Guide to the WTO and GATT: economics, law and politics
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New Delhi, India
Satyam Law International
[2018]
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Ausgabe: | Sixth edition |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | xxx, 705 Seiten Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9789811320880 |
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adam_text | Contents 1 2 World Trade Organisation: Its Birth and Background..................... 1 International Economic Relations Before Second World War............................................................................................ 2 International Economic Relations After Second World War......... 3 Havana Charter for International Trade Organisation (ΠΌ).......... 4 GATT: A Historical Accident............................................................. 5 GATT: An Overview........................................................................... 6 GATT: The Basic Purposes................................................................ 7 GATT Tariff Negotiations.................................................................. 8 From Geneva to Tokyo....................................................................... 9 The Uruguay Round Negotiations...................................................... 10 The Uruguay Round—Punta֊Del-Este and Beyond........................ 11 Negotiations of Key Elements—A Brief Review............................ 12 From Uruguay to Doha and Beyond.................................................. 13 The Demise of the 2008 Geneva Ministerial Conference.............. 14 Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package and Revival of Doha-2013 to 2014....................................................................... 1 1 3 4 7 8 9 13 15 20 23 24 30 32 World Trade Organisation (WTO): The Structural Dimensions ... 1 General................................................................................................... 2 The Objectives
of WTO....................................................................... 3 Functions of WTO................................................................................ 4 Structure of WTO................................................................................ 5 Decision-Making.................................................................................. 6 Amendments to Agreements.............................. 7 Membership, Accession and Withdrawal.......................................... 8 Miscellaneous Provisions.................................................................... 9 WTO and Global Economic Policymaking...................................... 10 WTO and Trade Policy Review........................................................ 39 39 40 41 42 45 46 47 48 48 49 34 XV
XVI 3 4 Contents WTO Dispute Settlement System Mechanisms................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947 .................................................... 3 Article ХХІП and the Role of Panels............................................... 4 Dispute Settlement in GATT 1947 and Its Refinements................. 5 WTO, GATT 1994 and The Dispute Settlement Understanding....................................................................................... 6 DSU and Its Applicability.................................................................. 7 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms........................................................ 8 Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation........................................ 9 The Establishment of Panels ............................................................. 10 Terms of Reference of Panels............................................................. 11 Composition of Panels......................................................................... 12 Functions, Procedures and Responsibility of Panels........................ 13 Adoption of Panel Reports.................................................................. 14 Appellate Review and Standing Appellate Body............................ 15 Surveillance of Implementation of Recommendations and Rulings............................................................................................ 16 Compensation and The Suspension of
Concessions........................ 17 Non-violation....................................................................................... 18 Jurisprudence of Litigating Process and Its Future.......................... 55 55 56 57 59 60 62 63 68 68 70 71 72 74 74 75 76 79 80 Legal Framework of GATT, 1994........................................................... 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Interpretation and Application of Article 1........................................ 3 Customs Duties and Charges Imposed on or in Connection with Importation or Exportation or the International Transfer of Payment for Imports or Exports.................................................... 4 Like Product......................................................................................... 87 91 94 96 101 5 Schedules of Concessions (Article II)...................................................... 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Scope and Application of Article II.................................................. 3 Classification and Valuation for Custom Purpose............................ 4 Maintenance of Treatment Versus Modification of Concession... 5 Conclusion............................................................................................ 105 107 109 Ill 112 113 6 National Treatment on Internal Taxation and Regulation (Art.
