed, and only exist
in a virtual fashion as pdf files available online. This is the sad case of this 2004
important collection, Migration and Political Intervention: Diasporas in Transition
Countries (Blaschke 2016; Jochen 2016; Marushiakova and Popov 2015).
4 Essentially, it is the second edition of Petrov (1972), which was to be appended with
a second volume that never was published, due to the fall of communism in Bulgaria
and to the return of civic and human rights to this country’s Turks and Muslims.
5 The entire title is in Turkish with the exception of this mid-section which is in Bulgarian
but spelled in Turkish orthography.
Index
Page numbers in bold refer to maps
A Cultural Atlas of The Turkish World 30
affirmative action 173-4
Afghanistan 136
Agreement Guaranteeing the Peaceful
Transition to a Democratic Society 96
aid 14, 59, 62, 72n22, 83, 98, 176nl5
Albania 129, 154, 179nl6
Albanians xvii, 61, 62
Aleksandrov, Chudomir 106n9
Alexeivich, Svetlana 27—8
al-Qaida 137
Amnesty International 42
Anatolia 50, 58, 130
Angelov, Veselin 28
Ankara 42, 47, 47-8, 50, 59, 68, 71-2
anti-Muslim prejudice 42-3
anti-Roma prejudice 116
Anti-Romism 53
anti-Semitism 5-6, 13, 25, 129-30
anti-Turkish and anti-Muslim
demonstrations 54, 85—6, 94—5
anti-Turkish prejudice 42—3
Antonescu, Ion 165nll
apology for the 1989 ethnic cleansing, lack
of 117
April Protests of Turks and Muslims, 1989
xv-xvi, 3, 19, 45, 71
April Uprising, 1876 13-15, 21n4, 171
Armenian Genocide 9n7, 21n9, 91, 118
Armenians 12
Association for the Support of Vienna 44,
45
Ataka 117-18, 151
Atanasov, Georgi 8n4, 50, 86, 87—8,
106n9, 116
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 155—6, 156—7
Austria xv, xxv, 22nl0, 67, 105n7, 159
Autochthons 76n3
Avramov, Rumen 30, 35, 38-9n8, 38n7,
39nl0, 123—4n3, 176n5
Azeris 12
Azizoglu, Aziz Dzhelil 29
Baeva, Iskra 28—9
Balev, Milko 90, 140
Balkans, territorial aspirations, 1912
xxxvi
Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 9n7, 127, 172
Balladur, Édouard 105n7
Barnes, Julian, The Porcupine 91—2,
106-7nl2
Batak massacre, 1876 14-15
Batiushka 106nl0
Belene concentration camp 34, 41—2
Benda, Julien 25
Berlin Wall, fall of xiii, 82
Berlusconi, Silvio 155
Berov, Liuben 97
Big Change, the 87, 161, 169-70, 173,
174-5
‘Big Excursion,’ the 3, 4, 6, 8n4, 83, 146;
20th anniversary 114; 25th anniversary
119; acknowledgement of role 174—5;
blame 90, 103; economic impact 72—3,
74; fallout 67-9; forgetting 12-13;
generalized amnesia 103-5; internet
264 Index
search 15-16; literature review 15-18,
19-20; origin 41-2; scientific
justification 104; Stoianov on 110;
temporal plane 13; trigger 28
bilingualism 7nl
Black Sea Economic (Cooperation) Zone
95-6
Blue Coalition 114, 115
Bojkov, Victor 33-5, 39nl0
Borba 41
border crossing 50, 51, 54; Checkpoint Ali
78n21; closure 59-60, 70, 75
borders 128-9, 180nl7; securitization 144,
163n2
Borisov, Boiko 65,91, 118-19, 148, 151,
152-3,154, 161, 164n6, 165nl3
Bosnia xii, xvii, 2, 6, 9n9, 10, 11, 67, 105,
141, 157, 179nl6
Bosnian War 2, lOnll, 12, 67, 148—9
Brezhnev, Leonid 33
Broisov, Boiko xxii, xxv, 65, 91, 106nl 1,
113, 118-19, 148, 151, 153-4, 161,
164n6, 165nl3
Brubaker, Roger 52
Bulgaria, My Land (film) 122
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute
of Sociology 86
Bulgarian citizenship 64, 100, 133, 144,
175
Bulgarian Communist Party 47, 48, 73,
77n8, 80n39, 169; Central Committee
147-8; change 66; forced assimilation
policy 1-2, 19; leadership reshuffle xiv;
leading role abolition delayed 83-4;
legitimacy 1; loyalty to xvi;
membership 66, 145; nationalist
program xvi; purge 83; renamed BSP
94; responsibility 103, 347—8;
restoration of names act 92; Round
Table negotiations 87; Turk
membership 80n34
Bulgarian Constitutional Court 97
Bulgarian Empire: First xxxiii, 164n8;
Second xxxiv
Bulgarian ethnic model 29, 116-17, 119
Bulgarian Exarchate xxxv, 21n4, 127, 129,
138n2
Bulgarian Horrors, 1876 13-15, 171-2:
see also Turkish Horrors
Bulgarian intelligentsia, the, Grouev on 20
Bulgarian language xl, 102, 134
