An anti-Bolshevik alternative: the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Madison, Wisconsin
The University of Wisconsin Press
[2018]
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| Online Access: | rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 68 (2020), 2, S. 347-349 Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Item Description: | Originally published as Provintsial'naia "kontrrevoliutsiia": Beloe dvizhenie i Grazhdanskaia voina na russkom Severe, 1917-1920, ©2011 by L. G. Novikova and Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Moscow. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | xvi, 324 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780299317409 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An anti-Bolshevik alternative |b the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north |c Liudmila Novikova ; translated by Seth Bernstein |
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CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xl
CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS XV
Introduction 3
1 The Arkhangelsk North at the Beginning
of the Twentieth Century 10
2 The Revolutions of 1917 in the North and the Birth
of the Anti-Bolshevik Movement 35
3 The Government of the Northern Region 66
4 The Allied Intervention in the North of Russia 101
5 The Politics of the Northern Government 122
6 The White Movement and the People's War 155
7 The Fall of the White North and the Sovietizafion
of Arkhangelsk Province 188
Conclusion 221
NOTES 225
BIBLIOGRAPHY 291
INDEX 315
VÜ
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INDEX
Adamets, S., 273057
Akutin, P. T., 183
Aleksandrov, S. S., 212
Aleksandrovsk district, 50, 55
Alekseev, M. V., 53
Allied diplomatic missions: and Chaplin’s
coup, 75-80, 2441137; in North Russia,
55-56, 85, 101, 103, 106, no-12, 150, 195,
223, 240n98, 247076; on recognition of
Northern government, 255n48; in revolu-
tionary Russia, 53-54, 57-60, 63
Allied intervention, 5-6, 63, roi; aims, 34, 53-
54, 101-2, 104-6, 252n4; and Allies’ com-
mercial interests, 111-14, 116; American
troops, 76,101, 103-4,106-7, 190, 252nio;
British troops, 55, 101, 103, 106-7, ^9,
192, 198, 210, 252m, 252mo; casualties,
257n85; cost of, 101, 113, 25202, 257n85;
demoralization among the troops, 101-2,
104, 106, 253m6, 253n28; French troops,
tor, 103, 106, 190, 252010; hostility of
Northern elites toward, 108-17, 257091;
impact on the Civil War, 101-2, 121,
259m 10; Italian troops, 101, 252010; and
material aid to Northern government,
ioi, 107, 115, 193-94, i97 i99~200, 202,
25202; military operations, 103-4, J89-
90, 198; and political repression, hi, 129,
161, 244030, 255056; popular protests
against in the West, 105, ro7; Serbian
troops, 101, 252010; total forces of, 101,
103, 107, 252m, 252nio; troops landing in
Arkhangelsk, 57, 63-64; troops landing in
Murmansk, 51, 54 -56; withdrawal from
the North, 107, 115, 190, 192-94, 196, 198,
257085, 28omo, 280014
all-Russian anti-Bolshevik government: Kol-
chak’s government as, 98, 142, 147, 151;
plans for, 58, 60, 62, 89-90, 122-23, 142,
248m 01
All-Russian Congresses of Peasant Deputies,
62, 68,139
anti-Semitism, 144, 2760101
Arkhangelsk (ArkhangelSkii krai) (newspaper), 20,
40-41,71, 81
Arkhangelsk (city), n-12; population of, 12,
231094, 232098
Arkhangelskaia pravda, 64
Arkhangelsk City Duma, 20, 23, 41, 59, 98, 214,
231094; elections to, 44- 45, 93; moderate
socialists in, 42 -45, 72, 92-97; and North-
ern government, 94 -98,195, 207; in revo-
lutions of 1917, 37-39,4b 46, 51
Arkhangelsk City Soviet, 47, 50- 51
Arkhangelsk province: climate, r3, 227020;
districts of, 226ml; economy, 12-14, 17-
19, 3I-33, 49-50, 92, 125, 227019 (see also
fishery and sea trade; land use; lumber
315
316
Index
Arkhangelsk province {continued)
production); ethnicities, 12-13 (see also Ka-
relia); geography of, 5, 10, 12; population,
12; religions confessions, 12-13, 227013;
territory, 12, 227119; transportation net-
work, 11,15-18, 28, 31-32,175, 224
Arkhangelsk Provincial Soviet of Peasants’
Deputies, 39 40, 42 - 43, 46, 72
Arkhangelsk Provincial Soviet of Workers’ and
Soldiers’ Deputies, 37- 39, 42~47 49“ 5L
59, 64,175; elections to, 50, 239n8o; mod-
erate socialists in, 43, 46, 50
Arkhangelsk revolt, of August 1918, 63-65; in
districts, 155-56; forces, 63, 2420128,
2420129
Arkhangelsk Society for the Study of the Rus-
sian North, 18, 20-21, 23, 27, 39, 72, 81,
134; membership, 18 -19
Arkhangelsk Soviet Executive Committee, 46-
47.50,52.156,175
Assembly of Zemstvos and Towns, 195-96,
