Russian 'hybrid warfare': resurgence and politicisation
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Oxford University Press
2018
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ix
Timeline and Glossary xi
Introduction 1
PART 1
THE RISE OF ‘HYBRID WARFARE’
1. The Conceptual Foundations of‘Hybrid Warfare’ 11
2. The Birth of‘Hybrid Warfare’ 31
PART 2
THE RISE OF GIBRIDNAYA VOYNA: THE RUSSIAN THEORY
OF HYBRID WARFARE
3* Reading Evgeny Messner: The Theory of‘Subversion-War’
(Myatezhevoyna) 49
4. Net-Centric and Information Wars: Modern Theories of Subversion 75
5. The Rise of Gibridnaya Voyna 91
PART 3
THE POLITICISATION OF HYBRID WAR
AND GIBRIDNAYA VOYNA
6. ‘The Russians Are Coming’: The Politicisation of Russian Hybrid
Warfare 101
Vll
CONTENTS
7. 6Gibridnaya Voyna against Us Is Coming’: The Politicisation of
Western Gibridnaya Voyna 127
Conclusions: The Rise of Russian ‘Hybrid War’—Lessons For the
West 153
P.S. A Lesson for Russia 177
Notes 179
Index 225
viii
INDEX
Academy of Geopolitical Problems, 95
active measures’ (aktivinye meropria-
tia). 3-4, 169
Adamsky, Dima, 113, 114, 124
Afghanistan
Soviet War (1979-89), 27, 34
Taliban, 80
US-led war (2001-14), 112, 119,
160
aggressive-diplomacy, 64—6
Alexander the Great, 19
Algeria, 65
Almaz-Antey, 98
American Civil War (1861-5), 21
American Revolutionary War (1775—
83), 27, 65, 162
al-Aqsa Intifada (2000-2005), 23
Arab Revolt (1916-18), 162
Arab Spring (2011), 70
Arab-Israeli conflict, 63, 70
Argentina, 52
Armed Forces Journal International, 37
Arquilla, John, 31, 32
Association for Slavic, East European,
and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES),
167
asymmetry, 18,25,40, 135, 160
Atlantic Council, 110
Australia, 31, 32, 63
Balkans, conflict in (1991—2001), 34,
70, 129, 134
ballistic missiles, 55
Baltic states, 111, 114, 120-21, 158,
171
Barons’ War, First (1215-17), 65
Battle of Bint-Jbeii (2006), 45, 154
Battle of Grozny (1994-5), 45, 154
Battle of Mogadishu (1993), 45, 154
Battle of Sedan
Franco-Prussian War (1870), 70
Second World War (1940), 4
Battle of the Somme (1916), 4
Battle of Verdun (1916), 23
Battle of Waterloo (1815), 23
Behnke, Andreas, 119
Belgrade, Serbia, 51-2
Bin Laden, Osama, 16, 80, 81
Bint-Jbeil, battle of (2006), 45, 154
Blank, Stephen, 31
blitzkrieg, 165
Bogdanov, Sergey, 113, 127—44, 150,
158, 159, 163
Bolsheviks, 39, 51,55, 162; see also
Russian Revolution
Bond, Margaret, 38
225
INDEX
Boot, Max, 20,55, 102
Breedlove, Philip Mark, 106, 110
Brexit referendum (2016), 122
Brezhnev, Leonid, 54
British Empire, 76, 87, 90, 162
Brookings Institution, 168
Bucharest, Romania, 112
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 52
‘call-for-action' narrative, 113
Carmichael, Stokely, 69
catastrophic challenges, 28, 33
Catherine II ‘the Great', Empress and
Autocrat of All the Russias, 49
Cebrowski, Arthur K., 77
Centre for Emerging Threats and Op-
portunities, 37
Centre for Military and Strategic Stud-
ies, 127
Chatham House, 116, 175
Chechnya, 34, 45, 83, 112, 115, 154
Chekinov, Sergey, 113, 127-44, 150,
158, 159, 163
China, 53, 54
Civil War (1927-49), 23, 66, 68
Cultural Revolution (1966—76), 54
Indochina War, First (1946-54), 65
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-5), 65
Unrestricted Warfare (Qiao and
Wang), 12-19, 32, 34, 66, 159,
161
Christianity, 53
Orthodoxy, 49, 76
Protestantism, 76
Churchill, Winston, 66, 166
von Clausewitz, Carl, 6, 42, 64, 66,
109, 128, 135, 157, 177, 178
Clinton, Hillary, 122, 123