Ill)....................................................................................................... 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Relevance of Trade Effects.................................................................. 3 Application of Article ΙΠ to Regional/Local Govemment/State Trading Monopolies.............................................................................. 4 Measures Imposed at the Time or Point of Importation................ 115 117 119 121 122
Contents 5 6 7 8 xvii Article Ш—an Analysis....................................................................... General................................................................................................... Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (Anti-dumping Agreement)....................................................................... 1 Scope and Application of Article VI................................................. 2 Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties (Article VI) of GATT .............................................................................................. 3 The Uruguay Round Anti-dumping Code........................................ 4 Determination of Injury....................................................................... 5 Definition of Domestic Industry........................................................ 6 Initiation and Subsequent Investigation............................................. 7 Evidence................................................................................................. 8 Provisional Measures........................................................................... 9 Price Undertakings .............................................................................. 10 Imposition and Collection of Anti-dumping Duties........................ 11 Duration and Review of Anti-dumping Duties and Price Undertakings......................................................................................... 12 Public Notice and Explanation of Determination............................ 13 Anti-
dumping Action on Behalf of a Third Country..................... 14 Developing Country Members........................................................... 15 Committee on Anti-dumping............................................................. 16 Consultation and Dispute Settlement................................................. 17 Final Provisions..................................................................................... 18 Anti-circumvention.............................................................................. Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 (Customs Valuation Agreement)............................................................. 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Administration of the WTO Customs Valuation Code................... 3 Method of Actual Transaction Value............................................... 4 Guidelines on Objective and Quantifiable Data’ and on Accounting Standards......................................................................... 5 Exchange Rates..................................................................................... 6 Customs Valuation for Related Party Transactions.......................... 7 Calculation of Profit and General Expenses...................................... 8 Royalties and License Fees................................................................ 9 Burden of Proof.................................................................................. 10 Special Provisions for Developing
Countries................................... 11 The GATT Ministerial Decision Regarding Cases Where Customs Administration Have Reasons to Doubt the Truth or Accuracy of the Declared Value.................................................... 123 137 141 144 145 146 156 159 160 162 164 164 164 165 166 167 168 168 168 169 170 171 173 175 176 180 180 181 182 182 183 183 184
xviii Contents 12 13 14 Administration, Consultations and Dispute Settlement................... Reservations and Review of the Code............................................... Conclusions .......................................................................................... 185 186 186 9 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994.......................................... 191 1 Scope of Article IX.............................................................................. 192 2 Marks of Origin (Article IX of GATT 1994 and WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin, 1994)............................................... 192 3 Rules of Origin in International Trade............................................. 193 4 Rules of Origin as a Factor of Production........................................ 195 5 Methods of Determining Origin......................................................... 196 6 WTO Agreement on Rules of Origin: An Analysis........................ 200 7 Procedural Reforms.............................................................................. 202 8 Conclusion............................................................................................ 204 10 Publication and Administration of Trade Regulations (Art.X). . . . 205 1 Purpose of Article X........................................................................... 206 2 Notifications Provided for by Specific Provisions of the General Agreement Or Decisions of the Contracting Parties........................ 208 11 WTO Ninth Ministerial Conference and Trade Facilitation Agreement,
2013.......................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 Economic Benefits of Trade Facilitation.......................................... 3 Trade Facilitation Agreement—An Analysis................................... 4 TFA and S D Treatment for Developing and Least Developed Countries.............................................................................................. 5 Categorisation—A Critique............................................................... 213 213 214 216 218 218 12 General Elimination of Quantitative and Other Restrictions............ 221 13 Subsidies (Article XVI).............................................................................. 1 Jurisprudence of Subsidies Prior to 1994 (SCM Code).................... 251 253 14 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, 1994 (SCM CODE).............................................................................................. 1 Background............................................................................................ 2 Efforts to Deal with Subsidies Prior to the Uruguay Round......... 3 WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 1994 (SCM Code)................................................................................ 4 Export Subsidies................................................................................... 5 Trade Related Subsidies....................................................................... 6
Domestic Subsidies.............................................................................. 7 Remedies.............................................................................................. 8 Actionable Subsidies—Yellow Light Subsidies............................... 9 Serious Prejudice.................................................................................. 257 257 259 265 267 269 269 270 273 273