205-7, 280021
Baberowski,Jorg, 2880131
Bachulis, Iosif, 218
Bagrinovskii, I. V. (Ivan), 195, 284079
Bashmakov, Konstantin, 217
Bechin, M. L, 96-97,120
Bibikov, S. D. (Sergei), 30, 37
Bido, V.F.,59
black hundreds, 21
Bolshevik Party, 22, 46, 56, 95, 102; in Arkhan-
gelsk province, 40-41, 43-44, 47, 50-51,
63-65,156-60, 2890149; cadres of, 44, 47,
49; Central Committee, 43, 47, 2890155;
discontent with, 49-52; Latvian mem-
bers, 43-44, 47; on political backward-
ness of population, 45, 215; and reestab-
lishment of Soviet rule, 211, 214-15; split
with Mensheviks, 22, 43-44; support for,
47-48, 238063; underground committee
in the North, 97, 161, 164, 202, 2500127,
2510140, 272053
Bramson, V. M., 161
Brest-Litovsk treaty, 53,55-56,58-59, 69,117-18
British General Staff, 101,104,107
British naval mission, 57-59
Buchanan, George, 77
censorship, 71,111,128- 29
Central Powers, 53-54, 58,102, 118
Chaikovskii, N. V. (Nikolai): and Arkhangelsk
revolt, 62-63; beliefs of, 61, 63, 74, 244033;
departure for Paris, 89-91, 95; early ca-
reer, 60-62, 69; as head of Northern gov-
ernment, 6, 9, 66-67, 70-75, 78-80, 83,
88, 91, 110—11, 125, 139 4° 149» 194»
280021, 285089; on Kolchak’s coup, 94,
98,2490123
Chaikovtsy, 61
Chaplin (Thompson), G. E. (Georgii): and anti-
Bolshevik revolt, 59, 62-63; coup against
Northern government, 75-78, 83-84, 104;
early career, 57, 2410108; political views,
58, 63; and Northern government, 72-74,
91, 273068
Cheka, 50-51, 212-13, 215-20, 2760102,
287m 12, 2890155
chief commander of the city of Arkhangelsk
and the region of the White Sea (Glav-
nach), 29-30, 37, 84
Chudinov, Nikolai, 214, 216
church, 12-13, 16, 146, 148, 227013, 2660105;
land property of, 25,131, 137-41, J43 r46;
non-Orthodox confessions, 145, 227013,
231089; and Northern government, 143-
46,154, 222; and schools, 135, 144,146
Churchill, Winston, 107,192
Citizens’ Committees, 37, 39
clergy, 122,154,180; and Northern government,
140, 143-46, 180, 266mo7; and revolu-
tion, 26, 38, 52; under Soviet rule, 176-77.
See also church
Cole, Felix, 54
Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland
and the Revolution, 62, 68
Committee of Members of the Constituent
Assembly. See Komuch
Committees of Public Safety, 39, 43, 118, 156,
235018
committees of the village poor, 166, 175-76,
178,187
Index
317
Committee to Defend the Constituent Assem-
bly, 62
Communist Party. See Bolshevik Party
concentration camps: Soviet, 76, 211, 213, 216-
20, 286m 12, 2890149; Whites and Allies’,
hi, 160, 163-66, 255056, 273n61
confiscations. See requisitioning
conscription, of horses, 201; to Northern army,
120, 152, 166-71, 174, 198, 202, 223; to
Red army, 51-52, 118, 175, 274071; to
Russian imperial army, 30-31, 167,
2320108; to workers’ battalions, 128
Constituent Assembly: in anti-Bolsheviks’ pro-
grams, 59, 62,70,123,139,141-43, i47 W
153-54; delegates in Northern govern-
ment, 66-69, 7I_72 77-78» 222, 243017;
elections to, in Arkhangelsk province,
42-43, 48, 236030, 238063; peasant peti-
tions to, 137; reactions to its disbandment,
43,236037
Constitutional Democratic Party. See Kadet
Party
cooperative movement, 32, 42-43, 215; under
Northern government, 76, 81, 125, 130,
133-34, 167; Northern government’s ties
to, 60-63, 68-69, 71-72 76
corruption, 170-71, 274081
Council of People’s Commissars. See Sovnarkom
courts-martial, 74, 90, 128, 163-64, 193, 244030
Cromie, Francis, 57
Czechoslovak Legion, 54, 56, 60, 103
Danilevskii, N. la. (Nikolai), 18
Danishevskii, 1.1., 202
death rates, 132-33,163,165, 218-19
Dedusenko, la. T. (Iakov), 60, 62; early career,
68-69, 243ni7 243018; as member of
Northern government, 67, 73, 75-76, 78,
84
Democratic Conference (of 1917), 62
Demons, The (Dostoevsky), 61
Denikin, Anton, 141,188,192, 196, 202, 213
denunciations, 21, 178, 216, 220, 2880133,
288m 35
desertion, 42, 275084; in Northern army, 131,
164, 167, 169, 174, 186, 190-92, 205, 208;
in Red army, 163, 171, 190, 192, 198-99,
205, 213, 215
Dilaktorskii, P. A. (Petr), 185
disease, 29, 95-96, 104, hi, 131-33, 164-65,
214,219, 222, 273057
district executive committees, 49, 156, 161-62,
I75»*85
Dobrovol’skii, S. T. (Severin), 142
Doikov, Iu., 218
Donop, Colonel, 75
Dostoevsky, Fedor, 61
Drashusov, A., 134
drinking, 21, 30-31,165, 170-71, 203
dual power, 35, 23406
Durov, B. A. (Boris), 78-79, 84, 247074, 273068
Edovin, E. V. (Egor), 196, 206
education, 82, 94,133-36. See also schools
elections: to Constituent Assembly, 42-43, 48,
59, 123, 236n30, 238063; to soviets, 40,
46-47, 49-50, 95,156, 239080, 270014; to
State Duma, 20-21,23, 25; to town dumas,
