Holdings: The Soviet atomic project

The Soviet atomic project: how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb

"The book describes the lives of the people who gave Stalin his weapon ... scientists, engineers, managers, and prisoners during the early post war years from 1945-1953. Many anecdotes and vicissitudes of life at that time in the Soviet Union accompany considerable technical information regardi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Pondrom, Lee G. 1933- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New Jersey ; London ; Singapore ; Beijing ; Shanghai ; Hong Kong ; Taipei ; Chennai ; Tokyo World Scientific [2018]
Subjects:	Geschichte Anfänge-1949 Atomic bomb > Soviet Union > History Nuclear physics > Research > Soviet Union > History Scientists > Soviet Union Engineers > Soviet Union Nuclear industry > Soviet Union > History > 20th century Nuclear weapons > Soviet Union > 20th century Kernwaffe Sowjetunion
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Inhaltsverzeichnis
Summary:	"The book describes the lives of the people who gave Stalin his weapon ... scientists, engineers, managers, and prisoners during the early post war years from 1945-1953. Many anecdotes and vicissitudes of life at that time in the Soviet Union accompany considerable technical information regarding the solutions to formidable problems of nuclear weapons development. The contents should interest the reader who wants to learn more about this part of the history and politics in 20th century physics. The prevention of nuclear proliferation is a topic of current interest, and the procedure followed by the Soviet Union as described in this book will help us understand the complexities involved"...
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	xxv, 758 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Diagramme
ISBN:	9789813235557

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adam_text	THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT / PONDROM, LEE G.YYD1933-YYEAUTHOR : 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS WARTIME SOVIET INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS BEFORE THE DISCOVERY OF FISSION DISCOVERY OF FISSION OF URANIUM SOVIET UNION AND STALIN S TERROR 1937-1939 SOVIET UNION AND NUCLEAR RESEARCH 1934-1942 THE MANHATTAN PROJECT CREATES LOS ALAMOS SOVIET UNION CREATES LABORATORY #2 SOVIET ESPIONAGE AND THE ATOMIC PROJECT PLAYERS IN THE DRAMA STALIN, BERIA, AND KURCHATOV INDUSTRIAL PLANTS MOVE TO THE URALS SOVIET UNION CREATES ARZAMAS-16 URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM GERMAN SCIENTISTS AND THE SOVIET PROJECT SEMIPALATINSK NUCLEAR TEST RANGE DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT. Bibliography Monographs and Memoirs Allilueva, Svetlana, “Doch Stalina,” Algoritm, Moskva, 2013. English version “Twenty Letters to a Friend,” Avon Books, New York, 1967. Applebaum, Anne, “Gulag,” Anchor Books, New York, 2004. Ardenne, Manfred von “Erinnerungen,” Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1997. Barwich, Heinz and Elfi, “Das Rote Atom,” Scherz Verlag, Munich, 1967. Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich “Tainy Dnevnik 1937-1953,” Yauza — Press, Moskva, 2012. Beria, Sergo, “Moi Otets Narkom Beria,” Algoritm, Moskva, 2013. Bernstein, Jeremy, “Hitler’s Uranium Club,” Copernicus Books, Springer Verlag, New York, 2001. Bessarab, Maiya, “Lev Landau,” Oktopus Press, Moskva, 2007. Bird, Kai and Martin J. Sherwin, “American Prometheus,” Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2005. Carr, Barnes, “Operation Whisper,” University Press of New England, Lebanon, NH, 2016. Chambers, James, “The Devil’s Horsemen,” Athenium, New York 1979. (History of Kazan). Cochran, Bert, “Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency,” Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1973. Conant, Jennet, “109 East Palace,” Simon and Schuster, New York, 2005. Coster-Mullen, John, “Atom Bombs,” copyright John Coster-Mullen, 2014. Cray, Ed, “General of the Army George C. Marshall,” WW Norton Sc Co, New York, 1990. Dalitz, Richard H., and Sir Rudolf Peierls, editors, “Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls,” World Scientific, Singapore, 1997. Davidson, Eugene, “The Trial of the Germans,” McMillan Co, New York, 1966. Davis, Nuel Pharr, “Lawrence and Oppenheimer,” Fawcett Premier Books, Greenwich, Conn, 1968. Djilas, Milovan, “Conversations with Stalin,” Harcourt Brace, Orlando, Florida, 1990. Domberger, Walter, “V-2,” The Viking Press, New York, 1954. Dyson, George, “Turing’s Cathedral,” Pantheon Books, New York, 2012. Eisenhower, David, “Eisenhower at War 1943-1945,” Random House, New York, 1986. 729 730 The Soviet Atomic Project Esposito, S. and O. Pisanti, eds. “Neutron Physics for Nuclear Reactors,” World Scientific, Singapore, 2010. Farmelo, Graham, “Churchill’s Bomb,” Basic Books, New York, 2013. Feklisov, Aleksandr, “Kennedy I Sovetskaya Agentura,” Algoritm, Moskva, 2011. Feklisov, Aleksandr, “The Man Behind the Rosenbergs,” Enigma Books, New York, 2001. Fermi, Laura, “Atoms in the Family,” University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954. Fermi, Enrico, “Collected Papers of Enrico Fermi,” University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1962. Fischer, John, “Why they Behave like Russians,” Harper Brothers, New York, 1947. Frayn, Michael “Copenhagen,” London Methuen, New York, Anchor Books 1998 (a play). Friedel, Frank, “Franklin D. Roosevelt,” Little Brown and Company, Boston, 1990. Gaister, Inna, “Deti Vragov Naroda,” Vozvrashenie, Moskva, 2012. Gaiter, Meyer and Harlan Marquess, “Soviet Prison Camp Speech,” University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. 1972. Gamow, George, “My World Line, an Informal Autobiography,” Viking Press, New York, 1970. Golovin, Igor, “Igor Kurchatov,” Atomizdat, Moskva, 1967. Gorobets, B.S. “Sovietskie Fiziki Shutyat,” Knizhny Dom Librokom, Moskva, 2012. Griffiths, David J. “Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Ed,” Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1999. Gubarev, Vladimir S., “Atomnaya Bomba,” Algoritm, Moskva, 2009. Gubarev, Vladimir S., “Arzamas-16,” Izdat, Moskva, 1992. Harriman, W. Averell and Elie Abel, “Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin,” Random House, New York, 1975. Haynes, Earl and Harvey Klehr, “Venona,” Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn, 2000. Hirsch-Heisenberg, Anna Maria, “My Dear Li,” Yale University Press, 2016. (Correspondence between Werner and Elisabeth Heisenberg). Holloway, David, “Stalin and the Bomb,” Yale University Press, New Haven, 1994. Jacobsen, Annie, “Operation Paperclip,” Little, Brown and Co, New York, 2014. Jeffery, Inez C., “Inside Russia, the Life and Times of Zoya Zarubina,” Eakin Press, Austin, Texas, 1999. Jordan, George Racey, “From Major Jordan’s Diaries,” Harcourt Brace, New York, 1952. Kahn, David, “The Codebreakers,” Scribners, New York, 1996. Khalatnikov, I. M. “Dau, Kentavr, I Drugie,” Fizmatlit, Moskva, 2012. Kieman, Denise, “The Girls of Atomic City,” Simon and Schuster, New York, 2013. Khrushchev, Sergei, “Trilogia ob Otse, Reformator,” Vremya, Moskva, 2010. Kuznetsova, Raisa, “Kurchatov v Zhizni,” Glavarkhiva, Moskva, 2007. Knight, Amy, “Beria, Stalin’s First Lieutenant,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 1993. Kojevnikov, Alexei B., “Stalin’s Great Science,” Imperial College Press, London, 2004. Bibliography 731 Lamarsh, John R. “Nuclear Reactor Theory,” Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1966. Lamphere, Robert J. and Tom Shachtman, “The FBI-KGB War,” Berkley Books, New York, 1987. Laurence, William L “Dawn over Zero,” Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1953. Layton, Edwin T. “And I Was There,” William Morrow, New York, 1985. Lewin, Ronald, “Ultra goes to War,” McGraw Hill, New York, 1978. Libby, Leona Marshall, “The Uranium People,” Crane Russak Co, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1979. Livingston, M. Stanley, and John P. Blewett, “Particle Accelerators,” McGraw Hill, New York, 1962. Loeb, Leonard, “Kinetic Theory of Gases,” McGraw Hill, New York, 1934. Medvedev, Zhores A. “Nuclear Disaster in the Urals,” W.W. Norton, New York, 1979. Melvin, Mungo, “Manstein,” Thomas Dunne Books, St Martin’s Press, New York, 2010. Mikoyan, Anastas, “Tak Bylo,” Vagrius, Moskva, 1999. Modin, Yuri, “My Five Cambridge Friends,” Farrar Straus Giroux, New York, 1994. Montefiore, Simon Sebag, “Stalin, the Court of the Red Tsar,” Vintage Books, New York, 2003. Morath, Inge, and Arthur Miller, “In Russia,” Viking Press, New York, 1969. Naimark, Norman, “The Russians in Germany,” Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 1995. Nelson, Anne, “Red Orchestra,” Random House, New York, 2009. Northrup, Doyle L. and Donald H. Rock, “Detection of Joe-1” Central Intelligence Agency Studies in Intelligence, September, 1966. Available on cia.gov. Pais, Abraham, “Niels Bohr’s Times,” Oxford University Press, 1991. Peierls, Rudolf, “Bird of Passage,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1985. Powers, Thomas, “Heisenberg’s War,” Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1993. Radzinsky, Edvard, “Stalin, Zhizn I Smert,” AST, Moskva, 2010. Reed, Bruce C. “The Physics of the Manhattan Project, 3rd Ed,” Springer, Heidelberg, 2015. Rhodes, Richard, “Making of the Atomic Bomb,” Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986. Rhodes, Richard, “Dark Sun,” Simon and Schuster, New York, 1995. Richards, Hugh T. “Through Los Alamos, 1945,” The Arlington Place Press, Madison, WI, 1993. Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz, “Stalin’s Captive,” American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation, New York, 1996. Rokossovsky, Konstantin K. “Soldatsky Dolg,” Olma Press, Moskva, 2002. Shifman, M. “Under the Spell of Landau,” World Scientific, Singapore, 2013. Sinev, N.M. “Enriched Uranium for Atomic Weapons and Energy,” TsNIIAtominform, Moskva, 1991. Stalina, Galina Djugashvili, “Taina cemi Voshdya,” AST Zebra, Moskva, 2007. Starinov, Ilya G. “Over the Abyss,” Mass Market Paperbacks New York, 1995. Sudoplatov, Pavel, “Razvedka I Kreml,” TOO Geya, Moskva, 1996. 732 The Soviet Atomic Project Sudoplatov, Pavel and Anatoly Sudoplatov, “Special Tasks,” Little Brown Co, New York, 1994. Szanton, Andrew, “Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner,” Plenum Press, New York, 1992. Tipler, Paul and Ralph Llewellyn, “Modem Physics 5th Ed,” W.H. Freeman, New York 2008. Tuchman, Barbara, “The Zimmerman Telegram,” Ballentine Books, New York, 1966. Tucker, Robert C. “Stalin in Power,” W.W. Norton and Company, New York, 1990. Turchetti, Simone, “The Pontecorvo Affair,” The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012. Walker, Mark, “German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. Warner, Edith, “In the Shadow of Los Alamos,” University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM, 2008. Walker, Stephen, “Shockwave,” Harper Collins, New York, 2005. Walling, Michael G. “Forgotten Sacrifice,” Osprey Publishing, Oxford, England, 2012. Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev, “The Haunted Wood,” Random House, New York, 1999. Werth, Alexander, “Russia at War 1941-1945,” E.P. Dutton Co, New York, 1964. Wolf, B. H. “Handbook of Ion Sources,” CRC Press, 1995. Zeldovich, Ya. B. “Theory of Shock Waves and Introduction to Gas Dynamics,” Foreign Technology Division, Air Force Systems Command FTD-HT-66-258, 1967. (Translation from Russian.) Zhukov, Georgy K. “Vospominaniya I Razmyshleniya,” Olma Press, Moskva, 2002. Ziegler, Charles A. and David Jacobson, “Spying without Spies,” Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1995. Official Histories “Istorii Velikoi Otetchestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Soyuza,” abbreviated IVOVSS, the official history of WWII from the perspective of the Soviet Union. Five Volumes. Federal Atomic Energy Agency of the Russian Republic, “Atomny Proekt SSSR.” A collection of transcriptions of declassified official documents in Russian pertaining to the Soviet Atomic Project, available on the website: work.atomlandonmars.com, built by Alex Wellerstein. They are referenced in the text as Atomnyy_proekt_SSSR. There are 12 separate pdf files in the directoiy. Entries in each pdf file are referenced by number in sequence. Bibliography 733 Conference Proceedings HISAP’96, International Symposium “Science and Society, History of the Soviet Atomic Project” Dubna, 14-18 May, 1996. Three volumes. Isdat, Moskva, 1997. The following articles in Volumes 1 and 2 are referred to in the text by author and page number. Vol 1 Page 23. L.D. Ryabev, et al, Historical introduction. Page 49 V.B. Barkovsky, Scientific-technical Intelligence. Page 62 A.K. Kruglov, Participants in the Soviet Atomic Project. Page 80 E.P. Ryazantsev, Research Reactors. Page 101 Vetrov, V.I. and A.N. Eremeev, Sources of Uranium ore. Page 116 V.I. Merkin, Industrial Reactors. Page 135 Leya Sokhina, Obtaining high purity plutonium. Page 146 F.G. Reshetnikov, Industrial production of uranium and transuranic elements. Page 156 V.N. Prusakov and A.A. Sazykin, Uranium enrichment Page 176 B.F. Gromov et al., Laboratory ‘V’. Page 184 L.V. Altshuler and K. K. Krupnikov, Experimental studies at Arzamas-16. Page 192 A.A. Brish, Branch KB-11 (the same place as Arzamas-16). Page 214 A. A. Samarsky, Calculation of the energy of the bomb. Page 264 V.I. Mostovoy, Nuclear physics at Laboratory # 2. Page 284 V.P. Dzhelepov, Early history of Dubna. Page 291 V.V. Alekseev and B.V. Litvinov, Soviet Atomic Project and national economy. Vol 2 Page 43 K.A. Petrzhak, A.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, and V.P. Eismont, Nuclear Physics at the Radium Institute. Page 68 I.F. Zhezherun, Nuclear Reactor F-l. Page 99 N.V. Knyazkaya, Igor Kurchatov and the beginnings of the Soviet Atomic Project. Page 139 Yu. N. Smirnov, Georgy Flerov and the beginnings of the Soviet Atomic Project. Page 172 A.A. Brish Sarov 1947-1955. Page 179 I.S. Drovenikov and S. V. Romanov, Journey of Soviet physicists to Germany May, June 1945. Page 189 G.A. Sosnin, Founders of atomic industry (Mostly Boris Vannikov). Page 195 A.G. Plotkina and E.M. Voinov, Academician Isaak K. Kikoin, Page 207 B.L. Ioffe, Why ‘Truba’ did not work. (This article has much valuable information.) Page 245 S.S. Ilizarov, L.D. Landau and the Soviet Atomic Project. Page 260 P.E. Rubinin, Kapitza, Beria, and the bomb. Page 280 R.G. Pose, Recollections of Obninsk. Page 300 Ya. P. Dokuchaev, Test of RDS-1. Page 320 R.B. Kotelnikov and V.A. Tumbakov, Industrial resources of the USSR. 734 The Soviet Atomic Project Page 331 A. Heinman-Gruder, Need for Uranium Ore. Page 340 J. Janouch, Czechoslovak uranium. Page 351 E.I. Ilenko and N.A. Abramova, Early radiochemical technology. Page 360 G.N. Yakovlev, First work to obtain plutonium. Page 382 V.I. Zemlyanukhin, Industrial Radiochemistry for plutonium separation. Page 3911.A. Reformatsky and G.N. Yakovlev, First Hot Lab at Laboratory #2. Page 398 N.S. Burdakov, et al., First Reactor ‘A’ at Mayak. Page 411 V.A. Khalkin, First Extraction of plutonium from solution in factory 4B.’ Page 431 N.I. Ivanov, First nuclear explosive. Page 438 O.D. Simonenko, Development of Centrifuges for Isotope Separation. Page 463 N.G. Makeev, Impulse x-ray technology. Page 476 Y. Zu. S. Zamyatnin, First critical mass experiments at Arzamas-16. Journal and Periodical Articles Pravda, January 28, 1936 p 3 “Muddle instead of Music” critique of an opera by Shostokovich. Pravda, June 25, 1945, WWII victory parade. Pravda, November 7, 1945, Molotov’s speech on atomic energy Pravda, 25 September, 1949, TASS statement regarding Truman’s announcement of a Soviet atomic bomb test. Pravda, March 8, 1950, p 5 USSR had no knowledge of Klaus Fuchs Pravda, March 1, 1955, p 3. Essay by Bruno Pontecorvo Izvestia, 1941, #300, p 3, Story about setting up a factory moved from west to east. Izvestia June 26, 1940, p 4. Use of Atomic Energy Milwaukee Journal Sentinal, November 28, 2011, Obituary for Lana Peters (Stalin’s daughter). New York Times, March 23, 2004, “Slender and Elegant, it Fuels the Bomb” by William J. Broad. (Article about centrifuges) Science Magazine Vol 348, #6241 (19 June 2015) p 1320. Article on isotope separation by centrifuge. Scientific American “In the World of Science,” special edition on the 70th anniversary of the Kurchatov Institute. 2013. Wall Street Journal October 30,2013. Radiation cleanup problems. Washington Post, December 1, 2016. Exoneration request by Rosenberg sons. The journal Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya I Technikhi (Questions in history of natural science and technology) is abbreviated VIET. Akhiezer, Aleksandr, Physicalishe Zeitschrift der Sowietunion 11, 263 (1937). Bibliography 735 Albright, Joseph and Marcia Kunstel, “Mlad and Star,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Jan/Feb 1998, p 48ff. Allison, S.K., Lester Skaggs, and Nicholas Smith, Jr. Phys Rev 54, 171, (1938). Early nuclear reaction experiment. Altshuler, Lev, Oral Interview, Literatumaya Gazeta June 6, 1990, p 13. Anderson, Herbert L. “Scientific Uses of the MANIAC,” Journal of Statistical Physics, 43, 731 (1986). Barkovsky, V.B., VIET, 1994, #4, p 122. Bartlett, Neil, Proceedings of the Chemical Society of London (6), 218, (1962). Beams, J.W. and F.B. Haynes, Phys Rev 50, 491, (1936). Mass separation by centrifuge. Bethe, Hans, Kurt Gottfried, and Roald Sagdeev, “Did Bohr Share Nuclear Secrets?,” Scientific American, May, 1995, p 85. Bohr, Niels, Philosophical Magazine (6), 26, 1 (1913). Bohr, Niels, and John A. Wheeler, Phys Rev 56,426 (1939). Brill, T. and H.V. Lichtenberger, Phys Rev 72, 585 (1947). Neutron velocity selector. Condon, Edward U, Memoirs of Members of the National Academy of Sciences. Cherenkov, Pavel A. Nobel Address, 1958. Clusius, K. and G. Dickel, Naturwiss. 26, 546 (1938). Thermal diffusion. Cockcroft, J.D. and E.T. Walton, Proc Roy Soc (London) A136, 229 (1932), and A144, 704, (1934). Electrostatic accelerator. Curie, Marie, Nobel Address, 1911. Dempster, Arthur J. Biographies of members of the National Academy of Sciences. 1952. Feder, Toni, “Building a cyclotron on a shoestring,” Physics Today 57, 11, 30 (2004). Fermi, Enrico, Nobel Address, 1938. Fermi, Enrico, J. Marshall, and L. Marshall, Phys Rev 72, 193(1947). Neutron velocity selector. Feynman, Richard, “Los Alamos from Below,” Engineering and Science 39, #2 (Jan-Feb 1976) p 12. Friedman, Herbert, Luther B. Lockhart, and Irving H. Blifford, Physics Today, November, 1996, p 38. Observation of ‘Joe-l’ in rainwater. This issue of Physics Today is devoted to a review of the international conference at Dubna, tnSAP’96. Frisch, Otto, Nature 143, 276, (1939). Observing nuclear fission fragments in an ion chamber. Furry, W.H., R.C. Jones and L: Onsager, Phys Rev 55, 1083 (1939). Thermal diffusion Gamow, George, Zeitschrift fur Physik 51, 204 (1928). Alpha decay. Goleusova, L.P. “Arzamas-16,” VIET 1994, #4, p 89. Goloborodko and Leipunsky, Phys Rev 56, 891 (1939). Gorelik, G.E. “Those who did not become academicians,” Priroda, 1990, #1 p 123. Gorelik, G.E. “Natural philosophy physics problems in 1937,” Priroda, 1990, #2, p 93. Greinacher, H. Zeitschrift fur Physik 4, 195 (1921). Voltage multiplier. Gurney, R.W. and E.U. Condon, Nature 122, 439 (1928), Alpha decay. Hahn, Otto, and Fritz Strassmann, Naturwissenschaften 27, 11 (1939). 736 The Soviet Atomic Project Halban, H. von, F. Joliot, and L. Kowarski, Nature 143, 680 (1939). Herb, Raymond G. Biographical Memoirs of members of the National Academy of Sciences, 1996. Hinterberger, F. “Electrostatic Accelerators,” available online at cds.cem.ch. Hogerton, John F. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, December, 1945, p 98. Hogerton, John F. and Ellsworth Raymond, “When will Russia have the Atomic Bomb?” Look Magazine, March 16, 1948, p 27. Homig, Donald Obituary New York Times January 27, 2013. Kaftanov, S.V. “Po Trevoge,” Khimia I Zhizn, #3, 1985, p 6fF. Keith, P.C. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, February, 1946, p 112. Kramer, David, “Cleanup of Cold War Nuclear Waste Drags On,” Physics Today, July, 2017 p 28. Kurchatov, Igor, et al. Comptes Rendus Acad des Sciences, Vol 200, p 1201 (1935). Khriplovich, Iosif, “The Eventful Life of Fritz Houtermans,” Physics Today Vol 45, p 29 (July 1992). Landau, L.D. and R. Peierls, Zeitschrift fur Physik, 62, 188 (1930). Landau, L.D. Zeitschrift fur Physik 64, 629 (1930). Landau, L.D. and R. Peierls, Zeitschrift fur Physik 69, 56 (1931). Larin, Vladislav, “Unknown Accidents at Mayak,” Energia #1, 2000. Libby, Willard, Phys Rev 55, 1269 (1939). Search for spontaneous fission of uranium Lifshitz, E.M. “Life of L.D. Landau,” Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, 97, 169 (1969). Lunghi, T. et al., Phys Rev Lett 114, 150501, (2015), Quantum random number generator. Malik, John, “Yields of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nuclear Explosions,” LA-8819, Los Alamos National Laboratoiy, 1985. McLaughlin, Thomas P. et al. “A Review of Criticality Accidents” Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-13638, 2000. McMillan, Edward M. Nobel Address, 1951. Meitner, Lise, and O.R. Frisch, Nature 143, 239 (1939). Nier, A.O., E.T. Booth, J.R. Dunning, and A.V. Grosse, Phys Rev 57, 546 (1940). Uranium fission cross sections. Nemenov, Leonid, Tekhnika Molodezhi, June 1975, pi8. “Poslezavtra Nachnem Obluchenia.” Oleinikov, Pavel, “German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project,” The Nonproliferation Review, Vol 7, #2 (2000). Pagano, Owen N., “The Spy who stole the Urchin,” Senior Thesis, History Department, Washington University, class of 2014. Parkins, W.E. 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Murphy, Phys Rev 39, 164 (1932). Discovery of deuterium. Van de Graaff, R.J. Phys Rev 38, 1919A, (1931). Electrostatic accelerator. Van Delft, Dirk, “Paul Ehrenfest’s final years,” Physics Today 67, 1 (2014) p 41. Way, K. and Eugene Wigner, Phys Rev 73, 1318 (1948), Radiation from fission products. Wigner, Eugene, “Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,” Comm. In Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol 13, no. 1 (Feb. 1960) John Wiley Sons, Inc., NY. Wood, H.G. Alexander Glaser, and R. Scott Kemp, Physics Today 61, #9, p 40 2008. Yatskov, A.A. VIET 1992, #3, p 103. Zeldovich, Yakov B. and Yu. B. Khariton, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 25, 381 (1941). Zorich, I. Priroda 1990, #9, p 106. Stalin’s quote on the physicists. WEB Sites If a web address does not work, Google the subject and follow its lead. 738 The Soviet Atomic Project Oral histories can be found at www.aip.org (American Institute of Physics). Work.atomlandonmars.com has the directories for 12 pdf files of AtomnyyjproektSSSR ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fok_Vladimir_Alexandrovich ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulkovskoe_delo. https://archive.org/details/sovietatomicespil951unit/ transcript of JCAE hearings users.telenet.be/d_rijmenants/en/onetimepad.htm; description of coding from a one time pad. www.atomicheritage.org/profile/george-koval www.world-nuclear.org contians much valuable information www.nrc.gov information for radiation workers. www.wikipedia.org/wiki.Separative_work_units. For the separative work formulas used to compare different methods of isotope separation, www.fas.org/man/dod- 101/navy Data for chemical explosives www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk fission cross section data www.nuclearweaponarchive.org useful