Contents 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 X1X Injury..................................................................................................... Cumulation............................................................................................ Non-actionable Subsidies.................................................................... Subsidies by Developing Countries.................................................... Calculation of the Amount of a Subsidy........................................... Countervailing Measures.................................................................... Determination of Dumping.................................................................. Countermeasures in the SCM Agreement........................................ Conclusion............................................................................................ 275 275 276 277 279 279 281 286 287 15 State-Trading Enterprises (Article XVII)............................................. 1 General.................................................................................................. 291 294 16 Governmental Assistance to Economic Development (Article XVIII)............................................................................................ 297 1 General................................................................................................... 306 2 Article ХѴШ: Section A.................................................................... 307 3 Article ХѴПІ: Section В.................................................................... 307 4
Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the GATT, 1994 .............................................................................. 309 5 Article ХѴШ: Section C.................................................................... 311 6 Article ХѴПІ: Section D.................................................................... 311 17 Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products (Art XIX)..................................................................................................... 1 Article XIX—Escape Clause Actions............................................... 2 Unforeseen Developments.................................................................. 3 Escape Clause Action and Remedies ............................................... 18 WTO Agreement on Safeguards 1994.................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 WTO Agreement on Safeguards—An Analysis............................... 3 Increase in Imports.............................................................................. 4 Investigation......................................................................................... 5 Determination of Serious Injury or Threat of Serious Injury.......... 6 Causation.............................................................................................. 7 Application of Safeguard Measures.................................................... 8 Duration and Review of Safeguards.................................................. 9
Prohibition and Elimination of Certain Measures Including VER and OMA..................................................................................... 10 Notification and Consultation............................................................. 11 Surveillance and Dispute Settlement.................................................. 12 Conclusion............................................................................................ 313 314 315 316 319 319 321 326 327 328 331 332 334 335 336 338 339
XX 19 20 21 22 Contents General Exceptions (Art. XX).................................................................. 1 General.......................................................................................... 342 2 Necessary to Protect Public Morals........................................... 344 3 Necessary to Protect Human, Animal or Plant Life orHealth.... 4 Aspect of Measure to Be Justified as Necessary................... 345 5 Relating to the Importation or Exportation of Gold and Silver . . . 6 Necessary to Secure Compliance: The Protection of Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights, and the Prevention of Deceptive Practices................................................................................................. 7 Relating to the Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources.............................................................................................. 8 Undertaken in Pursuance of Obligations Under Any Commodity Agreement............................................................................................ 9 Stabilisation Schemes ......................................................................... 10 Local Short Supply.............................................................................. Consultations (Article XXII), Nullification and Impairment of Benefits (Article XXIII)......................................................................... 1 General.................................................................................................... Territorial Application, Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions and Free
Trade Areas (Article XXIV).................................................. 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Increase in Bound Rate of Duty......................................................... 3 Review................................................................................................... 4 Duties and Other Restrictive Regulations of Commerce Eliminated.............................................................................................. 5 Observance of the Provisions of This Agreement by Regional and Local Governments and Authorities.......................................... 6 Jurisprudence of the Regional Trade Arrangements (RTAs)......... 7 RTAs in GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement: State of Play.............. Joint Action by the Contracting Parties (Article XXV)..................... 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Scope of the Waiver Under Paragraph 5 of Article XXV.............. 3 Across-the-Board Tariff Reductions.................................................. 4 Principal Supplier Rights Where a Concession Affects a Major Part of a Contracting Party’s Exports............................................... 5 Negotiating Rights and Trade in New Products............................... 6 Renegotiation and Institution of a Tariff Quota............................... 7 Procedures for Negotiations............................................................... 8 Reciprocity as Regards Developing
Countries................................. 9 General................................................................................................... 10 General................................................................................................... 341 344 346 347 348 350 351 351 355 356 359 365 368 369 371 374 374 378 385 386 387 397 398 399 399 400 403 405 406
Contents XX1 11 General.................................................................................................... 407 12 General................................................................................................... 408 13 General................................................................................................... 408 14 General................................................................................................... 409 15 General................................................................................................... 410 23 Trade and Development (Articles XXXVI-XXXVIII)....................... 411 1 General................................................................................................... 415 2 Committee on Trade and Development............................................. 416 24 WTO Agreement on Agriculture................................................................ 1 The Background.................................................................................. 2 WTO Agreement on Agriculture: An Analysis.............................. 3 The Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) Calculation .... 4 Export Subsidies in the Agreement on Agriculture........................ 5 Prevention of Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments....................................................................................... 6 Disciplines on Export Prohibitions and Restrictions........................ 7 Peace Clause-Hold Back Subsidies.................................................... 8 Doha Development