37, 41, 44-45, 70, 93; to zemstvos, 40, 70,
!5° i57_6o, 235021, 270014, 27om6
emigration, 3, 9, 6o-6r, 98, 113, 116-17, *87,
202, 211, 217
Engel’gardt, A. P. (Aleksandr), 15
Entente, 28 -29, 34» 5° 240091. See also Allied
intervention
epidemics. See disease
Ermolov, V. V. (Vasilii), 112, 114, 149-50, 152,
161, 194, 204, 210, 212, 2580102
executive committees, 37-39, 46-52, 62, 64,
i75_76j 178, 210, 215; under Northern
government, 156-57,161-62, 185
exile. See political exile
famine. See hunger
February Revolution, 15, 62, 109, 179, 221;
anniversary of, 96, 144, 2500131; in Ar-
khangelsk, 36-41, 235018; Northern gov-
ernment as successor of, 70, 126, 129,
134-35
Fedorov, M. F. (Mikhail), 81, 97
Figes, Orlando, 275084
financial-economic council, 81,133
318
Index
Finland, 12, 54-55, 147-48. 150-52, ,66
26911145, 2751186; attacks from, 54-55,
102, 149; the Whites’ evacuation to, 194,
210-11
fishery and sea trade, 13-14, 31, 50, 81-82, 112,
125, 137, 169, 200
flotilla: Allied takeover of ships, 111-12, 256059;
in the Arctic Ocean, 27, 29, 42, 46; in
Murmansk, 56; on Northern Dvina, 190
food supply, 50,175; the Whites5 policies on, 70,
82,119, 152, 130, 178, 182, 184-85, 199-
201, 222; in World War I, 31-32, 130
forest use, 13-14, 25-27, 33, 136, 138-39,
2Ö4n82
Francis, David, 54, 77-78,103, 113
French legion, 84, 247073
Gaiiit,Jan, 181
gendarme administration, 10, 23-25, 30, 32-33
Germans (in Arkhangelsk), 12, 27, 30, 231094
Germany, its forces in Finland, 55 -56, 101-2,
147; in Whites5 ideology, 58-59, 60 63,
69-71, 80, 87, 93, 109, 117-19* 15°;
World War I, 28, 34, 53-56, 103, 104-6,
109, 148
Goltz, Rüdiger, von der, 55
Gorodetskii, S. N. (Sergei), 64, 116; as member
of Northern government, 79-81, 95, 195
gosudarstoennost\ 69-70. See also state consciousness
governor general, 29, 66, 75, 78-80, 83-85, 89.
See also Miller, E. K.
Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 76
Green, Admiral, 114
“greens,” 174, 177,179. See also peasant brigades
Gukovskii, A. I. (Aleksandr), 72, 203, 283065;
early career, 67-69, 243ni7, 243018; as
member of Northern government, 73-75
GULAG, 76, 211. See also concentration camps
Guveliaken, V. V. (ViTgerm), 20, 27, 36-37, 41,
23rn94
holidays, 24,144, 206, 2500131, 2670110
Holquist, Peter, 254039
hunger, 29, 32-33, 5°~5L 56* *32"33* i55
164-65, 170, 177, 190, 201, 214-15, 219,
273n57
Iarensk, district of, 165,198, 226ml
Iaroslavl uprising, 63
Ignat’ev, V. 1. (Vladimir), 60, 87; as member of
Northern government, 90, 92, 99, 195,
248m 03
industry. See lumber production
inflation, 32,124-25,127,130, 201, 214, 2330121
investigation commissions, 161-62, 214, 271033
Iokanga prison camp, 164-65
Ironside, W. Edmund, 84,104,107,113-15,168,
189-90,192-94
Iudenich, N. N. (Nikolai), 150-52,188,196, 202
Iur’ev, A. M. (Aleksei), 56,161
Ivanov, A. A. (Aleksei), 43, 92, 97, 203; as mem-
ber of Northern government, 72, 76, 208
Izgoev, A. S. (Aleksandr), 178
Izvesiiia (Arkhangelsk), 212
Izvestiia ArkhangelSkogo obshchestva izucheniia Rus-
skogo Severa, 72
July uprising of 1917 (in Petrograd), 44
Kadet Party: in Arkhangelsk province: 19-21,
33, 41-42, 46, 59, 236030; and Northern
government, 68, 71-73, 76, 80-81, 91, in,
196, 208
Kaledin, A. M., 53
“Kalevala,55 148
Kanienetskii, N. I., 280021
Kandalaksha, 148
Karelia, 148, 2690145; Karelian legion, 149-50,
268ni26; national movement in, 13, 148-
49, 152; and Northern government, 147,
149-52, 208; population of, 12,148
Kedrov, M. S. (Mikhail), 45, 50-52, 59
Kem, 39, 42; district of, 13-14, 17, 32* 5° 55*
148-50, 152, 208; support for Bolsheviks
in, 47-48
Kemp, Thomas, 29, 55
Kerensky, A. F. (Alexander), 74, 84, 87, 97,
24ong8
Kholmogory, 39, 48, 156, 168; district of, 13,
132, 141, 158-59* 180-81, r83, 2or,
2760102; partisan movement in, 180-83
Kholmogory camp, 213, 218-19, 2890154,
2890156
Index
319
Kliuev, N., 152
Kola, 13,15-16, 29,357
Kolchak, A. V. (Aleksandr), 57-58,141-42, 147,
150-54, 195, 197; army, 188-90, 193-94,
196, 202; Omsk coup, 66, 76, 90, 94-95;
Omsk government, 141-42, 147; recogni-
tion, 98,142, 2510147
Kolonitskii, Boris, 257091
Komuch, 78, 89
Koptiakov, P. V., 93-94
Kornilov, L. G. (Lavr), 53; uprising, 44, 46,
84, 87
Korvin (Kerber), L. F. (Liudvig), 27, 30, 37
Kotlas, 103-4, J75 i89 *93» *98
kraevedy, 5
Kronstadt uprising, 213, 217, 219
kulaks, 122, 160,177
Kurakin, I. A., 142, 245053, 2510147
Kuratov, A. A., 219
Kvetsinskii, M. F. (Mikhail), 203
labor battalions, 128, 169, 199
labor group, 20, 26, 60
labor legislation, 38, 70,126-29,195, 260014
labor protest. See under workers
“La Marseillaise,” 21