Bulgarian model, the 20; see also
Bulgarian ethnic model
Bulgarian Muslims 48—9, 50; see also
Pomaks
Bulgarian National Radio 98-9
Bulgarian Parliament xiv-xvi, 32, 53,
79n28, 82, 84, 88-9, 93, 95-7, 101-2,
107nl5, 108nl8, 110, 114-18, 143-4,
153, 165nl3, 168, 173, 175
Bulgarian Socialist Party xiv-xv, 92, 93,
93-4, 102, 107nl4, 154
Bulgarian-Soviet alliance 170
Bulgarian-Turkish agreement, 1925
177n6
Bulgarian-Turkish war, prevention of 7
Bulgarianization 28, 144, 179nl4
Bulgars 135—6
Bunovo 36, 118
Bursa 58, 113
Castro, Fidel 158
Cavu§, Mehmet 33
Ceausescu, Nicolae 84, 159
cemeteries, desecration 46
censorship 43, 67, 123n2, 160, 183
census 19; 1985 xv, 55; 1992 100-1; 2011
57,80n32
Center for Turkish Studies, University of
Wisconsin-Madison 23
Chalker, Lynda 69
Checkpoint Ali 78n21
Cherkasski, Prince Vladimir 171; see also
Circassians
Chernenko, Konstantin 34
Chemishev, Albert 68-9
Chernobyl 105nl
Chervenkov, Valko 107-8nl7
China 68; Tiananmen Square protests and
massacre 67, 77nl3, 104
cinema 42-3
Circassians 14, 171, 172
circumcision 77n5
citizenship 100, 150, 158, 166, 175;
British 166; Bulgarian 63—4, 100, 133,
144, 175; Croatian 134-5; dual 63-4;
French 78n; German 76n3; Greek
163n3; Hungarian 135; Turkish 63—4
Index 265
civil rights xvi, 20, 92
civil war: de facto 112; threat 66, 76, 85,
90, 105
clash of civilizations 136-8, 139nl 1
Cold War, the 3, 11,25, 136
collective amnesia 103-5, 115-16, 116,
117
commemoration of the 1989 ethnic
cleansing, lack of 103, 119
Committee for Solidarity with Kurdistan
26
communism: Bulgarian 107—8nl7, 170;
collapse of xiii, 1, 37, 53, 67, 79-80n31,
84, 136; end of in Bulgaria xiv-xvi, 17,
68, 107nl7, 160, 161, 179nl5; national
73, 107-8nl7; nostalgia for 150;
standard narrative xiv
condemnation, lack of 118
confiscations at the border, 1989 60, 62
conflict, logic of 167
Constantinople, Treaty of, 1913 21n3
Constitution 96-7; Article 3 102; Article
11.4 97; Article 13 111 ; and religion
134
Constitutional Court 161
Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
140-2, 163nl
Convention Relating to the Status of
Refugees 78nl8
Copenhagen criteria, 1993 101-2
Council of Europe 153, 161; Framework
Convention for the Protection of
National Minorities 102
Crampton, Richard 35, 52
crimes against humanity 69, 90, 91, 142,
142—4, 155, 156
Croatia 3, 67, 134—5, 137, 157
CSCE 38n2, 65, 105-6n7; Conference on
Human Rights, Paris, 1989 44-5, 68;
Sofia conference, 1989 70
Culture and Information Center on
Kurdistan 26
Cumhuriyet 41
curfew 76
Cyprus 39n9, 50, 59, 138
Cyrillic, transliterations xxi
Czechoslovakia 2, 67, 80n39
Czech Republic 154
Danas 41
DANS 37
deaths 34-5, 39nl0, 42, 46, 74
Declaration Condemning the Attempted
Forced Assimilation of Bulgarian
Muslims, The 114-16, 117, 117-19,
124n4, 168-9, 174, 175
Declaration on the National Question 88-9
decolonization 139nl0
DeConcini, Dennis 68
de Klerk, Frederik Willem 117
Delo 41
democracy and democratization xiv, xvi,
3, 43, 83, 87, 93-4, 96-7, 117, 122, 158
Democratic Human Rights League in
Bulgaria (DLZPChB) 44, 45
demographic crisis 1-2
demographic dynamics 55-8
demonstrations: anti-Bulgarian
demonstration, Istanbul 71; anti-Turkish
and anti-Muslim 54, 85-6, 94—5;
restoration of human rights 92
denial 4
Department Six, Sofia demonstration,
November 1989 83
Der Spiegel 41
Deutsche Welle 27
development 110
Dimitrov, Boiko 87
Dimitrov, Dimitur Velev 79n28
Dimitrov, Georgi 107nl7
Dimitrovgrad 181, 182, 183
diplomatic dialog 47-8
Disraeli, Benjamin 13
dissident movement 43-5, 65, 160; aim to
dismantle 48; expulsion 44, 46-7;
harassment 49-50; imprisonments 46;
repression 45-6; transformed into a
mass force 45; Turkish character 45
Dodon, Igor 122
Dogan, Ahmed xv, 28, 29, 38n4, 38n5, 48,
77n7, 84, 90, 94, 102, 111, 144, 146,
158, 160-2
Donaldson, James, Atrocites Russes en
Asie et en Roumelie pendant les mois de
Juin, Juillet et Aout 1877 171, see also
Turkish Horrors
Donchev, Anton, Time of Parting 42—3
Dreyfus Affair 25
266 Index
Dreyfus, Alfred 25