cocktails, 14, 19, 32, 36, 159, 161-3
Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 69
Cold War, 5, 6
active measures' (aktivinye meropria-
tia), 3-4, 169
andgibridnaya voyna, 97, 133, 137,
138, 139, 149, 157, 165, 169, 170
information war, 87, 89, 138, 171-2
Long Telegram (1946), 166, 168-9,
170, 173
network-centric warfare, 82, 138
nostalgia, 124
political warfare, 96—7, 159, 165,
170, 172-3
repetition of, 3, 124, 149, 165,
173-5
subversion-war, 49, 52, 54, 62-4, 65,
72, 138
and travel, restrictions on, 167
collapse of Soviet Union (1991), 72,
91,97, 149, 174
and gibridnaya voyna 97, 133, 137,
138, 139,149, 157, 165, 169, 170
and Marxism—Leninism, 71, 148,
170
military philosophy, 71, 91, 97, 165
and information war, 87-8, 89
NATO, effect on, 119
and net-centric war, 82
public's views on, 139, 152
and subversion-war, 54, 72
Colour Revolutions, 93, 133-4, 139
Command and Control Research
Program (CCRP), 77
communications technology, 44, 130,
164
Communism, 39, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56
Communist Manifesto (Marx and
Engels), 55
compound warfare, 12, 24—7, 31, 32-3,
36, 154, 158, 159
Conflict Studies Research Centre
(CSRC), 116
continent-oriented civilisations, 87
226
INDEX
controlled chaos, 139
cosmopolitanism, 56
counterinsurgency, 34
Cox, Dan, 102
Crimea annexation (2014), 175
and conceptual puzzle, 119, 121
and force multipliers, 117
as hybrid warfare, 101, 106, 108-9,
112-14, 115,117, 119-23, 151,
154, 156-7
as international relations problem,
124,125
and information warfare, 144
NATO reaction to, 107, 108-9, 119
politicisation, 119, 120, 121, 123,
125
and Russian studies, decline in, 168
Crimean War (1853-6), 60
criminality, 11, 15, 32, 33, 154
Cultural Revolution (1966-76), 54
cyber warfare, 2, 132, 153
in Chechnya, 115
in Georgia, 115
an gibridnaya voyna y 135, 137, 139,
156, 158, 159
Hoffmans hybrid warfare, 32
and media, 172
National Defence Strategy, US
(2005), 28
and NATO, 119, 120,121, 124
politicisation of, 119-24, 139
Swedish National Defence College,
105
in Ukraine, 106, 108, 111, 115-18,
123
in United States, 118
unrestricted warfare, 15
and war, misuse of term, 157
Czech Republic, 116
Czechoslovakia (1918-92), 137
Delbrück, Hans, 66
democracy, 53, 56, 118, 120, 121,122,
123, 124-5,175
Democratic Party, US, 118, 122
Department of Defense, US, 27-9, 45
dimensions of war, 59
disruptive challenges, 28
Dugin, Aleksandr Gelyevich, 7,75—84
and adversary, nature of, 78,79
and agents of influence, 80—81
and artificial networks, 80
and control, understanding of, 78-9
andgibridnaya voyna, 92, 95, 96,
117, 128,133,134,136,137, 158
and natural networks, 80
and Panarin, 89, 90
Putin, support for, 89
Dutschke, Rudi, 69
Eastern Europe
‘call-for-action* narrative, 113
NATO deployment in, 3, 114, 158
politicisation of discourse, 119, 120,
124
Russian studies, 66, 110-11, 119,
168,172-3
Russian threat to, 171, 172-3
Echevarria, Antulio, 24, 103
economic interdependence, 130, 134,
147-8
economic warfare, 7, 90, 92
and Chekinov and Bogdanov, 130,
131, 132,134,135,137,138, 139,
140, 142
in First World War (1914-18), 162
and fourth generation warfare, 19
and Gerasimov, 143
and hybrid warfare/gibridnaya
voyna, 37, 93-8, 104, 105, 150,
155,156,162,163, 169
and information warfare, 85, 88,
89, 90
227
INDEX
and net-centric warfare, 81, 83
against Russian Federation, 145,
146, 147, 148
against Soviet Union, 137, 139, 159
and subversion-war, 60, 66, 70, 72
against Ukraine, 106, 108, 109, 111,