land use, 13, 25-26, 131, 136-38, 140, 227017,
231085, 264068, 264077; cleared lands,
13, 138-40, 227017, 265091; legislation on,
70,131, 138-143, 265089, 266097
Larionov, S. N., 49,164
Latvians, 43-44,47, 2420128, 280014
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 41, 42, 47-48, 50
Lenin, V. I., 45-46, 53, 69, 218, 25203, 25903,
2860107
Lerkhe, Captain, 203
liberals, 17-21, 23, 27, 40-41, 57, 59-60, 97-98,
122-24, 149; and Northern government,
66, 71-73, 75-76, 79-81, 85, 92, 99-100,
127, 206-7; on Russian state, 69, 108-9,
222
Likhach, M. A. (Mikhail), 60; early career, 68-
69, 243017, 243m 8; as member of North-
ern government, 67, 73-75, 78, 126,
260015
Lindley, Francis, 77, 112
Lloyd George, David, 107
lumber production, 12, 14, 31, 49, 112, 125, 217,
226n6, 227022, 2330111
Maimistov, K. G. (Konstantin), 81, 90, 92,
28on2i
Maklakov, V. A. (Vasilii), 89, in
Malikov, A. K., 61
Mandel’baum, Morits, 175, 177, 184, 2760101,
2760102
Mannerheim, Carl, 148,150-52
Martiushin, G. A. (Grigorii): early career, 68-
69, 243017; as member of Northern gov-
ernment, 67, 76
Marushevskii, V. V. (Vladimir), 85, 89, 90-91,
95» 97» *73» lg6, 206, 247076, 2480103,
273068, 275086; anti-Allied sentiments,
114; negotiating with Mannerheim, 150 -51
Maslov, S. S. (Sergei), 60, 62, 2890154; early
career, 68, 243017, 243018; as member of
Northern government, 67, 73-75, 78, 84,
168
Mayer, Arno, 221
Maynard, Charles, 113, 119,149
Mefodiev, N. V. (Nikolai), 20, 41, 83, 214, 216;
as member of Northern government, 79-
81, 95 !95
MePgunov, Sergei, 9
Menshevik Party, 22, 59, 93, 95; in Arkhan-
gelsk, 38-40, 43-44, 46 -47» 50, 64-65,93,
236030; and Bolshevik underground,
25ini4o; criticism of Northern govern-
ment, 95-96, 99; members’ arrests, 51, 97,
120, 162, 245040; members in Northern
government, 81, 90, 92, 28on2i, See also
moderate socialists
merchant and industrialist union, of Arkhan-
gelsk, 80-81, 109, 207-8, 2510142
Mezen, 16, 156, 188-89, r98, 230068; district
of, 13, 31, 49, 118
Miller, E. K. (Evgenii), 6, 9, 222, 247076,
285089; as commander-in-chief of North-
ern front, 195-96, 206, 280m9, 284081;
dictatorship, 92, 206; early career, 85-87;
in emigration, 116, 211; as governor gen-
eral, 66, 83, 89-90, 92-95» ri4» 150-52,
320
Index
Miller, E. K. {continued)
164, i93-97 200-201, 203-9, 24811103;
political views, 87-88, 94
Minin, icebreaker, 209-11
Minin, Kuz’ma, 171-72
moderate socialists, 4, 9, 60, 87,123; in Arkhan-
gelsk, 38,42,44-47,50,57, 59, 92-95,too;
on ignorance of the population, 93- 94,
99, 2490120; and Northern government,
79» 92, 94-95* 97"99j *95» 206-7, 222; on
Omsk coup, 95, 98; on Russian state, 93-
94, 99, 109. See also Menshevik Party; So-
cialist Revolutionary Party
Moguchii, E. D. (Epimakh), 64, 173
monarchism, 8 -9,58, 85, 87-88, 95,123
Moscow, 14, 30, 50-51, 56-59, 63, 154, 172,
188-89,202, 212-13
Moscow State Conference, 62
Moseev, Gordei, 179, 216, 2420129
Motorin, la. A., 157, 162-63
Mudiug prison camp, ni, 163, 219, 255^6,
273n6i
Murman peninsula, 13, 16, 31-32, 47-48, 50,
54-55, 82, 106, 132, 150-51, 157, 164, 191,
214; labor unrest on, 96-97, 119, 128; in
the Whites’ evacuation plans, 194, 197,
199,209-10
Murmansk (Romanov-na-Murmane), 29, 34,
42, 48-49, 57, 59, 112, 191, 210-11, 215;
Allied landing in, 51, 54-56, 77,102-3,107
Murmansk Soviet, 39, 54, 112, 161, 210; agree-
ments with Allies, 55-56
Muruzi, A. A. (Aleksandr), 115, 203
Nafanail, Bishop of Arkhangelsk and Khol-
mogory, 2660x07
narodnichestvo, 60-61
National Center, 59
nationalization: of enterprises, 41,50-51,125; of
church properties, 131
neighborhood committees, 64, 80,172-73
Nicholas II, 36, 76, 87, 221
Nikolaevskii Cavalry Academy, 85
Nikolaevskii Naval Academy, 57
Northern Dvina, 10-11, 16, 28, 35, 56, 63-64,
111; front section on, 103, 128, 181, 189-
90,192, 206,210
Northern front: military campaigns, 103-4,
106,150,189-90,198, 208-9
Northern government, commissars of, 72, 75,
99, 128, 157, 159, 161, 182, 2480103; com-
position, 79-81,85, 89-91 245053; coordi-
nated policies with Kolchak, 124,142,147,
I5I'54s 25x0147; economic policies, 81-
82, 125; education policies, 133-36, 222;
evacuation of, 209-11; judicial system, 81,
161-63, 272043; and labor question, 70,
126-29, 195, 222, 260014; land policies,
70, 131, 136-43, 265089, 265091, 266097;
mirroring Bolshevik policies, 123, 133-
34» r43 "44 153» 222 29002; monetary
reforms, 124-25, 171, 201-2; nationality
policies, 146-53, 223; on Omsk coup, 94-
95, 98, 2490123; policies toward church,
143-46, 222; poor relief, 130-31; as post-
revolutionary government, 6-7, 122-23,