DS 3, 37, 38n4, 48, 49, 53, 57, 60, 61, 65,
77n7, 79n26, 91, 92, 105nl, 105n4,
107nl3, 1 13, 148, 163-4n5
dual discrimination of Muslim Roma 62
Dumas, Roland 68
East Germany 18, 22nl0, 67, 146
economic collapse xvi, 66, 72, 82—3, 96
edinstvo 18-19, 94, see also unitary
Bulgarian socialist nation
education: levels 36, 39nl 1; Roma 131;
Turkish 108nl9; Turkish language
76—7n4, 96, 97-8, 177n6
elections 83; 1990 xiv, 93; 1991 xiv—xv,
97; 2001 153; 2005 91; 2014 xxxii
environmental activists 105nl
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 30, 48, 119, 136
Ersoy-Hacisalihoglu, Neriman 30
Estonia 113
ethnic Bulgarians 45, 84—5, 87, 94, 95,
108nl8, 121, 144, 173
ethnic cleansing: causes 3; criminal 13;
definition 2—3, 118, 141—2; expulsion
recognized as 53; generalized amnesia
103—5; impact 67—9; introduction of
term 11 — 12; recognition of 52;
responsibility 90; scientific justification
104; Yugoslavia xvii, 11; see also
population transfer
ethnic identity 19
ethnic minorities 19
ethnic relations 116
ethnolinguistic nationalism 119, 140
ethnonational character xvi
ethnoreligious millets 18
euphemisms 3, 53, 92, 107nl3
European Court of Human Rights 5, 118
European integration 177n6
European Parliament 155, 160
European Union 3, 5, 32—3, 96, 102, 121,
148, 175; black visa list 63; Bulgarian
accession 26, 29, 64, 81n40, 115, 116,
133, 166; Copenhagen criteria 101—2;
developmental aid 179nl5; eastward
enlargement 166; preoccupation 66—7;
responsibility 156—7
Evren, Kenan 69
exchange rates 80n35
expellees: anonymous phone calls to
49—50; Bosnian War 2; Bulgarian
citizenship 100; children of 122;
dehumanization 59—60; demographic
dynamics 55—8; dissident movement
44, 46—7; by ethnic group 1;
intimidation 53-4; Muslims 1; numbers
1, 12, 41, 54—5, 58, 62^4; outflow,
summer, 1989 50—2; persecution 65-6;
returnees 2, 52, 60-2, 62—3, 63, 72,
79n26, 108—9nl9, 169; Roma 1,
39^40nl6; Tatars 1; as tourists 3, 8n4,
21n9, 50, 51; in Turkey 58—9, 60—1;
Turkish citizenship 63—4; Turks 1; see
also ethnic cleansing, population
transfer
expulsion decision 19, 48
expulsion negotiations 47
expulsion rates 54—5, 58
expulsions, rapidity 29
extra-judicial incarceration policy 144
fact-finding tour, 1989 68
far-right, rise of the 119
financial crisis, 2008 119
food rationing 95
food security 72
forced assimilation policy 4, 6, 8n4, 19,
38n7, 42, 44, 45, 51, 64-5, 68, 74, 83,
86, 90, 91, 114, 183; Ottoman Empire
24—5; recognized as wrong 84;
responsibility 144, 146; reversed 1-2
forced name-changing campaign 12,
20—l(nl), 33^4, 38nl, 38n4, 42, 76nl,
76n2, 76n3, 84, 130
forced Turkification 100—1
foreign languages, suppression xv
forgetting 9n7, 12—13, 103—5
Framework Convention for the Protection
of National Minorities, Council of
Europe 102
France 69-70, 126, 139nl0, 172, 178nl3
Franco, Francisco 165nl 1
Frankfurt trials 5
fraternité 167—8
free-market economy 92
French language 46
Freud, Sigmund 139n9
Front National 119
Index 267
Gandev, Khristo 24
Gazeta Wyborcza 41
GDP 72-3
Gebert, Konstanty 165nll, 165nl2
generational change 146
genocidaires, Soviet bloc countries 156-7
genocide, definition 141
Georgi Dimitrov, Mausoleum of 103, 152
GERB 114, 173—4
German-Polish Treaty on Good
Neighborliness and Friendly
Cooperation 105n7
Germany 8n3, 154; reunification 67,
105n6
Gladstone, William Ewart 13-14
Golden Dawn 119, 133
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah 145-6
Goliamatas 87
Gorbachev, Mikhail 33, 34, 43, 55, 68-9,
81n42, 83
Gotse Delchev 101
graves, desecration 46
Graziani, General Rudolfo 156
Greater Bulgaria xxxviii; San Stefano
borders xxxvii, 129, 133-4; World
War II xxxix
Greater Romania Party 158-9
Great Turning Point, the 174
Greece 59, 71, 79n25, 119, 127, 128, 131,
132-3, 134, 137, 150, 163n2, 163n3,
169
Green Transversal, the 136-7
Grey Wolves 71-2
Grouev, Ivaylo 16-17, 19-20
Guardian 7, 41, 104
guerilla movement 36-7
Hacisalihoglu, Mehmet 30
Hasan, Turkan, monument to 113
Haskovo 57-8, 62, 79n28, 142
Havel, Vaclav 158
Hayden, Lieutenant General Michael V.