154
and unrestricted warfare, 15, 16,
17, 18
against West, 170—71
Edison, Thomas, 55
Egypt, 65
Einstein, Albert, 64
'enemies of the people’ ( vragi naroda),
3
Engels, Friedrich, 66
England, 65; see also United Kingdom
Estonia, 113, 120—21
Eurasian ism, 76, 84, 89
European Union (EU), 122, 125
Evans, Michael, 31
Fabianism, 53
féminisation, 56
fifth column, 90, 134
financial interdependence, 130, 134,
147-8
financial warfare
and cyber warfare, 32
and hybrid warfarc/gibridnaya
voyna, 1, 7, 90, 93, 94, 104, 109,
135, 145, 150, 170
and information warfare, 85, 88, 89
and net-centric warfare, 79
Soviet use of, 170
and subversion-war, 62
United States use of, 145
and unrestricted warfare, 15
Finland, 112
First Barons’ War (1215—17), 65
first generation warfare, 19, 20
First World War (1914-18), 3, 4, 21 -2,
23, 55, 60
Arab Revolt (1916—18), 162
France, 22
Germany, 21-2, 58, 162, 165
Russia, 39, 51, 162
second generation warfare, 21—2
Treaty of Brest-Li to vsk (1918), 62.
United Kingdom, 162
Foreign Policy Concept, Russian Fed-
eration, 147—8
Forrestal, James, 125
Foucault, Michel, 3
fourth generation warfare (4GW), 12,
19-24, 57, 66, 154, 158, 159
dispersion on battlefield, 21-3, 33,
59
hybrid warfare, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36,
37, 38,44
insurgency, focus on, 23, 24, 36
and judo, 56
media manipulation, 62
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 19, 57
political will to fight, 19, 23—4, 33,
57, 62
France
Algerian War (1954—62), 65
American Revolutionary War
(1778-83), 65, 162
Barons’ War, First (1215—17), 65
Indochina War, First (1946-54),
65, 66
Indochina War, Second (1955-75),
27
May 1968 protests, 69
Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 20,21,
24, 26,70, 151
Prussian War (1870-71), 70
Revolution (1789—99), 53, 55
second generation warfare, 22
Suez Crisis (1956), 65
228
INDEX
Freedman, Lawrence, 104, 112, 114,
122,139-40, 160, 165
Friedman, Brett, 103
Galeotti, Mark, 116-18, 164, 171
Gareev, Makhmut, 92, 132, 158
Gaza War (2008-9), 38
Georgia, 115
Gerasimov, Valery, 96, 98, 113, 115,
128,141,142-4,150, 163
Germany
blitzkrieg, 165
Bolsheviks, funding of, 162
federal election (2017), 122
First World War ( 1914-18), 21 -2,
58, 162, 165
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), 70
Movement 2 June, 69
Munich Security Conference, 145
Second World War ( 1939-45), 22,
40, 52,70, 151, 165
third generation warfare, 22
Giap, Vö Nguyen, 66
Giles, Keir, 116-18, 171
Global War on Terror, 119
globalisation, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23, 81,
130, 134, 137
Golovin, Nikolai, 52
Gray, Colin, 31
Grigoryev, Yuri, 85-6
Grozny, battle of (1994-5), 45, 154
Grybauskaitè, Dalia, 121
Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 66
GulfWar (1990-91), 12, 16-17,129
Gunneriusson, Hâkan, 105
Gunpowder Revolution, 55
half-war, 64—5
Hammes, Thomas, 20, 23, 32, 57, 59
Hezbollah, 11, 34-6, 37, 38, 39-40,
45, 112
Higher Military Science Courses, 52
Hill, Fiona, 168
Hitler, Adolf, 151
Hoffman, Bruce, 31
Hoffman, Frank, 7, 11, 31—8, 40, 43—5,
105, 154, 156, 158, 159, 161
at Centre for Emerging Threats and
Opportunities, 37
criticisms of, 102—3
and fourth generation warfare
(4GW), 31, 32, 33,38
and gibridnaya voyna 91, 92, 93, 94,
95,96, 155, 158
influences, 31—2
and Lebanon War (2006), 11, 34-6,
37, 102
on National Defence Strategy
(2005), 27, 33
and NATO, 101, 104, 110
novelty of hybrid warfare, 44, 161
and Ukrainian Crisis (2014), 109
Unrestricted Warfare (Qiao and