current nuclear data for fissile materials Index ‘A’ power reactor, 276, 406, 495, 500, 501,504, 505,513, 563, 570 Accidents at start-up, 412, 494, 496 Abakumov, Victor S. 22, 246 Abie Bikini test, 466, 542, 564, 575, 576 ‘AV-1’ second power reactor at Combine #817,406,501 Absorption of slow neutrons, 62 Academician LI, 506 Actinium 227Ac is an a emitter, 557 AFOAT-1, US Air Force remote detection of an atomic bomb, 577, 580 Ageev, N. V., 447 Agudzery sanatorium in Sukhumi, 522, 523, 537 Akers, Wallace, 73 Akhiezer, Aleksandr, 100, 106, 133 Alamogordo Test - See Trinity, 258,309, 565, 575, 576, 580 Alamogordo, New Mexico, 74, 191 Albert Speer, 117, 184, 409, 515 Albuquerque, New Mexico, 312,313 Aleksandrov, Anatoly P., Ill, 141, 142, 272, 387, 389, 390, 395, 556, 583 Aleksandrov, S.P., 465 Alert 112, the airborne detection of Joe-1, 577 Alferov, V. I., 447 Alikhanov, Abram I., 122, 130, 208, 210, 212, 221,350,415 Allied invasion of Normandy, 377 Alliluyeva Nadezhda (Stalin’s second wife), 362 Alma Ata capital of Kazakhstan, 540,571 Alpha (a) decay, 547, 590 Alpha (a) phase plutonium, 547, 549 Alpha calutron, 86 Alsos mission, 307,339 Soviet, 237, 241, 242, 248, 386, 395, 511,513, 521 US, 237, 247,511 Altitude pressure sensor for airborne trigger, 557 Altshuler, LevD., 447,449,452,453, 555 Alvarez, Louis, 197, 455 Amaldi, Eduardo, 356 AMTORG, 281, 301 Anderson, Herbert L., 66, 153, 171, 194 Anderson, John, 73, 600 Annaberg, Germany town in the uranium mining region, 487 Apin, A. Ya., 447 Argonne National Laboratory, 79, 161, 276, 607 Army Air Force (US), 552 Artsimovich, Lev A., 230, 242, 243, 335, 344,404,405,411,418,431,435^138, 460, 517, 583, 626 Arutyunov - translator, 334, 337, 338, 339, 341 Arzamas-16 (KB-11, Sarov), 273, 357, 392,459,464,467,474,476,477,479, 480,506,529,536,539,546,550,555, 678, 725, 726 Assassination attempt on Stalin?, 369 Atomic bomb, 711, 712, 722 destructive effects, 196, 225, 542, 561,680, 693 739 740 The Soviet Atomic Project efficiency, 690 explosive yield, 696 Gun-type uranium bomb, 441, 539 implosion plutonium bomb, 258, 310, 441,717 Atomic Energy Commission AEC, 576 Attlee, Clement, 258 Aue, Germany town in the uranium mining region, 487 Auer Company, Berlin, 240, 241, 245, 250, 251,253 B-29 Boeing heavy WWII bomber, 577 Bacher, Robert, 167 Baikal, Lake, 540 Bainbridge, Ken, 190,194 ‘Baker’ Bikini test, 466,474, 545, 575 Balezin, Stepan A., 157, 206 Ballistics Experiments, 228 Baltic Region USSR uranium mines, 489 ’Bananagate Stalin’s green banana, 372 Barkovsky, Vladimir, 283, 349 Barrier used to separate isotopes by gaseous diffusion, 525, 535, 615 Baruch, Bernard M., 317 Barwich, Elfi, 429,431, 512, 537 Barwich, Heinz, 326, 356, 413, 426, 512, 535, 537,626 aftermath, 580 Factory #813, 439 Germany, 520 Sukhumi, 429, 522 Baudino, John, 187,460 Beams, Jesse, 530, 533,627 Becquerel, Henri, 28, 482 Belgian Congo, 66,79,237,485 Belyaev, A. F., 446 Bentley, Elizabeth, 302, 316 Beria, Lavrenty, 9, 116, 123, 167, 269, 330,334,342,347,350,353,370,373, 383, 385, 393, 395-397, 403-406, 408,421,425-427,430,432,438,442, 445,453,460,465,471,480,489,490, 500,513,518,528,535,536,543,545, 551,553,562-564,567,571,580,581, 583, 710, 712, 719 Chief of NKVD, 107, 222, 238, 242, 248, 250, 252, 289, 386 Head of PGU-dispute with Kapitza, 263, 267, 269, 270, 328, 387 Head of PGU-management of project, 256, 261, 265, 268, 386, 389, 391, 393,418 Origin, 385 Private life, 397 Successful test, 405,426 Terletsky mission, 332 Beria, Sergo, 283,290,295,369,385,397 Berlin Lichterfelde von Ardenne’s laboratory in Germany, 513,515,519 Berlin Wall, 537 Bermuda, British island in the Atlantic, 577 Bernstein, Jeremy, 184, 511 Beryllium reactor moderator, 528 Bessarab, Maiya, 46,96,105 Beta (p) decay, 34 Bethe, Hans, 20,162,170,183,200,308, 347 Bikini Atoll Tests, 465, 540 Binding energy per nucleon, 587 Biological effects of radiation, 544, 545 Black body radiation, 685 Blackett, Patrick, 70, 73 Bletchley Park, 279, 296, 702 Blewett, John P., 644 Blokhintsev, Dmitry, 356,528, 537 Bochvar, A.A., 513,548,550 Bogolyubov, Nikolai N., 467 Bohien, Charles, 261 Bohr, Aage, 181, 183, 184,339,341 Bohr, Margrethe, 181, 184,331 Bohr, Niels, 41,48,64,93,328,331, 332, 334,337-339,341,424,654,665,666, 719, 720 60th birthday, 331 Atomic model, 30, 42 Meeting with Heisenberg in 1941, 180, 183 Index 741 Terletsky mission, 179, 266, 269, 327, 332 Theoretical physics at Copenhagen before WWII, 42, 103 Trip to Los Alamos, 186, 331 Bohr-Wheeler model of fission, 588, 589 Bolshoi Theater, Moscow, 518 Bom, Max, 42, 101, 165, 298, 520 Boron triflouride BF3 gas for neutron counters, 650 Bothe, Walther, 240 Bradbury, Norris, 201 Breit, Gregory, 39 Brezhnev, Leonid, 370 Bridgeman, Percy, 168 Briggs, Lyman, 68,72 Brillouin, Leon, 41 Brokhovich, B.V., 406, 500 Bronshtein, M.P., 109 Brothman, Abraham, 302,317 Budker, Gersh 1,405 Buhovo, Bulgaria — uranium mine, 486 Bukharin, Nikolai, 98, 109,443 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 115 Bulganin, Nikolai, 432,443 Bullitt, William C., 291 Burgess, Guy, 323 Bumazyan, A.I., 565, 567, 568 Bush, Vannevar, 69, 83, 164, 198, 200, 580 Byrnes, James, 197 137Cs fission fragment isotope, 509 Cadmium sheets for thermal neutron absorption, 603-605 Caimcross, John - code name Carelian, 159,296 Calculations before computers, 170 Calutron. See also Y-12, electromagnetic separation, 82,223,344,515,624-626 Capacitors in parallel and series, 632, 633 Cavendish laboratory Cambridge University, 71 Central Intelligence Agency CIA, 552, 554 Centrifuges, 523,530,532,533,626,627, 629 Chadwick, James, 31,70, 71,73,74,178, 184, 185, 200, 300 Chain reacting pile, 78, 224 Chain reactions, 62, 65 Chalk River reactors Canada, 351, 352 Chelyabinsk region USSR, 406,412,427 Chelyabinsk-40. See Combine #817, 88, 490, 508 Chelyabinsk-65. See Combine #817, 508 Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Journal, 422 Cherenkov Pavel, 90 Cherenkov radiation, 90 Chernobyl reactor accident, 74, 509, 576 Chemyaev, 1.1., 506 Chirehiksky electrochemical combine, 227 Chou en Lai., 373 Christy, Robert, 188 Churchill, Winston, 73, 178, 186, 197, 258,259,300, 365,378,379, 552 Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 72 Clinton Engineering Works-Oak Ridge, 86 Cloud chamber particle detector, 649 Clusius, Klaus, 620 Cockcroft, John, 36, 70,591 Cohen, Lona. Code name Leslie, 303,312 Cohen, Morris, 312 Columbia University, 67, 68 Combine #817, 412, 427, 432, 433, 490, 500,504-507,513,551,559,561,564, 569 Compression bomb, 555 Compression to achieve a chain reaction, 539, 546,678 Compression wave technology, 555 Compressors for gaseous diffusion, 424, 425, 619 Compton, Arthur H., 74, 85, 161, 164, 722 Conant, James, 164,198,200,722 Conant, Jennet, 162 742 The Soviet Atomic Project Condon, Edward U., 85 Control rods for a reactor, 603 Conventional explosion baratol, 715 composition B, 201, 697 See also TNT Conventional explosives, 441 Copenhagen, Denmark, 328, 332, 337, 340, 424 Coster-Mullen, John, 716 Coulomb barrier, 415,416, 590, 591 Coulomb repulsion, 61, 64 Coulomb’s law of electrostatics, 588 CP-1 reactor, 88,276,485,596, 598,602, 722 Crick, Francis, 400 Critical assemblies, 464, 558, 725, 728 Critical mass, 62,71,72 Cuban missile crisis, 582 Curie unit of radioactivity, 497, 658 Curie, Marie, 556,658 Curie, Pierre, 658 Curies, 35, 253, 482, 483, 499, 502, 504, 649, 713 Cyclotron, 434,608,642, 644,647,648 Berkeley, 36, 68, 129, 221 Laboratory #2, 213, 254, 653 Leningrad, 130, 221 Lichterfelde, 514, 517, 519 Cyclotron magnet, 643,645 ‘D’s cyclotron acceleration chambers, 643,648 Daghlian, Harry, 190 Davidenko, V. A., 476 Davisson, C.J., 71 De Broglie wavelength, 608 De Gaulle, Charles, 17,379 Decryption — decoding secret messages, 699 deHoffinann, Frederick, 189 Delbrück, Max, 54 Delta (5) phase plutonium, 546, 549, 718 Demon core’ plutonium critical mass, 464,466 Dempster, Arthur J., 434 Density dependence of uranium under extreme pressure, 479 Dirac, Paul A.M., 41,48 Djilas, Milovan, 376-378, 395 Djugashvili, Vissarion (Stalin’s father), 361 Djugashvili, Yakov (Stalin’s son), 362 Dokuchaev, Yakov P., 474, 563-569 Dollezhal, Nikolai A., 493 Domberger, Walter, 117,118 Double helix, 400 Douglas DC-3 (C-47), 292,294,518, 564 Dresden, Germany, 248, 326, 356, 514, 537, 538 Dubna. See JINR, 353, 354, 356, 390, 456, 582, 584 Dukhov, Nikolai L., 447, 564, 566 DuPont Chemical Co, 84, 88, 91 Dyson, Freeman, 463 Dzhelepov, Venedict P., 276 East Berlin, 261 Eastern migration of Soviet Industry, 7 Eastman Kodak Co., 84 Efficiency of a nuclear explosion, 570, 686,687 Ehrenfest, Paul, 44 Einstein, Albert, 29, 38,41, 54,112, 520 Debates with Niels Bohr on quantum theoiy, 338 Writes a letter to Roosevelt regarding nuclear fission, 67, 154 Eisenhower, David, 118 Eisenhower, Dwight, 243 Electromagnetic mass separation, 523 Electromagnetic method of isotope separation, 535 Elektrosila, 215,221,231,437 Industrial plant in Leningrad, 418, 435 Elektrostal, 251, 253, 254, 396, 397,428, 554 RiehFs plant in Noginsk, 273, 418, 488, 489 Index 743 Electrostatic accelerators, 632, 638, 641, 648 Cockcroft-Waltontype, 36,131, 634, 636,637,651 Van de Graaff type, 169 Electrostatic charged particle analyzer, 652 Elementary charge on an electron, 589, 621 Encryption of information for secret transmission, 699, 707 Enigma machine, 279,296,699,700 Eniwetoc atoll atomic tests, 577 ENORMOZ, 281 Enriched uranium, 528 Erzgebirge mountain chain, 484, 487 Espionage, Soviet, 280 Ether enterprise to purify uranium, 254 EVALUATION-Kurchatov of Bohr’s answers, 348 Explosive layer and lenses, 715 Explosive lenses for compression, 555, 717 Exponential pile, 602 Ezhov, Nikolai, 107, 382, 386 F-l reactor, 274,275, 402,494, 600, 602 Factory ‘B’ Chemical extraction plant at Combine #817, 492, 502, 504, 505, 507, 508, 513, 563 Factory V Plutonium refining plant at Combine #817, 505, 506, 507, 513 Fallout radioactive debris carried by air currents, 576, 577 Faraday cup, 651 Farm Hall England, 511 Farr, Tommy, 324 Farrell, Thomas, 192 Fast neutrons, 595 FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, 317, 322, 720 Feklisov, Aleksandr, 3, 284, 286, 287, 313,314,582,721,723,724 England after WWII, 303, 321, 322 Journey to US in 1940, 5, 484 Klaus Fuchs, 318, 323-325 Later service-Cuban missile crisis, 326, 327 The Rosenbergs, 314 Work in New York city, 301 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 163,637 Fermi neutron age parameter, 605 Fermi, Enrico, 63, 74, 77, 79, 88, 162, 172,200,350,351,356,460,485,598, 600,602, 606, 720, 722 Columbia University, 64, 68 Los Alamos, 186,194,288,310,332, 392 Rome group, 35 University of Chicago, 74, 237 Fermi, Laura, 78, 186, 546 Feynman, Richard, 162, 171, 175, 200, 306, 308, 463 FIKOBYN Arzamas-16 critical assembly, 466, 725 Filatov, V.L, 357 Finnish houses, 407, 451, 529 Fireball. Major energy channel for a nuclear explosion, 542,544,559, 680- 682,695 Fischer, John, 233 Fission fragments, 65, 563,570,588, 589, 594,630,659 Fitin, Pavel, 160, 301, 311 Flerov, Georgy N., 8, 122, 139, 400, 404, 447,517,537,548,559,562,564, 584, 592, 593, 654,663,665,666, 691 Early life, 134 Graduate work at Leningrad, 134 Letters to Kurchatov, Kaftanov, and Stalin, 146, 147, 153, 163 Red Army in WWII, 145 Soviet Alsos, 206, 208, 209, 239, 243, 248, 249 Soviet Atomic Project, 209 The gun type bomb, 150 Work at Dubna, 584 Foils for neutron activation, 598, 650 Fok, Vladimir A., 108, 109 744 The Soviet Atomic Project Forrestal, James, 576 Franck, James, 520 Frank, I.M., 165,306 Frank, Oppenheimer, 165, 306 Frankel, Stanley, 171 Frank-Kamenetsky, David A., 562 Frayn, Michael, 179 Frenkel, Ya. L, 123 Frisch, Otto, 70, 74, 163, 179, 620, 655, 665 Frisch-Peierls memorandum, 70 Fritz Houtermans, 515 Fuchs, Klaus. Code names Charles, Rest, 282,298,308,316,323,348,352,420, 476, 582, 721, 723, 724 Early Life, 385 Move to America, 