12
Heads of State of Bulgaria xxiii
Helsinki Accords 65, 175
Helsinki Final Act, 1975 70
historiography 3-4
history: conflicted narrative 113; politics
of 112; standard narrative 126-9, 135
Hitler, Adolf 89, 157
Holocaust, the 4-6, 9n7, 25, 79n30, 89,
123n3, 130, 139n7, 145-6
homeland, human right to 8n3
homogenization 17-19, 25, 38n7, 84-5,
129, 134, 140, 150, 167, 170
Horthy, Miklos 165nl 1
houses 79n24; destructions 62, 79n28,
79n29, 142
human rights 8n3, 20, 24, 48, 68, 70, 92
Human Rights Watch 39—40nl6, 40nl7
Hungary 2, 43, 66-7, 119, 154
hunger strikes xv, 3, 42, 45, 49, 74,
96-7
Iakoruda 101
Iakoruda case, the 101-2
Ibrahim, Zeynep 44
identity 18, 19
importance 6
imprisonments 46
income disparity 150
Independent Human Rights Society
(NDZPCh) 43-4, 45
India 165nl2
indictment 145
indifference 13
inequality 173-4
intellectuals, treason of 25, 26
international community, silence 69
International Criminal Court 118, 142-3,
145, 163n4
International Journal of Turkish Studies
23
international law 16, 21n3, 140-2
international ostracism 82-3
international repercussions 28-9
International Tribunal for the Prosecution
of Persons Responsible for Serious
Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the
Territory of the Former Yugoslavia
since 1991 148-9
Internet, the 100
interwar period 127
Iohannis, Klaus 158-9
Iotov, Iordan 106n9
Ippon-1 91, 106nl 1
Iran 59, 164n8
268 Index
Iraq 59; occupation of Kuwait 96
Iskander, Sabri 44
Islam 65, 134; forced conversions 7—8nl;
the Green Transversal 136—7; spread of
4; suppression of 41, 143; threat of 6,
136-8
Islamic Conference Organization 80n36
Islamization 5, 24, 49
Istanbul, anti-Bulgarian demonstration 71
Italy 155, 156
Iundola 90—1
Ivanova, Diana 27
Izetbegovic, Alija 157
Jergovic, Miljenko 134—5
Jews 123n3, 124n3, 129—30, 156
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali 165nl2
Judah, Tim 105
judiciary system, failure of 1 15
justice: lack of 114—15; miscarriages of
102
Kaczynski, Jaroslaw 119
Kalinova, Evgeniia 28—9
Kamusella, Tomasz, father 181—3
Kapitan Andreevo, the xlii
Karadzic, Radovan 157
Karakhiuseinov, Mekhmed, self-
immolation 113
Kardzhali 85, 93, 98-9, 102
Karpat, Kemal H. 23
Kesebir, Erdal 39^J0nl6
Kiri§ci, Kemal 78nl8
Kosovo xvii, 2, 6, 8n2, 61, 62, 77nl3, 113,
137, 149, 157
Kosovo Field, Battle of 6, 9n9
Kostov, Ivan 114
Kubadinski, Pencho 106n9
Kurds and the Kurdish question 26, 40n 17,
50, 54, 59, 77nl0, 104, 129, 147
Kutlay, Muzaffer 30—1
Kuwait, Iraqi occupation of 96
Kuwait talks 70—1, 72, 80n36
Laber, Jeri 40nl7
labor shortage 2, 72, 74—6, 80—ln40, 142
language: Bulgarian 102, 134;
depoliticization of 167—8, 175; French
46; homogeneity 167; incorrect 167;
Macedonian xl, 133; national 129, 135;
Romani xv, 46, 53, 102, 120, 125n6,
130, 131, 175; suppression xv, 41, 46;
transcending 182; Turkish 4, 76-7n4,
92, 96, 96-100, 108-9nl9, 109n20, 120.
121, 143, 175; Turkish dialects xll
Leder, Andrzej 178n8
legislation, abuses of 102
Leninist Communist Party of Turks in
Bulgaria (TLKPB) 44-5, 45
Lenin, Vladimir 154, 156, 157
linguistic offenders 46
Lipski, Jan Jozef 37
literature reviews: Bojkov 32—5; Bulgarian
23—30, 32, 39nl4; current state 37—8;
documentaries 31—2, 38—9n8; Dogan
161—2; European (Western)
scholarsship 26; joint Bulgarian-Turkish
31-2; literary works 32; number of
deaths 34—5; opposition 28—9, 35—7;
terrorism 36—7; Turkish 30-1, 32;
Zhivkov 162
living conditions 60, 86
logistics 50
long century of ethnic cleansing in
Bulgaria, the 170
‘lost territories’ of ‘Greater Bulgaria’ 129
Lukanov, Andrei 94, 96
Macedonia 132—3
Macedonian language xl, 133
Macedonians 19
Mao Zedong 91, 157, 165nl2
Marko, Prince 9n6
Marushiakova, Elena 35
mass protests, April and May, 1989 19,
28, 42, 44, 45, 48, 65
Memi§oglu, Hiiseyin 39nl5
memorials 111—13, 114
Mestan, Liutvi 120
methodological approach 7
Mevsim, Hiiseyin 30—1
migrant crisis, 2015 42, 1 19
migration 174
Mikhailov, Stoian 106n9
military intervention, call for 71—2
military service 35—6, 102
militia 53, 142
millet system 18, 126—9, 130, 134, 138n3,
Index 269
139n7, 175, 179nl6
Milosevic, Slobodan 6, 11, 149, 157
minorities legislation 17
minority rights 63, 96, 127
Mitterrand, Danielle 69-70
Mizov, Nikolai Mikhailov 24
Mladenov, Petur xiv, 82-4, 106n9
modernization, communist period
178-9nl4
modernization revolution 173
Mogiliane 113
Moldavia 74
Moldova 121-2
moral imperative 5
Moscow 34, 47, 68-9, 178n9
Moscow Declaration, the 22n 10
MRF (Movement for Rights and
Freedoms) xvi, xxxil, 20, 29, 32, 36, 37,
54, 65, 84, 88, 93, 97, 98, 99, 110, 113,
116, 120, 140, 146-7, 151, 158, 160-1,
174
Muhammadization 38n3
Mulaj, Klejda 16
Muscovy 138nl, 178nl0
Muslims: change in the official attitude
toward 84; education levels 36, 39nl 1;