!30, 153, 221-23, 259m; regionalist elites
in, 79-83; relationships with Allies, 109-
13» 193-95» 223» 255^48; reshuffles of,
195-96, 206-8, 28on2i, 285089. See also
Supreme Administration of the Northern
Region
Northern sea route expedition, 200
Northern White army: conditions of service,
131,144, 170-71; conscription to, 120, 152,
166-71,174,198, 202, 274077; demoraliza-
tion and collapse, 203-5, 208-10,2860107;
desertion, 164,169, 186,190-92, 205, 208,
275084; foreign mercenaries in, 198, 210;
hostility to Allies in, 113-17; military op-
erations, 103-4, *5°» 189-90, 198, 208-
9; mutinies in, 84, 90, 142, i6r, 163-65,
171, 184, 190-92, 208, 210; number of
troops, 131, 169, 190, 197, 199, 252nio,
257083; Red prisoners of war in, 171,
198-99; volunteer brigades, 167, 25209,
273064. See also peasant brigades; people’s
militia
Northwestern White army, 4, 6, 199; march on
Petrograd, 150 -52, 194, 202
Norway, the Whites’ evacuation to, 194, 210,
214, 216
Noulens Joseph, 54, 77,112, 247076
Novaia Zemlia, 82, 219
Index
321
October Revolution of 1917, 36; in Arkhan-
gelsk, 45-47; in districts, 47-49
Octobrists, 20-21, 41-42
officers, 6, 10, 35, 38, 58, 95, 123, 133, 164, 167,
170-71, 183-84, 187,191-92, 199, 221-22;
anti-Allied attitudes, 102,113-17,120; and
Arkhangelsk revolt, 54-55, 57, 59, 63-65;
demoralization of, 203-5; and Northern
government, 70-71, 73-76, 79, 84-85, 92,
99-100, 207; under Soviet rule, 210-15,
217-19
Old Believers, 12, 227013
Olonets, r5o; province of, 14,133,148,152,226m 1
Omsk coup, 66, 76, 90; and Northern govern-
ment, 94“95 245^51
Omsk government, 141-42,147
Onega, 15, 33, 119, 156, 191, 198, 210, 217,
233m 21; anti-Bolshevik rebellion in, 51-
52, 168; district of, 13-14, 19-20, 32, 42,
47-48, 132, 137, 158-59, 162-63, 176, 214;
partisan movement in, 180, 183
Onega People’s Soviet, 156-57,162-63
opolchenie. See people’s militia
Orlov, N. P. (Nikolai), 165,198
Osipova, T. V,, 270m 7
Paris Peace Conference, 106,149
partisan movement, 7, 174-86. See also peasant
brigades
patriotism: of ant-Bolsheviks, 9, 58, 65, 73, 87-
89, 97~99 *02, 117, 123, 173-74. 187. 202;
imperial, 87-88, 146, 247087; °f peasants,
67, 118; regional, 19; in World War I, 27,
30-3* 33. *o8, 222
Pavel, Bishop of Pinega, 144, 266m 07
peasant brigades, 7, 118, 156, 167-68, 174, 176-
86, 216
peasants: and Allies, 104, 118-20; and land use,
136-40; political elites on, 67, 88, 99,186-
87; and political exiles, 21-22; in revolu-
tions, 25-27, 40, 43, 49, 51-53, 23in84;
and rural economy, 12-14, 31-32,125,132,
135; village conflicts, 137-39. Hh 178-80,
266099; and the Whites, 7, 63, 70, 76,118,
122, 142, 156-57, 167-68, 176-86, 200-1,
205, 209, 223, 2420129, 26903; and zem-
stvo, 158-59
Pechora, 175, 177, 189, 198; and Arkhangelsk
revolt, 156-57; district of, 13-14, 16, 32,
94, 132, 135, 137; partisan movement in,
177, 184-85, 210, 215; revolution in, 39,
49.164
people’s militia, 135, 171- 74, 183, 187, 201, 214,
275n86, 275n93; conscription to, 174, 198;
local militias, 156-57,161,169
Pertominskii camp, 213, 218-19
Petrograd (St. Petersburg), 11, 14, 24, 32-33,
57-58, 62, 77, 86; Iudenich’s march on,
I5°~52, 188, 196, 202; revolutions in, 3,
34-37,40, 43 44.46-47. 68, 179
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’
Deputies, 36-37,40,42,44, 62
Petrozavodsk, 150, 213
Pinega, 16, 48, 118, 156, 171, 175-76, 198, 210;
district of, 13, 32, 52,132,162, 215; partisan
movement in, 176, 179-80, 183, 185-86,
210
Plesetskaia, station, 189,198
political exile, 67, 68; in Arkhangelsk province,
18, 21-23, 22gn6o, 229n63, 243018
Polonskii, Petr, 162
Poole, Frederick, 64, 84,102-4,113,189,2441130,
25204; aod Chaplio’s coup, 76, 78, 104;
conflict with Northern government, 75,
83, no
Popov, A. E., 208
Popular Socialist Party, 60, 71, 81, 87, 97, 99,
i95
Potylitsyn, A. I., 163
Pozharskii, Dmitrii, 171-72
Prince Islands Conference proposal, 107,
109-10
prisoners of war: German and Austro-
Hungarian, 29; Japanese, 22; taken by
Karelians, 152; taken by Reds, 179, 21 r,
286mo7, 287mi3; taken by Whites, 163-
64,171,181,185-86,190,198-99
prisons, 25-26, 67-68, 128, 162-65, 169, 202,
210-14, 216; Arkhangelsk provincial
prison, 38, 95-96, 160, 162-163, 178, 211,
272n46
propaganda, 87, 118; among Allied troops,
103, 106, 253028; Bolsheviks’, 8, 47, 50,
120,122, 143, 160, 163-64, 185,190, 205;
322
Index
propaganda (■continued)
revolutionary, 22, 33, 61; the Whites5, no, 133
34,144-45» *63» 193
Provisional Council of the Republic, 62
Provisional Government of 1917 (Petrograd),
35“39» 42» 69» 84-85, 87, 91,147, 153, 220,