301, 302, 307 Move to England, 400, 723 Release and return to East Germany, 326, 537 Return to England and arrest, 179, 300,318, 323-326 Work with Peierls, 302 Fuchs, Kristel (Heinemann), 303, 308, 316 Fuel slugs from a reactor, 78, 502, 504 Fukushima reactor accident, 74, 509 fusion of light nuclei — nuclear fusion, fusion Power, 61, 392, 400, 455, 474, 589 Gaister, Inna, 95,105 Galanin, A.D., 353 Gallium element used in plutonium alloy, 546, 549 Gamow, George, 20, 37, 48, 52, 56, 94, 114,381,527, 591 Escape to the West, 54, 55 Leningrad, 53 Problems at home, 53, 54, 112 Gaseous diffusion, 72,523,612,615,619, 621,622, 624, 626-629 Full scale plant D-l, 208, 428, 429, 431,432, 558 Geiger counter, 577, 604, 649 Geiger, Hans, 29 Georgia, Soviet Republic, 386 Gerasimovich, Boris P., 109 Gerlach, Walter, 240 German atomic bomb, 339 German POW, 380 Gestapo Nazi secret police, 515 Glaser, Alexander, 694 Gold, Harry. Code names Goose, Raymond, 301-303, 307, 308, 316- 319.320 Goldhaber, Maurice, 132 Golovin, Igor, 239, 241, 242, 387, 405, 511 Goncharov, Vladimir, 256 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 581, 583 Goring, Hermann, 240, 514 Gorky factory for compressors, 425,443 Gorsky, Anatoly, 296, 710 Gottingen University, 519 Goudsmit, Sam, 237,485, 511 Gouzenko, Igor, 316,317 Graphite (carbon), 595, 598, 601-603, 605, 607 prisms, 256, 600 reactor grade, 74, 254 Great Britain, 70 Great Falls, Montana, 290,292 Greenewalt, Crawford, 84 Greenglass, David. Code name Caliber, 303.304.309.313.315.316.320 Greenglass, Ruth, 313,316 Greinacher, Heinrich, 636 Gromyko, Andrei, 292,465 Groves, Leslie, 73,75,82-85,88,91,118, 164,167,168,185,190,197,198,200, 208,228,237,247,293,294,307,339, 484,485,530,553,568, 575,580,721 GRU Soviet military intelligence, 317 Guam, Pacific island, 577 Gubarev, Vladimir, 254 Guderian, General Heinz, 140 GULAG prison camp system, 535 Gun type bomb, 72,228, 558 Gyth, Volmar, 184 Index 745 Hahn, Otto, 63,134,240,244,250,511 Halifax, Nova Scotia (TNT explosion ), 72 Hall, Admiral William, 700 Hall, Theodore. Code name Mlad, 282, 309,312,355, 723 Halperin, Israel, 317 Hanford, Washington plutonium reactors, 74, 85, 87,91,551 Hankey, Maurice, 296, 710 Hamack House, Berlin, 515 Harriman, Averell, 18, 261, 365 Harwell, British atomic energy laboratory, 318, 325, 352 Heavy water, 226,244, 598,611 Heavy water reactor, 528 Hechingen, Germany, 240,244 Heifitz, Grigory, 306, 351 Heisenberg, Werner, 112, 117, 180, 183, 240, 244,327,338, 339, 511, 520 Farm Hall, 238,511 Quantum mechanics, 42 Visit to Copenhagen 1941, 181, 182 Work on Uranverein, 183, 184 Heitler, Walter, 463 Helsinki, Finland, 336 Herb, Raymond G., 39 Hertz, Gustav, 245, 413, 418, 429, 515, 519, 520, 522, 527, 532, 535, 537 Hertz, Heinrich, 519 High explosive shell, 717 Hiroshima bomb, 86, 229, 253, 259, 312, 421,439,441,450,464, 543,545,575, 576, 686, 693, 695,697, 716 Hitler, Adolph, 67, 70, 112,140 Hogerton, John, 422, 551-553 Holloway, David, 228 Honshu, Japan, 287 Hopkins, Harry, 291, 294 Horn Hardart Automat, 314 Homig, Don, 199, 200 Hot lab for handling radioactive materials, 499 House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), 293,352 Houtermans, Charlotte, 20,21 Houtermans, Fritz, 7, 20, 66, 96, 100 Hubbard, Jack, 197 Hydrogen bomb, 61,325, 581 Hyperfine structure of spectral lines, 520 Hysteresis in magnet iron, 645 IBM Machines at Los Alamos, 171 Imperial Chemical Industries, 73,297 Indium foils for neutron activation, 604 Initiator - urchin, 713,717 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 67, 721 Institute for Applied Mathematics (1PM) Moscow, 469 Institute for Chemical Physics Leningrad, 417,450,539,544 Institute for Chemical Physics Moscow, 559 Institute for Physical Problems Moscow (Kapitza’s institute), 271, 272, 469, 550, 556, 583 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (HEP) Moscow, 469 Ioffe, Abram F., 41, 44, 45, 48, 50, 56, 108,110, 111, 112,115,122,123,125, 126,130,134,141,143,158,206,220, 350,354, 381,408,412 Ioffe, B.L., 352 Ion sources. Von Ardenne’s ‘duoplasmatron’, 439, 523, 535, 621, 623,624, 626,648 Ionization chambers for particle detection, 649,655 Iron curtain, 552 Irtysh River, Kazakhstan, 540, 564, 568 Ismay, Hastings (Lord), 73 Isotope enrichment, 80 Measurement by a decay, 415 Measurement by 186 keV y ray line, 415 746 The Soviet Atomic Project Isotope separation, 69, 72, 74, 80, 413, 495, 515,523,611,614,619,624,630, 668, 710 centrifuges, 82, 417, 626 Electromagnetic, 80, 81, 621 Gaseous diffusion, 80 High speed centrifuges, 80 lasers, 612 Thermal diffusion, 80, 81, 208, 620 Isotopic mass effects in chemistry, 611 Isotron, 82 Ivan IV (Tsar), 144 Ivanov, N. I., 548, 550 Jachymov Czechoslovakia uranium mine, 482,486,487 Jello box - and Ruth Greenglass, 315,316 Jensen, Hans J.D., 182 JINR Dubna, 232, 537, 538 Joe-1 detected remotely by the US Air Force and Navy, 566, 575, 576, 580 Johanngeorgenstadt, Germany town in uranium mining district, 487 Johnson noise in electric circuits, 657, 658, 660 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy JCAE, 294, 309, 354 Joliot-Curie, Frederic, 37, 59, 63, 66, 134 Jordan, George R., 290, 292,294 aftermath, 68, 162, 508 Lend-Lease, 292, 294 Jungk, Robert, 182, 183 K-25 Gaseous diffusion plant at Oak Ridge, 85,422,429,433, 551, 553 Kaftanov, Sergei V., 143, 147, 154, 156, 158,206,210 Kaiser Wilhelm II, 514 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 68, 240, 244, 522 Kamenev, Evgeny, 533,723 Kana, 280 Kannegeisser, Eugenia Peierls, 53, 186 Kapitza, Anna, 52, 106 Kapitza, Peter L., 8,21,45,48,52,58,59, 96, 115, 273, 331, 332, 340, 341, 387, 408,460, 583 Beria’s committee PGU, 262-264, 266, 269, 270, 328 Compared to Kurchatov, 269 Dismissal, 271 Freeing Landau, 106, 386 Letters to Stalin, 102, 270, 516, 518 Liquefying air, 267 Restoration, 272, 273 Travel permit withdrawn, 52, 56, 93 With Rutherford in Cambridge, 44, 47, 52 Work at Institute for Physical Problems, 56, 57, 101, 102, 105 Work during WWD, 143, 146, 229 Karachai, lake at Combine #817, 508 Katyn massacre, 380 Kazakhstan, Soviet Republic, 485, 489, 540, 578 Kazan, 143,152,206, 220,417 KB-11 (Arzamas-16, Sarov), 444, 445, 448,449,453,458,469,490,555-559, 561,562,581, 583 Kefirstadf. Name for the village near Plant #813 by Gustav Hertz, 429 Keith, P.C., 423,426 Keldysh, Mstislav, 326,358,469 Kellex Corporation, 302,421,422,551 Kemble, Edwin C, 38 Kennedy, John, 327 Kennedy, Robert, 327 Kerensky, Alexander, 281 Kerst, Don, 189 Khalatnikov, I.M., 51, 267,460,469 Khariton, Yuli B., 8, 122, 153, 224, 335, 357,405,449,453,461,476,484,485, 490, 539, 549, 558-562, 583 Early life, 41, 445 Early work on fission, 208, 445 Joins Laboratory #2, 242, 244, 246, 247, Trips abroad for study, 245 Index 747 Scientific head of KB-11, 442, 443, 450, 564 Kharkov, 211, 233,285, 515,522, 530 Khlopin, Vitaly G., 127, 134, 220, 222, 501, 502, 504 Khokhlov, A. M, 465 Khristianovich, S. A., 416 Khrushchev, Nikita, 2, 222, 273, 326, 400,460,480, 581,582 Khurgin, Ya., 130 Kiev, 233,285 Kikoin, Abram K., 105 Kikoin, Isaak K., 122,208,247,333, 335, 344,350,411,412,415,417,420,421, 424,426,428,429,431,484,485,490, 517, 530,533, 584 Diffusion plant at Laboratory #813, 439,551 Gaseous diffusion at Laboratory #2, 230,413 Soviet Alsos, 212, 242-247 kmfneutron reproduction factor, 599, 602 King, Mackenzie, 178, 300 Kirov Factory Leningrad, 425 Kirov, Sergei, 94 Kiselev, Kuzma, 320 Klaproth, Martin, 482 Klaus Fuchs, 306 Kleenex box - and Lona Cohen, 309, 313 Klugman, James, 297 Kobulov brothers, Bogdan and Amayak, 334 Kodiak Island, Alaska, 577, 578 Kolesnikov, S.G., 565, 567 Komarov, V.L., 7 Komsomolskaya Pravda, 357 Konev, Ivan, 376 Konovalets, Evgeny, 285, 286 Korets, Moisei A., 98, 103 Komfeld, M. O., 230 Kornienko, Aleksandra, 503 Korolev, Sergei, 117,480, 580 Kostikov, P. S., 460 Kotikov, Anatoly N., 290, 292 Koval, George. Code name Delmar, 305, 421 KP1 control bunker at RDS-1 test, 562, 565 Krebs, Adolf, 554 Kroger, Peter and Helen (Morris and Lona Cohen), 313 Kruglov, A. K., 497,498 Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 57 Krylov, Alexei, 45 Kuibyshev, 18, 364 Kumykin, Pavel N., 374 Kurchatov Institute Moscow (Laboratory #2), 205, 208, 221,222, 387,600 Kurchatov, Boris V., 123, 208, 218, 230, 402, 504 Kurchatov, Igor V., 8,122,209,250,269, 283,325,330,335,341,347,350,353, 357,383,397,400,404,405,408,409, 411,431,433,434,436,437,442,454, 457,459,461,467,485,488-190,498, 500,508,518,549,555-557,559,561, 562,564,582,602,609,610,665,709, 710 Early life, 123, 125, 399, 412, Elected to the Academy of Sciences, 210,221 Flerov’s letter, 152 Graduate school Leningrad, 126 Laboratory #2, 205, 206, 210, 212, 216, 218, 224, 227-230,235,244, 248, 255, 268, 273, 276, 293 Member of PGU, 262, 289, 328 Nuclear physics research, 127, 129, 130 Release to head the SAP, 158, 208, 223 WWII work for the navy, 141, 143 Work habits, 403 Peace maker, 404 Trouble shooter, 406 ‘A’ Reactor at Combine #817, 490, 491,495,496, 499, 500 test of RDS-1, 563 endgame, 583 748 The Soviet Atomic Project Kurchatova, Marina Dmitrievna, 143, 218 Kumakov, Sergei, 311 Kuznetsov, Admiral Nikolai G., 465 Kvasnikov, Leonid, 720,721 Kyshtym, village near Combine #817, 427,493, 508,513 L.P. Beria, 114 Laboratory #2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 209,211,224,230,232,234, 256,319,341,344,369,389,396,400, 401,407,411,417,431,440,469,494, 498,499, 564, 583,600,602 Beginnings in Moscow, 441 F-l reactor, 485, 490 first cyclotron, 37, 59, 222 Group structure, 243 laboratory tent, 256 living conditions, 91, 116, 120, 144, 162 Site selection, 390, 540 Laboratory #4 in Moscow, 532 Laboratory A5 von Ardenne at Sinop, 426, 529, 532 Laboratory ‘G* Hertz at Agudzery, 426, 529 Laboratory V at Obninsk, 527, 528 Lamphere, Robert, 288, 309, 317, 318 Landau, Lev D., 7, 42, 43, 45, 46, 51, 58, 126,272,273,331,340,386,460,469, 470, 512, 560, 583 Arrest and release, 102, 107 Back to Leningrad, 50 Copenhagen and Cambridge, 40-42, 48 Early work, 41 Kharkov, 20, 51, 93, 96, 97, 100 The Landau School, 51, 58, 405 To Kapitza’s Institute, 102, 105,263, 387, 556 Visit with Pauli, 49 Soviet Atomic Project work, 469 Landau, Sonya, 105 Landsdale, John, 307 Lange, Fritz, 411, 530, 532 Langmuir, Irving, 39 Laurence, William, 200 Lavrentev, Oleg, 393 Lawrence, Ernest O., 59, 72, 161, 162, 164, 434,514, 642,643,645, Cyclotron, 36,39, 68 Electromagnetic Isotope separation, 82 ‘Layer cake’ hydrogen bomb design, 476 Leipunsky, Aleksandr L, 20, 96, 98, 101, 157,402, 529, 530 Leipzig, Germany, 240, 537 Lend-Lease, 227, 281, 289-291, 293, 297,485 Lenin, Vladimir, 8,94,286,361,362,370 Leningrad blockade, 211,220 Leningrad Physico-technical Institute (LFTI), 125, 126, 141, 214, 220, 221, 412 Leningrad Radium Institute, 220, 221, 236,417, 501,504, 557, 563 Lewis, Fulton Jr., 294 Libby, Leona Marshal, 79,167,203 Chicago, 189, 224, 230 Hanford, 187, 199, 225, 407 Los Alamos, 195, 306, 315, 319 Libby, Willard, 88-91, 166, 224, 484, 654, 655, 664,665,692 Lifshitz, E.M., 58,272,469 Light water reactor, 527, 528 Lindemann, Frederick, 73 LEPAN (Laboratory #2), 206 Liquid drop model, 64 Little Boy, Hiroshima bomb, 198 Livestock for radiation effect studies, 543, 544, 545, 559 Livingston, M. Stanley, 644 Logarithmic decrement of energy loss by collision, 596 Lomako, P.F., 254, 255 Long distance detection of an atomic bomb, 575 Look Magazine, 551 Index 749 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 74, 82, 459,464,476, 477, 508, 577, 697 Losev, V. K., 236 Lubyanka Prison NKVD Headquarters, 105,286,289,296, 328-330,342 Lysenko, Trofim, 116, 381,401,453 McDonald ranch house, 191 Maclean, Donald S. code name Leaf, 297, 323, 710 Magadan prison camps, 448 Magnetic mines - protection of ships, 141 Magnetic susceptibility, 646 Magnetron microwave generator, 314 Magnitogorsk, 518 Makhnev, Vasily A., 226, 242, 393, 395, 438,513,517,518 