Wang), 13
and US military culture, 43
House of Representatives, US, 38
Huber, Thomas, 24-7, 159, 161
human rights, 56, 80
humanism, 53
Huntington, Samuel, 19
ideology, 7, 35, 39-40
Imperial Nicholas Military Academy,
St Petersburg, 51, 93
Imperial Novorossiya University,
Odessa, 49
Indochina Wars
First (1946-54), 65, 66
Second (1955-75), 23, 27,40, 63,
69-70, 112
Industrial Revolution, 55
Information Security Doctrines, Rus-
sian Federation, 146-7
229
INDEX
information technology, 14-15
information war, 2, 7,72-3, 75, 84—90,
132, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 165
Chekinov and Bogdanov, 129—30,
135, 140, 141, 142
Gerasimov, 143
and gibridnaya voyna, 92, 94-7, 127,
128, 133, 134, 135,136, 137, 158,
163
Hezbollah s use of, 35
history of, 130
and hybrid warfare, 35, 38, 94
meaningful system of management,
88-9
political elite, 88
private-governmental partnership,
89
and Russian Federation s use of, 2,
108, 115-18, 139, 144-5, 153,
160
social objects, 86—7
and Soviet Union, 87-8, 89, 117,
170, 171-2
and Ukrainian Crisis (2014), 108,
115-18, 139, 144-5,160
and unrestricted warfare, 15
Western use of, 133, 137, 139,
145-52, 153
see also Panarin, Igor Nikolaevich
Institute for the Research of War and
Peace, 52
Institute of International Relations,
Prague, 116
insurgency, 19, 23, 24, 33, 34, 36,
66-8,70
International Institute for Strategic
Studies (IISS), 106
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
81
international organisations, 16, 23
Internet, 44, 164
Iran, 36, 39, 80
Iraq
Gulf War (1990-91), 12, 16-17,
129
Saddam era (1979—2003), 80
US-led war (2003-11), 38, 40-41,
112, 160
Irish War of Independence (1919-21),
34
irregular challenges, 28
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al-
Sham), 160
Israel, 63, 70
al-Aqsa Intifada (2000-2005), 23
Gaza War (2008-9), 38
Lebanon War, Second (2006), 11,
34-6, 37, 38, 39-40,45, 102,
112, 154
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 69
Johnson, Richard, 38—41
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 12
Jomini, Antoine-Henri, 66
Jordan, Larry, 38
judo, 56
Kalinina, Lyudmila Emmanuilovna, 51
Kalnin, Immanuel, 51
Kalugin, Oleg, 3—4
Kapko, Alexander, 137, 138
Kautsky, Karl, 66
Kennan Institute, 167
Kennan, George, 87, 166, 168—9, 170,
173-4
KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezo-
pasnosti), 3, 88, 148
Kherson, Ukraine, 49
Khrushchev, Nikita, 54
Kilcullen, David, 104
King, Paul, 109
Kissinger, Henry, 135
230
INDEX
Knox, MacGregor, 55
Kofman, Michael, 114, 120, 125
Kokoshin, Andrey, 130
Kosovo War (1998-9), 129
Kutuzov, Mikhail, 64
Lafayette, Marquis de, see Motier,
Gilbert
Larsen, Jeffrey, 1
Lasconjarias, Guillaume, 1
Lasica, Daniel, 38
Latin America, 95
Latvia, 116, 120-21
Lavrov, Sergey, 145, 151
Lebanon, 11, 34-6, 37, 38, 39-40, 45,
102, 112, 154
Leer, Genrikh Antonovich, 66
leftism, 53
Lenin, Vladimir, 54
Levada Centre, 152
liberalism, 53, 56, 83
Lichtenstein, 52
Liddell Hart, Basil, 135
Lind, William, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
56-7,59,159
Lisichkin, Vladimir, 86
Lithuania, 121
Lomonosov Moscow State University,
1,76,91,94
Long Telegram (1946), 166, 168—9,
170
Louis VIII, King of France, 65
LudendorfF, Erich, 66
Lukashevich, Sergey, 51
Mansoor, Peter, 102, 161
Mao Zedong, 54, 66, 68, 135
Marcuse, Herbert, 54
Marine Corps, US, 19, 22, 32, 37, 102
Marshall Plan, 174
Marx, Karl, 66
Marxism—Leninism, 71, 148, 170
McCulloh, Timothy, 38-41
McFaul, Michael, 174