260015; commissars of, 39, 23407; North-
ern government as successor of, 70, 126,
I43, H6» r53» 158, 267m 10
Provisional Government of the Northern Re-
gion. See Northern government
Rabochii Severa, 129
Rakitin, Maksim, 179,183, 216, 219
rations, 51, 124, 130, 170-71, 183, 198, 200-201,
223, 258098
Rawlinson, Henry, 280mo
Red Army, 106, 150,175-80, 208, 2770113; con-
scription to, 51-52, ir8, 175, 274071; de-
sertion, 163, 171, 190, 192, 198-99» 205,
213, 215; after fall of the Whites, 211, 218,
286m 04; number of troops in the North,
106, 190, 218; partisan brigades, 169, 176,
179-80,276098
Red Cross mission, 54, 83, 135
Red terror, 52, 160-61, 175-77, 211-213, 215
20, 271029, 2870113, 2870114, 2880140,
2890155; number of victims, 218-19,
286nio8, 2890154
refugees: in Civil War, 130, 132, 210; in World
War I, 32, 62, 233m 19
regionalist elites, 18-20, 67, 71, 80 -83,187, 201 ~
2, 205 -6, 213, 222, 224; and Allied inter-
vention, 109-11, 194
regionalist movement. See Arkhangelsk Society
for the Study of the Russian North
religion. See church
Repman, A. A., 208, 283057
repression: by Allies, in, 129, 161; of deserters,
163-64, 169, 213, 215; by Soviet authori-
ties, 211-20; by White authorities, 71, 81,
95-97» 99» *43» 161-66, 245n40, 250ni39
requisitioning, 26,41, 174; by the Reds, 52,175-
78, i8t, 210, 214-15, 276mo2; by the
Whites, 200-201
Retish, Aaron, 266099
Revolutionary Committee, 46
revolutionary tribunals, 212-13, 215, 286nno
Revolution of 1905,19, 21-26,136
revolutions of 1917. See February Revolution;
October Revolution
Robins, Raymond, 54
Rodzianko, M. V. (Mikhail), 36
RSDRP. See Russian Social Democratic Labor
Party
rumors, 75, 84, 87, 95-96, 104, 150, 168, 171,
i9°“93» 201, 203, 208, 215, 217
Rupinskii, Mechislav, 214
Russian All-Military Union, 211
Russian Political Conference (Paris), 89-90,
no, 194
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, 22-
23, 33, 179. See also Bolshevik Party; Men-
shevik Party
Russkii Sever, 111
Russo-Japanese War, 21-22, 57, 24inio8
Sadleir-Jackson, Lionel, 115
Samarin, S. N. (Sergei), 84, 247074
Sanborn, Joshua, 275n84
Savinkov, Boris, 63
schools, 12, 38, 82,134-36,144» l73 222, 23m8g
scurvy, 29, 95,132,165, 214. See also disease
Sevemoe utro, 149
Sevemyi listok, 20, 23
Shackleton, Ernest, 112
Shchennikov, Aleksei, 175-77
Shenkursk, 19, 106, 23on68; anti-Bolshevik in-
surrection in, 52; district of, 13, 22, 25-26,
32-33» 137» I4°» *57» U6, 216, 227017,
231085, 264069; partisan movement in,
179-80, 183, 207, 216; in revolutions, 39,
42, 48
shortages: of fodder, 200-201; of food, 31-32,
50, 118-19, !^5 200-201, 214; of fuel, 33,
200; of horses, 201; of housing, 244033; of
medical personnel, 132; of officers, 168; of
teachers, 82, 135
Siberia, 12, 17, 19, 21, 50, 60, 89-90, no, 130,
200, 215, 219, 264068; White movement
in, 4 -6, 54, 66, 94, 98-99, 131, 142, 166,
204 (see also Kolchak)
Siberian army, 104,188-90, 193-94» 196» 202
Skobelev, M. I., 260m5
Index
323
SkobePtsyn, V. S. (Vladimir), 202, 204
Skomorokhov, P. P. (Pavel), 196, 206-7, 2851190
Slavo-British legion, 84, 247^3, 28oni4; revoit
in Dyer’s battalion of, 191
Smirnov, Timofei, 217
Socialist Revolutionary Party, 60, 93, 95-96,
123, 141, 237^3; in Arkhangelsk, 20-21,
23, 179, 207, 230068, 245040; members in
Northern government, 66-74, 76, 83-84,
196, 208; officers’ attacks on, 203; on Rus-
sian state, 93-94, 99, 249m 17; in revolu-
tions of 1917, 37, 40-44, 46, 47, 49-50, 59,
63, 65, 167, 236030, 236034; support for
Northern government, 91-93, 97. See also
moderate socialists
Society of Northerners (émigré organization),
116
Sokolov, B. F. (Boris), 91,186, 208, 284081
soldiers, 12, 26, 33, 274078; and Allies, 113-15;
demobilized, 42, 48-49, 51, 137, 155, 160,
167-68, 175, 179; under the Reds, an,
213-14, 216, 218-19; in revolutions, 36,
38- 39, 42, 44-45» 47 49» 5X~52» 86-88,
238063, 240090; and soldiers’ commit-
tees, 69, 73, 179, 210; under the Whites,
70, 85, 90, 93, 96, 131, 144, 156-59» i63-
65» 169-71, 183, 190-92, 199, 200-201,
204-10, 275084
soldiers’ family aid, 31, 52, 131,170, 183
Solovki, 75-76, 78; as concentration camp, 213,
219, 286m 12
Sosnovskii, I. V. (Ivan), 15
Soutar, Andrew, 115
South Russia, 50, 130, 219; White movement
in, 4-6, 53, 131, 166, 188, 192-94, 196,
199. See also Denikin, Anton
Soviet inspectorate, 50-51
soviets, 35, 37, 46, 48, 175-76, 179; congresses
of, 51, 138, 157; in districts, 39, 47-49, 52»
Ï37, 156-58, 181; under Northern gov-
ernment, 95, 156-58, 161-62, 166, 185,
271035; renaming of, 157, 269012; in vo-
losts and villages, 40, 43, 49, 51, 270017.
