Deviņu vīru spēks: stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Latvian |
| Published: |
Rīgā
Jumava
2018
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Physical Description: | 239 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9789934201721 |
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The origins of Latvia's statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1820595563361468416 |
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| adam_text |
Saturs 7 Ievads 8 Laikposma raksturojums 34 Arturs Alberings 62 Ādolfs Bļodnieks 76 Hugo Celmiņš 100 Pēteris Juraševskis 124 Jānis Pauļuks 140 Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics 164 Marģers Skujenieks 182 Kārlis Ulmanis 206 Voldemārs Roberts Zāmuels 236 Summary
234 Deviņu viru spēks Iespējams, ka tieši šī politiķim neparastā īpašība jeb politikas uz tveršana par mākslu dažiem lika uzskatīt V. Zāmueļu par kašķīgu, jo viņu vadīja nevis aprēķins, bet emocijas un pārliecība. Iespē jams, ka tieši tas V. Zāmuelam liedza veidot tālāku politisko karjeru 20.-30. gadu demokrātiskajā Latvijas Republikā, kur dažkārt spilgti izpaudās arī demokrātiskās iekārtas trūkumi ֊ korupcija, partiju savstarpējās un iekšējās nesaskaņas un to risināšanas metodes u. c. Tomēr V. Zāmuels paliek Latvijas vēsturē kā valstsvīrs, kurš patiesi uzskatāms par ievērojamu, kaut arī nepelnīti aizmirstu personību. Literatura 1. Es viņu pazīstu. Latviešu biogrāfiskā vārdnīca. Biogrāfiskā arhīva apgāds, 1939. Rīga: 2. Jaunākās Ziņas, 1921, 17. jūn.; 1925,16. sept. 3. Latvijas advokatūra. Zvērināti advokāti un zvērinātu advokātu palīgi biogrāfijās 1919-1945. Biogrāfiska vārdnīca. Sast. Jēkabsons, Ē., Ščerbinskis, V. Rīga: Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhīvs, 2007. 4. Latvijas darbinieku galerija, 1918-1928. Red. Kroders, R Rīga: Grāmatu draugs, 1929. 5. Latvijas vadošie darbinieki. Red. Šmits, R Rīga: Latvju kultūrvēsturiskā apgāde, 1935. 6. LWA, 7354. f., 1. apr., 895.1., 1.-30. lp. 7. LWA, 1307. f„ 3. apr., 62., 1.-3. lp.; 63.1., 1.-43. lp. 8. LWA, 1376. f., 2. apr., 12460.1., 112. lp. 9. LWA, 2996. f., 21. apr., 4537.1. 10. LWA, 5213. f., 16. apr., 15637.1., 1.-35. lp. 11. LWA, P-822. f„ 1. apr., 95. L; 2. apr., 79.1. 12. Miklāva, I. Viens 1996,19. nov. no pirmajiem. Latvijas Vēstnesis,
235 Stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem (1918-1940) 13. Rumpeters, A. Miris dižs latviešu tiesībnieks ֊ Voldemars Zāmuels. Tiesībnieks, Nr. 3,1948. 14. Šildė, Ā. Ardievas Rīgai. Tikai atmiņas. Ņujorka: Grāmatu draugs, 1988. 15. Šildė, Ā. Valstsvīri un demokrāti. Ņujorka: Grāmatu draugs, 1985. 16. Šildė, Ā. Voldemāra Zāmueļa desībnieka gaitas. Tiesībnieks, Nr. 3, 1948. 17. Treijs, R. Prezidenti: Latvijas valsts un ministru prezidenti. 1918.-1940. Rīga: Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2004. 18. Treijs, R. Latvijas valsts un tās vīri: Latvijas Republikas Valdības. Ministri savos darbos: 1918-1940. Rīga: Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1998.
236 Deviņu vīru spēks Summary The Origins of Latvia’s Statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 The evolution of the statehood of Latvia was a complicated process largely determined by external circumstances. Though the social environment in Latvia, particularly in towns and cities, was multi ethnic, the initiative regarding Latvia’s territory as the foundation of statehood could only be put forth by Latvians; other ethnic communities living in Latvia had different interests, and they did not claim a specific legal basis for statehood. Undoubtedly, the idea of national statehood was closely linked with the level of awareness of a Latvian national identity; in this respect, the growing economic influence and flourishing cultural life played a significant role. The so-called “choir movement” that resulted in regional- and nationallevel song festivals, various business and cultural associations and student corporations, as well as individual achievements of culture and art professionals and the increasing number of Latvian newspapers and books considerably enhanced national self-esteem. At the outbreak of World War I, Latvia was among those territories in Central Europe which possessed a potential for national statehood but was limited by the geopolitical reality - the Russian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914 World War I started in Europe; soon half of Latvia’s territory was occupied by the German army while Russia had to face the Revolution of February 1917. Despite the complicated local political circumstances (in Russia Bolsheviks overthrew the
Provisional Government in October 1917 and Germans invaded Vidzeme, the north-east region of Latvia), Latvian politicians were able to develop the idea of national independence throughout 1918 by also purposefully promoting the idea of a national state abroad and receiving first indications of support among the political circles of the great powers.