exclusion from Round Table
negotiations 87; expellees 1; expulsion
of 1; forced assimilation 4; the Green
Transversal 136-7; holidays 78nl5;
millet practices 18; participation 110;
place of residence 173; population 55,
64, 171-2; postcommunist settlement
20; re-incorporation of 150; repeated
expulsions 176-7n6; restoration of
human rights 92; return to Bulgaria xv;
socioeconomic position 179nl4;
stripped of civil and political rights xvi;
suppression xv, 77n5; threat of 136-8
Muslim Strike Committee 44, 45
Mussolini, Alessandra 155
Mussolini, Benito 155, 156
Mutafchieva, Vera Petrova 24
myths 126
Nagorno-Karabakh War 12
name-changing campaign 12, 20-1 (nl),
33—4, 38nl, 38n4, 42, 76nl, 76n2, 76n3,
84, 130
national communism 73, 107-8nl7
national egoism 167
nationalism 1, 4, 33, 120, 139n9, 167, 169,
176n5; ethnolinguistic 119, 140
nationalist movement and program xvi
84-5
nationality, linguistic definition 101
national language 129, 135
national martyrdom, myth of 4, 9n5, 9n6
national purity 129
national reconciliation 88, 111, 126
national revolution 169-74, 177n6
nation-building, ethnolinguistic models
128-9, 132-5
nationhood 18-19
NATO xvii, 1 On 11, 96, 120, 148, 169;
Bulgaria joins 29, 68, 116
Nehru, Jawaharlal 165nl2
newspapers 7
Niyazov, Saparmurat 106nl0
Non-Aligned Movement 11
non-violence 29
Northern Cyprus 33, 39n9, 50, 59
Northern Ireland 35, 39nl0
Odume 153
official duplicity 3
OKZNI 85, 88, 93, 96
Orner, Mustafa 44
opposition 28-9, 35-7, 42; supraethnic
47
Orbân, Viktor 119
Organisation internationale de la
Francophonie 139nl0
original sin, postcommunist Bulgaria 87
Ormanla, Ali 44
Orthodox axis 139nl3
Orthodox Church 49, 65, 127, 128-9,
134
OSCE 101-2
Other, the 167
Ottoman Empire 4, 9n5, 9n6, 9n9, 118,
171-2; forced assimilation policy
24-5; Islamization 5; millet system
126-9, 138n3, I39n7; Orthodox
Christian uprising, 1876 13-15, 21n4;
progressive multiculturalism 127-8;
toleration 18
Ôzal, Turgut 38nl, 51, 55, 60, 71, 95-6
270 Index
Paris, Conference on Human Rights, 1989
45, 68
parliament, first postcommunist 107nl5
participation 110
Party of Communists of the Republic of
Moldova 121
Parvanov, Georgi 153
passport law, 1989 47-8, 50, 75
passports, issued to Turks 49—50
peace and conflict studies 7
peacetime mobilization, 1989 72, 74—6,
80-1n40, 142, 144
Pegida 119
Penev, Pen’o 182
Perez de Cuellar, Javier 70
Petrov, Petur Khristov 24
phone calls, anonymous 49—50
Plvodiv railway station bombing 39nl2
Podkrepa 47, 85—6
pogroms 4
Poland xiii, 12, 39nl0, 43, 44, 79n30,
119, 154, 176n5, 177-8n6, 181, 182,
183; elections 66—7; expulsion of Jews,
1968 52—3; expulsion of Roma, 1981
53; German minority 101;
German-Polish frontier 179-80nl7;
martial law 34—5, 65—6; name-
changing campaign 76n3; population
transfers 2; reporting on the 1989
expulsion 78n20
Polansky, Sol 70, 82
Polish—German Border Treaty, 1992
180nl7
political rights, Turks stripped of xvi
politics, religious 3
Politika 41
Pomak rebellion 172
Pomaks xxix, xxxi, 7—8nl, 74, 76n2,
79n25, 101, 144, 163n2, 179nl4
Pomorie 124n3
Popov, Dimitur 73
Popov, Veselin 35
population changes, 1877—1923 78nl9
population growth 173
population transfers xvii, 58; legal 13,
21n3; post-World War II 2; see also
ethnic cleansing
populism 119
positive discrimination 179nl5
postcommunist settlement and transition
xvii, 20, 67-8, 73-4, 82-97, 116,
149-50, 158
Potchefstroom University xiii
Poulton, Hugh 15
Pravets 151-2, 153
press conference, 23 June 1989 50
press coverage 41—76, 104—5; sources 41;
television and cinema 42—3; Turkish
public television 42
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria xxii
progressive multiculturalism, Ottoman
Empire 127-8
propaganda 8n4, 21n9, 23-5, 49, 52, 96,
143; Turkey 50, 60
Provisional Russian Administration 171
Public Council on the National Issue 88
public opinion 86
Putin, Vladimir 91
Quayle, Dan 96
Rabotnichesko delo 41, 48-9, 49
Radio Free Europe 27, 32, 38—9n8, 45
rationing 95
Razgrad 57-8, 95
Razgrad (National Bulgarian) Republic 95,
96
Rechel, Bernd 29
Recognition of the 1989 ethnic cleansing,
need for 169
reconciliation 29, 115—23, 126, 161
Recording the “Unknown History project
30-1
Refugee Convention, 1951 51
‘refugee crisis,’ 1989 52
rehabilitation 110
religion 19, 134—5, 167; depoliticization of
175; freedom of 111
remembrance, struggle over 111 — 17
responsibility 90, 103, 140—62; Bulgarian
Communist Party 147—8; Dogan 160;
ethnic Bulgarians 173; European Union
156—7; forced assimilation policy 144,
146; grassroots level 163—4n5;
impunity 148; indictment 145; legal
basis 140-5, 148-9; MRP 146-7, 151;
State Councils 147-8; Turkey 147;
willing executioners 145—7; xenophobia
Index 271
150-1; Zhivkov 140, 141, 144, 145,
149-58