McWilliams, Sean, 38
Mearsheimer, John, 175
Merkel, Angela, 122
Messner, Alexander Yakovlevich, 50
Messner, Evgeny Eduardovich, 5, 7,
49-73,75
aggressive-diplomacy, 64—6
and Cold War, 49, 52, 54, 62-4, 65,
72, 138
conservatism, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67
half-war, 64—5
andgibridnaya voyna, 92, 95, 96,
117,128,133, 134, 136,137, 158
nationalisation of war, 57—9, 60,
65,67
psychological dimension, 59—62,
65,67-8
translation of, 66
‘World Revolution’ {Vsemirnaya
Revolutsiya), 55-7, 59, 60, 67
Mihara, Robert, 103
Mikhailovsky Artillery School, St
Petersburg, 50
Mikhnevich, Nikolai, 66
Military Doctrine, Russian Federation,
147, 163
Military Revolution, 20, 25
Mogadishu, battle of (1993), 45, 154
von Moltke, Helmuth von, 70
Monaghan, Andrew, 144
Moorer, Thomas, 12
Morozov, Evgeny, 54
du Motier, Gilbert, Marquis de Lafay-
ette, 65
Mujahedeen, 27, 34
Munich Security Conference, 145
Murray, Williamson, 20, 55, 102, 161
mutiny-war, 66
231
INDEX
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French,
66, 151
'Napoleon in Spain and Naples’ (Hu-
ber), 24
Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 20, 21,
24, 26, 70, 151
National Defence Strategy, US (2005),
12,27-9,33,154
nationalisation of war, 57—9, 60, 65, 67
nationalism, 20, 21
Nazi Germany (1933-45), 40, 52, 70,
151
net-centric war, 7, 72, 75—84
adversary, nature of, 78, 79
agents of influence, 80-81
artificial networks, 80
control, understanding of, 78—9
andgibridnaya voyna, 92, 95-7, 117,
127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137,
155, 158, 159
natural networks, 80
and Soviet Union, collapse of
(1991), 82
network-centric warfare, 76-7, 79,
81-4
New Zealand, 63
new-generation warfare, 131, 136, 137,
140-44, 150, 151, 158, 159, 163,
164
nihilism, 53, 54
non-governmental organisations
(NGOs), 16, 23, 80, 83, 149
Norberg, Johan, 144
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 1, 3, 104-25, 138, 140,
154, 155, 157, 164
Advance Research Workshop, 112
Afghanistan War (2001-14), 119
Allied Command Transformation
(ACT), 104
Bi-Strategic Command Capstone
Concept, 104
budget, 3
‘Countering Hybrid Threats’ confer-
ence (2015), 112
Defence College (NDC), 1, 106,
107, 111-12
Eastern Europe, deployment in, 3
Excellence Centres, 105, 116, 120
Global War on Terror, 119
and hybrid warfare, 101, 104—25,
154, 157, 159
identity crisis, 119—20, 124
Readiness Action Plan (RAP), 114
‘Response to Hybrid Threats’ confer-
ence (2015), 111-12
Review Magazine, 109, 110
Strategic Communications Centre
of Excellence, Riga, 116, 120
and sub vers ion-war, 54
threat to Russia, 164
Ukrainian Crisis (2014), 107-25
Very High Readiness Joint Task
Force (VJTF), 114, 121, 158
Wales Summit (2014), 109, 110, 120
North Korea, 28, 63
North Vietnam (1945-76), 63, 70; see
also Vietnam
novelty of hybrid warfare, 18, 33, 38,
44, 97, 102, 160-63, 164, 166
nuclear weapons, 55, 63—4, 130
Obama, Barack, 109, 124, 174
Odessa, Ukraine, 49, 50, 51
Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Defence, 77
Offices of the Institutions of Empress
Maria, 50
omnidirectionality, 17,43
Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003—11),
38,40-41
Operation Praying Mantis (1988), 36
Orthodox Church, 49, 76
232
INDEX
Orwell, George, v
Ottoman Empire (1299-1922), 162
pacification, 56
pacifism, 53
Palestine
al-Aqsa Intifada (2000-2005), 23
Gaza War (2008-9), 38
Palestine, 70
Panarin, Igor Nikolaevich, 7, 75, 84—90
andgibridnaya voyna, 92, 95, 96,
