Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for beginners
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Los Angeles ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC ; Melbourne
Sage
2019
|
| Edition: | Fifth edition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | xxi, 503 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781526449900 9781526449894 |
Staff View
MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | List of figures xii
List of tables xv
Guided tour xvl
Acknowledgements xviii
Preface xix
1 Research: a way of thinking 1
Research: a way of thinking 4
Research: an integral part of your
professional practice 4
Research: a way to gather evidence
for your practice 7
Evidence-based practice 8
Applications of research in practice
development and policy formulation 8
Research: what does it mean? 9
The research process: its characteristics and requirements 12
Types of research 13
Application perspective 13
Objectives perspective 15
Mode of enquiry perspective 16
Important note to readers 19
The mixed/multipie methods approach 21
Introduction 21
Defining the approach 21
Rationale underpinning the approach 27
When to use the approach 27
Ways of mixing methods 29
Advantages and disadvantages 30
Considerations to be kept in mind 32
Situations in which the approach can be used 32
Paradigms of research 33
Summary 34
2 The research process: a quick glance 39
The research process: an eight-step model 42
A: Deciding what to research 46
Step one: Formulating a research problem 46
B: Planning how to conduct the study 46
Step two: Conceptualising a research design 46
Step three: Constructing an instrument for
data collection 47
Step four: Selecting a sample 48
Step five: Writing a research proposal 48
C: Conducting a research study 49
Step six: Collecting data 49
Step seven: Processing and displaying data 49
Step eight: Writing a research report 49
Summary 50
STEP ONE: FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM 53
3 Reviewing the literature 55
The place of the literature review in research 58
Bringing clarity and focus to your
research problem 58
Improving your research methodology 59
Broadening your knowledge base in your
research area 59
Contextualising your findings 60
Difference between a literature review
and a summary of the literature 60
How to review the literature 60
Searching for the existing literature 61
Reviewing the selected literature 65
Developing a theoretical framework 66
Developing a conceptual framework 67
Writing about the literature reviewed 68
Summary 71
4 Formulating a research problem 77
The research problem 80
The importance of formulating a research problem 80
Sources of research problems 81
Considerations in selecting a research problem 83
Steps in formulating a research problem 84
The formulation of research objectives 91
The study population 92
Establishing operational definitions 92
Formulating a research problem in
qualitative research 94
Summary 95
5 Identifying variables lOl
What is a variable? 104
The difference between a concept and a variable 105
Converting concepts into variables 106
Types of variable 107
From the viewpoint of causal relationship 107
From the viewpoint of the study design 114
From the viewpoint of the unit of measurement 115
Types of measurement scale n6
The nominal or classificatory scale 117
The ordinal or ranking scale 119
The interval scale 119
The ratio scale 120
Summary 120
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6 Constructing hypotheses 127
The definition of a hypothesis 130
The functions of a hypothesis 131
The testing of a hypothesis 132
The characteristics of a hypothesis 133
Types of hypothesis 133
Errors in testing a hypothesis 137
Hypotheses in qualitative research 137
Summary 138
Developing a research project: a set of exercises for
beginners 142
Exercise l: Formulation of a research problem 142
STEP TWO: CONCEPTUALISING A RESEARCH DESIGN 149
7 The research design 151
What is a research design? 154
The functions of a research design 155
The theory of causality and the research design 155
Summary 162
8 Selecting a study design 167
Differences between quantitative and qualitative study
designs 170
Study designs in quantitative research 171
Study designs based on the number of contacts 172
Study designs based on the reference period 177
Study designs based on the nature of the
investigation 180
Other designs commonly used in
quantitative research 191
Study designs in qualitative research 195
Case study 196
Oral history 197
Focus groups/group interviews 197
Participant observation 198
Holistic research 198
Community discussion forums 199
Reflective journal log 199
Other commonly used philosophy-guided designs 199
Action research 200
Feminist research 200
Participatory research and collaborative
enquiry 202
Summary 202
Exercise II: Conceptualising a study design 206
TL
CONSTRUCT! M G AN IN STRUM
FOR DATA COLLECTION
NT
209
Selecting a method of data collection 211
Differences in the methods of data collection in
quantitative, qualitative and mixed
methods research 214
Major approaches to information gathering 215
Collecting data using primary sources 215
Observation 217
The interview 220
The questionnaire 222
Constructing a research instrument in
quantitative research 234
Asking personal and sensitive questions 235
The order of questions 235
Pre-testing a research instrument 237
Prerequisites for data collection 237
Methods of data collection in qualitative research 238
Unstructured interviews 238
Observation 241
Secondary sources 241
Constructing a research instrument in
qualitative research 241
Collecting data using secondary sources 242
Problems with data from secondary sources 243
Summary 244
249
10 Collecting data using attitudinal scales
Measurement of attitudes in quantitative and
qualitative research 252
Attitudinal scales in quantitative research 252