Agenda (DDA) and Agriculture..................... 9 Non-agriculture Market Access (NAMA)........................................ 10 WTO, Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package................... 11 The Future............................................................................................ 419 419 421 426 427 25 WTO Agreement on Textilesand Clothing.............................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 Background of the MFA and Its Implication................................... 3 Results of the Uruguay Round Negotiations................................... 4 Major Elements of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing......... 5 Circumvention and Procedures for Penalties................................... 6 Textiles Monitoring Body.................................................................. 7 Termination of АТС........................................................................... 8 Policy Implications of the Implementation of the Agreement .... 439 439 440 442 443 448 448 449 449 26 WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS).............................................................................................. 1 General................................................................................................... 2 The Exceptions..................................................................................... 3 SPS Levels and Measures that are Stricter than the International
Standard................................................................................................. 4 SPS Measures that are Weaker than the International Standard. . . 5 International Standards......................................................................... 6 The Jurisprudence as Evolved by the DSB on SPS Agreement. . . 7 Summary.............................................................................................. 428 428 429 430 433 435 436 451 451 454 454 457 458 461 468
XXII 27 Contents WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)................ 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Tokyo Round....................................................................................... 3 The Uruguay Round........................................................................... 4 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade: An Analysis.............. 5 International and Regional Systems................................................. 6 Transparency Obligations.................................................................... 7 Technical Assistance to Other Members.......................................... 8 Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Country Members................................................................................................ 9 Institutions, Consultations and DisputeSettlement........................... 10 Reservations.......................................................................................... 11 Review................................................................................................... 12 The GATT Versus TBT....................................................................... 13 SPS Versus TBT.................................................................................. 14 Conclusion............................................................................................ 469 469 471 472 473 481 481 482 482 484 484 485 485 486 488 28 WTO Agreement on Pre-shipment
Inspection..................................... 489 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 489 2 Obligations of User Members............................................................. 491 3 Obligations of Exporter Members...................................................... 494 4 Binding Arbitration.............................................................................. 495 5 Review, Consultation and Dispute Settlement................................. 495 6 Committee............................................................................................ 495 7 Conclusion............................................................................................ 496 29 WTO Agreement on Import-Licensing Procedures............................ 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 General Provisions................................................................................ 3 Automatic Import Licensing................................................................ 4 Non-automatic Import Licensing........................................................ 5 No Transition Period........................................................................... 6 Committee on Import Licensing........................................................ 7 Notification of Changed Rules........................................................... 8 Consultation and Dispute Settlement................................................. 9 Review of the
Implementation and Operation of Agreement......... 10 Reservations to the Agreement........................................................... 30 WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs Agreement)...................................................... 505 1 General................................................................................................... 505 2 Objectives of the TRIPs Agreement................................................. 507 3 Structure of TRIPs Agreement........................................................... 508 4 General Provisions and Basic Principles.......................................... 509 497 497 497 499 500 501 501 502 502 502 503
Contents 5 6 7 8 Substantive Standards......................................................................... Control of Anti-competitive Practices in Contractual Licences . . . Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights................................... Acquisition and Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights and Related Inter Partes Procedures ........................................................ 9 Transparency and Dispute Settlement............................................... 10 Institutional Arrangements.................................................................. 11 Emerging Issues................................................................................. 12 Conclusion............................................................................................ 31 32 xxiii 512 526 526 529 530 530 532 534 WTO General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS)................... 1 Background............................................................................................ 2 General Agreement on Trade in Services: An Analysis................. 3 General Obligations and Disciplines [Part II]................................... 4 Monopolies and Exclusive Service Suppliers................................... 5 Payments and Transfers....................................................................... 6 Safeguards............................................................................................ 7 Subsidies .............................................................................................. 8 Government