117, 128, 133, 134, 136, 137, 158
and meaningful system of manage-
ment, 88—9
and political elite, 88
and private-governmental partner-
ship, 89
and social objects, 86—7
Parker, Geoffrey, 20
Peace of Westphalia (1648), 19, 57
Peninsular War (1808-14), 26
Peoples Liberation Army (PLA), 12
Persian Gulf, 36
Philippines, 63
Pinker, Steven, 56, 57
Poland, 108
political warfare, 96-7, 159, 165, 170,
172-3
Potomac Institute for Policy Studies,
37
Potsdam Conference (1945), 62
Prague, Czech Republic, 116
Priebus, Reince, 123
propaganda, 58, 59, 61-2
Protestantism, 76
Putin, Vladimir, 83, 89, 90, 97, 123,
144-6, 148, 174
al-Qaeda, 27, 28, 79-80, 81
Qiao Liang, 12-19, 32, 34, 159, 161
‘quagmire' wars, 26
Racz, Anras, 112, 114
Radikov, Ivan, 72
RAND Corporation, 38, 119
Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 109
red scare, 3, 125
Reisinger, Heidi, 107-8
rejection-of-violence (neprotivlenchest-
vo), 55
Renz, Bettzna, 103, 114
Riga, Latvia, 116, 120
Robb, John, 31
Roberts, Michael, 20, 25
Rogers, Clifford, 20
Rojansk, Matthew, 167
Romania, 111, 112
Ruiz Palmer, Diego A., 107
Rumsfeld, Donald, 27
Russell, Edward Frederick Langley, 69
Russia and Eurasia Programme, Cha-
tham House, 116
Russian All-Military Union, 52
Russian Civil War (1917—22), 39, 51,
70
Russian Empire (1721 — 1917), 49—51,
60, 93
Crimean War (1853—6), 60
First World War (1914-18), 39, 51,
162
Japanese War (1904-5), 60
Napoleonic invasion (1812), 70
Revolution (1917),- 39, 51, 54, 89,
162
Turkish War (1806-12), 64
Turkish War (1877-8), 60
Russian Federation, 70—73, 75-90,
91-8, 127-52
Centre for Military and Strategic
Studies, 127
Chechen Wars (1994-6, 1999-
2009), 34,45,83, 112, 115, 154
Crimea annexation (2014), see under
Crimea annexation
233
INDEX
Eurasianism, 76, 84, 89
Federal Laws on information, 149
Foreign Policy Concept 147—8
geopolitical interests, 148
Georgian War (2008), 115
Information Security Doctrines,
146-7
information war, 2, 7, 15, 72—3, 75,
84-90, 152
Military Doctrine, 147, 163
Military University, 71, 84, 91
Ministry of Defence, 71, 91, 98
net-centric war, 7, 72, 75—84
oligarchs, 82, 83
presidential elections (2012), 148,
151
sanctions against, 124, 145, 152, 174
Ukrainian Crisis (2014), see under
Ukrainian Crisis
Russian Liberation Army, 52
Russian Orthodox Church, 49, 76
Russian Revolution (1917), 39, 51, 54,
89, 162, 174
Russian studies, 167
Russo-Georgian War (2008), 115
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), 60
Russo-Turkish War (1806—12), 64
Russo-Turkish War (1877—8), 60
Saddam Hussein, 80
Sascha-Dominik Bachmann, 105
Savinkin, Alexander, 71
Scheipers, Sibylle, 103
second generation warfare, 19, 20-21,
22
Second Lebanon War (2006), 11,
34-6, 37, 38, 39-40,45, 102, 154
Second World War (1939-45), 3,4,
22, 38, 39-40, 52, 62, 165, 174
secularism, 56
Sedan
First battle of (1870), 70
Second battle of (1940), 4
September 11 attacks (2001), 27
Serbia, 51-2
Serebryanikov, Vladimir, 137, 138
sexuality, 53, 54, 56
Shelepin, Leonid, 86
Sherr, James, 172, 175
Sivkov, Konstantin Valentinovich,
94-5
Smith, Adam, 66
Smith, Hanna, 114
Smyslovsky-Holmston, Boris Alexeyev-
ich, 52
social networks, 44
social objects, 86—7
Somalia, 45, 154
Somme, battle of (1916), 4
Sources of Soviet Conduct, The’ (Ken-
nan), 87
South African Border War (1966—90),
38
South Korea, 63
Soviet Union (1922-91), 53
‘active measures’ (aktivinye meropria-
tid), 3—4, 169
Afghanistan War (1979-89), 27, 34
dissolution (1991), see under col-
lapse of Soviet Union