Functions of attitudinal scales 255
Difficulties in developing an attitudinal scale 254
Types of attitudinal scale 254
The summated rating or Likert scale 254
The equal-appearing interval or Thurstone scale 259
The cumulative or Guttman scale 260
Attitudinal scales and measurement scales 26l
Attitudes and qualitative research 26l
Summary 26l
11 Establishing the validity and reliability of a research
instrument 267
The concept of validity 270
Types of validity in quantitative research 271
Face and content validity 272
Concurrent and predictive validity 272
Construct validity 272
The concept of reliability 273
Factors affecting the reliability of a research instrument 274
Methods of determining the reliability of an
instrument in quantitative research 274
External consistency procedures 275
Internal consistency procedures 275
Validity and reliability in qualitative research 276
Summary 278
Exercise III*. Developing a research instrument 282
STEP FOUR*. SELECTING A SAMPLE 285
12 Selecting a sample 287
The differences between sampling in quantitative
and qualitative research 290
Sampling in quantitative research 291
CONTENTS
The concept of sampling 291
Sampling terminology 292
Principles of sampling 293
Factors affecting the inferences drawn
from a sample 295
Aims in selecting a sample 296
Types of sampling 296
The calculation of sample size 310
Sampling in qualitative research 311
The concept of saturation point in
qualitative research 372
Summary 312
Exercising IV: Selecting a sample 317
STEP FIVE: WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 319
13 Writing a research proposal 321
The research proposal in quantitative and
qualitative research 324
Contents of a research proposal 325
Preamble/introduction 326
The research problem 329
Objectives of the study 330
Hypotheses to be tested 332
Study design 333
The setting 335
Measurement procedures 336
Ethical issues 336
Sampling 336
Analysis of data 337
Structure of the report 340
Problems and limitations 342
Appendix 342
Work schedule 342
Budget 342
Summary 343
Exercise V: Writing a research proposal 348
R
THODOLOGY
ARCH
STEP SIX: COLLECTING DATA 351
74 Considering ethical issues in data collection 356
Ethics: the concept 356
Stakeholders in research 357
Ethical issues to consider concerning
research participants 358
Collecting information 358
Seeking informed consent 358
Providing incentives 359
Seeking sensitive information 359
The possibility of causing harm to participants 359
Maintaining confidentiality 360
Ethical issues to consider relating to the researcher 360
Avoiding bias 360
Provision or deprivation of a treatment 360
Using inappropriate research methodology 361
Incorrect reporting 361
Inappropriate use of information 367
Ethical issues regarding the sponsoring organisation 362
Restrictions imposed by the sponsoring organisation 362
The misuse of information 362
Ethical issues in collecting data from
secondary data 362
Summary 363
Exercise VI: Data collection
(ethical issues in data collection) 367
STEP SEVEN: PROCESSING AND DISPLAYING DATA 377
15 Processing data 373
Data processing in quantitative studies 376
Editing 376
Coding 378
Developing a frame of analysis 394
Analysing quantitative data manually 400
Data processing in qualitative studies 402
Content analysis in qualitative research - an example 403
Data analysis in mixed methods studies 413
The role of statistics and computers in research 413
Summary 414
Displaying data 419
Methods of communicating and displaying
analysed data 422
Text 422
Tables 423
Graphs 428
Statistical measures 442
Summary 442
Exercise VII: Processing and displaying data 446
STEP EIGHT: WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT 451
17 Writing a research report 453
Writing a research report 456
Developing a draft outline 457
Writing about variables 461
Referencing 463
Writing a bibliography 463
Summary 463
Exercise VIII: Report writing 467
Glossary 471
Bibliography 490
index 495
|
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| isbn | 9781526449900 9781526449894 |
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| spelling | Kumar, Ranjit 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)1146082304 aut Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar Fifth edition Los Angeles ; London ; New Delhi ; Singapore ; Washington DC ; Melbourne Sage 2019 xxi, 503 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd rswk-swf Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 s DE-604 Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 s Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 s Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 s 1\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030391358&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Kumar, Ranjit 1956- Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd |
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| title | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_auth | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_exact_search | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| title_full | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_fullStr | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners Ranjit Kumar |
| title_short | Research methodology |
| title_sort | research methodology a step by step guide for beginners |
| title_sub | a step-by-step guide for beginners |
| topic | Empirische Sozialforschung (DE-588)4014606-6 gnd Forschungsplanung (DE-588)4155051-1 gnd Methodologie (DE-588)4139716-2 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten (DE-588)4066571-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Empirische Sozialforschung Forschungsplanung Methodologie Sozialwissenschaften Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten Lehrbuch |
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