restoration of names act 92
re-Turkicization 95
returnees 2, 52, 60-2, 62-3, 63, 72, 79n26,
108—9nl9, 169
Revival Process 4, 8n4, 12, 25, 55, 83, 86,
146; acceptance of term 31; amnesia
broken 115-16; error of admitted 65;
international repercussions 28-9;
opposition 42; recognized as wrong 84
Revival Process, The (TV series) 42
Roma 19, 35, 80n33, 87; under
communism 130-1; dual discrimination
62; education 36, 131; expellees 1,
39^-0nl6; expulsion from Poland, 1981
53; forced assimilation policy
39^10nl6; migration 131 2; name-
changing campaign 130; numbers
80n32, 101-2; persecution 130; place of
residence 173; population xxx;
postcommunist Bulgarian population
64; socioeconomic position 179nl4
Romania 2, 68, 84, 105, 154, 158-60, 183
Romani language xv, 46, 53, 102, 120,
125n6, 130, 131, 175
Rome Statute, 1999 142-4
Round Table negotiations 87, 95
Rovine, Battle of 9n6
Rugova, Ibrahim 157
Russia 171-2, 178n9
Russian Empire 178nl0
Russian Federation 11
Russian occupation 17
Russo-Ottoman War 21n7, 68, 171-2,
178nl2
Rutnov, Ferhat 44
Rutnov, Ibriam 44
Rwanda 167
Sakskoburggotski, Simeon 91
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 165nl 1
Samizdat 113, 123n2, see also censorship
San Stefano, Treaty of (1878) 129, 133-4;
borders xxxvii, 129, 133^1
Schlonzsko 181, 182, 183
school boycott, 1991 97—8
secessionism 20
Second Balkan War (1913) 118
secret police 32
securitization 144, 163n2
security services 37, 39nl3, 48, 49, 53,
65-6, 163-4n5
self-identification, freedom of 100-1
Semerdzhiev, Atanas 95
separatists 118
September 11 2001 terrorist attacks 137
Serbia 6, 9n9, ll,77nl3, 137, 148-9, 157
Sharapov, Viktor 69
Shumen, MRF branch bombing 94
silent majority, the 65-6
Simeonov, Valeri 117
§im§ir, Bilal N. 38,40nl8
Slavophone Greeks 163n2
Slovakia 154
social democrats 3
socialist paradise 183
Sofia 12, 26, 42, 47, 47-8, 50, 51, 84;
Anti-Turkish (anti-Muslim)
demonstrations 85-6; CSCE
conference, 1989 70; democracy
demonstration, November 1989 83;
demonstration, 31 May 1989 49;
Mausoleum of Georgi Dimitrov 103,
152; Victims of Communism
monument 111
Solidarity 44, 47, 65-6
Somalia 167
South Africa xiii-xiv, 117
sovereignty: absolute 166-7; fears of loss
of 95-6
Soviet bloc: breakup of xiii; genocidaires
156-7
Soviet Union 33, 34, 68-9, 96, 156,
183; attachment to 121; economic
reforms 81n42; fragmentation xiii,
11 ; and the Genocide Convention
163nl; Gorbachev’s reforms 43;
intervention rumor 71, 80n37;
population transfers 2; preoccupation
66-7; relations with Bulgaria 170;
republics 178n7
Soviet unitary people 18
Spasov, Radoslav 42
Stalin, Joseph 91, 107-8nl7, 154, 156,
157
State Council of the People’s Republic of
Bulgaria 147-8
272 Index
statehood 166—7, 169
state ideology 19
state of emergency 86
state terrorism 112
stereotypes 126
Stockholm syndrome 90—1
Stoianov, Dimitur 91—2, 106n9
Stoianov, Petur 110
Stolen Eyes (film) 31, 42, 112—13
students strike, 1990 94—5
Sugarev, Edvin 110, 116
Suleimanov, Naim 20—l(nl)
Supreme Spiritual Council of the Muslim
Faith 49
Sweden 47, 77nl2
Takhirov, Shukri 24
Taksim Square protest 71
Taraclia State University, Moldova 121
Tatars 1
Technology of Evil (film) 1 14—15
Tekhnologiia na zloto (Technology of
Evil) (documentary) 32
terminology 8n4, 21n9
territorial aspirations, Balkans, 1912
xxxvi
territorium 176nl
terrorism 112, 123nl; blamed on Turkey
50; casualties 39nl2; literature review
36—7; September 11 2001 attacks 137;
state 112
Thracian deportation, 1 913 118
Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
67, 77nl3; China 67, 104
Time of Parting (Donchev) 42—3
Time of Violence (film) 42—3
The Times 7, 41
Tito, Josip Broz 154, 156, 157
TNODB 29
Todorova, Maria xxiiinl
Todorov, Nikolai xxiiinl
Togrol, Beglan Birand 23
Tókés, Pastor László 159—60
toleration 18
tombstones 46
‘tourists,’ expellees as 3, 8n4, 21n9, 50,
51
trade unions 47
transliterations 38n4, 77n9, 79n27
transparent categories 126
Traynor, Ian 58
Treaty on Friendship, Good
Neighborliness, Cooperation and
Security 105n7
Trenchev, Konstantin 47
true Bulgarians 8n4, 158
Trump, Donald 119
Trunak memorial fountain 111-12
truth 126
Truth and Reconciliation Commission 169
Tuôman, Franjo 157
Turan 108nl9
Türkan 113
Turkey: anti-Bulgarian demonstration 71;
anti-Bulgarian propaganda 50;
Atatürk cult 155—6; border closure
59—60, 70, 75; Bulgarian population 64;
call for military intervention 71-2;
Cyprus policy 33, 50, 59; deep state
71—2, 80n38; exclusion from Round
Table negotiations 87; expellees in
58—9, 60-1; fact-finding tour 68;
financial outlays 59; genocide
terminology 21n9; Great Excursion to
xv; Kurds and the Kurdish question 26,
40nl7, 50, 54, 59, 77nl0, 104, 129,
147; land border crossing xlii; language