and information war, 87, 89, 117,
171-2
and Long Telegram (1946), 166,
168-9, 170
Marxism—Leninism, 71, 148, 170
and Messner, 49, 70
network-centric warfare against, 82
Second World War (1939-45),
39-40
subversion-war against, 72
and ‘World Revolution’ (Vsemirnaya
Revolutsiya), 56
234
INDEX
see also Cold War
Spain, 26
St Petersburg, Russia, 50, 51
Stalin, Joseph, 54, 66
Strachan, Hew, 102
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Uncon-
ventional Threats and Capabilities,
38
subversion-war, 5, 7,49—73,75
aggressive-diplomacy, 64—6
Cold War, 49, 52, 54, 62-4, 65, 72,
138
conservatism, 53, 54, 56, 57, 67
andgibridnaya voyna, 92, 95-7, 117,
127, 128, 132,133,134, 136,137,
155, 158, 159
half-war, 64—5
nationalisation of war, 57—9, 60,
65,67
psychological dimension, 59—62,
65, 67-8
and Soviet Union, collapse of
(1991), 72
translation, 66
‘World Revolution’ (Vsemirnaya
Revolut$iya) 55-7, 59, 60, 67
Suez Crisis (1956), 65
SunTzu, 162, 171
supra-national powers, 15, 16
Sweden, 3, 25, 105, 144
synchrony, 17
Syria, 36, 39
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954—5), 65
Taliban, 80
terrorism, 11, 15, 27, 28, 32, 34, 56-7,
70,79-80, 119, 154
Teufel, Fritz, 69
Thailand, 63
third generation warfare, 19, 21-2
Thirty Years’War (1618-38), 19, 57
Thomas, Timothy, 124
three-wave theory, 5 5
To filer, Alvin and Heidi, 55
Tolstoy, Lev, 55
total war, 3, 60
traditional challenges, 28
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 62
Trotsky, Leon, 62, 65
Trump, Donald, 122, 123
Tsygankov, Pavel Afanas yevich, 1, 94
Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich, 166
UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), 35
Ukrainian Crisis (2014), 70, 106-25
and conceptual puzzle, 119, 121
and democracy, 175
and force multipliers, 117
andgibridnaya voyna^ 92
as hybrid warfare, 2, 94, 96, 97, 101,
106-25, 139, 151, 154-7, 160
as international relations problem,
124, 125
and information warfare, 144—5
NATO reaction to, 101, 107-25,
154
politicisation, 118-23, 125
public views on, 152
and Russian studies, decline in, 168
United Kingdom, 76, 87, 90, 111, 122,
162
United Nations, 16
United States, 7,11 -29, 31 -45
active measures’ against, 3-4, 169
Afghanistan War (2001-14), 112,
119, 160
Civil War (1861-5), 21
Cold War, see under Cold War
Command and Control Research
Program (CCRP), 77
compound warfare, 12, 24-7 31,
32-3,36, 154, 158, 159
235
INDEX
Democratic National Committee
email leak (2016), 118
Department of Defense (DoD),
27-9, 45
Dugins views on, 76
fourth generation warfare, see under
fourth generation warfare
andgibridnaya voyna 96, 97, 133,
137, 138, 139, 149, 157, 165, 169,
170
Government Accountability Office,
38
GulfWar (1990-91), 12, 16-17,129
House of Representatives, 38
hybrid warfare, see under Hoffman,
Frank
information war, use of, 133, 137,
139, 145-52, 153
Iraq War (2003-11), 38, 40-41,
112, 160
Joint Forces Command Joint Irregu-
lar Warfare Centre (USJFCOM
JIWC), 104-5
Kosovo War (1998-9), 129
Long Telegram (1946), 166, 168-9,
170
Marine Corps (USMC), 19, 22, 32,
37, 102
military culture, 42-3, 103
National Defence Strategy (2005),
12,27-9,33,154
National Defense University
(NDU), 104
network-centric warfare, 76—7, 79,
81-4
Office of the Assistant Secretary of
Defence, 77
Operation Praying Mantis (1988), 36
political warfare, 96—7, 159, 165,
170, 172-3
presidential election (2016), 118,
122, 123, 172
red scare, 3, 125
Revolutionary War (1775—83), 27,
65, 162
September 11 attacks (2001), 27