See also Murmansk Soviet; Onega People’s
Soviet
Sovnarkom, 46-48, 50-51, 53, 55-56, 147,
239074, 2890155
Spanish Flu, 104,132,165,253016. See also disease
Special Department for the Defense of North-
ern Borders, 217
SRs. See Socialist Revolutionary Party
Stahlberg, Kaarlo, 152
Stalinist terror, 211, 219-20, 224, 2880131,
2880133, 2900162
Stapel’fel’d, Evgenii, 217
Startsev, N. A. (Nikolai), 20, 41, 59, 71-72; and
Chaplin’s coup, 75-76, 78
state consciousness, 7, 18, 62-63, 89-70, 93-94,
99-100, 108-n, 116, 118, 120, 123, 130,
147,186-87, 222
State Duma, 26, 36; Arkhangelsk deputies in,
20-21,23, 25, 41,72, 81
St. Nikolai, 16
Stolypin reforms, 136,140, 264069
Strakhovskii, Leonid, 5
Stratilatov, N. I. (Nikolai), 214, 216
Sudakov, I. F. (Ivan), 165
Supreme Administration of the Northern Re-
gion: and Chaplin’s coup, 75-78; compo-
sition, 67-69, 71-72, 79, 91, 208, 245n5i;
and the military, 70, 73-75; popular sup-
port for, 70, 156; program of, 69-70; and
regionalist elites, 71-72, 75-76. See also
Northern government
Supreme War Council of the Entente, 54,
101-2
Suzdal’tseva, V. I., 47
terror. See Red terror; White terror
Timme, la. A. (Iakov), 47
Tizengauzen, E. P., 152, 208
Tolstoy, Lev, 61
Torretta, Pietro Tomasi, 77
trade unions, 24-25, 44; and Allies, 120, 129,
258mo6; and Bolshevik underground,
25ini4o; under the Whites, 75-76, 92-93,
95-97,126-29, 161,171, 195, 201, 207, 209
transport, 16-18, 28, 31-32, 104, 113, 119 -20,
128,158, 201-2, 209
Trotsky, L. D., 53
trudoviki. See labor group
Tsapenko, V. N., 28on2i
Tsvetaeva, Marina, 3
tuberculosis, 29. See also disease
324
Index
typhus, 29, 95, 132, 165. See also disease
Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna, 53
Ufa Directory, 76, 89, 94
Ufa State Conference, 89
Ukhta, 148 -49, 152, 26gni45
Ungern-Sternberg, Roman von, 24inio8,
247087, 2860110
Union for the Defense of the Motherland and
Freedom, 63
Union for the Regeneration of Russia, 59 -60,
62-64, 94_95? I23? members in Northern
government, 67- 68, 71 72, 78, 90-91, 99,
J95 2°7
Union of October 17. See Octobrists
Union of Shenkursk Peasants, 25-26
Union of the Intelligentsiia, 80, 207, 25ini42
Union of the Russian People, 21
Union of Towns, 62, 69
unions. See trade unions
Ust-Tsilma, 16, 39, 49, 137, 156-57, 177
Vendee, 277m 18
Veselago, G. M., 161
Vikorst, N. E., 64, 247074, 273068
Vil’kitskii, B. A. (Boris), 200, 214
village assemblies, 22, 40, 46, 51, 119, 144, 157-
59, 162,167, 170,178
Vinogradov, Pavlin, 52
violence, 25, 49-50, 61, 90, 99, 160, 219. See also
Red terror; White terror
Vitukevich, K. Ia. (Kazimir), 172
Volia Severa, 43
Volunteer army (White). See South Russia:
White movement in
Vozrozhdeme Severn, 98
Vulichevich, B. N. (Boris), 209
White army. See Northern White army
White terror, 160-66, 185, 2790143, 2860108;
and role of peasant brigades, 184-86
Wilson, Woodrow, 54,103-4, I07
Witte, S. Iu. (Sergei), 17-18
women: and doctors’ conscription, 132; and po-
litical violence, 177-78, 186, 213, 215; as
workers, 47,126,169, 202
Woods, Philip, 114
workers, 12, 14, 22-25, 29, 32'33* 97, 215,
227n24, 227n25; and Allies, 119-120,
258nio2; and labor protest, 24-25, 64, 76,
96, 128-29, 2500126; in revolutions, 35-
36, 36-39, 42-45, 47-52, 64, 239080,
2420128, 258098; wages, 119, 125, 127-
28, 26ini7; under the Whites, 70, 75, 76,
81, 93, 95-97, 125-29, 153, 161, 174, 201,
260014, 260015; women as, 47, 169, 202.