test 60; living standard 50;
naturalization 63-A; non-aggression
pact with 88; pledge to accept expellees
51 ; political leverage on 54; presidential
seal 136; propaganda 50, 60; public
television coverage 42; relations with
Bulgaria 7, 37, 59, 135—6; response to
Anti-Turkish (anti-Muslim)
demonstrations 86—7; responsibility
147; silence 104; suppression of
Bulgarian minority 50; threat of 137—8;
Treaty on Friendship, Good
Neighborliness, Cooperation and
Security I05n7; visa requirement 59,
60, 63
Turkicphone Bulgars 135—6
Turkification 5, 24
Turkish citizenship 63^1
Turkish consular services 50—1
Turkish Horrors 15, 171; see also
Bulgarian Horrors
Index 273
Turkish language 76-7n4, 92, 96,
108-9nl9, 120; acceptance of 175;
dialects xli; education 97—8, 177n6;
and military service 102; periodicals 99,
109n20, 177n6; publishing 99-100;
radio programs 98-9; spread of 4;
suppression of 41, 46, 143
Turkish-language university 121
Turkishness, suppression of 55
Turkish threat 96
Turkish yoke 4, 126-9, 150
Turks: Bulgarian Communist Party
membership 80n34; change in the
official attitude toward 84; decline in
numbers 2; disappearance 141;
education 97-8, 108-9nl9; education
levels 36, 39nl 1; emigration 1;
euphemisms 92, 107nl3; expellees 1;
expulsion of xv-xvi, xvii, 1; forced
assimilation 4; intimidation 75; lack of
acceptance of 108nl8; mass protests,
April and May, 1989 19, 28, 42, 44,
48; military service 102; millet
practices 18; numbers 78nl7, 164n7;
oppression 51; participation 110;
passports issued to 49-50; persecution
143; place of residence 173;
population xxviii; postcommunist
Bulgarian population 64;
postcommunist settlement 20; Razgrad
Province population 95; recognition as
a national minority 102;
re-incorporation of 150; repeated
expulsions 176-7n6; restoration of
human rights 92; return to Bulgaria xv;
self-identification 100-1;
socioeconomic position 179nl4;
stripped of civil and political rights xvi;
suppression xv; useage 21n5
Under the Yoke (TV series) 43, 89,
126-9
Union of Democratic Forces 73, 87, 93,
96, 97, 98, 107nl4, 114, 115
unitary Bulgarian socialist nation 18-19,
24, 48, 105n3, 126; see also edinstvo
United Kingdom 69, 139nl0, 167-7,
176n2, 176n4
United Nations 3, 68, 70
United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees 51
United Nations Security Council 2, 141,
148
United States of America 11, 68, 69, 70,
82, 83, 167; preoccupation 66-7;
September 11 2001 terrorist attacks 137;
Trump elected president 119
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Center
for Turkish Studies 23
Uzunova, Rumiana 27
Vaksberg, Tatiana 32, 38-9n8, 114-15
Vama 57-8
Varna Airport bombing, 1984 39nl2
Vazov, Ivan 43, 126-9
Vecer 41
Veliev, Avni 44—5
Veliko Tumovo 107nl5
Victims of Communism monument 111
Vienna 2 ln8, 22nl0, 46-7
Vietnam 74, 80-ln40
Vilnius 96
Voice of America 27
Walesa, Lech 158
Warsaw Pact 71, 96
Washington 47, 59
weapons training 35-6
West Germany 181
Wikipedia 16
willing executioners 145-7
World War I 9n7
World War II xxxix, 5, 19-20, 25, 123n3,
130, 145-6, 177n6
xenophobia 150-1
Yanat, Yelda 122
Yugoslavia xvi, 19, 47, 77nl3, 131;
breakup of 2, 6, lOnl 1, 11, 13, 20, 105,
136-7, 142, 154, 157, 179nl6; ethnic
cleansing xvii, 11; population transfers
2
Yilmaz, Mesut 69, 86, 87
Zang, Theodore, Jr. 39^!0nl6
Zhelev, Zheliu 73, 95, 96, 97, 158
Zhivkova, Evgeniia 153-4, 155
274 Index
Zhivkova, Ludmila 164n8
Zhivkov, Todor xiv, 1, 8n4, 17, 108nl7;
arrest 89; campaign prediction 41;
CSCE conference, Sofia 1989 70;
death 148, 152; delegitimation 70;
expulsion decision 19, 48; expulsion of
Turks xv-xvi, xvii; expulsion plan 34;
forced assimilation policy 44; funeral
152; governing circle 106n9; house
arrest 89—90, 152; indictment 152;
isolation 66, 69; and labor shortage 74,
80-ln40; legitimacy 45, 65;
literature review 162; meeting with
Gorbachev 34, 55, 68-9, 81n42;
national communism 73; personality
cult 138, 151-8, 162, 165nll;
political leverage on Turkey 54;
popularity 149-50; Pravets statue 151;
propaganda 23—5; punishment 149;
removal from power xvi, 24, 48, 70—1,
72-3, 82, 105nl, 149, 160;
responsibility 52, 140, 141, 144, 145,
149—58; secret speech, 7 June 1989 55;
speech, 29 May 1989 48—9; support for
expulsion policy 49; trial 89—90; visit to
Iundola 90—1
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kamusella, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13192107X |
| author_facet | Kamusella, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kamusella, Tomasz 1967- |
| author_variant | t k tk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045207878 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR64 |
| callnumber-raw | DR64.2.T87 |
| callnumber-search | DR64.2.T87 |