NKVD, 234, 254 PGU, 256, 262, 389 RDS-1 test, 441,459 Soviet Alsos, 238, 248 Maksimov, A.A., 111, 381, 382 Malenkov, Georgy, 238, 262, 263, 269, 320,370, 374,460,581 Malik, John, 545, 697 Mally, Theodore, 297 Maltsev, A. M., 487 Manhattan Project, 70, 72, 74, 80, 253, 276,280,283,332,339,350,411,433, 439,461,464,482,505, 552,575,620, 626, 709,716,719 Beginnings, 68 Espionage of, 226 Hanford, Washington, 407 Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, 190,194,226 Los Alamos, 70 Metallurgical Laboratory, 237 Oak Ridge, 283, 293, 302, 315 Trinity Test, 2, 164, 190 MANIAC computer, 172,469 Manley, John, 169, 170,174 Manstein, Erich, 17, 157 Mao Zedong, 373 Marconi, Guglielmo, 53 Mark, Carson, 172 Marsden, Ernest, 29 Marshall, George C., 75, 83,606 Marx high voltage generator, 635 Marxist philosophy, 381 Mass spectrograph, 81 Math Environments, 229 MAUD Committee and report, 70-73, 148,163,186,298,299 Max von Laue, 21 Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism, 519 May, Alan Nunn, 224,276, 317, 319 Mayak accident. See also Combine #817, 490,508, 509, 564, 576 McKibbin, Dorothy, 162,169, 185 McMillan, Edwin, 68,200 Mechanical calculators, 170 Medvedev, Zhores, 509 Meiman, Naum, 470,471 Meitner, Lise, 63,70,250 Melitopol, Ukraine, 285 Menshikov, Mikhail A., 373, 374 Merkin, Vladimir I., 229, 230 Merkulov, Vsevolod N., 224, 226, 260, 289,710,712,719 Mesheryakov, Mikhail G., 344,434, 435, 456, 465, 466,474, 542, 564, 566 Dubna, 139, 584 Work in Leningrad, 230, 336 WWII, 145 Trip to Bikini, 466, 542 RDS-1, 563 Metallurgical Laboratory, University of Chicago, 74, 78, 161, 164, 174, 224, 411 Metric system of weights and measures, 289 Metropolis, Nick, 171 MI5/MI6, British intelligence, 322 Migdal, Arkady B, 405 Migulin, Vladimir V. radar expert at MGU, 517 Mikoyan on Stalin, 208,222,231, 370 750 The Soviet Atomic Project Mikoyan, Anastas, 227, 294, 334, 342, 370, 372-374, 379, 380 Mikoyan, Artem, 480 Miller, Arthur, 321 Mingrellian tribe, 385 Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 544 Mitkevich, V.F., 111 Moderators, 78, 595 Graphite (carbon), 79, 223, 597, 600 Heavy water, 79, 223, 597 Light water, 79, 223 Modem physics and Marxist theory, 381 Modin, Yuri, 159,295,296, 323 Molody, Konon (Gordon Lonsdale), 313 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 106,207,208,210, 227,260,261,263,286,295,338,340, 370, 378,464,465, 579 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 139 Montebello Islands, 325 Montgomery, Bernard, 243 Moon, Philip, 70 Moonshine, 65 Moore, Henry, 75 mordoboy Russian disciplinary language, 396 Morrison, Philip, 192 Morse code, 278, 280 Moscow Electrode Factory, 254—257, 390,408 Moseley, Harry, 520 Mostovoy, Vladimir - description of plutonium production at F-l, 275,276, 319,402 Mott, Neville, 298 Munroe jets, 449 Murmansk, 290 Mushroom cloud — familiar signature of an atomic bomb, 566 Muzrukov, Boris G., 549 Mysovsky, L.V., 113,130 Nagasaki bomb, 259, 312,439,450, 464, 542, 545,575, 576, 686, 695, 697, 716 Naimark, Norman, 512 National Bureau of Standards, 68 National Defense Research Committee, 69, 83 NATO, 323 Neddermeyer, Seth, 188 Nemenov, Leonid, 211, 218-221, 230, 236, 242, 347, 501 Neptunium, 63 Neustadt, Germany, 246 Neutrinos, 64 Neutron, 726, 728 Collision energy loss in moderator, 559, 663, 664 Fast neutrons, 659, 660 Slow (thermal) neutrons, 660, 662 Neutron density in a reactor, 595 Neutron source initiator, 555, 557 Neutron time of flight, 608 Neutrons, 63, 64, 586-588, 591-596, 598-600, 602-606, 608, 609, 611, 630,649,650,670-678,680,681,688, 689, 691-693,698, 713, 714 Collision energy loss in moderator, 596 Fast neutrons, 658 Slow (thermal) neutrons, 595, 654 New Scientist article on the Mayak accident, 509 New York Times, 317 Nicholas n, Tsar, 7 Nichols, Colonel Kenneth D., 485 Nier, Alfred O., 434 Nikitin, B.A., 564, 566 Nikitinskaya, T. L, 663, 665 NKVD. State secret police, 242,249,252, 260, 268, 269, 276, 281-288, 290, 295-297,299,301,311,320,322,323, 326-330, 332-342, 349, 352, 357, 379,380,386,387,394,396,404,421, 436,443,444,458,460,487,496,529, 532, 534, 547, 561, 582, 710, 722 Nobel Prize, 340 Noginsk, Moscow region, 251,488, 489, 513,534 Nordhausen, Germany — WWII rocket base, 117 Index 751 North Pole, 577 Northwest Territories Canada uranium mines, 484 Notebook of a German officer, 157 NOVA program on Norway raid, 597 Novosibirsk, 540 NP2 observation bunker at RDS-1 test, 562, 564, 565 Nuclear explosions, 710 Nuclear fission, 62,668 Nuclear masses, 586, 653 Nuclear reactions, 61, 542 Nuclear reactors, 64, 69, 74, 223 Nuclear weapons, 69, 70, 668, 680, 686 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 74, 80, 85, 91, 305, 721 Obninsk, town SW of Moscow, 498, 527, 529, 534 Obreimov, I.B., 20, 50, 98, 101, 115 Occidental Restaurant, Washington, D.C., 327 Office of Naval Research ONR, 577 Ohnesorge, Wilhelm Reich Postmaster General, 514 Oleinikov, Pavel, 512, 536 Oliphant, Marcus, 70, 72, 73 One time pad, 700, 702, 707 Operation Paperclip, 238 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 85, 161, 164, 167, 169,400,720,721 Berkeley/Cal Tech, 59, 306 Gottingen, 40, 42, 58, 101 Los Alamos, 164, 173, 196, 198,200, 307, 461 Post war, 170 Oppenheimer, Kitty, 173, 306 Orlova-Korotkevich, Nadezhda, 144 Oscilloscope, 650, 652, 658, 659 Ovakimyan, Gaik, 301, 320 Ozersk, town near ‘A* plutonium reactor, 407, 490, 495, 508, 551 Ozyora, villa in Moscow, 251 P. Popkov., 213 Pash, Boris, 125, 238, 307 Pauli, Wolfgang, 49 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 1, 251, 362 Pavlov, Vladimir N., 261 PB-8 Soviet heavy bomber, 555 Pearl Harbor attack, 74 Pegram, George B., 67 Peierls, Eugenia, 43, 66 Peierls, Rudolf, 43, 48, 50, 53, 163, 306, 308, 420, 620, 721 And Klaus Fuchs, 298, 302, 612, 615 Frisch-Peierls memorandum, 70 In England, 70, 162 In the Soviet Union, 43 To Los Alamos, 74, 179, 300 Penney, William, 545, 696 Perfect gas law, 684 Pervukhin, Mikhail, 219, 221, 222, 415, 417, 528, 562, 564,710 Early manager of SAP, 207, 211, 213, 223, 224, 227, 234-236, 293 Member of PGU, 262 Test of RDS-1, 561 Peter I, the Great, Tsar of Russia, 337 Peters, Wesley, 363 Petlyura, Symon, 285 Petrzhak, Konstantin A., 135, 139, 206, 400, 592, 593, 654, 663, 665, 666, 691 PGU — Beria’s committee, 208, 274, 411, 427,437,438,486,532, 536,547, 551, 719 Composition, 262 Disputes in meetings, 264 Philby, Harold ‘Kim’, code name Stanley, 302, 580, 724 Phillips, Eindhoven, 520 Photographic emulsions for particle detection, 649 Physical Review, 288, 570, 649 Physikalische Zeitschrift der Sowietunion, 132 Piezoelectricity, 126 Pitchblende UO2, 482, 489, 612 Planck’s constant, 608 752 The Soviet Atomic Project Plant #813 Gaseous diffusion in the Urals, 412,432,433, 490, 507,535, 551 Plant #814 Electromagnetic separation plant in the Urals, 412, 432,433, 507 Plasma physics, 523 Plutonium, 69, 88, 551, 563, 609, 630, 631,710, 714,716,718, 725 Extraction, 177, 501, 630, 631 Manufacture, 175, 231, 491, 495, 550 Metallurgy, 546 weapons grade, 717 Plutonium production By cyclotrons, 176 By reactors, 178, 609, 610 210Po, 556 Pokrovsky, Georgy, 157 Polonium 210Po source of a particles, 556 Pomeranchuk, Isaak Ya, 101, 224, 230, 353, 462,467,512 Joins Laboratory #2, 208, 255 Member of the Landau group, 512 Visits to Pontecorvo, 352 Work at KB-11,450 Pontecorvo, Bruno, 351, 354, 356, 390, 537, 722, 723 Defection, 352 Fermi’s group in Rome, 62, 350 Harwell and Klaus Fuchs, 352 Life in Dubna, 353—355 Neutron oil well logging, 351 Reactors in Canada, 351 Visit to Paris and Joliot Curie, 351 Pontecorvo, Gil, 351 Pontecorvo, Marianne, 352 Pose, Heinz, 512, 527-529, 538 Pose, Rudolf G., 512, 529 Potsdam Conference, 197,257,260 Powers, Francis Gary, 314, 554 Pravda, 355 Predetonation, leading to a misfire, 556, 557, 565 Prince Igor opera by Aleksandr Borodin, 518 Prism test (graphite), 254 Prison camps, 457 Prison labor, 444 Prompt neutrons, 65 Protons positively charged hydrogen nuclei, 586,587,591 Protopov, A. P., 447 Protvino High energy physics laboratory, 583 Proximity fuse, 314 Prusakov, V.N., 533 ^u, 80 240Pu, 177, 555, 588, 592, 630, 693 Pulkovo Affair (astronomers under Stalin’s terror), 108 PUREX technique for plutonium extraction, 631 Pusher - aluminum shell for compression shockwave, 715,717 Putin, Vladimir, 305 Pyatigorsky, Lazar M., 98, 105 Quantum mechanics, 381, 383 Quebec Agreement Roosevelt and Churchill, 300 ‘Queen Mary s’ chemical plants at Hanford, Washington, 88,90 Rabi, LL, 162,167,355 Radar altitude sensor for airborne detonation, 71, 557 Radiation damage, 543, 559 Radiation safety, 496-498, 506 Radioactive sources for experiments, 649 Radioactivity - discovery, 34, 59, 603, 604 Radium trace element in uranium ore, 482,483 Radon radioactive gas, 63, 483,499 Rankine-Hugoniot equations, 679 Ratner, A. P., 504 Raymond, Ellsworth, 551, 553 RDS-1,441,459,474,563,569,578 Preparation, 506 Index 753 Test, 473 yield measurements afterwards, 568, 569 RDS-2, 441,480, 558 Red Army, 378, 480, 489, 511, 516, 521, 561 Red Orchestra’, 295 Relativity theoiy, 381, 383 REM, measure of radiation dosage for workers, 497 Repatriation of German citizens, 528, 536 Reproduction factor for neutrons in a reactor (see kin/ ) Reshetnikov, Fedor G., 254 Residual radiation at a nuclear test site, 567 Resistivity, 647 Reynolds, George, 696 Rhodes, Richard, 65, 193, 201, 693 Richards, Hugh, 174, 276 Richards, Mildred Paddock, 176 Riehl, Nikolaus, 240, 241, 248, 250, 396, 397,428, 512, 518, 522, 535-537, 554 Interaction with Beria, 396 Interaction with Zavenyagin, 253 Move to Sungul, 498, 513 Recruited by Soviet Alsos, 251 Return to Germany, 519 Uranium plant at Noginsk, 252, 273, 498 With the Auer Company, 243 Rijmenants, Dirk, 703, 705 Robotics for manipulation of radioactive materials, 499 Roentgen unit of ionization by radioactivity, 497 Roentgen, Wilhelm discoverer of x-rays, 497 Rohes, firm that handled German uranium, 245, 246 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 1, 95 Room 40 — British Naval Intelligence, 699 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 18, 67, 68, 73, 167, 178, 186, 258, 291, 300 Rosbaud, Paul, 242, 339 Rosenberg, Ethel, 284, 288, 313, 319, 320, 352, 723 Rosenberg, Julius, Code name Liberal. Also Julius, 284, 303, 314, 724 Rossendorf, Germany, 326, 537 Rossi, Bruno, 651 Rotterdam, 286 Royal Society, London, 71 Rutherford, Ernest, 8, 28, 42, 45, 52, 57, 65,93, 113,315, 520 Sachs, Alexander, 67, 68 Sadovsky, A., 571, 694 Sakharov, Andrei D., 271, 357, 451^4-53, 461,463,467,470,471,474,476, 581, 583, 725 Early life, 453, 456 Hydrogen bomb work, 476 Recruited by KB-11, 448 Visit with Beria, 392, 459 WWII factory work, 392, 454 Sakharova, Klava, 393, 394, 454, 467, 512 Salisbury, Harrison, 19 Samarsky, Aleksandr A., 468, 473 San Francisco, California, 287 Sarov monastery, became KB-11, 440, 443 Sax, Saville. Code name Star, 303, 312 Sazykin, A. A., 533 Scali, John, 327 Schlisselburg, 212 Schoenberg, 46 Schrodinger, Erwin, 30, 50, 520 Schutze, Wemer, 431, 535 Schwinger, Julian, 463 Scintillation counters, 651 Seaborg, Glenn, 69, 80, 161 Section S, 329, 330, 350 Segre, Emilio, 356 Seignette’s salt (Rochelle Salt), 125 Seismic waves from a nuclear explosion, 576 Seitz, Frederick, 242, 252 754 The Soviet Atomic Project Semenov, Nikolai N., 460, 539, 559, 560 Semenov, Semen code name ‘Sam’, 301, 302, 303 Semi-empirical mass formula-Appendix A, 586 Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan, 439,539,540, 561—564, 571,578 Sengier, Edgar, 484 Separative work units formula, 628 Serber, Charlotte, 200 Serber, Robert, 162, 164, 165, 173, 678, 688, 690, 692, 695, 696 Early work on atomic bomb, 69 Los Alamos and the Primer, 174, 671, 676, 682-684, 687, 693 To Berkeley with Oppenheimer, 164 Wisconsin PhD, 165 Serov, Ivan, 244, 427, 433 Serpukhov, town near Moscow, 583 Shalnikov, A. L, 550 Shapiro, Maurice, 578 Sharashka - NKVD technical prison, 116, 120 Shaw, George B., 321 Shchelkin, K.L, 447 Shelter Island Conference, 463 Shinkolobwe uranium mine in Belgian Congo, 484 Shirkov, Dmitry, 468 Shiryaeva, Anna (daughter of Yakov Zeldovich), 448 Shiryaeva, Olga, 448 Shockwave, 545, 559,575,681 compression wave for critical mass, 555, 678 Energy channel of nuclear explosion, 542, 544, 680 Shostakovich, Dmitiy, 115 Shot noise in amplifiers due to discrete electron charge, 657,658 Shubin, S.P., 109 Shubnikov, Lev, 96, 99 Siemens Co, 240, 250, 413, 515, 520- 522,532 Silicon Valley, 390 Simferopol, Crimea, 123,125 Simon, Franz, 72 Sinelnikov, Kirill, 211 Sinelnikova, Marina, 125 Sinev, N. M., 533 Sinop sanatorium in Sukhumi, 521, 523, 525, 532, 537 Slavsky, Yefim P., 255, 256, 407, 486, 496, 549 Slotin, Louis, 190 Slow neutrons, 595 SMERSH-4 death to spies’, 246 Smith, Cyril, 176 Smith, Horace, 464 Smyth Report, 188, 226, 253, 330, 341, 344, 348,421, 552 Smyth, Hemy D, 83 Sobolev, S.L., 424 Soccer ball design of compression lenses, 555 Sokhina, Liya, 504, 505, 507, 548 Joins Combine #817, 546 Successful delivery of plutonium metal, 506 Training, 546 Working conditions in plutonium extraction plants, 506, 546 Sorge, Richard, 295 Soviet Alsos, 239,433 Soviet Atomic Project, 365, 384, 394, 425, 480, 482,489,507,534,552, 554 Space charge effects in electromagnetic separation, 344, 623,624 Special Tasks memoir in English by Pavel Sudoplatov, 284 Spontaneous fission, 592, 593, 662-665, 667,670,691,692,710 plutonium, 570 Uranium, 654, 655, 659, 660, 662 90 Sr radioactive fission fragment, 510, 553 Stalin Prize, 535 Stalin, Joseph, 1, 58, 103, 115, 153, 167, 197,207,231,256,270,290,291,332, 340,347,363,365,369,370,372-374, Index 755 376,377,379,383-385,397,403,404, 421,460,465,466,471,480,505,558, 563, 580, 723 Death, 581 Early life, 361 Industrialization, 6 Potadam, 258-261, 267 Stalin’s reaction to the German Invasion, 370 The SAP, 223, 261, 268, 271, 274 The Terror, 93 The war, 9, 19, 139, 364 Stalin, Vassily, 295 Stalin’s reaction to the German Invasion The war, 371 Stalina, Svetlana (Lana Peters), 18, 362, 363, 364, 365, 385, 395 Stalingrad, 362, 365 Starinov, Ilya G., 156 Stark, Johannes, 112 Steenbeck, Max, 532, 533, 535 Stelmakhovich, Dimitiy, 452 Stetskaya, Olga, 57 Steury, Donld P., 554 Stimson, Henry, 75,197, 227, 258,259 Stockholm, Sweden, 336, 342 Stone and Webster construction firm, 84 Strassman, Friedrich W., 63,134 Strauss, Lewis, 576 STRELA computer, 469 Studebaker trucks, 227 SU-20. 20 stage test setup for electromagnetic separation, 432, 438 Sudoplatov, Pavel, 4, 56, 264, 285, 316, 328,330,334,342,347,350,351,354, 355, 371, 396,408, 711, 720-723 arrest and reinstatement, 581 Atomic espionage, 268 Early career, 284 observations on PGU, 262, 264-266, 391 Trotsky, 329, 723 trouble with politburo, 320 Sukhoy, P. O., 481 Sukhumi, 418, 431, 514, 521, 534, 537, 554 Black sea resort, 373 site of German laboratories, 413, 425, 498 Sukhumi, Laboratory V, 529 Sungul Institute south of Sverdlovsk for study of biological radiation effects, 498, 513 Susanin, Ivan, 403 Svanidze, Ekaterina (Stalin’s first wife) 361 Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinberg), 406,412,427, 429, 490, 513, 530, 554 Sverdlovsk-44. See Plant #813 gaseous diffusion, 427,431 Swan Lake ballet by Tchaikovsky, 518 Szilard, Leo, 65-68, 113, 600,720 Taliesin, WI, 364 Tamm, Igor, 113,123,255,271,393,400, 454,467, 470, 471 Tamper, 725 Tamper for a fission weapon, 675, 676, 714 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 236 TASS, Soviet news agency, 260, 281, 318, 579,580 Taylor, G.I., 179 Tbilisi, Georgia, 362 Telegdi, Valentine, 66 Teller, Edward, 66,68, 93, 162,200 Tennessee Valley Authority, 85,293, 625 Tent, 407 Terletsky, Yakov, 266, 269, 288, 327- 330,332,337-339,341,342,347,355, 361, 362, 371, 424, 562, 719, 722 Terletsky-Bohr mission Kurchatov’s evaluation, 327, 349 Terletsky-Bohr mission questions and answers, 343, 386 The ‘beard’- nickname for Igor Kurchatov, 402 Thermal diffusion, 72 Thermal energy, 596 756 The Soviet Atomic Project Thermal neutrons, 62 Thermodynamics, 612 Thiessen, Peter, 245, 418, 426, 429, 516, 525, 535 Thompson, G.P., 70 Tinian Mariana Islands, 198, 243 Tito, Joseph, 376 Tizard, Hemy, 70,314 Tkachenko, I.M., 432,496 TNT chemical explosive, 194, 668, 681, 682, 693, 697 tokomak, 205,393 Tolman, Richard, 185 Tomonaga, Shirilchiro, 463 Tracerlab, private lab to measure radioactive fallout, 577 Trans-Siberian railroad, 540 Transuranic elements, 63 Trapesnikova, Olga, 99 Trinity Test, 200,257,258,542,569,711, 716 Trinity Test at Alamogordo, 552 Trophy brigades in the Red Army, 238 Trotsky, Leon, 94, 333, 361 Truman, Harry, 197,257-259,261, 578 Tsukerman, Venyamin, 447, 449, 478, 555, 562 Tube Alloys, 73, 185,297, 300, 709,710, 721 Tuchman, Barbara, 279, 699 Tuck, James, 179,188 Tucker, Robert, 94, 95 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail (Marshal), 95 Tunneling through a barrier, 591, 592 Tupolev, Andrei N., 116, 480 Turing, Alan, 280,702 U-2 spy plane, 575 Ukazniki — petty criminals, 451, 458 Ukranian Physico-Technical Institute in Kharkov (UFIT , 515,530 Ulam-Teller hydrogen bomb design, 476 ULTRA British decoding operation, 702 Union Miniere Katanga Uranium mines in the Belgian Congo, 79,237,484 UNRRA, 233 Ural Mountains, 6, 127 Uranitite or pitchblende uranium ore, 482, 612 Uranium, 4,22,28,38,60,61,62,64,66, 68,70-72,74,78,113,127,563, 587- 589, 592-595, 597^600, 602, 609- 612, 615, 619, 620, 622-624, 626- 630, 654, 655, 658-660, 663-666, 670, 671, 673, 674, 676, 678, 679, 683-686,689,691-693, 712,716,725 Isotopes, 177,206 Isotopes, 319 mining and refining, 482 purification for reactors, 253, 601 weapons grade, 177, 178 Uranium Committee (US), 68,69, 72,83 Uranium fuel rods, 88 Uranium hexafluoride, UFô. Chemical compound used for isotope separation, 80,414,551,612, 616 Uranium ore, 236,484,488,553 Uranium ore decay chains, 483 Uranium tamper, 717,726 Uranverein. German WWII uranium research group, 117, 180, 239, 241, 242,248,251,339,433,484,511,512, 515, 527, 552 Urchin — initiator, 305 Urey, 164 US Mint silver for the calutrons, 82, 505, 625 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 133, 381 USS Indianapolis - heavy cruiser, 198, 243 Uzbekistan, 485,489 Van de Graaff, Robert I, 36, 174, 638, 641 Van Vleck, John H., 38,165,310 Vandenberg, Hoyt S., 575, 580 Vannikov, Boris, 335,376,408,427-429, 432,442-444,449,453,456,459,486, 490,500, 503,505, 549,557,562 In prison, 9, 375 Index 757 Minister before WWII, 9 PGU membership, 216, 219, 228, 256, 262 Radiation accident, 467, 558 Summonsed before Stalin, 286 Works with Kurchatov, 406, 495 Vasilev, M. Ya., 446 Vasilevsky, Lev, 333,334,336,337,339, 342, 355,722 VASKhNIL-All Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 381, 383 Vavilov, Sergei L, 382, 383 Velocity Selectors, 605 VENONA, 287,289, 304, 309, 311, 317, 318,355 Vernadsky, Vladimir, 127, 236,485 Vienna Radium Institute, 239 VIET. Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznanya I Tekhniki, 709 Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, 412 Vinogradov, A.P., 564, 566 Vishinsky, Andrei, 113 Vismut, 240,487,489 Vitt, A .A., 109 Vladivostok, 287 Vnukovo airport, Moscow, 342, 518 Von Ardenne, Manfred, 21, 240, 242, 245,413,415,418,425,435,437,512, 513,515-519,521-523,532,535-537 Von BemstorfF, Johann, 279, 699 Von Bock, Field Marshal, 140 Von Braun, Werner, 117 Von Laue, Max, 244,511,515 Von Leeb, Field Marshal, 140 Von Neumann, John, 66,172, 188 Von Rundstedt, Field Marshal, 140 Von Weizsacker, Carl Friedrich, 179, 180, 240,244,511,586 Voroshilov, Konstantin, 370, 382 Voznesensky, IvanN., 416-418, 425 Voznesensky, Nikolai, 262, 264, 370 Walton, Ernest, 36, 591 War Department, 551 War reparations Germany to USSR, 238, 536 Warner, Edith, 162,166 Water Boiler reactor, 189 Water treatment plant at Combine #817, 491,493 Watson, James, 400 Way, K., 545 We can always shoot them later, 383 Weisskopf, Victor, 162, 163 Wentzel, Gregor, 463 Werth, Alexander, 11,17, 21 West Berlin, 260 West Stands of the University of Chicago, 74 Westinghouse Electric Co., 84 Wheeler, John, 64, 654—666 Wigner disease, 89 Wigner effect in graphite moderated reactors, 88 Wigner, Eugene, 39,66-68, 74, 88,545 Willys Jeeps, 227 Wilson, Jane, 173 Wilson, Robert R., 82,162,163,167,168, 170 Window frame magnet, 645 Windscale British reactors, 325, 407 Wirths, Gunter, 535 Woodcock, Bruce, 324 Working cycle for plutonium production, 491 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 363 Xenon poisoning in reactors, 89, 177,494 Xerox machine, 288 X-ray heating in a fusion weapon, 471, 476 X-ray high speed photography, 449 XX Party Congress, 1956, 583 Y-12 Plant for electromagnetic separation at Oak Ridge - calutrons, 85,433-436 Yagoda, Genrich, 251 Yatskov, Anatoly. Code name Johnny, 284, 302,303,312,316,317,357,709,710 758 The Soviet Atomic Project Yellowcake uranium compound, 482 Yezhov, Nikolai, 107, 382, See also Ezhov Yokohama, Japan, 287 Zarubin, Lisa, 56 Zarubin, Vasily, 260, 330, 362, 363 Zarubina, Zoya, 330 Zavenyagin, Avraami, 244, 245, 247, 248,253, 335, 396,427,428,453, 518, 549, 550, 564 At Semipalatinsk, 552 PGU member, 262 Soviet Alsos, 242 With Riehl, 519 With von Ardenne and Hertz, 519 Zavoisky, E. K., 447 ‘Zeks’ short form for prisoner, 458 Zeeman Effect, 124 Zeldovich, Yakov B., 122, 153, 208, 224, 243,401,417,447,450,451,460-463, 467,470,476,512, 539, 556, 562, 564, 566, 583, 694 Early life, 445 Paper on chain reactions in 1940, 445 Broad interests in theoretical physics, 446 KB-11, 448 Zeldovicha, Varvara Pavlovna, 448 Zernov, Pavel M., 442, 445 Zero. Location of RDS-1 test, 545, 559-561, 567, 568, 570, 575 Zhdanov, A.A., 213, 220 Zhezherun, Ivan F., 600, 602 Zhukov On Stalin, 366 Zhukov, Georgy, 1, 95, 243, 249, 366, 379, 432,433,496,581 Zhumal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (ZhETF), 133, 450 Zimmerman, Arthur (the Zimmerman telegram), 279, 699, 700 Zippe, Gemot, 532, 533, 535, 626 T Bayerische V I Staatsbibliothek I V München y CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. V PREFACE .................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: WARTIME SOVIET INDUSTRY ................................................... 5 1.1. THE AMERICAN CHALLENGE .......................................................... 5 1.2. SOVIET INDUSTRIALIZATION BEFORE THE WAR ................................... 6 1.3. GERMAN INVASION CAUSES EASTERN MIGRATION ............................. 7 1.4. RESTORATION IN RECAPTURED TERRITORY ....................................... 17 CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS BEFORE THE DISCOVERY OF FISSION .............................................................................. 28 2.1. PHYSICS IN THE EARLY 1900 S ..................................................... 28 2.2. BOHR S ATOMIC MODEL .............................................................. 30 2.3. STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEUS .......................................................... 30 2.4. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGIES ....................................................... 31 2.5. CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE ............................. 33 2.6. ALPHA DECAY ............................................................................ 34 2.7. NUCLEAR REACTIONS CAUSED BY NEUTRONS .................................. 35 2.8. CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ................................................. 36 2.9. NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN THE USA BEFORE WWII ............................. 38 2.10. NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN THE USSR BEFORE WWII ........................... 40 2.11. PETER KAPITZA GOES TO CAMBRIDGE ........................................... 