See also labor legislation; trade unions
World War I: and Allied intervention, 53-56,
101-2, 104-5, 253028; and anti-German
campaigns, 27-28, 30, 231089; and Ar-
khangelsk province, 27-33, 42, 83-84,
130, 2330119; and conscription, 30-31,
167, 232m08; impact on the Whites, 7-8,
57, 61, 69, 108-109, H7~l8 I23, !3h l6o,
204, 222, 257091. See also Brest-Litovsk
treaty; Entente
Wrangel, P. N. (Petr), 141, 213, 220, 265089
Young, Douglas, 54
Zelenov, N. P. (Nikolai), 73,191
Zemgor, 83, 109. See also Union ofTowns
Zemskii Sobor, 123
zemstvo assemblies, 40, 82, 92-93, 97, 137, 143,
150, 207-8,210, 266n97
zemstvo, in Arkhangelsk, 15,18, 20, 39, 43, 46-
48, 59, 23407; continuity with soviets, 40,
157- 60, 162, 166, 269012; in districts, 39-
40, 48-49, rig, 137, 140, 156-62; elections
to, 40, 70, 150, 158-60, 162, 235021,
270014, 270015, 270016; and Northern
government, 70, 72, 76, 81, 92-94* 99*
130-32, 134-35* i39-4°* 143-44* 149-50*
158- 59* 161-62, 195-96, 205-9, 266097,
285090; peasant attitudes to, 158-59;
alter Red victory, 2rr, 214-16
zemstvo-town assembly, 195-96, 205-7, 28on2i
Zhilinskii, V. A. (Viacheslav), 90,114,197
Zhitkov, A. A. (Anatolii), 38, 43
Zubov, P. Iu. (Pavel): early career, 68-69, 91,
243ni7; as member of Northern govern-
ment, 67, 71, 75* 79* 9I~92* 94* ^9* J96,
28on2i
Zvegintsev, N. 1., t6i
Bayerische
! Staatsbibliothek
I München
V. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Novikova, Ljudmila Gennadʹevna 1973- |
| author2 | Bernstein, Seth 1983- |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | s b sb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1022245163 (DE-588)1122444532 |
| author_facet | Novikova, Ljudmila Gennadʹevna 1973- Bernstein, Seth 1983- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Novikova, Ljudmila Gennadʹevna 1973- |
| author_variant | l g n lg lgn |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045079077 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK265 |
| callnumber-raw | DK265.8.A7 |
| callnumber-search | DK265.8.A7 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3265.8 A7 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1048745375 (DE-599)BVBBV045079077 |
| dewey-full | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-search | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.084 11 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Politics and government 20th century Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Protest movements Russia (Federation) Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) History Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) Politics and government Russia, Northern History Revolution, 1917-1921 Archangelsk Region (DE-588)4444540-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Politics and government 20th century Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Protest movements Russia (Federation) Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) History Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) Politics and government Russia, Northern History Revolution, 1917-1921 Archangelsk Region |
| id | DE-604.BV045079077 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-09T07:00:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780299317409 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017046286 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030470091 |
| oclc_num | 1048745375 |
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| owner | DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-188 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-188 DE-29 |
| physical | xvi, 324 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | The University of Wisconsin Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Novikova, Ljudmila Gennadʹevna 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)1022245163 aut Provintsialʹnaia "kontrrevoliutsiia" An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north Liudmila Novikova ; translated by Seth Bernstein Madison, Wisconsin The University of Wisconsin Press [2018] xvi, 324 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Originally published as Provintsial'naia "kontrrevoliutsiia": Beloe dvizhenie i Grazhdanskaia voina na russkom Severe, 1917-1920, ©2011 by L. G. Novikova and Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Moscow. - Includes bibliographical references and index Weißgardisten (DE-588)4351304-9 gnd rswk-swf Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd rswk-swf Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Politics and government 20th century Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Protest movements Russia (Federation) Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) History Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) Politics and government Russia, Northern History Revolution, 1917-1921 Archangelsk Region (DE-588)4444540-4 gnd rswk-swf Archangelsk Region (DE-588)4444540-4 g Weißgardisten (DE-588)4351304-9 s Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 s DE-604 Bernstein, Seth 1983- (DE-588)1122444532 trl https://www.recensio.net/r/9e4387fc15f24950a805fecec5a4371e rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 68 (2020), 2, S. 347-349 Rezension Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Novikova, Ljudmila Gennadʹevna 1973- An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north Weißgardisten (DE-588)4351304-9 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4351304-9 (DE-588)4126122-7 (DE-588)4444540-4 |
| title | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north |
| title_alt | Provintsialʹnaia "kontrrevoliutsiia" |
| title_auth | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north |
| title_exact_search | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north |
| title_full | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north Liudmila Novikova ; translated by Seth Bernstein |
| title_fullStr | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north Liudmila Novikova ; translated by Seth Bernstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | An anti-Bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north Liudmila Novikova ; translated by Seth Bernstein |
| title_short | An anti-Bolshevik alternative |
| title_sort | an anti bolshevik alternative the white movement and the civil war in the russian north |
| title_sub | the white movement and the civil war in the Russian north |
| topic | Weißgardisten (DE-588)4351304-9 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weißgardisten Russischer Bürgerkrieg Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Politics and government 20th century Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Protest movements Russia (Federation) Arkhangelʹskai︠a︡ gubernii︠a︡ (R.S.F.S.R.) Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) History Russia (Territory under White armies, 1918-1920) Politics and government Russia, Northern History Revolution, 1917-1921 Archangelsk Region |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/9e4387fc15f24950a805fecec5a4371e http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030470091&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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