| callnumber-sort | DR 264.2 T87 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1031279980 (DE-599)BVBBV045207878 |
| dewey-full | 949.9/004943509048 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 949 - Other parts of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 949.9/004943509048 |
| dewey-search | 949.9/004943509048 |
| dewey-sort | 3949.9 104943509048 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgaria Ethnic relations 20th century Bulgaria History 1944-1990 Bulgaria Emigration and immigration History 20th century Turkey Emigration and immigration History 20th century Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgaria Ethnic relations 20th century Bulgaria History 1944-1990 Bulgaria Emigration and immigration History 20th century Turkey Emigration and immigration History 20th century Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV045207878 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:12:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138480520 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 018003024 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030596736 |
| oclc_num | 1031279980 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B1595 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B1595 |
| physical | xxvii, 15 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln, 274 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge studies in modern European history |
| spelling | Kamusella, Tomasz 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)13192107X aut Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria Tomasz Kamusella London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2019 xxvii, 15 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln, 274 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in modern European history 57 Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1989 gnd rswk-swf Turks Civil rights Bulgaria Muslims Civil rights Bulgaria Forced migration Bulgaria History 20th century Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd rswk-swf Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd rswk-swf Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 gnd rswk-swf Bulgaria Ethnic relations 20th century Bulgaria History 1944-1990 Bulgaria Emigration and immigration History 20th century Turkey Emigration and immigration History 20th century Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 s Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 s Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 s Geschichte 1989 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-351-06270-1 https://www.recensio.net/r/ad68e91a1f504bc184c68c826fffa904 rezensiert in: Comparative Southeast European Studies, 70 (2022), 3, S. 557-560 Rezension LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kamusella, Tomasz 1967- Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria Turks Civil rights Bulgaria Muslims Civil rights Bulgaria Forced migration Bulgaria History 20th century Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063299-4 (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4061165-6 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria |
| title_auth | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria |
| title_exact_search | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria |
| title_full | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria Tomasz Kamusella |
| title_fullStr | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria Tomasz Kamusella |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria Tomasz Kamusella |
| title_short | Ethnic cleansing during the Cold War |
| title_sort | ethnic cleansing during the cold war the forgotten 1989 expulsion of turks from communist bulgaria |
| title_sub | the forgotten 1989 expulsion of Turks from communist Bulgaria |
| topic | Turks Civil rights Bulgaria Muslims Civil rights Bulgaria Forced migration Bulgaria History 20th century Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Türken (DE-588)4061165-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Turks Civil rights Bulgaria Muslims Civil rights Bulgaria Forced migration Bulgaria History 20th century Vertreibung Muslim Türken Bulgaria Ethnic relations 20th century Bulgaria History 1944-1990 Bulgaria Emigration and immigration History 20th century Turkey Emigration and immigration History 20th century Bulgarien |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/ad68e91a1f504bc184c68c826fffa904 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030596736&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kamusellatomasz ethniccleansingduringthecoldwartheforgotten1989expulsionofturksfromcommunistbulgaria |