44 2.12. LANDAU VISITS CAMBRIDGE ........................................................ 48 2.13. LANDAU RETURNS HOME ............................................................. 50 2.14. THE USSR RETAINS KAPITZA ..................................................... 52 XV $VBLIOTHEK DEUTSCHES MUSEUM HLUENCHE A XVI THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT 2.15. GEORGE GAMOW EMIGRATES TO THE USA ................................... 53 2.16. AMERICAN LEADERS, OPPENHEIMER AND LAWRENCE .................... 58 CHAPTER 3: THE DISCOVERY OF FISSION OF URANIUM ............................. 61 3.1. FUSION AND FISSION ................................................................... 61 3.2. ABSORPTION OF SLOW NEUTRONS .................................................. 62 3.3. FISSION CROSSES THE ATLANTIC .................................................... 64 3.4. EINSTEIN WRITES TO ROOSEVELT ................................................... 67 3.5. A URANIUM COMMITTEE IS CREATED ........................................... 68 3.6. ACTIVITY IN GREAT BRITAIN .......................................................... 70 3.7. MANHATTAN PROJECT BEGINS IN USA .......................................... 74 3.8. CHAIN REACTING PILE IN CHICAGO ............................................... 77 3.9. OAK RIDGE IS BUILT IN TENNESSEE ............................................. 80 3.10. PLUTONIUM REACTORS GO TO HANFORD, WASHINGTON ..................... 87 CHAPTER 4: THE SOVIET UNION AND STALIN S TERROR 1937-1939 .......... 93 4.1. WIDESPREAD OPPRESSION BEGINS ............................................... 93 4.2. NO ONE WAS SAFE ..................................................................... 95 4.3. THE TERROR VISITS KHARKOV ...................................................... 96 4.4. LANDAU IS ARRESTED ................................................................ 102 4.5. TERROR SPREADS TO LENINGRAD .................................................. 108 4.6. MODEM PHYSICS IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH MARXIST THEORY...... 111 4.7. LASTING EFFECTS OF THE TERROR ................................................ 113 4.8. THE SOVIET PRISON SYSTEM AFTER 1939 .................................... 116 CHAPTER 5: THE SOVIET UNION AND NUCLEAR RESEARCH 1934-1942..... 122 5.1. ABRAHAM LOFFE AND HIS SCHOOL AT LENINGRAD ......................... 122 5.2. EARLY YEARS OF IGOR KURCHATOV .............................................. 123 5.3. KURCHATOV SWITCHES TO NUCLEAR PHYSICS ................................ 126 5.4. EARLY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS IN THE USSR ............................... 129 5.5. SOVIET PHYSICS JOURNALS OF THE PRE-WAR PERIOD ..................... 132 5.6. GEORGY FLEROV ....................................................................... 134 5.7. PETRZHAK AND FLEROV DISCOVER SPONTANEOUS FISSION OF URANIUM ............................................................................ 135 5.8. THE GERMAN INVASION ............................................................ 139 CONTENTS XVII 5.9. KURCHATOV JOINS NAVAL RESEARCH ........................................... 140 5.10. LENINGRAD, MOSCOW, AND KHARKOV INSTITUTES EVACUATED TO KAZAN ............................................................... 143 5.11. MILITARY SERVICE ABSORBS YOUNGER PHYSICISTS ....................... 145 5.12. LIEUTENANT FLEROV WROTE LETTERS TO MOSCOW ......................... 147 5.13. A NOTEBOOK IS FOUND ON A DEAD GERMAN OFFICER ................. 156 5.14. EARLY SOVIET ESPIONAGE ......................................................... 158 CHAPTER 6: THE MANHATTAN PROJECT CREATES LOS ALAMOS ............... 161 6.1. NEED FORA WEAPONS LAB ....................................................... 161 6.2. SELECTION OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORY ........................... 164 6.3. SELECTION OF THE SITE ............................................................... 165 6.4. LAB STAFF AND FACILITIES .......................................................... 167 6.5. CALCULATION BEFORE COMPUTERS .............................................. 170 6.6. DAILY LIFE .............................................................................. 173 6.7. THE ASSIGNED TASK ................................................................ 174 6.8.. THE BRITISH GROUP .................................................................. 178 6.9. NIELS BOHR AND LOS ALAMOS .................................................. 179 6.10. THE FERMIS AT LOS ALAMOS .................................................... 186 6.11. ORDNANCE DIVISION ................................................................. 188 6.12. THE TRINITY TEST ..................................................................... 190 6.13. TRUMAN GOES TO THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE ............................. 197 6.14. TRINITY TEST WAITS ON THE WEATHER ........................................ 198 6.15. TRINITY TEST PROCEEDS SUCCESSFULLY ....................................... 200 CHAPTER 7: THE SOVIET UNION CREATES LABORATORY #2 ..................... 205 7.1. THE KURCHATOV INSTITUTE TODAY .............................................. 205 7.2. BEGINNINGS OF THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT .............................. 206 7.3. STATE DEFENCE COMMITTEE ENDORSES ATOMIC ENERGY ............. 207 7.4. LABORATORY #2 IS SITED ........................................................... 210 7.5. NEMENOV GOES TO LENINGRAD IN 1943 .................................... 211 7.6. LENINGRAD IS LIBERATED ........................................................... 220 7.7. R&D PROGRAM FOR LABORATORY #2 IN 1945 ............................. 223 7.8. REACTORS AND ESPIONAGE ......................................................... 224 7.9. HEAVY WATER .......................................................................... 226 7.10. BALLISTICS EXPERIMENTS ........................................................... 228 XVIII THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT 7.11. LIFE AT THE LAB ....................................................................... 229 7.12. THE TENT BURNS DOWN ........................................................... 235 7.13. URANIUM FROM GERMANY-THE SOVIET `ALSOS .......................... 237 7.14. GERMAN SCIENTISTS JOIN THE ATOMIC PROJECT ........................... 250 7.15. REACTOR GRADE GRAPHITE ......................................................... 254 7.16. POTSDAM CONFERENCE REVISITED ............................................. 257 7.17. BERIA S COMMITTEE ................................................................. 261 7.18. KAPITZA AND BERIA S COMMITTEE ............................................ 266 7.19. COMPONENTS FOR THE REACTOR ARRIVE ...................................... 273 CHAPTER 8: SOVIET ESPIONAGE AND THE ATOMIC PROJECT ...................... 278 8.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 278 8.2. SOVIET ESPIONAGE IN THE WEST ................................................ 280 8.3. THE SOURCES ........................................................................... 284 8.4. JOB DESCRIPTION ...................................................................... 288 8.5. MAJOR JORDAN AND GREAT FALLS, MONTANA ................................ 290 8.6. THE BRITISH GROUP .................................................................. 295 8.7. KLAUS FUCHS ........................................................................... 298 8.8. THE AMERICAN GROUP ............................................................. 301 8.9. HARRY GOLD ............................................................................. 301 8.10. GEORGE KOVAL ........................................................................ 305 8.11. BERKELEY ................................................................................ 306 8.12. LOS ALAMOS ........................................................................... 306 8.13. THEODORE HALL ........................................................................ 3 09 8.14. LONA COHEN ........................................................................... 312 8.15. THE ROSENBERGS AND THE GREENGLASSES .................................. 313 8.16. THINGS FALL APART .................................................................. 316 8.17. SUDOPLATOV IN TROUBLE ........................................................... 320 8.18. FUCHS IN ENGLAND BEFORE HIS ARREST ...................................... 321 8.19. ALEKSANDR FEKLISOV IN ENGLAND ............................................. 324 8.20. TERLETSKY VISITS BOHR ............................................................ 327 8.21. BRUNO PONTECORVO .................................................................. 350 8.22. SUMMARY ............................................................................... 357 CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER 9: PLAYERS IN THE DRAMA - STALIN, BERIA, AND KURCHATOV ..................................................................................... 360 9.1. JOSEPH STALIN ........................................................................ 3 60 9.1.1. FAMILY LIFE ................................................................ 361 9.1.2. ZHUKOV ON STALIN ....................................................... 366 9.1.3. MIKOYAN ON STALIN ..................................................... 370 9.1.4. BORIS VANNIKOV-PRISONER TO MINISTER ........................ 375 9.1.5. MILOVAN DJILAS ON STALIN ........................................... 376 9.1.6. MODEM PHYSICS VS MARXIST PHILOSOPHY .................... 381 9.2. LAVRENTY PAVLOVICH BERIA .................................................... 385 9.2.1. EARLY LIFE ................................................................... 385 9.2.2. RECOLLECTIONS OF CONTEMPORARIES .............................. 387 9.2.3. SAKHAROV AND BERIA ................................................... 392 9.2.4. RIEHL AND BERIA .......................................................... 396 9.3. IGOR KURCHATOV .................................................................... 399 9.3.1. WORK HABITS .............................................................. 399 9.3.2. KURCHATOV AND A POST-DOC, MOSTOVOY ....................... 402 9.3.3. KURCHATOV THE PEACE MAKER ...................................... 404 9.3.4. KURCHATOV THE TROUBLE SHOOTER ................................. 406 CHAPTER 10: INDUSTRIAL PLANTS MOVE TO THE URALS ............................ 411 10.1. THE SOVIET PROJECT OUTGROWS THE MOSCOW, REGION ............ 411 10.2. ISAAK KIKOIN AND ISOTOPE SEPARATION .................................. 412 10.3. THE WORKING GAS ............................................................... 414 10.4. MEASUREMENT OF 235U CONTENT ........................................... 415 10.5. PLANT DESIGN ....................................................................... 415 10.6. THE BARRIER ......................................................................... 416 10.7. MANHATTAN PROJECT SOLUTIONS .............................................. 420 10.8. COMPONENTS FOR THE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT .................... 424 10.9. GERMAN GROUP ASSIGNMENTS .............................................. 425 10.10. MOSCOW 20 STAGE TEST ....................................................... 426 10.11. FULL SCALE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT APPROVED ................... 428 10.12. SUKHUMI GROUP GOES TO D-1 .............................................. 429 10.13. D-1 PLANT REQUIRES NEW COMPRESSORS ............................... 430 10.14. ELECTROMAGNETIC ISOTOPE SEPARATION ................................... 