Procurement.................................................................... 9 GATS Exceptions to General Obligations........................................ 10 Specific Commitments (Part Ш)......................................................... 11 Preparation and Modification of Schedule....................................... 12 Dispute Resolution Under GATS...................................................... 13 Council for Trade in Services............................................................. 14 Progressive Liberalisation of Services............................................... 15 Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services Under GATS......................................................................................... 16 Financial Services Under GATS........................................................ 535 535 536 539 543 544 545 546 546 547 549 552 552 553 553 WTO, Trade and Investment.................................................................. 1 The Background.................................................................................. 2 The Havana Charter.............................................................................. 3 Multilateral Disciplines on International Investments: Pre-uruguay Round/WTO.................................................................... 4 The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).............. 5 The International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States and International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID)................................................................................................... 6 Multilateral Agreement on Investments (MAI)................................. 7 Post Uruguay Round; WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures; TRIMs............................................................. 8 TRIMs: An Analysis........................................................................... 9 Consultation and Dispute Settlement................................................. 559 559 561 554 556 562 565 567 568 570 572 576
Contents XXIV 10 11 12 13 Review by the Council for Trade in Goods...................................... 577 Inadequacies of the TRIMs Agreement............................................. 578 Illustrative List..................................................................................... 578 Conclusion............................................................................................ 579 33 WTO and Competition Policy.................................................................. 581 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 581 2 Articles ѴПІ and IX of GATS........................................................... 582 3 The Elements of Competition Law.................................................... 584 4 WTO and International Law of Competition Policy....................... 588 34 WTO and Labour Standards.................................................................. 1 General................................................................................................... 2 Labour Standards: GATT/WTO Contexts........................................ 3 WTO and Enforcement of Labour Standards................................... 4 Conclusion............................................................................................ 593 593 595 600 602 35 WTO, International Trade and Human Rights................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 Trade-Related Human
Rights............................................................. 3 The WTO Legal Framework for Trade-Related Human Rights Measures .............................................................................................. 4 Article-XX and the DSB.................................................................... 5 International Human Rights and Its Linkages with WTO.............. 6 Conclusion............................................................................................ 603 603 604 36 Trade and Environmental Issues in the WTO................................... 1 Origins of Trade and Environmental Conflict................................. 2 The Environmental Challenge........................................................... 3 Trade and Environment and Other GATT Provisions..................... 4 Environment and WTO Preamble...................................................... 5 Environment and Other WTO Agreements...................................... 6 Trade and Environmental Issues......................................................... 7 Conclusion............................................................................................ 611 611 614 616 623 626 629 632 37 Developing Countries in the GATT/WTO............................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................ 2 Developing Countries and the GATT, 1947 ................................... 3 First Seven Years of GATT............................................................... 4 From Herberler Report
to the Adoption of Trade and Development Chapter in the GATT, 1965........................................ 5 Tokyo Round and the Enabling Clause............................................. 6 S D Treatment and Graduation........................................................ 7 New International Economic Order (Nieo) and the Less Developing Countries......................................................................... 635 635 636 637 605 607 608 609 638 641 642 642
Contents xxv 8 International Economic Scenario and the Less Developing Countries Prior to Uruguay Round.................................................... 9 Newly Industrialised Countries and the GATT.............................. 10 Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round.............................. 11 Developing Countries and the Multilateral Agreements of the GATT/WTO......................................................................................... 12 Less Developing, Least Developed Countries and the Individual WTO Multilateral Agreements: An Assessment............................... 13 WTO and Other Issues ....................................................................... 14 Developing Countries and the Ninth Ministerial Conference and Bali Package 2013-2014 .................................................................... 15 Conclusion............................................................................................ 643 644 645 647 649 664 667 669 List of Cases......................................................................................................... 671 World Trade Organisation: Agreements........................................................ 679 Bibliography......................................................................................................... 681 Index...................................................................................................................... 699
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publisher | Satyam Law International |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Koul, A. K. Verfasser (DE-588)131718312 aut Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics Autar Krishen Koul Sixth edition New Delhi, India Satyam Law International [2018] Singapore Springer [2018] xxx, 705 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd rswk-swf GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd rswk-swf World Trade Organization General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) Foreign trade regulation World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 b DE-604 GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 u Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebook 978-981-13-2089-7 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030548264&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Koul, A. K. Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)2145784-0 (DE-588)4424856-8 |
title | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics |
title_auth | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics |
title_exact_search | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics |
title_full | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics Autar Krishen Koul |
title_fullStr | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics Autar Krishen Koul |
title_full_unstemmed | Guide to the WTO and GATT economics, law and politics Autar Krishen Koul |
title_short | Guide to the WTO and GATT |
title_sort | guide to the wto and gatt economics law and politics |
title_sub | economics, law and politics |
topic | World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd GATT 1994 1994 April 15 (DE-588)4424856-8 gnd |
topic_facet | World Trade Organization GATT 1994 1994 April 15 |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030548264&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT koulak guidetothewtoandgatteconomicslawandpolitics |