237 Stasti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem (1918-1940) The circumstances in November 1918 became extremely favourable for proclaiming national independence: Germany, which controlled most of Latvia’s territory, signed an armistice practically admitting that it had lost the war, and German Keiser Wilhelm II abdicated. Lithuanians and Estonians had already proclaimed their countries’ independence half a year ago. A majority of politicians in Latvia decided to form a new special representation platform which would declare the formation of the new independent country and fulfil! parliamentary functions until the moment of the first general elections. The new platform was formed according to the principle of political party representation; in the initial phase it comprised representatives of 40 political parties. On 17 November 1918, the People’s Council first convened and proclaimed the independent Republic of Latvia on November 18. In the period of 1918 -1940, altogether nine outstanding personalities led the Latvian Government; most of them took the office several times. The youngest head of the Government was Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics; while he was only 34, he could not be regarded as inexperienced, as he had been the Minister for Foreign Affairs since the age of 31. Meanwhile, Jānis Pauļuks took the office at the age of 57. Most of the prime ministers were aged 40-50; when Kārlis Ulmanis became the head of the Provisional Government in 1918, he was 41. When World War II ended in Europe in May 1945, none of the former Latvian prime ministers were still alive in Latvia.
Three prime ministers perished as a result of the Soviet occupation and the following Soviet repressions: Marģers Skujenieks and Hugo Celmiņš were arrested and killed in 1941; Kārlis Ulmanis died in prison in 1942. Adolfs Bļodnieks and Voldemārs Zāmuels had to flee in 1944 and never returned to Latvia. Others were already dead by the end of WWII. Voldemārs Zāmuels and Pēteris Juraševskis were among the Latvian public figures who signed the memorandum on the necessity to restore Latvia’s independence in 1944. By their political affiliations, most of the prime ministers represented right-wing parties; the undisputed leader among them was the Latvian Farmers’ Union (LZS) (prime ministers Kārlis Ulmanis, Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, Hugo Celmiņš, and Arturs Alberings chaired 12 governments). LZS led only two governments out of the first eleven and three of the next seven governments. Kārlis Ulmanis, Chairman of LZS, was the first Latvian Prime Minister and took part in the formation of the new country, however he also organised the coup of 15 May 1934.
238 Deviņu viru spēks Though differently aged and possessing different background experiences, most of the Latvian prime ministers shared certain common traits. A significant common feature is international background as regards acquisition of education and work experience. Most of them took advantage of the geopolitical situation at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and continued education in Russia and in the West. The same applies to their work experience: before the proclamation of Latvia, most of them worked abroad. This international background provided indispensable personal advantages and ensured their ability to see many issues in a broader context. No doubt, successful studies or employment would be impossible without adequate knowledge of foreign languages. Another common trait was strong interest in publishing activities. Almost all prime ministers experienced a certain period in their lives during which they actively published their own works and were editors or owners of periodicals. Some of them were involved in the events of the Revolution of 1905 and were forced to leave Latvia’s territory for several years. However, the most characteristic common feature was their commitment to work for the public benefit, to change things and to undertake responsibility. It can be said, without any overstatement, that it was a generation of idealists who were never afraid of risk or mistakes for a greater cause. It was a generation which laid foundations for the country in which we all still live. Bayerische Staatsbibliothe München |
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| spelling | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine zinātniskais redaktors Dr. hist., doc. Gatis Krūmiņš The origins of Latvia's statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 The power of nine Rīgā Jumava 2018 239 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Englische Zusammenfassung: The origins of Latvia's statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 Geschichte 1918-1940 gnd rswk-swf Regierungschef (DE-588)4130306-4 gnd rswk-swf Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Regierungschef (DE-588)4130306-4 s Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 s Geschichte 1918-1940 z DE-604 Krūmiņš, Gatis 1973- (DE-588)1142573079 edt Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030555052&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030555052&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030555052&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine Englische Zusammenfassung: The origins of Latvia's statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 Regierungschef (DE-588)4130306-4 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4130306-4 (DE-588)4046584-6 (DE-588)4074187-4 |
| title | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine |
| title_alt | The origins of Latvia's statehood and its Prime Ministers in 1918-1940 The power of nine |
| title_auth | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine |
| title_exact_search | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine |
| title_full | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine zinātniskais redaktors Dr. hist., doc. Gatis Krūmiņš |
| title_fullStr | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine zinātniskais redaktors Dr. hist., doc. Gatis Krūmiņš |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deviņu vīru spēks stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine zinātniskais redaktors Dr. hist., doc. Gatis Krūmiņš |
| title_short | Deviņu vīru spēks |
| title_sort | devinu viru speks stasti par deviniem ministru prezidentiem 1918 1940 the power of nine |
| title_sub | stāsti par deviņiem Ministru prezidentiem 1918-1940 = The power of nine |
| topic | Regierungschef (DE-588)4130306-4 gnd Politisches System (DE-588)4046584-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Regierungschef Politisches System Lettland |
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