433 XX THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT CHAPTER 11: THE SOVIET UNION CREATES ARZAMAS-16 ....................... 441 11.1. SITE SELECTION ...................................................................... 441 11.2. PRISON CONSTRUCTION CREW .................................................. 444 11.3. YAKOV ZELDOVICH ................................................................ 445 11.4. EARLY EXPERIMENTS .............................................................. 449 11.5. ORAL INTERVIEW WITH LEV ALTSHULER .................................... 449 11.6. ANDREI SAKHAROV AT ARZAMAS-16 ........................................ 453 11.7. CRITICAL ASSEMBLIES ............................................................ 464 11.8. THEORETICAL WORK ............................................................... 468 11.9. CONVENTIONAL EXPLOSIVE TESTS ............................................ 477 11.10. LATER DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................... 480 CHAPTER 12: URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM .............................................. 482 12.1. THE URANIUM PROBLEM ........................................................ 482 12.2. URANIUM AND THE SOVIET PROJECT ......................................... 485 12.3. VISMUT ................................................................................ 487 12.4. COMBINE #817; REACTOR `A ............................................... 490 12.5. COMBINE #817; PLUTONIUM EXTRACTION ................................ 501 12.6. AFTERMATH ........................................................................... 508 CHAPTER 13: GERMAN SCIENTISTS AND THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT..... 511 13.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 511 13.2. NEXT ASSIGNMENT FOR NIKOLAUS RIEHL ................................. 513 13.3. MANFRED VON ARDENNE IN GERMANY .................................... 513 13.4. VON ARDENNE MOVES TO THE SOVIET UNION ........................... 516 13.5. GUSTAV HERTZ AND HEINZ BARWICH ....................................... 519 13.6. VON ARDENNE AND HERTZ MOVE TO SUKHUMI ON THE BLACK SEA ...................................................................... 521 13.7. VON ARDENNE S ION SOURCE DEVELOPMENT ........................... 523 13.8. MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS REPORTS ON GERMAN PROGRESS IN 1947 ................................................................. 525 13.9. HEINZ POSE IN OBNINSK ....................................................... 527 13.10. THE CENTRIFUGE ................................................................... 530 13.11. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE GERMAN SCIENTISTS ............................. 534 13.12. REPATRIATION ........................................................................ 536 CONTENTS XXI CHAPTER 14: SEMIPALATINSK NUCLEAR TEST RANGE .............................. 539 14.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 539 14.2. SEMIPALATINSK ........................................................................ 539 14.3. PLUTONIUM METALLURGY ............................................................ 546 14.4. LOOK MAGAZINE .................................................................. 551 14.5. ARZAMAS-16, KB-11 ............................................................... 555 14.6. TEST OF RDS-1 ........................................................................ 561 14.7. DETECTION OF `JOE-1 ............................................................... 575 14.8. AFTERMATH ............................................................................... 580 APPENDIX A: NUCLEAR MASSES ............................................................. 586 A. 1. MASS FORMULA ........................................................................ 586 A. 2. A DECAY OF HEAVY NUCLEI ...................................................... 590 A. 3. SPONTANEOUS FISSION ............................................................. 592 APPENDIX B: CONTROLLED NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS .......................... 594 B. 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 594 B. 2. NEUTRON MODERATORS .............................................................. 595 B. 3. REACTOR TESTS - GRAPHITE PRISMS ........................................... 598 B. 4. FERMI S CP-1 REACTOR ............................................................ 602 B. 5. NEUTRON VELOCITY SELECTORS ................................................... 605 B. 6. PLUTONIUM PRODUCTION REACTORS ............................................. 609 APPENDIX C: ISOTOPE SEPARATION ........................................................ 611 C. 1. ISOTOPE SEPARATION ................................................................. 611 C. 2. THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS ........................................... 612 C. 3. GASEOUS DIFFUSION ................................................................. 615 C. 4. THERMAL DIFFUSION ................................................................. 620 C. 5. ELECTROMAGNETIC SEPARATION ................................................... 621 C. 6. CENTRIFUGES ............................................................................ 626 C. 7. PLUTONIUM EXTRACTION ............................................................ 630 APPENDIX D: CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS .................................... 632 D. 1. ELECTROSTATIC ACCELERATORS ..................................................... 632 D. 2. CYCLOTRONS ............................................................................. 642 D. 3. EXPERIMENTS .......................................................................... 649 XXII THE SOVIET ATOMIC PROJECT APPENDIX E: SPONTANEOUS FISSION OF URANIUM, K. A. PETRZHAK AND G. N. FLEROV, JETP 10,1013, (1940) ........................................... 654 E. 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 654 E. 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ............................................................ 655 E. 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CONTROL EXPERIMENTS .................... 658 E. 4. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS ....................................................... 662 APPENDIX F: NUCLEAR WEAPONS .......................................................... 668 F. 1. TNT ....................................................................................... 668 F. 2. CHAIN REACTION NUCLEAR WEAPONS ......................................... 670 F. 3. THE TAMPER ............................................................................ 675 APPENDIX G: ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION ......................................... 699 APPENDIX H: SOVIET INTELLIGENCE ........................................................ 709 H. 1. DOCUMENT #12 HIGH EXPLOSIVE BOMB .................................. 711 H. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF THE BOMB......... 713 H. 3. ALEKSANDR FEKLISOV ............................................................... 723 APPENDIX J: CRITICAL ASSEMBLIES ........................................................ 725 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 729 INDEX ..................................................................................................... 739
any_adam_object	1
author	Pondrom, Lee G. 1933-
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geographic	Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd
geographic_facet	Sowjetunion
id	DE-604.BV045171383
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T08:10:40Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9789813235557
language	English
lccn	018018462
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030560667
oclc_num	1048461209
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-29 DE-12 DE-210
owner_facet	DE-29 DE-12 DE-210
physical	xxv, 758 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Diagramme
publishDate	2018
publishDateSearch	2018
publishDateSort	2018
publisher	World Scientific
record_format	marc
spelling	Pondrom, Lee G. 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)1170841473 aut The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb Lee G. Pondrom, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA New Jersey ; London ; Singapore ; Beijing ; Shanghai ; Hong Kong ; Taipei ; Chennai ; Tokyo World Scientific [2018] © 2018 xxv, 758 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index "The book describes the lives of the people who gave Stalin his weapon ... scientists, engineers, managers, and prisoners during the early post war years from 1945-1953. Many anecdotes and vicissitudes of life at that time in the Soviet Union accompany considerable technical information regarding the solutions to formidable problems of nuclear weapons development. The contents should interest the reader who wants to learn more about this part of the history and politics in 20th century physics. The prevention of nuclear proliferation is a topic of current interest, and the procedure followed by the Soviet Union as described in this book will help us understand the complexities involved"... Geschichte Anfänge-1949 gnd rswk-swf Atomic bomb Soviet Union History Nuclear physics Research Soviet Union History Scientists Soviet Union Engineers Soviet Union Nuclear industry Soviet Union History 20th century Nuclear weapons Soviet Union 20th century Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 s Geschichte Anfänge-1949 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-981-3235-57-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-981-3235-56-4 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung Deutsches Museum application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Pondrom, Lee G. 1933- The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb Atomic bomb Soviet Union History Nuclear physics Research Soviet Union History Scientists Soviet Union Engineers Soviet Union Nuclear industry Soviet Union History 20th century Nuclear weapons Soviet Union 20th century Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4003434-3 (DE-588)4077548-3
title	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb
title_auth	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb
title_exact_search	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb
title_full	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb Lee G. Pondrom, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
title_fullStr	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb Lee G. Pondrom, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
title_full_unstemmed	The Soviet atomic project how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb Lee G. Pondrom, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
title_short	The Soviet atomic project
title_sort	the soviet atomic project how the soviet union obtained the atomic bomb
title_sub	how the Soviet Union obtained the atomic bomb
topic	Atomic bomb Soviet Union History Nuclear physics Research Soviet Union History Scientists Soviet Union Engineers Soviet Union Nuclear industry Soviet Union History 20th century Nuclear weapons Soviet Union 20th century Kernwaffe (DE-588)4003434-3 gnd
topic_facet	Atomic bomb Soviet Union History Nuclear physics Research Soviet Union History Scientists Soviet Union Engineers Soviet Union Nuclear industry Soviet Union History 20th century Nuclear weapons Soviet Union 20th century Kernwaffe Sowjetunion
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030560667&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT pondromleeg thesovietatomicprojecthowthesovietunionobtainedtheatomicbomb

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