and subversion-war, 54
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954-5), 65
and technology, 43
unrestricted warfare, 12-19, 31, 36,
37, 66, 154, 158
Vietnam War (1965-73), 23, 27, 40,
69-70, 112
unrestricted warfare, 12—19, 31, 32, 36,
37, 66, 154, 158, 159
urbanisation, 56
van Creveld, Martin, 19
van Kappen, Frank, 108
Verdun, battle of (1916), 23
Very High Readiness Joint Task Force
(VJTF), 114, 121, 158
Vietnam
First Indochina War (1946—54),
65, 66
Second Indochina War (1955-75),
23, 27,40, 63, 69-70, 112
Vladimirov, Alexander, 72
Vlasov, Andrey, 52
Volker, Kurt, 108
Volkovsky, Nikolay, 130
Wales NATO Summit (2014), 109,
110, 120
WangXiangsui, 12-19, 32, 34, 159,
161
war, misuse of term, 156, 157—8
Warsaw Pact, 119, 137
Waterloo, battle of (1815 ), 23
White Movement, 51, 52, 70, 71
Williamson, Steven, 38
Wilson Center, 167
World Bank, 16,81
236
INDEX
World Council of Churches, 69
‘World Revolution' (Vsemimaya Revo-
lutsiya), 55-7, 59, 60
World Trade Organisation (WTO),
16,81
Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 51, 52
Württemberg, Germany, 49
Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001), 34, 70,
129, 134, 137
Zaborowski, Marcin, 108
Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046 BC-256 BC),
19
Zyuganov, Gennady, 151
C
v
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
237 |
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| id | DE-604.BV045189036 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-28T15:11:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190877378 |
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| spelling | Friedman, Ofer Verfasser aut Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation Ofer Fridman Oxford Oxford University Press 2018 xi, 237 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd rswk-swf Westliche Welt (DE-588)4079237-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Hybrid warfare / Russia (Federation) Hybrid warfare / Western countries Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Diplomatic relations Hybrid warfare Russia (Federation) Western countries Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Westliche Welt (DE-588)4079237-7 g Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030578205&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030578205&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Friedman, Ofer Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)107366371X (DE-588)4079237-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation |
| title_auth | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation |
| title_exact_search | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation |
| title_full | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation Ofer Fridman |
| title_fullStr | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation Ofer Fridman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russian 'hybrid warfare' resurgence and politicisation Ofer Fridman |
| title_short | Russian 'hybrid warfare' |
| title_sort | russian hybrid warfare resurgence and politicisation |
| title_sub | resurgence and politicisation |
| topic | Hybridkrieg (DE-588)107366371X gnd |
| topic_facet | Hybridkrieg Westliche Welt Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030578205&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030578205&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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